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BOTANY   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

VOL.   1. 


(iiNiPonM   wnn  ttik  pimimcations  of  tiir) 

GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 

J.   I).  WHITNKV,  Statk  Ckologist. 


BOTANY 


VOLUMK   1. 


POLYPETAL^, 

By  W.  H.  BKEWER  and  SERENO  WATSON. 

GAMOPETALyE, 
By  ASA  GRAY. 

■ G)\^ 

SECOND      (rF,  vised)      EDITION.  \"^^0 

iiosTON:  re.co^ 

LITTLE,  brown:  AND    COMPANY. 

1880. 


PEEFATORY   NOTE   TO    THE   SECOND    EDITION. 


In  this  edition  of  the  present  volume,  no  clianges  Imve  been  made 
excepting  sucli  as  may  properly  be  called  corrections  of  slight  verl)al 
mistakes  and  of  errors  of  the  press.  Vol.  II.,  comi)leting  the  Ltany  of 
Ci.liCornia,  is  pubb-shed  contemporaneously  witb  ,1„  p,,,,,,^  ^ne,  and  in 
that  will  be  found  a  considerable  number  of  additions  and  corrections  to 
Volume  I.,  rendered  necessary  by  fresh  discoveries  made  by  various  zealous 
collectors  in  the  field. 

J.   D.   WHITNEY. 
Camdridgk,  Ma.ss.,  August  17,  1880. 


Names  of  the  (joitloiLcn  hy  the  aid  of  whose  contrihutiona  the  publication 
of  this  vol  tune  has  been  secured:  — 

LELAND  STANi-OKD.  K.  13.  WOODWARD. 

D.  0.  MILLS.  WILLIAM  NOKRIS. 

LLOYD  TEVIS.  JOHN  O.  EARL. 

J.  C.  FLOOD.  HENRV  PIERCE. 

CHARLES  McLaughlin.  Oliver  eldredge. 

S.  CLINTON  HASTINGS. 


INTRODUCTION 


r  I  ^IIE  Act  of  the  Legislature,  jiassed  iu  18G0,  autliorizing  a  geological 
Survey  of  the  State  of  California,  required,  among  other  things,  a  "  full 
and  scientific  description  of  its  botanical  productions."  In  accordance  with 
this  requisition,  the  material  necessary  for  such  a  description  was  assiduously 
collected  by  the  Geological  Corps,  whenever  and  wherever  it  was  possible 
to  carry  on  this  work  in  addition  to  the  other  more  pressing  duties  of  the 
Survey  proper.  During  the  years  from  18G0  to  18G4,  the  botanical  collect- 
ing was  entirely  under  the  charge  of,  and  mostly  performed  by,  Professor 
W.  II.  I'rewer.  It  was  under  his  supervision  that  the  bulk  of  the  material 
was  accuimdated,  llu^  (diiboriition  of  whic^h  has  fornuMl  the  basis  of  the 
present  volume.  Professor  l>rewer  having  left  California  in  18G4,  no  I'arther 
continuous  and  systematic  collecting  was  attempted  by  the  Survey.  Mr. 
H.  N.  P)()lander  was,  however,  engaged  for  a  few  months  in  18GG  and  18G7 
in  making  a  more  thorough  botanical  ex])loration  of  portions  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  than  liad  before  been  i)ossible  ;  and  he  also  made  a  trip  through  the 
Coast  Panges,  north  of  the  I'ay  of  San  Francisco,  in  which  he  wa.s  assisted 
from  tlu^  funds  of  the  Survey,  then,  as  nhvays,  entirely  iiifideiiuale  to  a 
vigorous  prosecution  of  the  work  in  all  its  l)rnnches.  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper, 
Zoological  Assistant  of  the  Survey,  during  a  winter  spent  at  Fort  Mohave, 
and  on  the  way  thither  and  back,  made  important  additions  to  the  botanical 
collections.  On  the  return  of  Professor  Brewer  to  the  East,  in  18G4,  an-ange- 
nients  were  commenced  for  working  up  the  collections,  with  a  view  to  the 
publication  of  a  Flora  of  Californiu,  or  a  systcmali-;  de.'^cription  of  the  plant^s 
growing  spontaneously  over  that  wide  area  of  between  ir.0,000  ami  1GO,000 
square  miles.*     The  total  number  of  species  thus  included  was  estimated  at 

•  In  jioiiitof  fact,  in  tlie  pn'sont  volume  tlio  hntftny  i>t'  tlic  wliolo  ea.stciii  .vloi)0  of  the  Sicrm 
Nevmlii,  nn<l  of  thn  ranges  adjacent  to  it  on  the  civst,  from  Arizona  to  Nortlicrn  Nevada,  nnd 
of  Soulliern  Oregon,  lia.s  l)een  fully  worked  up,  nnd  n  considerable  nunil>er  of  sjiecies  included 
which  have  not  yet  been  found  within  the  borders  of  the  State  of  California,  although  many 
of  them,   in  all  probability,  will  be. 


^,jj-  INTKODUcrriUN. 

two  thousand,  and  it  was  thought  that  the  work  of  doteiiniuing  and  describ- 
ing them  would  not  occui)y  more  than  a  year  or  two.  Tlie  co-operation  nl 
distinguished  speciahsts  throughout  the  country  was  secured,  and  various 
l)ortions  of  the  coUections  ])lacetl  in  tlieir  hands  to  he  worked  up.  It 
is,  however,  at  the  Herbarium  ol'  Harvard  University,  and  under  the 
supervision  of  Professor  A.  Gray,  that  most  of  the  material  has  thus  iar 
been  elaborated.  The  collections  made  by  the  Survey  were  there  arranged 
by  Professor  Hrewcr,  and  the  new  spiicies  of  the  I'oli/pdalw  and  Gamo- 
2)etalcc  were  described  by  Professor  Gray  in  various  connnunications  made 
to  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  ami  Sciences,  and  published  in  their 
Proceedings.* 

In  this  work  it  was  necessary  that  the  material  which  had  accumulated 
during  the  many  years  in  which  California  had  been  botauically  explored 
by  various  Government  expeditions,  both  American  and  foreign,  and  by 
numerous  private  collectors,  should  be  juissed  under  review.  It  was  ecpialiy 
necessary  that  the  mass  of  literature  already  accunuilated  in  relation  to  this 
Flora,  and  scattered  througli  hundreds  of  volumes,  which  in  many  cases  are 
not  to  be  obtained  e-xce^it  with  great  ditUculty,  should  be  thoroughly  ex- 
amined. Much  the  largest  portion  of  this  mateiial,  both  of  hooks  and 
plants,  was  accessible  at  the  Herbarium  in  Cambridge;  and,  where  the  collec- 
tions in  this  country  were  di!licient.  both  Dr.  Gray  and  Dr.  I'lngeimann  were 
enabled  to  supply  deficiencies  and  make  the  necessary  comi)arisons,  during 
visits  to  Europe,  and  especially  to  the  great  storehouse  of  tlie  world's 
botany  at  Kew.  AVhile  this  work  of  description  and  comparison  went  on, 
much  new  material  was  constantly  coming  in,  chiefly  through  several  zeal- 
ous private  collectors,  who  of  course  had  to  send  their  jdants  to  C^ambridge 
for  determination.  Thus  it  happened,  that,  as  the  amount  of  material  to 
be  worked  over  was  constantly  increasing,  so  the  time  recpiired  ior  the  wcnk 
was  also  greatly  expanded.  The  Survey  not  being  able  to  pay  any  one  lor 
devoting  his  whole  time  to  this  investigation,  the  year  1874  had  been 
reached  and  the  iniuting  had  not  been  begun.  The  Legislature  of  1873  -  74 
put  an  end  to  the  work  by  refusing  any  further  ai)propriations  for  the 
Survey,  and  the  present  volume  would  have  remained  unpublished,  had  it 
not  been  for  the  generosity  of  a  few  citizens  of  San  Francisco,  who  came 
forward  and  jilaced  in  the  hands  of  the  late  State  Geologist  a  sum  sullicient 
•  Sec  I'loceediiigs  Am.  Acad.  Vol.  VI.  51S),  uiul  Vll.  327. 


INTRODUCTION.  JX 

to  insure  the  ])u1>liciiti()ii  ol'  one  vdlmiic  of  (lie  Muia  uf  ('alilornia.  The 
names  of  those  <,'entleiuen  will  In;  iuiuid  (mi  the  jta^^'e  lollowing  the  title. 
As  soon  as  })os.sible  alter  this  muiiilicent  act,  an  arningenient  was  made  with 
Mr.  Sereno  Watson,  late  liotanist  of  the  Fortietli  Parallel  iSurvey,  to  under- 
take the  necessary  revision  of  the  Po/f/pclalcr,  jirevion.sly  prejiared  hy  Pro- 
lessor  l>re\ver,  hut  which  nc(Mhjd  sliJl  I'mlher  ehihoniLiun.  Trolessor  (Ji-ay, 
in  accordance  with  previous  arian;,fciuent,  was  ready  with  the  Gdmvprtalce, 
and,  to  insure  greater  unilormity,  all  the  ordinal  characters  of.  the  volume 
have  also  been  written  hy  him.  There  has  been  no  inlcrruplion  in  ilic  work 
since  the  necessary  funds  were  raised  for  its  continuance.  Jt  is  not  neces- 
sary to  insist  on  the  reasons  why  the  in-eparation  of  this  volume  has  involved 
a  much  larger  amount  of  labor  and  of  time  than  was  originally  expected. 
Botanists  will  not  lail  to  ai)preciate  tlu;  magnitude  of  the  task  thus  under- 
taken, and  will  recognize  the  great  difference  between  a  work  like  the  present 
one  and  even  the  most  complete  of  the  botanical  reports  win'ch  have  hitherto 
accomi)anied  or  formed  a  ])art  of  the  repoits  of  fJovernment  expeditions. 
It  only  remains  for  me  to  thank  those  who  have  contrilmted  to  this  volume 
either  intellectually  or  pecuniarily,  and  to  express  my  sincere  regret  that  the 
Legislature  of  California  has  just  adjourned  without  having  made  any  pro- 
vision for  the  continuance  of  the  Botau}'-,  or  for  bringing  before  the  world 
other  portions  of  the  results  of  the  Survey  already  in  process  of  ]iublication, 
or  nearly  ready  for  it,  at  the  time  the  work  was  suspended  by  the  Legislature 
of  187.". -74. 

Should  the  means  be  secured  for  the  pultli(;ation  of  the  second  volume 
of  the  JJotany  of  California,  it  will  contain  the  remaining  exogenous  (the 
Apdalcc  and  the  Gymno^pcrmcc),  the  endogenoiu?,  and  the  cryptogamous 
orders.  It  is  proposed  also  to  add  an  accented  list  of  generic  names  with 
their  derivations  ;  and  a  chronological  list  of  botanical  collectors  on  the 
west  coast  of  Anu^rica,  together  with  an  index  to  the  geiuMa  and  species 
of  the  entire   Mora,  and  a  glossary  of  the  botanical  terms  usi-d. 

J.   I).  WHITNKY. 

C'ami(i;ii>(;i;,  Mas.'^.,  Ainil  l.'S,  187i!. 


N  0  T  i: 


The  following  Keys  are  designed  to  facilitate  the  reference  of  any  plant  to  its  proper  Order; 
and  it  is  hoi)ed  that  the  one  may  so  supplement  the  other  that  in  most  cases  little  difficulty 
will  be  found.  A  synopsis  is  likewise  given  of  the  genera  under  each  order,  and  of  the  species 
in  most  of  the  larger  and  more  difficult  genera. 

All  the  more  important  synonymy  is  cited,  including  references  to  the  principal  figures. 
The  geographical  range  is  indicated  as  nearly  as  our  piesent  knowledge  permits,  but  the 
habitiits  of  many  of  the  rare  or  local  species  will  doubtless  be  much  extended  as  the  Slate 
la  more  thoroughly  explored.  Additional  species  will  also  be  discovered,  and  the  descriptions 
of  the  known  species  here  given  may  prove  in  some  cases  to  be  defective  or  erroneous.  In- 
formation in  regard  to  any  additions  or  corrections  is  solicited  for  an  appendix  to  the  second 
volume,  or  for  a  future  supplement. 

It  has  not  been  possible  to  give  here,  introductory  to  the  Flora,  that  preliminary  botanical 
instruction  which  is  neccs.-4ary  to  it.t  use.  To  supply  the  need,  a  brief  lntrodu(;tion  to  Sys- 
tematic Botany  will  probably  be  iuchuled  in  the  volume  which  is  to  follow,  and  reference 
may  be  made  meanwhile  to  the  ordinary  text-books  upon  the  subject,  such  as  Gray's  "  Les- 
sons in  Botany. " 


ANyVLVTICAL   AKTIFICIAL   KKV    To   THK   ORDERS   AND 
ANOMALOUS    (lENKRA    IX    ill  IS    VoLUiMK. 


Division    I.      rOF^Yri'yrAI..!':  :  calyx  ami  c'niolla  both  incsnit  ;  the  lattrr  of  seiiaratc  jKjtuls. 
A.    Stamen'^  nmnoroiis,  nt  least  more  than  10  and  more  than  double  tlie  number  of  the  jicLals, 
1.   Jfi/poij!nion.s,  i.  e.  on  the  receptacle  free  from  the  ovary  and  calyx. 
I'istils  few  to  many  distinct  carpels,  or  rarely  only  one. 
Calyx  mostly  deciduous  :  juice  of  herbage, colorlcs.s.  ItANiTNCULACEiE,  1. 

("alyx  early  deciduous  :  juice  yellowish.  riatvstemon  in  Pai"avkI!ACK;E,  5. 

('alyx  persistent  :  leaves  peltate.  Nv.mpii;KACE«,  3. 

I'istil  a  single  simi)le  carpel,  forming  a  ]tod.  Aci\cia  in  l<EoiiMlNO.Si«,  31. 

Pistil  comimund  :  cells,  placenta',  or  stigmas  more  than  one. 
Petals  more  numerous  than  the  scjials^ 

ludefiuitely  numerou.s,  small,  and  pcisistent :  niiuntic.  NYMrii.F.ACE.f;,  3. 

.lu.st  twice  as  many  (4  or  6),  and  both  usually  cnducou.s.  PAi'AVEriA(E-«,  5. 

Five  to  16  nnd  more  numerous  than  the  ])ei'si8t(*nt  sepals.  Poinui.ACACEie,  16. 

Petals  of  the  same  number  as  the  sepals, 

Four,  and  both  decidn.Mis.  rAiTAliiDACEJK,  8. 

Four  or  less,  but  I'ldl,  inid  calyx  persistent.  I{k.se1)ACK*;,  9. 

Five,  and  the  calvx  iicrsistcnt. 
Sepals  valvato  hi  the  bud  :  stamens  inonadelplio\is.  MALVACEit;,  20. 

Seitals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

iH-aves  opposite,  entire,  pelluiid-punctate.  Hyi'Kiiicace.t:,  19. 

Leaves  alternate,  not  pellucid-punct-ite,  plane. 
Corolla  ephemeral  :  two  outer  sepals  small  and  bractdike.       Cistace^b,  10. 
Corolla  gamopctalous,  tubular  :  sepals  round.    Fouquiera  in  Tamahiscine.«,  17-. 
Leaves  all  radical,  hollow  ]>it(hers.  SARRACKNiArE^F,.  4. 

2.    rniiji/twus  nr  ej>ig)/ii.nii.s,  Iwrne  on  the  (eitlier  free  or  adnato)  calyx. 

Leafless  mostly  i)ri<'kly  (bshy  plants:  ovary  l-eelle<l.  CACTArK*,  43. 

licafy  llcshy  iilants,  with  :?  or  more  cells  to  the  oviiry.  FiroiDE*:,  44. 

Le.ily  llcshy  lierbs,  with  1 -celled  ovnry.  PcuTlJl.ACACE-K,  16. 
Not  llcshy. 

Leaves  opi>osite,  simple  :  sepals  and  pebnls  numerous.  CAl.YCANTllACEi*;,  33. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple  :  senals  and  ])et«ls  4  or  r>.  KAXlFRAOArE>«,  34. 

licaves  alternate,  witli  stipules.  Kosace*,  32. 
Leaves  alteniate,  without  stipules. 
Carpels  2  or  more,  superior,  becoming  follicles.           Cros.sosoma  in  Ranunculack.*,  1. 
Ov.iry  inferior,  with  3  or  more  parietal  placenta-. 

Flowei-s  mainly  dioecious  :  ptals  minute  or  none.  Datiscace-??,  42. 

Flowei-8  perfect  :  petals  consjueuous  :  leaves  itmgh.  Lmasacejk,  40. 

U.   Stnmens  10  or  los,s,  or  if  more  not  exceeding  twice  the  iium)>er  of  the  jvotnls,  or  sej.als  when 

the  )>etals  are  wanting. 

1.   (hary  or  oviiri.-s  superior  or  mainly  so  (but  sometimes  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tuln?). 

•   Pistils  more  than  one  and  distinct. 

Pistils  of  jiisi  the  satno  nuiiibir  us  jtefnls  and  as  sepals. 

Leaves  simple,  lleshy.  Cka-ssi'Laceac.  35. 

Leaves  pinnate.      (Styles  partly  uiiit.d.)  Limnnuthes  in  nEUASIACE-K,  24. 

Pistils  not  corresponding  in  number  with  pct.iN  or  sc|vi|s. 
Stamens  Uune  on  the  receptacle.  Uam'.vculack.*:.  1. 

St^imens  borne  on  the  calyx. 

Stipulis  persistent  :  leaves  alternate.  Hosack.k,  32. 

Stipules  caducous  :  leaves  opjMJsite,  conii>ounil.  Staphvlea  in  SAriNnArE.K.  2H. 

Stipules  none  or  indistinct.  Saxifraoace*.  34.    /?  X 


^j-  AxNALYTICAL    AKTlFlClAl-    KEY. 

•   »   ristil  only  one, 

+■  Sinii'le,  i.  c.  of  one  caii..-l,  as  shown  l.y  the  single  style,  sti^'ina,  ami  cell  (the  latter  sometimes 
wilh  a  lalse  division  in  Astragalus). 

Anthers  opening  by  uiilifu-.l  valves  or  transversely.  BKUUEUiOACict:,  2. 
Anthers  opening  lenglliwis,' or  ul  tlie  top. 

Flowers  irregular,  or  leaver  twice  piuauto  :  Irmt  u  legumo.  Li;o,UMiN«is.v:,  Ji. 

Flowei-s  invgular  :  leaves  simple.  Vulygalacije,  U. 

Flowers  regular.  . 

Leaves  opposite,  punctate.  Cneoridmm  in  RurACE.E,  2o. 
Leaves  alternate,  not  punctate,  mostly'stipulute. 

Fruit  a  druiie  or  akcne.  KosACK.K,  32. 

Fruit  a  coriaceous  I'ullicle.  Glossopetalon  m  8ai'INDA(  k.k,  29. 

■4-  -1-  Pistil  comi)ouiul,  as  shown  by  the  number  of  cells  or  i)lacentie,  styles  or  stignia.s. 

Ovaiy  1 -celled,  with  (2  to  4  or  rarely  more)  parietal  placentie. 

Petals  (long-clawed)  and  teeth  of  long-tubular  calyx  i  or  5.  Fuankkmaci:.*;,  13. 

Petals  and  sepals  or  lobes  of  the  cleft  calyx  5. 

Corolla  irregular  ;  lower  petal  spurred.  Viur.Acii.K,  .11. 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Styles  or  ses-sile  stigmas  entire.  SaxifkaijaiE/E,  34. 

Styles  3,  each  2-parted:  placenta;  3.  1)i:oseuace.e,  36. 

Petals  2,  but  persistent  sepals  4  :  flower  irregular.  Ri:sEi)Ari;/E,  9. 

Petals  4,  but  bract-like  sepals  2  :  llower  irregxilar.  Fu.MAUiArE.'E,  (3. 

Petals  4  or  ti  :  sepals  half  as  many,  caducous.  pAi'AVKitAfK.E,  5. 

Petals  and  sepals  each  I  :  stamens  G.  Caim'AIMDAck.e,  8. 

Ovary  and  pod  2-celled  :  2  placentie  parietal  :  stamens  tetradynaiaous.     CluiciKKi;.!;,  7. 
Ovary  and  capsule  1-celled,  .s.^veral  -  many-.seeded  on  a  central  placenta, 
Truly  so,  the  partitions  wanting  or  very  incomplete. 

Sepals  2  :  leaves  often  alternate.  Poutui,ai-ACE^,  IC. 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  5  or  sometimes  4  :  leaves  all  opposite.  Cakyopiivllaceje,  14.   C  /, 

Here  may  be  sought  the  apetalous  (ilaux  in  Puimui.ace^,  57. 

Apparently  so  ;  the  partitions  at  length  vanishing. 

Stipules  between  the  i.ppusitu  leaves.  El,ATI^'ACK.'^;,  18. 

No  stipules.  LytiiiiACE-E,  37. 

Ovary  and  fruit  1-celled  with  a  sin;,dc  seed  on  a  stalk  from  tho  base. 

Shrubs  :  styles  or  stigmas  3  :  fruit  drupe-like.  Anai'audiack.e,  30. 

Herbs  ;  fruit  a  utricle. 

Style  at  most  2-cl.ft  :  stipules  scarious.  Ii.lkueuuack.e,  15. 

Styles  5  :  calyx  scarious.  Plumi!AG1Naue.e,  5t3. 

Ovary  more  than  i-celled  :  seeds  attached  to  the  axis,  or  base,  or  summit. 

Flowers  very  irreg\dar  :  ovary  2-celled  :  cells  1-seedeil.  Polygai.ACE/E,  12. 

Flowers  legular  or  neaily  so. 

Ko  green  foliage.  Mouotropea;,  &c.,  in  Euicace*,  54. 

Foliage  pellucid-punctate  ;  strong-scented  shrubs.  Rutacea:,  25. 

Foliage  not  pellucid-punctate. 

Anthers  oficning  by  terminal  pores  or  chinks  at  the  end.  Eukjacea;,  54. 

Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them,  i.  e.  alter- 
nate with  the  calyx-lobes, 
Tlie-sc  valvate  in  the  bu.l.  Ricamnace^,  27. 

These  small  or  obsolete  :  petals  valvnti;.  Viiacea;,  28. 

Stamens  when  just  as  many  as  petals  alternate  with  them. 

Strong-scented  shrub  :  leaves  opposite,  2-foliolate.  Zyoophyi.LAck.e,  23. 

Strong-scented  h(!rbs  :  leaves  lobed  or  compound.  OeI'.aNIACE^,  24. 

Herbs,  not  strong-scented. 
Ovules  1  to  4  in  each  cell. 

Leaves  all  simple  ami  entire.  Lina(;e.e,  22. 

Leaves  all  i.pposile,  compound,  ami  leallels  entire.  ZV(i<)l'UYI,l,ArK;«,  23. 

Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  the  latter  with  ilivisions 

or  leatlets  not  entire.  Gekaniace*,  24. 

Ovules  numerous. 

Stamens  on  the  calyx  :  style  1.  Lythkacea;,  37. 

Stamens  on  the  calyx  :  styles  2  or  3.  Saxifkagace.e,  34. 

Stamens  on  the  receptacle  :  leaves  opposite,  simple. 

Cells  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the  sepals,  2  or  5.  Ei.atinacE;E,  18. 

Cells  fewer  than  the  sepals,  3.  Mollugo  in  Ficoiui':^:,  44. 


ANALYTICAL    ARTIKK'IAL    KfCV 


Xlll 


Shnilis  or  trcos  witli  opposite  simjilc  leaves, 

riiitintely  voineil,  not  loWd. 

rnliimtely  veined,  lohod. 
Slinil)s  or  tri-es  with  nllcriiato  lohed  loaves. 
Shnihs  or  tiees  witli  oiijtositc  coiuiiouikI  leaves. 

Stnnicns  4  to  8. 

Stamens  2  or  rarely  3. 

2.   Ovary  nml  fruit  inferior  or  mainly  so. 
Ton(lril-l>enrinj{  Iierlis  :  (lowers  inoim-eioiis  or  dicrcious. 
Aipintic  lierlis  :  flowers  ditecious  or  monnndrous. 

Slinil)s  with  ciitkin-Iike  drooping  spikes  :  llowci-s  dioceious.        Oarrya  in 
Shrnhs  or  herl)s,  not  tendril-bearing  nor  dirueious,  nor  nnihclliferous. 
St-anu'iis  ns  many  as  the  small  or  unguiculnte  petals  and  opjwsite 

them  :  calyx  valvate. 
Stamens  if  of  the  number  of  the  jietnls  alternate  with  them. 
Styles  2  to  5,  distinct  or  united  below. 
Fniit  a  few-seeded  nome. 

Fruit  a  many-scedea  (or  rarely  ;<  -  5-cellcd  3-5-seeded)  capsule. 
Fruit  a  1-cclled  many-seeded  berry.  Kibes  in 

Style  1,  undivided  :  .stigmas  1  to  4. 

Flowers  in  cymes  or  a  glomerate  cluster. 
Flowers  racemose,  spicate,  or  axillary. 
Ovary  1 -celled  :  herbage  scabrous. 
Ovary  2  -  5-,  mostly  4-cellf'd. 
Herbs  :  (lowers  in  umbels  :  styles  2  :  fruit  dry. 
Herbs  or  shrubs  :  nowcrs  in  umliels  :  styles  4  or  5  :  fruit  berry-like. 


CKbARTRACKiK,   26. 
SAriNDACK-K.   29. 

Stkkculiacea,  2L 

SAriNDACF..K,  29. 
Ol.KACK^,   69. 


riTuiniiTAor,^,  4L 
nAi,i)iiA»)i-.>;,  38. 
("OUNAI  |-.,f.,  47. 


HlIAMNACK.f;,    2'l 


HosA(F..t:,  32. 
Saxifhacace.*:,  34. 

SAXlFKAfiACE^.,   34. 

Cokna<;k*;,  47. 

LOASACEit,   40. 

Onagiiace*,  39. 

\J MnVA.lAFKnM,  45. 
Ai;Ai,iArE.E,  46. 


Division  IL     OAMOPETAL.'E  :  petals  more  or  less  united  into  one  jiieco, 
A.    Ovnry  inferior,  or  nt  least  Inrgcly  so. 

Stamens  more  numcrouH  lliun  the  IoIk^s  of  the  corolln,  8  or  10, 

Distinct  nnd  (roe  Crom  it,  or  nearly  so. 

Momidelphous  on  its  tube. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (,'5  rarely  4),  syngenesious 

Flowers  in  an  involucrntc  head. 

Flowers  separate,  racemose  or  sjiicate. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  or  at  least  4,  distinct, 

Nearly  or  (piitc  free  from  corolla  :  leaves  alternate  :  no  stipules. 
Stamens  distinct. 


KiiirArr.,?:,  54. 
SrvRACACE*;,  68. 


("omi'osit.t;,  5L 

LnriKLIACEif;,   .')2. 


CAMrASl'LACE/F.,   63. 

Nemadndus  in  L(mKl,lACF,.T.,  62. 

IhTniACRj'^  49. 
(■Ai'i:iFOi,iArE«,  48. 

VAI.ERIANArF*,   50. 

CrrnuniTACE^,  41. 


Stamens  more  or  less  united. 
Insertcil  on  the  corolla  :  leaves  opposite  or  whorleil. 

With  stipules,  or  else  in  whorls,  (|uite  entire. 

AVithont  stipules,  opjiosite. 
Stamens  only  3,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
Leaves  opposite  :  stamens  distinct. 
Leaves  alternate  :  stamens  often  united. 

B.    Ovary  superior  (free),  or  mainly  so. 
1.   Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla, 
ristil  single  and  simple  :  leaves  com]>ound.  LnnuMisoS;?;,  31. 

Pistils  several  and  simjilo  :  leaves  .simple,  fleshy.  CitAssi'i.ArK.v,,  35. 

I'istil  compound,  with  3  styles.  Fou<piiem  in  Tamav.iRCINeJr.  17. 

Pistil  compound,  with  one  undivided  style. 
Ovary  3-10-celleil  :  stamens  distinct.  EnirArK^,,  64. 

Ovary  partly  or  at  length  1-cclled  :  stamens  monadelphous.  Styracaof.^,  68. 

2.   Stamens  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them. 
Styles  5  :  ovary  and  fruit  1-ovulecl,  1 -seeded.  Pi,fMnAr:iNArF..T:,  56. 

Style  1  ;  ovary  and  capsule  several -mnny-.secded.  PiiiMiti.ArF*,  57. 

3.   Stamens  as  many  ns  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  mid  alternate  with  them,  or  fewer. 
•   No  green  herbage. 
Corolla  regular  :  stamens  free  :  seeds  very  many  nn>l  minute.  MnNnTRorF.;r.,  64. 

Corolla  regular  ;  stamens  in  its  throat  :  fruit  lit  -  'jO-relled.  Lennoatf..*:,  66. 

Corolla  regular  :  stameus  on  the  tulie  :  fruit  2-cellcd.  ('useutn  in  Convoi.vi^lace*.  fi6. 

Corolln  iiregulnr  :  stamens  didynamouR  :  capsule  1-celled,  mnnv-seedc<l.     ORnnANCllACKT,  G9. 


ANALYTICAL    AKTIFH  lAL    KEY. 

♦   .   With  onliuaiy  gieeii  lierbagc. 
+.  foiolla  regular  or  nearly  bo  :  stamens  not  aidyiiainoiis. 
Corolla  scarious  and  veinKss  :  slcnilcss  licrlis. 

Corolla  more  or  less  veiny.  di  kacim-'    ^'» 

Stamens  2  or  3,  Init  i-arls  ..t  corolla  i  or  f..  '•^^^'-  ■  •  • 

SUimens  5,  sometiuu'..  1,  as  many  us  tlio  .H.rolla-l(.l..•^. 

I'oUen  in  solid  waxy  masses  :  Iruit  a  [.air  ol  lollieKs.  asci.li  iai  a    i  .i.,  ui. 

Ovuiy  l-lotol,  l..n,li„g  4  «.l»,-.,t«  or  ^l.n.lilc  =.«J-lil<e  mi'l"*.      lioia.A^lNACE^  65. 
Ovarv  sinj'lo  ami  entin;.  ,  ,,  ... 

Stylo  3-elelt  at  a^e.^  :  .apsule  3-cclled  :  corolla  convolute.  I'oLEMONlAeK.K,  o3. 

Styles  or  .stigmas  2  or  1. 

Ovules  ami  .seals  at  most  4,  large,  with   large  embryo  ami 

liltlo  or  no  albumen  :  peduncles  a.viUary.  CnNV..j.vm,A.  i.v:,  t.O. 

Ovules  lew  or  numerous  :  embryo  small,  in  albumen. 

Leaves   all    oi.i.osite   or    whorled    and    entire  :    eai-sule 

1-celled  :  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.  <  ■  i.NTi.vNACK.t;,  62. 

Leaves  alternate,  3-loliolate  :  leallels  entire  :  corolla  m- 

dui>licale  :  ilowers  racemose.  Menyauthes  m  (Ikntianaci:.*:,  t)-2. 

Leaves  various,  mainly  alteinate. 

Styles  2,  or  1  and  2-(d.dt  (excei)t  in  UomanzoHia)  :  cap- 

sule  1  -  2-celled.  HvDnoi-liVLLACE.'E,  64. 

Style  only  1  :   stigma   usually  1  :   capsule   or   U:ny 

2-relled,  or  rarely  more,  many-seeded.  Solanaceje,  67. 

See  also  Verbast-um  &  Limosella  in  Scuoi-iiui.AiilACliA;,  ti8. 

-t-  -h  Corolla  irregular  :  stamens  (with  anthers)  only  4  an<l  di.iynamous,  or  2  :  style  L 
Ovary  and  cap.sule  2-celled,  few  -  many-seeded  <.,.„„„,.,.,  v,.,  v    US 

Seeds  small,  mostly  indefinite  :  embryo  small  in  copious  albumen.       he  i.oi  mtLAUiAU-.i-.,  t)». 
Seeds  larger  in  proportion,  filled  by  the  flat  embryo. 

Numerous  in  a  long  cai)sule,  winged,  on  a  partition  which  sepa- 

i-ates  from  the  valves.  B.uNONiACiiA:,  /  . 

Few,  on  ho..ked  processes  of  the  i.Wcnta.  .  Acantmace.k,  7-. 

Ovary  and  capsule  l-ccUed,  with  many-seeded  placenta-  m  the  axis.  Lkntuuh.ajuk^,  /O. 

Ovary  4-partcd,  in  fruit  as  many  .seed-like  nutlets.  Labiaia:,  t6. 

Ovarv  undivided  :  fruit  .splitting  into  2  or  4  one-seeded  nutlets  (or 

berry-like  with  as  many  stones).  \  KUiu.NArK.i;,  /4. 

APETALOUS    FoUMS    in    I'OI.YI'KTALOUS  A.M)  GAMOPETALOUS    OHDEKS. 

Carpels  several  or  numerous  and  distinct  :  stamens  hypogynous  f/riT.?,'^';^':'''!''  J" 

Carpels  single  and  simple  :  <.dyx  also  wanting.  Achlys  m  BEUBEUinACE*.  2. 

Carpels  1  o?  2,  rarely  3,  <listinct  and  free  :  stamens  on  the  calyx.  Lo.sau.^   32. 

Carpel  single  and  simple  :  stamen  cpigynous.  Hii.puns  in  IIai.uiiagiwV.,  38. 

Carpels  combined  into  a  compound  ovary,  which  is 

One-celled  and  1  -  2-ovulcd.  ..,.,,„.,,,,■    i--. 

Herbs  with  s.'arious  stipules.  ,...••      V''  f     ;  :,    'la 

Shrubs  without  stipules.  ,     »  >«tacia  m  ANArAU...Ar,.„K,  30. 

Two  -  four-celled,  with  one  or  at  most  two  ovules  m  each  cell 

Aquatic  herbs.  Myru.phy  Uim  in    Lu.mAGKA;,  3b. 

Terrestrial  herbs,  2-.seeded.  Lei-idium  in  L  luu.i !•  kua.,  / . 

Shrubs  or  trees,  ,,  „- 

With  alternate  simple  leaves  and  lleshy  fruit.  Imiamnacea:,  zi. 

"With  opiiosite  compound  or  lobed  leaves,  and  „      .        .     ^ 

Sin<de  1-celle.l  1 -seeded  samara  for  fruit.  Fraxinus  m  Oi.eace^e,  59. 

A  luir  of  siimaras.  Acer  &  Ncgundo  in  Sapindacka;,  2i). 

Ono-coU.'d  and  mMUV-ovulcd  :  herlw. 

I'laceida-  3,  parieial  :  ovary  inferior.  Oatikcace.v.,  1/. 

Placentiu  2,  parietal :  ovary  partly  sui>erior.  SaxU'UAOace.u,  J4. 

Placenta  1,  central  or  ba.sal  :  leaves  mostly  opposite.  ,  ,         .     „  ,, 

Style  and  stigma  one.  <:laux  m  I'kimim.aceJ'-,  57. 

Styles  or  at  least  stigmas  3,  or  rarely  more.  Lahyophyi.lacea?,  14. 

Two- five-celled  and  rnany-ovuled. 

Herbs,  with  free  cal  v. \' and  green  herbage..  ,    ..    .     J^lcoiDEiE,  44. 

Herbs,  with  mlnate  "calyx  and  green  herbage,  laidwigia  in  OsAGUACEiE,  39. 

Herbs  destitute  of  green  herbage.  Allot ropa  in  LitlCACE*,  54. 

Shrub,  with  alternate  lobed  leaves.  Stekcumaoe*,  21. 


II.     SVNOITKJAL    KKV    TO    THE    OltDKIlS,   «fec. 


Division  1.     POLYrKTAL/K.     IVtals  distinct,  or  ncnrly  so  (sometimes  wanting). 

A.    Stamens  liypogynous  (free  both  from  the  calyx  and  fmm  the  superior  ovary). 

»  Carpels  solitary  or  distinct. 
-H  Sepals  nnd  petals  deciduous  (rarely  persistent  in  No.  1).     Leaves  alternate  (opposite  in  climb- 
ers), or  radical  :  stipules  none. 

1.  Ranxmculacese,  p.  2.  Sepals  (4  or  more),  petals  (as  many  and  alternate  with  them,  when 
present),  sUiinens  (usually  numerous),  and  carpels  (1  to  many)  all  distinct  and  free. 
Fruit  akenes  or  follicles  (in  Achr.a  a  solitary  berry).  Mostly  herbs. 
'1.  Berberidaceae,  p.  It.  Parts  of  the  flower  in  threes,  in  op]io.sito  rank.s,  distinct  (sepals  and 
petals  wanting  in  yichh/s,  and  stamens  9).  Carjiel  solitary  (a  berry  in  Berhcrit).  An- 
tlicr.s  opening  by  valves.     Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  compound  leaves. 

Carpels  several,  soon  flistinct,  becoming  linear  torulose  several-seeded  pods.     Sepals  3  :  petals  6  : 
sUimens  many.     Annual  ;  leaves  entire,  mostly  opposite.    Pi-atystemon  in  Pnpixvernceac. 

('arpel  solitary,  becoming  a  .spinose  pubescent  1-seeded  nut.     Flowers  irregular  :  sepals  and  i)ct- 
als,  5:  stamens  4.     Pubescent  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves.     K  ham  Km  a  in  Pohjgdlncca-. 

+-  +-  Sepals  persistent  ;  petals  deciduous. 

Carpel  solitary,  becoming  a  globose  drupe.     Flowers  4-mcrous.     Smooth  shrub,  with  opi>osite 

entire  pungent  leaves.     (!nf.oiui)IUM  in  Rytncrcc. 
Carpel  solitary,  becoming  a  few-  to  many-seeded  2-valved  or  indehiscent  pod.    Flowers  5-merou3  : 

stamens  10  or  many.     Small  trees,  with  bipinnate  leaves  and  small  flowei-s  in  spikes  or 

heads.      MiMosKif;  in  Legicmiiioscc. 
Follicles  several.     Fleshy  plants,  with  stamens  nearly  hypogj-nous.     CRA.ssuLACEiE. 
Follicles  2.     Anthers  attached  to  the  stigma.     Herbs  ;  leaves  opposite,  entire.     Asclepiadacf..*- 

-(-  -t-  -t-  Sepals  and  petals  pei-sistent 

Carpels  liei'omiiig  iiidi'luHcent  1     2-see(led  pods.     Sepfils  and  netals  11  or  I  :  MlamenH  mnny.      Per- 
enniul  a(iualic,  with  polliilo  JeavcH.      Miiahknia  in  tSi/iii/iliirnrnr. 

♦  ♦  Ovary  compound,  with  parietal  pluecntro  or  soods  covering  the  cell-walls. 

-1-  Capsule  many-celled,  indehiscent.     Sepals  and  petals  persistent. 

3.  Nymphseaceae,  p.  16.  Parts  of  the  flower  indefinite,  mostly  numerou.s.  Seeds  numerous, 
covering  the  walls  of  the  cells.  Perennial  aquatic,  with  cordate  entire  leaves  and  soli- 
tary flowers. 

-»-  +-  Valves  separating  from  the  persistent  placenta;.     Sepals  (2  or  4)  and  jK-tals  deciduous. 

+  f  Seeds  albuminous. 

f).  Papaveraceae,  p.  If^.  Sepals  2  or  3,  caducous  :  petals  twice  as  many,  alike  :  stamens  n\\- 
melons.  ('a]isule  2 -scveral-valved,  1 -celled  (.several-celled  in  /inninriti).  Herl'*  (very 
rarely  .sliruhl)y),  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  often  colored  juice. 

6.  Fumariaceae,  p.  23.      Flowers  very  irregular  :  sepals  2,  .small  :  jiefals  4,  in  dissimilar  pairs  : 

stimens  0,  iliadelphous.    Pod  1 -celled,  2-valved,  several -many-seeded.    Perennial  herbs, 
Willi  alternate  dissected  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

♦  f  +t  Seeds  without  albumen.      Flowers  irgular. 

7.  Cruclferae,  |).  2r>.     Sepals  and  petals  4  :  stamens  R,   tetmilynamous  (rarely  4,  2,  or  none). 

Pod  2-ccllcd,  2-valved,  2  -  niany-socde<l  (mirly  1-celled  "nnd  indrhisconi).     Herbs,  with 
allcrnntc  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

8.  Capparidaceaa,  )).  40.    Sepals  and  petals  4  :  stamens  fi  or  more,  nearly  equal.    Pod  2-vnlved, 

I      2-(clIed.    1   -  several -seeded.     Mostly  anininl  herbs  (/«(>»ir»-M  sbrnbby).  with  nltemntr 
compound  leaves,  often  stipulnte. 


^y-  SVNUI'TICAL    \iE\. 

^_  4_  ^_  Capsule  Icelhul,  s.jveral-ciiri.ellfd,  llie  valvus  not  s.^i.uiutiiig  tVoiii  tlic  jihuonUu.      ("ulyx 

|i(;i'bistciit. 

+t  Flowci's  inc'gului. 

0.  Resedaceae,  y.  f.S.     Sc|iiils  1  :  petals  "2  or  4,  il.lt  or  intiiv.  :  stHiiiiiis  lew  to  iiiaiiy.     I'a].- 

.suU'  ;i-(l-l«Miki'>l,  iiiiiiiy-smUiil.      lliuba;  I.  avi's  ull.-rimti>,  ciitiio  ;  stipiilivs  kI'HI'IiiIiii. 
11.   Vlolacero.  ]..   .M.      S.  |.uIh  ami  pidals  n  :  antlu'is  f),  .•..li.ivnt  :  slylu  1,  iUvuU>.     Cai'Mil.' 
a-vulvcil,  inaiiy-.sLvil.:a.     Low  herbs,  with  alternate  or  railicul  sliimlute  leaves. 
+  +  ++  Flowera  regular.     Stipules  none. 

10.  Cistaceae,  \>.  jl.     Sepals  and  petals  f>,  two  of  the  sepals  minute  :  stamens  many  :  style  1. 

Capsule  ;{-valveil,  lew-  nniny-seeded.      llerhs  or  woody  at  liaso  ;  leaves  entire,  alternate. 
36.   Droseiaceae,  p.  -il-J.      Flowers  5-merous,  but  styles  3,  2-parted.     Capsule  ;5-valved,  many- 

seeduil.    Low  marsh  herbs  ;  leaves  radieal,  reddish,  entire,  beset  with  gland-tipped  liaiis. 

13.  Fraiikeniaceae,  p.  00.     Stamens  4  to  7  :  style  ^--l-elelt.     Capsule -2- 4-valved,  eiielo.sed  in 

tiie  tubular  lurrowed  4-5dobed  calyx.  i>ow  woody-based  herbs,  with  ojiposilc  entire 
leaves  and  small  llowers. 

Flowers  5-nierous  :  sUnnens  indefinite  :  styles  3.  Capsule  a-valved.  Low  herbs,  with  opposite 
entire  punctate  leaves.      II  vi'i:i!lCUM  in  IJi/pcrictucd:. 

Flowers  4-merous  :  petals  united  at  base,  bearing  a  bioad  gland.  Capsule  2-valved,  few -many- 
seeded.      Smooth  biennials,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves.     FiiASKitA  in  Gentkmaceoe. 

»   »  *  Ovary  eompuuml  (of  '2  to  seveial  carpels),  with  central  jtlaeentie.     Stamens  mostly  strictly 
hyiiogynous.     Sepals  pcrsisU-nt. 

+-  Flowers  very  irregular. 

1*2.  Polygalaceae,  [•.  fiS.  Capsule  compret^sed,  mirrowly  winged,  ^-celled,  2-see<led.  Slaiiiens 
(i  to  8,  united  ;  anthers  1-eelled,  ojiening  at  the  top.  Low  woody-based  perennial's,  with 
alternate  entire  leaves,  and  no  stipules. 

-I-  -*-  Flowers  regular.     Capsule  1-celled,  with  free  central  placenta.     Leaves  entire. 

+  +  Embryo  curved  around  central  albumen. 

14.  Caryophyllaceae,  |).  tJl.     Flowers  mostly  S-merous  :  ]»etals  sometimes  none  :  stamens  10 

or  fewer  :  styles  W  to  f),  the  (apsule  opening  .by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves.  Seeds 
immerous.      Herbs,  rarely  woody  at  ba.so,  with  opposite  leaves,  ami  mostly  no  stipules. 

15.  lUecebraceae,  J).  71.     Fruit  a  1-seetled  utricle  imduded  in  the  calyx.     IVl^ils  none:  sta- 

mens perigynous  :  style  bilid.      Low  lierbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  scnrious  stipules,  and 
sessile  axillary  llowers. 
It).  PortulacaceeB, ]).  73.    Capsule  2  -  3-valvcd  or  eircumseis.sile.     Sepals  2  (4  to  8  in  Lewma) : 
I>etals  2  to  5  or  more:  stamens  few  or  many  :  style  2  -  3-cleft.     Seeds  few   or  many. 
Succulent  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  or  radical  leaves,  often  stipulate. 

++  ++  I'^mbryo  straight  in  albun»en.     Petals  united  at  base  :  stamens  opposite  them. 

I'tricle  1-seeded,  enclosed  in  the  scarious  (al^x.      flowers  r)-merou8.     Perennial  acaulescent  maii- 

time  herbs.     Pi.umb.\(;in.a(K.k. 
Capsule  5-valved,   few- many-seedeil.     Flowers  ojostly  .^)-nierous  :  style!.      Heibs  with  mostly 

oi)posite  leaves,  or  acaulescent.      S(jme  PiiiMiLAii.t:. 

-i-  -i-   -i-   Floweis  regular.     Ovary  2  -  several-celled. 

■n-  Capsule  not  lobed  nor  winged. 

(a.)  Stamens  ilistinct  or  nearly  so,  not  fascicled. 

4.   Sarraceniaceae,  p.  17.      Capsule  5-celled,   r)-valved,   many-seeded.      Sepals  and  petals  5, 

persistent  :  stamens  many  :  style  5-lobed.    Acaulescent  marsh  perennials,  with  jjilcher- 

shnpcd  leaves  and  solitary  llowers. 
18.  Elatinaceae    \).   71>.     Cajisule  2-r)-c<'lle(l,   many-seeded.     Flowers  2-   or  5-merous;  styles 

distiurl.      Low  annuals,  with  opposite  leaves,  miiiiiiranons  stipules,  and  axillary  llowers. 
22.  Llnacoaj,  p.  SS.    Capside  2 -.'.valvdl,  4  -Id-.^elled  and  -seeded.      Flowers  r>-merous  :  hlyles 

2  to  f).      Low  herbs,  with  entire  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  often  with  stipular  glands, 

and  panicled  llowers. 
Capsule  3-celled,  several-seeded.     Flowers  6-merous  :  petjils  none  :  styles  3.     Prostrate  annual, 

with  entire  verticillate  leaves  and  axillary  llowers.     Mom.ugo  in  Ficoidcce. 
Capsule  5-celled,  several  seeded.     Low  herbs/,  with  sour  juice  and  alternate  or  radical  3-foliolate 

leaves.     OxAi.i.s  in  Geraniacece. 
Capsule  5-10-celled,  many-seeded.    Stamens  10,  rarely  fewer  ;  anther-cells  opening  by  a  tenninal 

pore  or  chink.    Scaly-bracted  herbs  without  green  foliage  (or  Ledum  an  evergreen  shrub, 

with  alternate  exstipulate  leaves).     Some  Rkicace^. 


Capsule  woo(ly,  5-ccllca.  5-8ccded.     Flowers  5-mcrou«.     SpcIs  wingcl.     A  IPaHcss  spinosc  8l,n.b. 

Ovary  3.,.H,-,1  :  fn.it  a  larffc  Icathory  rvalvo.l  l-smlcl  p,><l.    Trrcs,  with  op,K,.sitc  .lidtate  serrat« 
leaves,  no  stipules,  and  sliowy  paiiided  inogular  flowers.     ^Esculuh  in  iiapiudaaut. 

(b.)   Stamens  clustered  in  faseieles  or  united  into  a  tulw. 

10.   Hypericace®  p.  80     Stamens  numerous  in  3  seta.     Cap.sule  3.celled.  many-seeded.    Sepals 

nin    p..  nls  .,  :  styles  3.     I  erem.ial  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  puiwtnte  leav.-s,  no  stipiile.s. 

Mini  yi'lldW  eyinoHi^  lloweiH.  •  i         » 

•2(».  Malyaceee.  p.  8'2.    Slamens  niinierous.  unile.l  int..  a  lube  :  aiilhrrs  l-re||rd     CariH-ls  either 

ni  a  ring,  1  -  few-seeded  au.lat  length  .Meparaling,  or  lornmi-  a  U  -  Kl.e.lled  nianv-ser.jed 

eap.sule      (alyx  valvate  :  p..tal8  C,  united  at  ba.se.     Herbs  or  shrnim,   with  Alternate 

stipulate  leaves. 
21.   Sterculiaceae.  p.  88.    Statnens  .'',,  united  into  a  tube  :  anthers  2-oelled.    Capsule  4 -5-eelled 

ew-see.bd       Mowers  .'i-merous  :  calyx  imbricate  :  i.etals  none.     Shrub,  with  alt^mat^ 

leaves,  and  sliowy  flowers. 

++  ++  Fruit  Inbo.l  or  winged.     Seeds  1  or  2  in  the  eells,  pendulous  :  albun.ni  little  or  none. 

23.  Zygophyllacece,  p   91       Capsule  f.-lO-lobed,   -celled,  and   -seeded.     Flowcn  5-merous  ■ 

s  a.u.ns  10  :  style  1  short  :  .sepals  mostly  .leeiduous.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opi>osite 
stipulate  compound  leaves  (leaflets  entire),  and  solitary  flowei-s 

24.  Geraniaceae    p.  i.2.      Capsule  .'i-parte.l,    -celled,  and  -.seede.l.      Flowers  5-merouR  :  stamms 

mostly  10  :  styles  coherent  to  an  a.xis,  at  length  separating  from  it.  Herbs,  with  loln-d 
orcompoun.l  toothed  leaves  -opposite  and  stipulate,  the  earpds  long-beake<l,  or  alter- 
nate  and  without  stipules,  the  carpels  not  beaked  i  »  ,  lu^r 

2r..    Rutaceae,  p.  !..5       l.Vuit  2.eell;.,l,  nn  orJ-i.nlar  .samara  or  .lidymous  capsule.     Flowen,  4.me. 

on    c!       '"T  •   ■'' ■^■'''  '•      '^'""K  "^^i"!  aromatic  dotted  alternate  leaves,  an.l  no  .stipules 

29.  SapindacecB,  1...^,.      Fruit  a  .l.mble  samara.      Flowers  .ii.ecious  or'  .x.ivgamou^,   often  a,>eU. 
F,„if  „  .;       i'        ''■'■''  l'"'"!"^''  y  '"'"•''"'•  P'""'^'^  opposite  .serrat,-  leaves,  and  no  stipules. 
I'uut  a  simple  samnra,   u.sually   l-ceile.l  and    1-seeded.      l-'lowers  4-merous.   ,„,rect  or  .lilecious  • 

petals  o  ten  none  :  stamens  often  2  :  style  1.  Trees,  with  opp.site  pinnate  leaves,  and' 
no  stipules.     I'KAXINIKS  mr;/r^u;m'.  ii  i 

♦  ♦  ♦  ♦  Ovary  compound,  with  central  pincent.e.  Stamens  upon  a  more  or  less  perigvnous  .lisk. 
'lowers  m..stly  polygamous  or  di<ecious.  (alyx  i.er.si.stent  or  the  limb  Meci.lum.s. 
Lells  1  -few-.seeded.     becds  mostly  crct  or  asceinling  ami  albuminous. 

^^'  ^^^M^'^^'f  ^;  ''•  l^- 1  ^'"In"^"  2  -  5-eelle,l  and  -lobed.  Flowen  ,>crfect.  4  -  5.merous  :  style 
iioTti  '1°1m  '"'  ""   ^*''-     '^'i">^'  "''th  «i'>il'le  opposite  pinnately  veined  leaves,  and 

27.  Rhamnaceae,  p   00.     Fruit  l>eny-  or  .Inipe-like,  or  dry,  1  -  4.celle.l.     Calyx  valvate,  the  4 

or  ..  lohes  al  criiatn  with  as  many  .st^iniens,   deciduous:   ].et;ds  often  noun:  .stvle  2-4- 

28    Vif  J^I"""    in-       ?      1  ''  ^:'^''„^'"''''''  •'''''''•"••'»''  ">•  "PI«"^'t'^  I'^'^'-S  nnd  small  stipules. 

28.  Vitaceae,  p.  10...      l-ruit  a  2-celled   2-4-.seeded   iH-riy.      Flowei^   4  -  f.-merous  .•   ealvx  mi- 

'liils  •  leaves'  a^'teru  ."te     lobe.f'""''""''  "''1*°'*'^*'  *''*''"-       ^^'"^'>'   '■'"•^^'   ^l''"»Hiig    b"y   ten- 

30.  Anacardiaceae,  p.  109.'  ^Drupes  1 -celled,  1-seeded.     Flowers  mostly  5-mer«us  :  .stigmas  3. 

.•>lirut..s,  with  milky  resinous  juice,  alternate  simple  or  comiwund  leave-s  and  no  stipule.s. 
Alnumen  little  or  none.  ' 

Fruit  a  bladdery  3-Iobed  several -.seeded  capsule.  Flowers  jK'rfect,  S-meixms.  Shrul«  with  opiw- 
sito  comiwund  stipulate  leaves.     Stai-iiyi.ka  in  Snpindacm. 

n.    Stamens  perig)-nous  (upon  the  calyx),  or  epigynous. 

♦  Ovary  superior  or  nearly  so.     (See  last  group.) 

+-  Carpels  solitjuy  or  distinct     Seed  very  rarely  albuminous. 

31.  Leguminosae,  p.  111.    C.arpd  solitary  Wcoming  a  legume.    Flowers  mostly  irregular  (papili- 

on.i.-.ous)  :  stamens    10  (mrely   fewer),    mostly   monadelphous  or  .lindelphous       Ilerlw 

slinil.s,    or  trees,   with  alternate  stipulate  simple  or  eomiwun.l   leaves. 
61.  Rosaceae   p.  lt;4.     Carpels  one  to  many.  l«-coming  ak.nes  or  sometimes  1  -  2se.tl(Mi  dniivs 

(<ir  coherent  with   the  calyx  into  a  2  -  several-celled   jKuue).      Flowers  regular,   mostly 

r)-mernus.    or  the  stamens  usually  numerous.      Herbs,  siirul>%  or  lives,  with  alternate 

iiiosllv  stipulate  simple  or  comfMnind  leaves. 
33.   Calycanthaceae.  p.  IS'O.     Carpeh  num.i.>us,  Iveoming  akenes  within  a  hollow  receptacle. 

Sepals,  petals,  an.l  stamens  indelinit.-.      Aromatic  shruKs.   with  opiK.site  entire   leaves. 

and  no  stipules. 


Xvlii  SVNOITICAL    KKV. 

Canicls  2  to  5,  becoming  nv.my-si-vd.A  MVu-U-^.  Scn-.l  allmininous.  Rq>i.ls  and  p.'tals  5,  TM>rsist- 
eiit  :  staim-ns  many.  Siii.K.th  bliiiib.t,  witli  allciiiate  .•ntiio  Uavcs,  ami  iiu  stipuk-s. 
CUOSSOSOMA  in  Ilnniincuhircic.  _ 

Flowers  5-merous  :  caqiels  IVwer  than  5.     Low  acaulescent  li(>rbs.     Saxikhaoa  in  Siucifraijocea;. 

Flowers  3  -  7-nRT0U3.     Thuk  tioshv  In H>s,  will,  .sini].!.'  alternate  loaves.     Some  L'ka.ssui,A(^k.k. 

CariK;!  bolitury,  iH-comin^r  an  ovoi-'l  1  -  •^sc.a.'.l  li.lliile.  Klowers  t-nicrous.  I-ow  spmeseent 
alimlis,  Willi  alleinate  eiitiiv  Htil>nlale  Laves.     tll.osMil'iCTAHjN   ill  .Sajnuduciu;, 

+-  +■  Carpels  more  or  less  united.     Seeds  mostly  albuminous.     Leaves  simplo  :  stipules  none. 

34.  Saxlfragaceae,  p.  192.     Carpels  2  to  5,  fonning  a  1-celled  or  2-5-celled  many-seeded  eap- 

sulu,  or   nearly  distinct.     Flowers  5-meious  :  stamens  rarely  minuTous  :  styles  2  to  .'), 
usually  distinct.     Ilcibs  or  shnilis  ;  leaves  alternate  (ojjpositc  in  Hiidrav[ica)  or  radical. 

35.  CraBSUlaceae,  p.  2(IS.      Carpels  3  to  5,  beeoming  1 -many-seeded  I'ollieles,   distinct  or  cim- 

natc  at  base.     Flowers  3-   or  5-nierous  :   stamens   nearly    liypogynous.     'J'liick    llcshy 
lilaiits,  niostlv  herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves. 

37.  Lythraceee,  ]).  213.     Cajisule  2-4-cclled,  many-seeded,  enclosed  in  the  tubular  or  eaiiipan- 

ulate  calyx.      Flowers  4-  or  6-incions  ;   style  1.     Herbs,  with  entire   mostly   opposite 

leaves,  and  axillary  lioweis.      No  albumen. 
Fruit  a  1  -  2-seeded  utricle,    inelude.l   in  the  calyx.     Style  2-eleft.      Low  lierbs,   with  opposite 

entire  leaves.      Ili.KCKUUACK.k 
Carpels  2,  with  distinct  styles,  enclosed  in  the  at  length  fleshy  calyx  and  becoming  beny-like. 

Small  tree,  with  alternate  serrate  evergreen  leaves  and  minute  stipules.     IIetkuomelivS 

in  Rosacea:. 
Capsule  3  -  5-eelled,  many-seeded,  circumscissile.     Flowei-s  5-mcrous  :  petals  none  :  styles  3  to  5. 

Fleshy  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves.     Hksuvium  in  Ficoidccc. 
Capsule  2-celled,  sevend-seedcd,  adiiate  at  ba.so  to  the  caly.x.      Flowers  irregular  :  petals,  as  well 

as  lilanients,  somewhat  united.     Slender  annual,  with  alternate  leaves  and  milky  juice. 

Nemaclaous  in  Lol/e/iaceie. 
Fruit  fleshy,  beeoming  dry,  3-valved,  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded.     Petals  about  5,  united  at  base  :  sta- 
mens 10,  inonadelphous  :  style  1.     Shrub,  with  alternate  entire  leaves.     Stykacace.b. 

*   ♦  Ovary  wholly  inferior. 

-1-  Fruit  with  central  placenta-.     Herbs,  with  few  stamens,   not  trailing,  and  flowers  not  in  um- 
bels :  stipnjes  none. 

38.  Halorageae,  p.  214.     Fruit  indehisceiit  and  nut-like,  1  -  4-celled  and  -seeded.     Seeds  sus- 

pended, ulbuniinous.     At|uatic  herlis,  witli  vertieillate  or   opposite  leaves,   and  iiicon- 
siiicuons  ol'ten  apctalous  sessile  axillai-y  flowers. 

39.  Onagracece,  p.  21(i.     <'ap.sulc  2-  or  4-ciilcd,  sometimes  indehiscent,  mostly  many-seeded. 

Flowers  2-4-nierous  :   style  l" :   calyx  valvate.       Ilerl)s,   rarely   woody  at   base,    with 
mostly  alternate  leaves  ;  flowers  often  showy.     No  albumen. 
Capsule  1-celled,    1-seeded.      Flowers  .'j-nicious  :  style  1.      Seed  susiiended,   exalbuininou.s.      I'er- 
ennial  heil>s,   with  simple  alternate  tenaciously  scabrous  leaves.      rKTAi.oNV.x.  in   Luu- 
siiccic. 

+-  +■  Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent.     Tendril-bearing  herbs.     Stamens  few. 

41.  Cucurbitaceae,  p.  238.     Flowers  moncecious  or  direcious,   often  gamojietalons.     Fiuit  1  - 

several-celled.      Leaves  allernate,   palmately  veined  or  lobcd,    without   stipules.     Seeds 
without  albumen. 

H-  -1-  -1-  Fruit  with   j)arielal   placcnt;e,   .several  -  many-seeded.      Stamens  many  (except  in  /silica). 

Stipules  none. 

■n-  Herbs,  not  fleshy.     Capsule  1-celled. 

40.  Loasacese,  p.  235.     Flowers  perfect,   conspicuous  :   style  3  -  5-cleft  :   placeiitic   as   many. 

Leaves  rough  with  tenacious  hairs,  simple. 

42.  Datiscacece,  y.  242.     Flowers  mostly  diuv.ious  :  petals  minute  or  none  :  styles  3.     Leaves 

snioulli,  (linnately  compound. 
Fruit  a  berry.     Flowers  4  -  5-ineroiis  :  styles  2  to  4,   more  or  less  united.     Shrubs,  often  spiny, 
with  simple  alternate  palmately  veined  and  lobed  leaves.     Guu.ssi:i,ACi:.i;  in  Suxi/ntyacece. 

+t  ++  Thick  fleshy  plants.     Capsule  1  -  several-celled. 

43.  Cactaceae,  p.  24.     Fruit  fleshy,  1 -celled.     Sepals  ami  petals  numerous.      Leafless  prickly 

liereiinials,  sometimes  woody. 

44.  Ficoideee,  p.   250.     Capsule  3  -  5-celled.     Sepals   few,    mostly    5.     Unanned  herbs,  with 

mostly  opposite  leaves. 


svNoi'TicAL  Ki:v.  xix 

-f-  +-  -f-  -I-  Fniit  indf'liiscpnt,  dry  nr  berry-  or  drnpo-likf,  2-  (nurly  H     r»-)  i-ellfd,  tlic  rolls  with 
OHO  su.siioiuk'tl  seed.    Ovary  witli  nn  ppigj'nons  disk  (wnnting  in  (jnrryn). 

+  f  I'lowors  in  umbels,     llorbs,  mostly  with  nlU-mntc  nml  romivound  leaves. 

4.''>.   UmbelliferaB,  p.  252.     C^arpels  and  styles  2  :  frnit  dry.     Umlw-ls  mostly  rom]>onnd. 

4f>.   Araliaceae,  p.  273.     Carinds  and  styles  4  or  5,  forming  a  berry-like  H  nit.     UmlK-ls  jianiclcfl. 

+  f  +f  Flowers  in  cymes  or  aments.     Shrubs  (rarely  herbaceous)  with  opposite  entire  leaves. 

•17.   Cornacece,  p.  274.     Dnipos  Imccnte,  1  -2-celled.     P'lowei-s  {vrfoet  and  cyniose,  oi  ilifoiinus 

imd  in  iinionts,  4  -  Pnierous  :  petals  valvate,  distinet :  style  1. 
Haerate  dru|M's  containing  1    tn  f)  Hc(Ml-lil<c  nutlets.      Flowers  pcrroct.  eyniose,  5-merous  :  |vtals 

iinl)ricnto,  united.     Shrubs  with  simplf  or  i>inniile  loaves.     SAMiini;.i-:  in  Caprifolincrn:. 
Fruit  a  beny  or  druiie,   eontjiiniiig  2  to.*)  thin  1-2-oollod  enrpols  or  nutlets:  ovaries  2  in  each 

eari)el,   ascending.     Flowers  5-merous  :   stamens  10  or  20  :  petals  imbricate,  distinct. 

Shrubs  or  trei-s,  with  simple  alternate  stipulate  leaves.     I'ti.MACE*  in  Rosacea:. 

Division  II.     GAMOPFTAL/E.     Petals  united  above  their  base  (very  rarely  wanting).      Calyx 
generally  iiersistcnt  (sometimes  minute). 

A.    Ovary  inferior. 
♦   FilumeJits  and  anthers  distinet.     Leaves  opposite. 

48.  Caprifoliaceae,  p.  277.  Fruit  a  1  -5-celled,  1  -  few-seeded  berry  or  capsule.  Stamens  4  or 
f)  :  style  1  or  none.  Shrubs  (one  low  creeju-r),  with  .simple  or  pinnate  leaves  and  no 
stijiulos.     Seed  albuminous. 

40.  RubiacesB,  p.  281.  Fr\iit  dry,  indohiseent,  2-4-celled,  2-4-seeded.  Flowei-s  n-gul.nr, 
4  -  ■^)-nierous  :  styh^  1,  entin-  or  elolt.  Shrubs  with  e.npifate  flowers,  or  herbs  with  flowers 
mostly  cyniose  ;  leaves  entire,  opposite  and  stipulate,  or  verticillate.      Seed  allmminous. 

50.  Valerianaceae,  ji.  236.  Ovniy  3-cclled,  becoming  a  1-celled  1-seeded  akene-like  fiiiit  Sta- 
mens ;),  fewer  than  the.  eorollii-lolie.s.  Flowers  irregular.  Herbs,  with  ojiimsite  simple, 
or  pinnate  leaves,  without  stipules.     Albumen  imue. 

•    *  Anthers  or  filaments  (5)  unite<l  into  a  tube  aromid  the  2-cleft  or  entire  style.     No  stipules. 

fil.  Compositae,  p.  288.  Fruit  an  akene.  Flowers  in  an  involncrate  head  :  calyx  reduced  to 
a  ))api)us  or  wanting  :  lilnments  mostly  distinct.      Albumen  none. 

52.  Lobeliaceae,  p.  443.  Capsule  1  -  2-ecllod,  mnny-seoded,  more  or  less  inferior.  Flowei-s 
irregular,  seatteredorraeemo.se:  filanuMits  united  ;  luithei-s  sometimes  distinct  Herbs, 
with  alttirnate  simple  leaves.     Seeds  albuminous.. 

♦  ♦   ♦  Stamens  distinet.     Leaves  alternate,  without  stijMiles. 

S^^.  CampaniilaceEe,  p.  445.  Cansule  2  -  5-eellcd,  mnny-seoded,  with  central  placentte.  Flow- 
ers regular,  5-mero\is  :  style!,  2-  5-hd)ed.      Herbs;  leaves  simple.      Seeds  albuminous. 

IJeriy  many-seeded,  4  -  5-cellcd.  "Flowers  regular,  4  -  5-morous  :  nnthers  opening  by  terminal 
pores  :  style  1.     Shrubs,  with  simple  loaves.     \ mt\s\v\\  \\\  Erirnmr. 

Fruit  fleshy,  indehiseout  Flowers  monteciotis  or  ditceious  :  stunens  cojnmonly  united.  Tendril- 
bearing  trailing  herbs.     CucL'KBiTACK.fi. 

B.    Ovary  supei-ior  or  nearly  .so,  compound.     (Stipules  none.) 

»  Corolla  regular.     Stamens  not  didynamous. 

-«-  Fruit  5  -  many-celled. 

54.  EricaceEe,  p.  448.     Fruit  bony -like  or  capsular,  5-  10-cellod,  5  -  many-seeded,  with  central 

(rarely  parietal)  placenta\"  Flowers  4  -  5-merous  :  style  1  :  anther-cells  opening  by  r 
terminal  jwre  or  chink.  Shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  leaves  (op|X).site  in  Kalmio),  or 
scaly  braeted  herbs  without  green  foliage. 

55.  LennoaceaB.  p.  4fi4.      Fniit  drupaceous,  12  -  2n-eollod  and -se.vled.      Parts  of  the  flower  5  to 

10  :  style  1  :  anthers  opening  lengthuise.      Fleshy  scaly  herlw,  without  ffx-vu  herhngc 

-f-  +-  Fruit  1  -4-celled. 

+  f  Fruit  1-ccllcd,  with  a  ccntnd  Imsnl  plncontn. 

Ui\.  Plumbaginaceae.  p.  465.    Cnpsnle  a  l-sooild  utricle  inclosed  in  the  scariouscalvx.    Flowers 

r.-uicrons  ;  petals  nenrlv  distinct.      Maritime  ncnulcs.-ent  herl>s,  with  entire  leaves. 
57.   Prlmulaceee,  p.  inc..      Cn'psnlo  5valved   or   circinuscissilo.    few  -  luiinv-srnliil  :    jdacentft 
ba.snl.      Flowers  mostly  5-merous  :  stamens  op|>osite  the  lnl.es  of  the  corolla,  which  is 
wnnting  in  (i/ni'.r  :  style  1.      Herbs,  with  mostly  entire  nltemnte  leaves. 


^^  SYNUl'TICAL    KKY. 

58.  Styrace^,  i>.  470.     Fruit  fleshy,  lieconuTig  dry,  3-valveil,   l-seedcii.     f'alyx  truiKate  :  jiet- 

ul^  4  to  «,  nearly  distinct  :  stamens  10,  mouadelphous  :  style  1.  Shrub,  with  alternate, 
entire  leaves. 

59.  Oleacece,  i>.  471.     Fruit  a  simple  sannini,  usually  l-cellcd  and  1-secded  (or  a  2-cellcd  druiio 

or  capsule).  Flowers  4-inerous,  perleet  or  iliu-cious  :  pedals  often  none  :  stamens  usually 
2  :  stylo  1.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opi>osite  pinnate  or  simple  leaves, 

+  »•  ++  Carpels  2,  united  by  their  styles  or  stigmas,  beeoming  distinct  follicles  with  numerousconio.se 
seeds.     Perennial  herbs,  with  milky  juice,  and  opposite  entire  leaves  :  flowers  5-merous. 

60.  Apocynaceee,  p.  472.     Corolla  convolute  in  the  Inid.    Anthers  nearly  free  :  ]»ollen  powdery. 
Gl.  Aaclepiadaceae,  p.  474.     Corolla  and  calyx  nearly  valvate.     Anthei-s  attached  to  the  stig- 
ma :  pollen  in  wa.vy  masses. 

+t  +f  *^  Fruit  l-cellcd  :  i)lacenlie  2,  parietal  (sometimes  united  in  the  axis). 
02.  QentiaHacece,  p.  478.     Capsule  soptieidal,  few- numy-seeded.     Flowers  4- f)-merous  :  style 
1  or  none  ;  stigmas  1  or  2.     (ilabrous  herbs,  with  simiile  and  opiiosite  or  3-foliolate  and 
allernale  leaves  :  inflorescence  not  scorpioiil. 

64.  Hydrophyllaceae,  p.  5U1.     Capsule  loculicidal,   few  -  many-seeded.      Flowers  5-merous: 

styles  2,  usually  more  or  less  distinct.  Herbs  {Eriodidinm  shrubby),  often  rough-hairy, 
with  alternate  (rarely  opposite)  often  compound  leaves,  ami  mostly  scorpioid  inflorescence. 

+t  ++  -n-  ++  Fruit  2-4-celled,  with  central  idaeentiw. 

75.  Plantaginaceae,  p.  610.  Capsule  2-eelled  2  -  few-seeded,  eircumscissile.  Flowers  4-me- 
rous  :  stanii'iis  2  or  4  :  style  1  :  corolla  searious.     Acaulesccnt  herbs. 

00.  CouvolvulacCce,  p.  5:52.  Capsule  2-eelled,  1  -  4-seeded,  2-valved  or  eircuin.sinssile.  Flow- 
ers  mostly  5-merons  :  styles  1  or  2.  Herbs,  mostly  twining,  with  ultermite  leaves,  or 
parasitic  ami  without  green  herlmge. 

65.  Borraginaceae,  \\  518.      Ovary  4-celled   and   mostly  4-lobetl,    maturing  usually  as  many 

1 -seeded  luulets.  Flowers  5-merous  :  style  single.  Herbs,  mostly  rough-hairy,  with 
alternate  (or  the  lower  opposite)  entire  leaves,  and  scorpioid  inflorescence. 

63.  Polemoniaceae,  [i.  485.  Capsule  3-celled,  3  -  many-seeded,  loculicidal.  Flowers  5-merous  : 
style  3-elelt.  Herbs  (rarely  woody  at  base),  with  opposite  or  alternate  simple  or  com- 
pound leaves. 

07.  Solauaceae,  \}.  537.  Fruit  a  berry  or  eai)sule,  2-celled  (rarely  more),  many-seeiled.  Flowers 
5-merous  :  style  sini[.le  :  corolla  valvate  or  plaited  in  the  bud.  Herbs  (rank-scented) 
or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  or  pinnate  leaves. 

Caps\de  didymous,  nioslly  2iurted,  cir.'um.seissiie,  2  -  4-see(led.  Stamens  2  or  3  :  style  1.  Nearly 
berbaeeuus,  with  mostly  oppusile  .sehsile  leaves.     M I'.Nolxilt.V  in  iHcacac. 

Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded.  Flowers  5-merous  :  style  .single  :  corolla  irregidar,  imbricate. 
Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  racemose  flowers.     ViiltBAscuM  in  Hcropkitlariaceu'. 

Capsule  imperfectly  3-celled,  several-seeded.  Flowers  5-merous  :  stamens  10  or  more  :  .styles  3. 
Seeds  thin,  winged  or  como.so.    SnuiU  spineseent  trees.     Foi'iji'iKHA  in  Tanuiriscinac. 

♦  »  Flowers  irregular.     Fertile  stamens  4  and  didynamous,  sometimes  2. 

+-  Fruit  cap.sular,  1  -  2-celled  :  style  1. 

4*-  Seeds  albuminous. 

68.  Scrophulariaceae,  p.  546.     Capsule  2-celled,    with  central  plucoutie,   few  -  many-seeded. 

Corolla  imbricated.      Herbs  or  sometimes  woody,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves. 

69.  Orobanchaceae,  p.  583.     Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,   with  2- 4  parietal  jilaeentie,    many- 

seeded.      Parasitic  herbs,  without  green  foliage  :  scales  alternate. 

++  ++  Seeds  without  albumen. 

70.  Lentibularieae,  p.  586.    Capsule  1-celled,  with  centiiil  placentic,  bursting  inegularly,  many- 

seeded.     Stamens  2  ;  anthers  1-celled.      Floating  herbs,  with  capillary  dissected  leaves. 

71.  Bignoniaceee,  p.  586.      Capsule  (linear)  1  -  2-eelieil,  2-vnlveil,  with  numerous  winged  and 

tutted  seeds.     Shrubs,  with  linear  entile  opposite  or  alternate  leaves. 

72.  Acanthaceae,  p.  587.     Capsule  davate,  2-(.-elled  with  central  placenta;,  4-seeded  :  seeds  on 

hook-like  processes  of  the  placentie.    Stamens  mo.stly  2.    Herbs  or  slirubs ;  leaves  opposite. 

-1-  +-  Fruit  of  2  or  4  distinct  or  united  1-seedeil  nutlets. 

73.  Labiatae,  p.  589.     Ovai-y  4-lobed  around  the  2-cleft  style,  forming  as  many  distinct  nutlets. 

Stamens  4  or  2.  Mostly  aromatic  herbs  or  woody  at  base,  with  stjuare  stems,  and 
o])posite  simple  leaves. 

74.  Verbenaceae,  p.  607.     Ovary  not  lobed,  2-4-<;elled  ;  fruit  sulilting  into  as  many  nutlets. 

Stamens  4  ;  style  1.     Herbs  or  shrubby,  rarely  aromatic  ;  leaves  opposite  or  whoiled. 


BOTANY 


CALIFORNIA 


Skiuks  r.     PII.ENOOAMOUS  or  F[.O^yER^Na  PLANTS. 

Plants  bearing  truo  llowers,  that  is,  having  stamens  and  jMstils,  and  producing 
seeds  wliich  contain  an  oinl)rvo. 


Class   \.     DlCOTYLIoDONOUS  or  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stems  consisting  of  a  j.itli  in  the  centre,  of  hark  on  th.-  oMt,«.i.le,  and  these  sepa- 
rated hy  one  or  more  layers  of  fibrous  or  woody  tissue,  which,  when  the  stem  lives 
irom  year  to  year,  increases  by  the  addition  of  new  layers  to  the  outside  next  tlie 
bark.  Embryo  usually  with  two  opposite  cotyledons,  or  rarely  with  several  in  a 
whorl. 


SuncLASfl  1.     AN(JIOSPERM^.. 

Pistil  consisting  of  a  close-l  ovary  which  contains  the  ovules  and  forms  the  fruit. 
Cotyleihms  two. 

Divi.su)N   I.      POI.VPMTAL/K. 

Flnnd   cnv.lopps  consi,.(i„.^.  usually  of  bnth   .-alyx   and   corolla;   the    petals    not 
united   with   par.h   ..(h.-r,    in  s.-m.-  .-usps  wantiu". 


KAN  UxNCU  l-ACE.D.  (Jltinali 


OuDEii  1.    RANUNCULACE^. 

Herbaceous  i)r  soniDwlmt  slmibhy  i)lants,  with  colorless  and  usually  acrid  juice; 
distinjfuishud  l)y  Llie  itolyundrous  and  often  pulygyinnis  llowers ;  the  numerous  «ta- 
luens  hypogynous  (perigynous  in  Urossosoin'i)  ;  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  few 
or  numerous  (in  Acttta  solitary)  pistils  all  ilistinct  and  free.  Sepals  very  commonly 
colored  and  pekdoid.  I'etals  iii  many  wanting  or  in  the  form  of  nectaries.  Anthers 
short.  Seeds  solitar}''  or  several,  with  miimte  embryo  in  linn-lleshy  albumen.  — 
Foliage  various  :  stipules  none.  , 

An  Older  of  ;J1  giuiiMii,  several  of  whidi  nro  numerous  in  species,  widely  distributed  over  the 
world,  but  most  liiri,'ely  reiiresonted  in  the  northern  tenii)enito  and  frigid  zones.  Several  are  used 
in  medicine  ;  some  (like  Aconite)  are  acrid  poisons  ;  and  many  are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

Uur  thirteen  genera  belong  to  six  tribes,  wiiich  need  not  be  recapitulated,  as  their  characters 
may  be  more  easily  apprehended  fiom  a  simple  key. 

Synopsis  of  (ileuera, 

»  Sepals  petaldike,  valvate-induplicate  in  the  bud,  deciduous  :  leaves  all  opposite. 

1.  Clematis.     Half- woody,  climbing  by  the  petioles.     Petals  none  or  minute.     Fruit  a  head  of 

hairy-tailed  akenes. 

♦  ♦  Sepals  petaldiko  or  .sometimes  greeni.sli,  imliricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous:  herbs. 

-{-  Carpels  numerous,  1-ovuled,  in  fruit  lieconung  akenes. 

+  f  Leaves  on  the  stem  oiijKisite  or  wliorled  on  or  below  1-flowered  peduncles. 

2.  Anemone.     Seiials  4  to  20,  petal-like.     I'etals  none.     Akenes  hi  a  head. 

++  ++  Leaves  all  alternate. 

3.  Thalictrum.     Kiowcrs  mostly  diiucious,  paniided.     I'etals  none.     Akenes  several  in  a  head. 
1.   Myosurus.     Flowers  perfe(tt,  solitary  on  a  .sea pe.     Sepals  spurred  at  base.     Petals  slender. 

.\k.  MI'S  very  numerous  in  a  long  sli^iuler  spike. 

5.  Rauunculus.     Kiowers  jierfeet.      Sepals  m-t  spurred.     Petals  generally  broad  and  consjiie- 

nous  (rarely  minute).     Akenes  nuim.roua  in  a  globular  or  oblong  head. 

+■  -t-  Carpels  few,  .several-ovuled,  becoming  I'ollie.les  (pods)  in  fruit. 
++  Flowers  legular. 

6.  Caltha.     Petals  none  :  leaves  simple  and  round-reiiiform  :  carpels  5  to  12. 

7.  Isopyrum.     Petals  none  :  leaves  ternately  com  pound  :  carpels  3  to  6. 

8.  Aquilegia.     Petals  5,  all  spurred  backward  :  leaves  ternately  compound  :  carpels  5. 

+<•+*•  Flowers  irregidar. 
y.  Delphinium.     Upper  sepal  produced  backward  into  a  spur  :  carpels  1  to  5. 

10.  Aconitum.     Upper  sepal  arched  into  a  hoo.l :  carpels  3  to  5. 

-f-  ■*-  -*-  Carpel  one,  many-ovuled,  in  fruit  a  berry. 

11.  Actaea.     Sepals  caducous  :  petals  small.     Leaves  ternately  compound.     Raceme  short. 

»   ♦   ♦   Sepals  lierbaceous,   imbricated  in  the  bml,   i)ersistent  :   petals  conspicuous  :   carpels  few, 
becoming  many-seeded  lollieles  in  fjuit  :  leaves  alternate. 

12.  Paeonia.     Herbs,  with  compound  leaves.     Seeds  not  arillate. 

13.  Crossosoma.     Siuubs,  with  simple  entire  leaves.     Seeds  arillate.     Stamens  pcrigynou.s. 

1.  CLEMATIS,  Linn. 
Sepals  -1  (sometimes  nniru  in  foreign  species),  colored  nud  iietal-liko,  valvato  in 
the  bud.     Petals  none  or  small.     Pistils  numerous  :  styles  persistent,  and  (in  our 
species)  becoming  long  feathery  awns  in  fruit.     Akenes  numerous,  in  a  head.  — 
Ilalf-woody  climbers  or  perennial  herbs,  with  oppo.site  leaves. 

A  genus  of  alwut  100  species,  belonging  to  temperate  and  warm  climates  of  both  hemispheres. 
Many  have  mucli  beauty,  and  a  few  are  cultivated  lor  ornament.  Our  species  are  long,  woody  (or 
halt-woo.ly)  vines,  climbing  by  the  ])etioles,  with  compound  leaves  and  showy  flowers. 


Anrwoiir.  il  AN  1;N( 'U  L.\(  "K/K.  3 

§  1.   J'etals  none. — Ci.kmatis  propnr. 

1 .  C.  ligusticifolia,  Kutt.  Nearly  [,'labrons  :  stoins  clnngatod  (soiiiptiinos  30  foot 
long):  leaves  5-fulit)latc ;  loaflots  bioatlly  ovate  to  lanco,nlato,  1  ^  to  3  indies  long, 
acute  or  acuniiiiato,  3-lol)e(l  and  coarsely  toothed,  rarely  entire  or  3-parteil  :  flowers 
di(voious,  panieulate  :  sejtals  thin,  silky,  white,  4  to  G  lines  long  :  akenes  pubescent; 
tails  1  tn  L'  incjies  Imig.  —  Torr.  i^:  dray,  Fl.  i.  !). 

Var.  Californica,  Watson.     Leaves  silky-tomentosc  beneath,  often  small. 
Tlio  tyjiii'iil  lonii  iiiiigps  from  Oiogim  to  tlio  S.iskntcli^wnii  niid  Ncnv  Mcxicn,  ciilciiiij,'  Cnli- 
foriiia  on  tlio  iiorflii'iist  ■  tlio  vnrioty  Ironi  Sun   Diego  to  tlio  Suc-iiinirntr),  iiml  to  Aiizoiiu. 

2.  C.  lasiantha,  Nutt.  1.  c.  .Silky  tomentosc  :  stems  elongated,  stout :  leafleU 
3,  ovate,  ^  to  U  inches  long,  acute,  coarsely  toothed  or  3  1ohcd  or  llic  terminal 
3-parted  :  llowers  dicecious,  solitary,  on  rather  stout  1  -  2-bractcd  jicduncles  :  sepals 
obtuse,  tbickish,  6  to  10  lines  long:  akenes  pubescent. 

Santa  Biirbara  to  Napa  Co.,  and-in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  1'hima.s  Co.,  ^frs.  M.  E.  Pttlsiftr  Ames. 

3.  C.  pauciflora,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Somewhat  silky-pubescent :  stems  more  slender, 
short-jointed  :  leaves  short  and  fascicled  ;  leaflets  3  to  f),  only  3  to  i)  lines  long, 
cuncnte-obovato  to  cordate,  mostly  3-toothed  or  -lobed  :  flowei-s  solitary  or  few  ancl 
panicled,  on  slender  pedicels  :  sepals  thin,  4  to  G  lines  long  :  akenes  glabrous. 

San  Diego,  Nuttnll,  Cooper,  Clcvrhrnd. 

C.  DnUMMONnil,  Torr.  k,  Craj',  a  similar  s])orips,  hut  with  long-potiolcd  and  not  fa.s<'irlod  leaves, 
—  leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate,  loiig-aeuminate  and  .3-lobe<l  ;  akenes  pubescent,  with  tails  2  to  4 
inches  long,  — probably  entei's  S.  E.  California  from  Arizona  and  Sonora. 

§  2.    Some  of  tJie  outer  fildvienls  enl(tr<finif  to  sma/f  njxitnlote  prlah.  —  ArnMiKNK,  1)( '. 

4.  C.  verticillaris,  DC.  A  slender  clinilier,  almost  glabrous  :  Icnves  ternate  ; 
leaflets  ovate  o'r  snbcordate,  pointeil  :  flowers  solitary,  bluish-purple,  2  or  3  inches 
across  :  the  outer  stamens  enlarging  to  narrow  petids. 

Shaded  rocky  places  in  mountains,  Cape  jMendocino  {Douijlnn) ;  east  to  Maine,  and  north  to 
British  America.  Ijeaflcts  2  inches  long,  commonly  entire  ;  but  .sometimes  those  on  sterile  stems 
me  1  -  .3-toothed  or  lobed.     Peduncles  3  to  6  inches  long,  the  flower  commonly  nodding. 

2.   ANEMONE,  Linn. 

iSepala   4   to   20,   colored  niul   petal-like,   imbricated   in   (he  bud.       Petals   none. 

Pistils  numerous  :  style  short :  stigma  lateral.    Ovule  susiiended.    Akenes  in  a  head, 

compressed,  pointed,  or  ending  in  long  feathery  awns.  —  Ki-ect  perennial  herbs  with 

lobed  or  divided  leaves,  which  are  all  radical  e.xcei^t  those  which  form  an  involuci-e, 

usually  some  di-stance  below  the  flower. 

Species  about  70,  mostly  belonging  to  the  mountains  of  the  north  temnemte  and  arctic  zones. 
Of  the  15  North  Aineiican  species  half  a  dozen  are  also  found  cither  in  tlio  Old  World  or  in  the 
Andes  of  South  Ainericii. 

*    Stt/lex  lonq  miil  hnirii,  iit  /en;/t/i  forininff  f>/ii7nnse  tni/.i.  —  I'ii.satii.I.A,  Touru. 

1.  A.  OCCidentalis,  Watson.  More  or  less  silky-villous,  alpine:  stems  stout, 
^  to  1  ^  feet  high,  1  llowered  :  ra<lical  leavers  large,  long-])etioled,  biternate  and  pin- 
nate, the  lateral  primary  divisions  nearly  sessile,  the  segments  pinnatilid  with  nar- 
row laciniat(dy  toothed  lobes  :  involncral  leaves  similar,  nearly  sessile  about  tlio 
)iiiddle  of  the  stem  :  sepals  G  or  7,  G  to  0  lines  huig,  wliit<3  or  pur|>Iish  nt  ba.'^e  : 
receptacle  conical,  becoming  much  elongated,  sometimes  \h  inches  long:  akenes 
linear-oblong,  the  tails  at  length  H  inches  long,  reflexed.  —  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.. \i.  121. 
A.  nipina,  Hook.  FI.  i.  5,  not  Linn. 

Mt.  Shasta  {Brcri'i-r)  ;  T,a.s.spn'8  Peak  (lyrmvwu)  ;  and  northw.ird  to  the  Britisli  boundmy. 
IVrhsps  it  is  also  the   /f.  nipinn   of  nrr\\r  collprtnr^  from    Ivotrobnr  .'>oun'i  Rnd   tho  Onlf  of  St. 


1  UANUNCULACEJ;:.  Aueinoue. 

I.uw..i..e.  It  ilillei-s  IVoiu  ./.  uljnna  of  Europe aiui  the  Caucasus  in  its  more  liuely  and  narrowly 
.lissected  leaves,  witli  tlie  lateral  primary  divisions  not  long-i>etiolulate,  and  in  Us  lengtli.uied 
receptacle,  which  in  the  Old  World  species  is  suiall  and  hemispherical,  even  in  Iruit. 

«   *  S'ti/les  short  and  aeurly  naked,  not  becoming  elongated.  —  An kuosk  proper. 
+-  Carpels  very  numerous,  in  a  close  head,  densely  villous. 

2  A.  multifida,  DC:.  Alpine  or  subalpine,  somewhat  silky-villous  :  .stems  3  to 
15  inches  lii"ii,  1  -  3-llowerecl  :  nidical  leaves  loMKiH-tioled,  nearly  semieircular  m 
outhne,  teriiate,  the  sessile  divisions  deeply  lobed  with  cleft  linear  segments  :  mvo- 
luci-al  leaves  siniihir,  shortly  petioled  :  sepals  5  to  8,  red  or  wliitish,  4  to  ti  lines  k)ng, 
villous  externally  :  receptacle  ohlong,  the  head  in  IVuit  globular  to  oblong,  5  to  lli 
linos  long  :  akoiioa  very  densely  woolly,  ovate,  oblong,  with  a  straight  beak. 

Sierra  Co.  (LcmmoiL)  ■  on  tiie  Columbia  U)ou>jUts)  ;  and  tVciuimtly  in  the  mountains  caslwunl. 
ranging  to  the  Saskaldiewaii,  Lake  Sui.erior,  and  N.  New  York.     Also  South  American. 

-i-  -J-  Carpels  fewer,  pubescent  only:  stems  \-Jiowered. 

3.  A.  nemorosa,  Linn.  Smooth  or  somewhat  villous  :  stems  from  a  slender 
rootstcjck,  3  to  1:J  inches  high,  without  radical  leaves  :  involucre  of  three  petioled  ter- 
nate  leaves,  the  divisions  cuneate-olilong  to  ovate,  incisely  toothed  or  lobed,  or  the  lat- 
eral ones  2-parted,  about  an  inch  long  :  peduncle  e.iualling  the  involucre:  .sepals  4  to 
7,  oval,  white  or  pinkish  :  akenes  12  to  20,  ol)long,  2  lines  long,  with  a  hooked  beak. 

Under  reilwoods  m-ar  the  roast  Cii,jr/ow,  Ilohmdcr);  Sierra  Co.  {Lemmon)  ;  a.m\  m.rthward  to 
the  Britisii  Bouiulary.  It  is  common  on  the  eastern  side  ol'  the  continent,  in  hurope  and  M. 
Asia.     Pojjularly  known  as  IVuod-^incmoue. 

A.  DKi/roii.EA,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  6,  t.  3,  A.,  is  a  closely  allied  species  in  Oregon.  It  is  10  to  15 
inches  high,  slend.-r  :  radical  leaves  trifoliolate  ;  leaflets  rhomhoid,  serrate  :  involucre  of  rhom- 
boid or  rhomboid-ovate  and  undivided  leaves  on  very  short  petioles,  serrate  and  sometimes 
3-lobed.     It  has  not  yet  been  found  in  California. 

3.   THALICTRUM,  Tourn. 

Sepals  4  to  7,  either  greenish  or  petal-like,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  none. 
Pistils  4  to  15.  Ovule  suspended.  Akene-s  in  a  head.  —  Perennial  herbs  with 
alternate  leaves  which  are  2  or  3  times  ternately  compound  ;  the  leallets  stalked. 
Flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles. 

A  genus  of  about  50  species,  belongiug  mostly  to  northern  climates.  Tiiey  an;  of  delicate  and 
graceful  habit.     Our  species  are  dicucious,  and  not  abundant. 

1.  T.  Fendleri,  Kngrlm.  Dioecious:  leaves  2  -  3-ternate  ;  the  leaflets  usually 
more  or  less  3-lolied,  sonietinies  toothed  or  cut  at  the  apex  into  several  lobes,  the 
base  entire,  anil  varying  in  shape  from  cordate  to  cuneato  :  se[)als  broadly  ovate  : 
tilaments  very  numerous,  slender:  anthers  pointed:  carpels  5  to  15,  compressed, 
oblique,  with  about  three  ribs  on  each  side,  sometimes  reticulated.  —  PI.  Fendl.  5. 

Roeky  or  shaded  jjlaces,  Nai)a  Vullcy  and  southward  ;  New  Mexico  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  whole  plant  is  smooth,  erect,  12  to  30  inches  high.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  jianicle.  Leaflets 
6  to  9  lines  long  and  about  as  wide. 

T.  occinKNTALK,  Gray,  Pioc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  372,  from  Oregon  to  Montana,  is  very  like 
T.  Fendleri,  except  in  the  akenes,  winch  are  ncaily  half  an  inch  long,  narrow,  long-acuminate, 
and  leas  curved  than  iu  that.     I'cihaps  to  be  found  in  N.  California. 

4.   MYOSURUS,  Linn.         Molse-taii,. 
Sepals  5,  spurred  at  the  base.     Petals  5,  linear,  on  a  slender  claw,  with  a  pit  at 
its  summit.     Stamens  5  to  20.    Akenits  very  numerous,  crowded  on  a  long  and  slen- 
der spike-like  receptacle.     S(M^d  suspended.  — Vei'y  small  annual  herbs,  with  a  tuft 
of  linear  orspatulate  entire  radical  leaves,  and  stilitary  llowcis  on  simple  scapes. 


linnunruhi^.  RANUNCULACK.!-].  5 

A  small  ppTiiis  of  only  two  or  tlimo  fiporios,  wiiloly  disiiorspd  over  the  glo>K>.  Tlicy  arc  known 
}>y  tho  I'.iij^lisli  name  of  Minisr-tnil ,  IVoin  tlic  vi-ry  lonj^  ami  narrow  receptacle  of  the  flower, 
(li'iiscly  covered  \vi(ii  (lie  .siiiiill  tikcncs,  the  whole  very  like  a  iiioiis</8  tail. 

I.  M.  minimus,  Linn.  J^jcpptaclc  in  fruit  .slender,  1  or  2  inches  long:  akcnes 
blunt.  —  Cray,  Cicn.  JU.  i.  28,  t.  H. 

Wet  jilaccs  in  Raci-aincnto  Valley  (/fnrtwnj),  ninl  alkalino  soil  near  Mverinore  Pa-ss  (lirrirer)  ; 
east  to  Kentucky  ;  also  Australia,  Northern  Europe,  and  Asia.  A  small  annual,  2  to  6  inches 
liifjii,  with  a  tuft  of  narrow  radical  leaves  which  are  usually  shorter  than  tlio  naked  scaj>es.  Each 
scaiie  i'^  lnit  ()uc-llnweri>il,  hut  \\\i\  receptacle  is  so  lon^  and  slender  that  it  seems  very  like  a  scaly 
spike  !>  to  18  lines  Ion/.;,  with  the  small  .sepals,  petals,  and  slnmcns  spreading  fivm  tho  btwo. 
Althouiili  so  widely  spicail,  it  is  apparently  nowhere  an  alnnidanl  jdant. 

2.  M.  aristatus,  IVnlh.  IJcccptaclii  in  fruit  oblong  or  lijiear,  2  to  8  lines 
long  :  akones  long-b('ak<>(l.  — Lond.  Jour.  Bot,  vi.  458. 

In  the  shade  of  sagc-hrush,  Carson  and  Sierm  Valleys  to  Utah  ;  also  Chili.  A  small  plant, 
less  than  two  inches 'high. 

5.   RA.irUNCULUS,  1-inn.     Cu(.\vko(.t.     Hutteucup. 
Sepals  usually  5.     Petals  3  to   15,  each  with  a  small  scale  or  pit  at  the  base 
inside.     Pistils  numerous.     Akenes  in  a  head,  usually  flattened,  beaked  with  the 
persistent  style.  —  Herbs,   mostly  perennial,  of  somewhat  varied   habit.      Flowers 
either  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbed.     Leaves  various. 

A  genus  of  about  160  species,  inhalntants  of  all  parts  of  tlie  world,  but  most  abundant  north  of 
the  tropics.  Most  of  the  sjwcies  are  acrid,  and  some  are  ]>oisonous.  The  name  Crowfoot  was 
originally  applied  to  s|>ecies  with  lobod  or  divided  leaves,  and  Hullcrcup  to  those  with  yellow 
llowers,  but  l)()th  names  arc  now  more  loo.soly  iLserl. 

§  1.  Aqn'tdc  herhs,  commonl//  perennidl,  hut  sometimes  annual,  with  (lie  submersed 
leaves,  if  anj/,  jiuely  divided:  petals  white,  with  a  pit  at  the  base,  the  clatv 
i/el/nin :  akenes  transverseli/  wrinkled.  — B.MnACHIUM,  I>C. 

1.  R.  hederaceus,  Linn.,  var.  Glabrous  :  stems  floating,  G  to  12  inches  long: 
leaves  commonly  all  floating,  3  to  8  lines  wide,  deeply  Sdobed,  truncate  or  cordate  at 
the  base  ;  the  lobes  equal,  oval  or  oblong,  the  lateral  ones  usually  with  a  broad 
iKjtch  in  the  apex  ;  submersed  leaves  none,  or  rudiment.ary  and  resembling  adven- 
titious roots  :  peduncles  opposite  flie  u|)p(>r  leaven,  thicker  than  the  jietioles,  G  t-o  8 
lines  long:  sepals  a  lino  long:  ])et;ds  2  lines,  (d)ovate(iblong  :  stamens  commonly  G 
(5  to  9)  :  akcnes  commoidy  4  (1  to  G),  about  a  line  long  :  receptiide  smooth.  —  J\'. 
hydrocharis,  var.  Lnhbii,  Iliern. 

In  shallow  water,  Marin  Co.  {Biijclow),  and  Russian  Uiver  {Bolandrr)  \  and  On'gon  (lAthh), 
the  \a.T.  Lobbii  (R.  ht/drorfmi-i.i,  var.  Lobbii,  Hiern,  in  Reemann's  ,lo\ir.  Hot.  ix.  fifi,  t.  114.)  — 
The  description  is  for  this  variety  only,  which  is  confined  to  the  Pacific  coast.  There  is  much 
dilliculty  in  detcnnining  the  species  of  this  section  ;  as  many  as  75  have  l>een  de-scril>ed,  but  au- 
thors difTer  widely  as  to  their  limitations.  Hiern,  after  a  long  examination,  unites  all  under 
one  aggregate  species,  ari-anging  them  umlcr  n.''.  main  varieties. 

2.  R.  aquatilis,  Linn.,  var.  trichophyllus,  Chai.x.  Stems  long  and  coarsely 
filil\)rm,  growing  in  water  :  leaves  all  .suhiuersed  and  cut  into  numemvis  capil- 
lary segments  which  are  4  to  10  lines  long:  peduncles  1  or  2  inchea  long: 
flowers  3  to  5  lines  in  diameter :  akenes  numerous  in  a  close  globular  head,  which 
is  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter  :  receptacle  hairy.  —  1\.  hi/droc/iaris,  var.  trirhr>j>hi/llu-», 
Iliern,  1.  c. 

Var.  caespitOSUS.  Stems  short,  growing  in  mud  :  segments  of  leaves  ligidat^-, 
H  linn  or  luniv  long  :  llowers  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  A',  hi/dmrharis,  var.  cxvspito- 
sns,  Hiern,  1.  c. 

The  first  forni  is  nither  rommon  in  jionds  and  streams  ;  the  secund  is  mmdi  more  mm.  1/ong 
Valley,  Mendocino  County  (Krllmjij),  Sonoma,  lirntrr.  Ilolli  furni<«  extend  lo  lliu  butl^Tn  Slalca  ; 
also  to  Knropc,  Asia,  and  .\ustnilia. 


^  •  UANUNCULACE-K.  Hununcnlx.s. 

§  2.  Terrestrial  herbs,  wit/i  the  leaves  all  uitdlv'ul.d  :  st-pals  lanje  and  /xtal-like  :  )>et- 
als  minute,  with  a  neetarij\ruiis  pit  at  the  base  of  the  blade:  ahenes  smooth, 
t(l/)eri/ii/.     ••  Al-|l.\Nn.sli;,M.MA,  St.    Ililililt!. 

;5.  R.  hyBtriculus,  liray.  (il;il)r.ius  :  tlio  scupo  lilco  rtlrm  l>  to  M>  iiK-hcs,  usually 
l-llijwi'ro.l  iiml  Inillr.-.-s  :  jc'iivcs  l.ioa.lly  iionlutu  nr  i'fiiir>inii.  iihoiil  .O-Ii.ImmI,  .Icnply 
croiiiiLuly  LuuLliwl  :  sl^hiIo  T)  tu  li,  whiLu  luul  puLal  likis  1  ti.  T)  liiR'S  lung,  (U-ciauuiis  : 
petals  inconspicuous,  consisting  of  a  minute  lleshy  bia.le  (having  a  uectanlerous  pit 
at  its  base)  raised  upon  a  uarvow  claw  of  twice  its  length,  the  whole  scarcely  2  lines 
long  :  akenes  2  to  3  lines  long,  slender  and  tapering  to  a  long  hooked  beak,  and 
Ibriuing  a  compact  ovate  head.  —  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  328. 

Foot-hills  ol"  llic  .Sienu  Neviuk,  Forest  Hill  and  Ncwustlo  (,Bol,nider),  ami  neiir  I'lacoiville, 
Jiattaii.  This  little  phuit  has  more  the  look  of  an  Anemom^  lliaa  a  Kammeiilus,  hut  the  Iruit 
ilistiiiL'ui.shes  it.  The  seajies  are  rarely  ".i-liowercd,  ai)(l  sometimes  hear  a  suigle  leal.  1  he  mi- 
nute petals  are  prohahly  yellow.  Kout  laseiele.l-lil.rous.  Leav.s  1  or  -J  im-hes  long,  on  petioles 
three  times  as  long. 

§  3.  Terrestrial  heibs,  tvith  the  leaves  com/ioiiud:  sej-als  somewhat  }>etal-lihe  :  petals 
tvith  a  scale  at  the  base :  akenes  vesicular  and  manjiued  or  loiiujed  at  the  base. 

■i.  R.  Andersonii,  Gmy.  Stems  3  to  0  inches  high,  1-fiowered  :  radical  leaves 
palmately  2-lcnialt! ;  icallets  petiolulale,  laciniately  lobed :  llowers  about  an  inch  in 
diumotor;  petul.s  obovatn  ..r  m-aily  .ulu.ular,  (Uu-p  pink;  bopala  nearly  as  long,  glii- 
broua,  persistent,  Koni(!wlmt  petaloid,  pink  on  the  margin:  ukeiies  1  to  f)  Hiich  long, 
bladdery,  obovate,  compressed,  with  a  narrow  ventral  wing  and  a  dorsal  mai'gin, 
glabrous,  mucronate,  with  very  short  subulate  recurved  style.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
vii.  327  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King.  G,  t.  1. 

Sierra  Valley  (Lcmmoji),  near  Car.son  Valley  (AndcrsoH),  east  to  Salt  Lake,  lf^(dson.  Tho 
plant  i.s  cither  wholly  glal)rous  or  somewhat  eiliate  on  the  ililateel  petioles  ami  on  the  segments 
of  tho  leaves.  Stems  commonly  seape-liUe  ami  leailess,  hut  .sometunes  with  a  .small  divided  leaf 
or  hract  a  short  distance  helow  the  ilower.  Leaves  somewhat  lleshy,  an  inch  or  more  long  and 
wide,  on  petioles  2  inches  long.     A  truly  remarkahle  species. 

§  -1.  Terrestrial  herbs,  but  often  </roU'iii(/  in  wet  places,  mostli/  ei'ect  :  sepals  f/reeit 
and  herbaceous :  petal's  yellow,  with  a  scale  at  the  base  :  akenes  neither  wrin- 
kled nor  hispid.  —  li.\NUNCULUS  proper. 

'■■   All  the  leaves  undivided,  the  marc/ins  entire. 

5.  R.  Flammula,  Linu.,  var.  reptans,  CJray.  Glabrous  throughout :  stems 
hlilbrm,  creei)ing  and  rooting  at  the  joiut.s,  4  to  10  inches  long  :  leaves  mostly  lance- 
olate and  acute  at  each  end,  entire:  llowers  4  (2  to  5)  lines  in  diameter:  petals 
broadly  obovate,  one  hall"  longer  than  the  sepals  :  akenes  few,  in  a  small  globular 
head,  plump,  smooth;  beak  very  short  ami  curved.' — Ji.  rejUans,  Linn. 

Moist  places  from  the  sea-level  to  6,000  feet  altitude.  The  species  has  a  wide  range  on  hoth 
continents.  A  creeping  plant,  in  wet  iilaees,  and  (piit(!  variable  in  size.  Leaves  1  to  Ir^  hiehes 
long,  the  lower  ones  on  long  petioles,  the  upper  ones  usually  somewhat  clustered  at  the  joints, 
varying  from  linear  to  oblong  in  shape.  The  head  is  of  rather  few  carpels,  commonly  hut  2 
lines  in  diameter. 

0.  R.  alismeefolius,  Ocycr.  SuKiolh  thnmgh.iuL  :  stems  nearly  or  cpiite  erect, 
10  to  IG  inches  high,  rather  stout  :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  entire,  lilunt  at  ape.x  : 
llowers  G  to  i)  lines  in  diameter  ;  petals  broadly  obovate,  conspicuously  nervtul,  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  :  akenes  smooth,  slightly  llatbuii'd,  pointed  with  a  nearly 
or  quite  straight  beak,  crowded  in  a  compact,  ovate  head.  —  Ueiith.  I'l.  llartw. 
295. 

Var.  alismellus,  Gray.  Stems  slender,  t;r(!ct,  0  to  8  inches  high  :  lower  leaves 
elliptical  :  petioles  sparingly  pilose  :  flowers  5  to  G  lines  in  diameter  :  petals  about  G. 
—  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  327. 


Riuntncultis.  I{AMJiN(;i;i.ACi:.K.  ^ 

Wft  iilncps.  The  first  fmin  in  scvnrnl  localitins  at  lower  nltitiidcs,  Ijy  various  collfctoi-s.  The 
var.  at  l>ake  Tciiaya  ami  Mt.  Dana  {Brewer),  Ostraiidcr's,  linlnndcr.  'J'.lie  sjwcics  ranges  to  New 
Ejif^laiid,  Uritish  America,  and  Euroiic.  Tlie  most  cliaracterislic  distinction  between  this  and 
li.  Flammuin  is  tlie  stiaif^lit  style  an(l  long  straight  lieak  ;  hut  so  far  as  relates  to  the  California 
forms,  the  most  obvious  ditfercnce  is  that  this  has  usually  erect  stems  and  larger  flowere,  while 
that  has  crcojiing  sti'ins. 

7.  R.  Lemmoni,  Omy.  Villous  at  base:  stems  6  to  10  iuclics  liigh,  sparingly 
liriiiiciuHl  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  3  to  4  inclies  lonj^,  tlie  radical  on  long  peti- 
oles :  Ihnvors  low,  long-podiuiclcd,  half  an  inch  hntad,  bright  y(dlow  :  sepals  villous, 
somewhat  persistent :  heads  globose,  3  to  4  lines  br<iad  :  akenes  turgid,  pubescent, 
submembranaceous,  1  ^  to  2  lines  long;  beak  very  short,  subulate,  ineurveil.  —  I'roc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  G8. 

Sierra  Valley,  J.  G.  Lrmmon. 

8.  R.  trachyspermus,  var.  Lindheimeri,  Kngelm.  Smooth  throughout : 
stems  slender,  erect,  8  to  10  inches  high  :  lower  leaves  oval,  upper  ones  lanceolate 
or  linear,  all  entire  :  llowcrs  2  lines  in  diameter  :  heads  of  fruit  oblong  :  akenes 
granulatcly  roughened.  —  PI.  Lindh.  i.  3  :  Torr.  Pacif  K.  K(>p.  iv.  G2. 

This  has  only  been  found  (by  Dr.  Bigefoic)  in  Napa  Valley,  and  more  sj)ccimens  are  needed  for 
satisfactory  determination.     Tlie  sjiecies  otherwise  is  known  only  from  Texas. 

*   *    Ihidicnl    leaves    tmdivuled ;    stem    fenves,    if  aiii/,    toothed    or    tobed :   ylabroits 

perennials. 

9.  R.  Cymbalaria,  Pnrsh.  Cllabrons  :  flowering  stems  or  scapes  Icalles-s,  3  to  6 
inches  high,  I  to  7  llnwered  :  leaves  thicki.sh,  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-cf)rdate,  coarsely 
creuate,  clustered  at  the  root  and  at  the  joints  of  the  long  filiform  rooting  runners; 
petals  yellow,  2  lines  long  and  longer  tlian  tlie  green  se])als  :  the  mature  akenes  a 
line  long,  striato-veined  on  the  sides,  enlarging  upwarils  ;  ape.K  blunt,  -with  a  short 
obli(]ue  beak  ;  head  compact,  oblong,  3  to  (!  lines  long. 

Wet  saline  soils  (/;(i/a?i(/^r)  and  in  similar  jilaccs  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  ;  also  Kuro|>e  hihI  y\sia. 

10.  R.  glaberrimus.  Hook.    Glabrous  :  stems  3  to  G  inches  high,  1  -  3-llo\vered: 

radical  leaves  broadly  oval,  either  entire  or  with  3  large  blunt  teeth  at  the  apex; 
cauline  leaves  cuneate  at  the  base,  3-cleft  to  the  middle  :  petals  oval,  yellow,  3  to  4 
lines  long  :  .sepals  oval,  not  reflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  jietals  :  akenes  jihuup  or 
turgid,  smooth,  tipped  with  a  short  curved  beak  :  heads  globular,  compact,  4  to  f) 
lines  in  diameter.  — Jlook.  V\.  i.  12.  t.  .I. 

Washoo  Mf)niitniiis  (.indrrsmi)  and  northward  in  subal]iine  situations  to  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

11.  R.  OxynotUS,  rJray.  Alpine,  glabrous,  cespitose,  with  thick  fibrous  roots  : 
stems  stout,  4  to  G  inches  liigh,  decumbent  at  Ikuso.  1  -  3-no\vered  :  leaves  crowded, 
subrenifonn  or  cuneatcrounded,  crenately  5-1)  lobed,  G  to  9  lines  broa<l,  the  caulino 
broadly  cuneate  with  3  to  5  oblong  lobes  :  sepals  pilo.se  :  petals  4  lines  long,  bright 
yellow  :  head  oblong,  thick  and  fleshy,  4  to  9  lines  long  :  akenes  smooth,  oblong,  a 
lino  long,  carinato  on  the  back,  acuniinato  with  the  curved  subulate  style. — Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  08. 

Near  snow  on  the  rnntral  Sieri-a  Nevada,  at  10,000  to  11,000  fort  altitude  ;  Wood's  Peak  and 
jteak  a)>ove  Sonera  Tass  (/Irnrrr)  ;  Mount  Stanford,  Sierra  Vo.  (fxmiiioii).  Ncar/i'.  ;nia/i.«,  differ- 
ing in  its  cespitose  habit  anil  less  deeply  loKd  nidical  leaves. 

*   *    *    Some  or  all  the  lettves  ternatfl;/  cnmpnuud  :  stems  hrnnrhinff,  several  jloicered  : 
roots  mostlif  a  fascicle  of  thickened  Jihres  :  flotoers  hri'jht  yellow. 

12.  R.  CaliforniCUS,  I'l'-nth.  More  or  less  pilose:  stems  erect,  or  nearly  so, 
12  to  IK  iiicli(<s  high:  loot  a  cluster  of  i^iuiiewhat  tliick(Mii'd  fibres:  mdical  leaves 
coimiioiily  pinnately  ternate,  the  leaflets  laciniately  cut  into  3  to  7  lobes  or  part<», 
which  are  usually  linear:  flowers  .')  to  10  lines  in  diameter:  ]ietj»ls  usually  10  to  14 
narrowly  obovate  :  .sepals  shorter  than  the  petals,  reflexed  :  akenes  nearly  2  lines 
long,  much  flattened  and  with  sharp  eilges  ;  beak  slimt  and  curved  :  heads  compact, 


g  itANrxrri.Acio.i';.  •  i;a„inaniM,. 

ovate  or  globuhir.  —  PI.  Ilavtw.  295.  U.  </i.s.sectus,  IIoi)k.  &  Ain.,  15ot.  Beech. 
316.  ;.'.  acjis,  var.,  'loir.  .V  Cray,  Fl.  i.  21.  J!.  dc/jAu,>/uliiis  ?  il..  Go'J  (nut 
liliK.). 

\'ar.  canus.  Softly  caiiest-eiit  througlioiit. — A*,  caaiis,  I5eiith.  I'l.  Uailw.  21)4. 
'I'liib  is  l.y  liii  till!  most  odimuoii  iiml  uliuinlaiit  sp.M'ios  in  llio  State,  iiiiil  is  imrticiiliiily  al)iiii- 
iliiiit  ill  111.;  I'Diisl  niugL's,  wlieio  low  •;mssy  hills  aro  ol'lou  yellow  with  Ihii  shining  iKnvurs  in  early 
spring.  This  spcc-ics  is  vuiy  variahlo  in  most  oi'  its  parts.  The  pubescence  varies  with  the  local- 
ity, and  also  with  the  year  ;  the  plant  being  more  hairy  in  dry  years.  The  leaves  vary  greatly  in 
the  degree  of  their  division  ;  they  are  sometimes  simply  3-lobed,  sometimes  dissected  into  nu- 
merous linear  divisions,  and  are  found  in  every  inteniiediate  gradation.  The  flowers  are  usually 
bright  sulphur-yellow,  but  are  sometimes  found  quite  pale.  11.  canas,  Benth.,  is  thought  i;y 
I'rofessor  Gray  to  be  probably  A',  uccidcntalis,  Nutt. ;  but  the  fruit  is  unknown. 

13.  R.  repens,  Liim.  iMmc  or  less  hairy  :  stems  aseeiulinj,',  usually  not  more 
tluui  lU  to  10  inches  lonj.;,  ami  in  the  tyjiical  i'orm  often  forming  long  lunnoi-s  :  roots 
a  chister  of  somewhat  tliickeneil  iibres  :  radical  leaves  variously  ternately  divided; 
the  leaflets  either  sessile  or  stalked,  and  variously  laciniately  cut  or  divided  :  Howers 
6  to  10  lines  in  diameter;  petals  usually  f)  to  7,  obovato  and  longer  than  the  spread- 
ing sepals:  akenes  llattened,  margined,  \\  lines  long,  the  stout  beak  nearly  lialf 
as  long  :  heails  compact  and  globular. 

This  variable  species  stands  between  R.  Caiifoniicus  and  E.  maci-anthus,  its  varieties  passing 
into  those  species  by  a  complete  succession  of  forms.  The  connecting  forms,  however,  aie  not 
Californian.  The  species  is  rare  here,  and  it  is  questionable  whether  the  typical  form  has  yet 
been  found  in  the  State.  It  really  bidongs  more  eastward.  The  two  others  mentioned,  while 
more  limited  in  lungi;,  are  vastly  more  abundant  here.  It  extends  across  the  continent  and  to 
Europe. 

14.  R.  macranthus,  Scheele.  More  or  less  hairy  with  spreading  hairs  :  root 
as  in  the  la.st :  stems  stout,  erect,  2  to  4  feet  high  :  radical  leaves  1  -  2-ternately  di- 
vided ;  the  leaflets  laciniately  toothed  or  lobed  :  llowers  14  to  18  lines  in  diameter  : 
l)etals  commonly  f)  or  (>,  broadly  obovate,  deep  shining  yellow,  twice  as  long  as  the 
closely  retlexed  sejjals  :  akenes  llattened,  but  hardly  margined,  U  liners  long;  the 
subulate  beak  nearly  as  long  ;  crowded  into  an  ovate-globose  head.  — -^Vatson,  Bot. 
King.  9. 

Moist  soils  from  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Texas.  In  this  State  near  the  coast.  This  is  the 
largest  and  stoutest  of  all  our  species  ;  is  sometimes  over  5  feet  high  (Kellogc/),  and  also  has  the 
largest  flowers.  As  in  the  other  species  of  this  section,  the  leaves  are  very  variable  as  to  division 
and  pubescence.  Specimens  from  Texas  are  more  hairy,  and  the  petals  are  more  numerous  and 
narrower  tlian  in  ours. 

15.  R.  Nelsonii,  var.  tenellus,  Gray.  S})aringly  jjilose  :  stems  erect,  1^  to  2 
feet  high,  rather  slender :  radical  leaves  either  trifoliohite,  with  the  leallets  cuneate 
at  the  base  and  laciniately  3  to  5-cleft,  or  else  simi)ly  cleft  and  Avith  the  divisions 
again  cut  into  lobes  :  petals  usually  5,  1  to  3  lines  long,  exceeding  the  hairy,  strongly 
retlexed  sepals  :  akenes  a  full  line  long,  llattened,  with  a  short  stout  curved  beak  : 
heads  globular,  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  Pruc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  374.  Ji.  tentllus, 
Nutt.  ;  Torr.  &  (J ray,  Fl.  i.  23. 

Sierra  Nevada  near  Yosemite,  Z>o/«H(/er.  The  typical  form  is  a  moie  robust  jilant,  the  simple 
radical  leaves  often  3-4  inches  in  diameter.  It  mnges  from  Oregon  to  Alaska.  Our  variety  has 
a  more  slender  habit,  the  ra<lical  leaves  two  inches  or  so  in  diameter,  the  peduncles  quite  slender 
and  1-4  inches  long.     The  small  llowers  easily  distinguish  it  frmn  the  othei-  species  of  this  group. 

§  5.  Alrticn  /(is/>i(/-r('in//i('iinl :  (inuiidl :  ol/imvist  as  in  §  4.  —  KdlliNKl.l-A,  \)C 
10.  R.  hebecarpus,  Hook,  i^  Am.  Somewhat  pilose,  with  sj)reading  hairs: 
stems  ascending,  slender,  (i  to  18  inches  high:  lower  leaves  ternate  or  3-i)arted  ;  the 
leallets  cuneate  at  base,  and  2  to  3-lobed  ;  upjier  ones  more  divided  :  petals  5,  u  line 
or  less  long  :  sepals  hairy,  about  equalling  the  petals  :  akenes  few  in  a  head,  a  line 
or  less  Itmg,  rounded,  Hat,  the  sides  rotigh  with  short  scattered  hairs  :  heads  globu- 
lar, 2  lines  in  diameter.  —  Bot.  Beech.  310.  /i*.  parvi/lurtin,  var.,  Toir.  I't  (Jray, 
in.  i.  25. 


A,/>(ilr(fi(i.  lt.\\I'N(;m,ACK.K.  () 

\'iir.  pusillus.  StciUH  very  slcinli-r  or  liliroini,  weak  mid  iisceiidiii;^  or  jirocuiu- 
l)C'iit,  3  Id  (3  iiiclics  lnii<r :  loaves  r(«iiilnrm,  crcnalely  .l-lobod  or  parlod. 

("iiKst-ningos  niid  foot-liills  of  the  Siorm  Nnvmla.  Tliis  sjiocic.s  is  cnsily  rn-ofjnizcd  by  its  sloii- 
(l(>r  liiil)it,  iiiimitc  (lowers,  and  nMiglienod  akcnea.  I, ike  our  other  annuals  it  is  very  variable, 
and  at  lirst  sight  some  of  tlie  forms  seem  strikingly  unlike  others. 

In  addition  to  tlie  preceding  species,  Ji.  fa-trindarix,  Muhl,  has  lioen  rcfwrted  from  the  State, 
bat  Professor  Gray  (Vroc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  373)  thinks  the  species  is  not  found  west  of  the 
Wocky  Mountains.  "What  lias  been  so  called  from  ('alifornia  is  jirolwbly  R.  Culi/oniietit, 
Mcnth." 

H.  Ciiii.I':nsis,  DC,  occurred  in  the  collections  of  Captain  Hccchey's  voyage,  from  California 
(Mot.  Heech.  134).  Tlie  sjwcies  has  procumbent  stems,  hispid  petioles,  cordate-orbicular,  3-5-lol)ed 
leaves,  the  lobes  dentate.  This  sjiccics  has  not  been  found  in  the  SUite  since,  and  it  is  pioljable 
that  the  si)ecimeii  may  have  got  into  the  Californian  cidlection  from  the  Chilian,  or  else  that  the 
species  was  once  introduced  but  failetl  to  siirvive. 

H.  MiniicA'rrs,  L.,  a  low  coarse  annual  sjiecies  from  Kurope,  with  large  very  rough  akenes, 
and  flat  stout  recui-ved  beaks,  has  been  lejiortcd  from  "the  streets  of  Sun  Kianci.s('o  "  (Holander's 
Catalogue,  3). 

6.   CALTHA,  Linn. 

Sepals  fi  to  12,  docidtions,  colored,  and  looking'  like  jtotalp.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
nnnioroMs.  Pistils  6  to  12,  each  with  several  ovules,  becoming  follicles  in  fruit, 
wliieli  at  ripeniiif^  aro  spreading,  ilattened,  and  sovcral-secdcd.  —  Glabrous  perennial 
lierbs,  with  broad   cordate  undivided  leaves. 

A  small  genus  of  about  9  species,  belonging  to  the  cooler  parts  of  both  hemispheres. 

1.  C.  leptosepala,  DC  Stems  erect,  l-flowornd  and  scape-like,  3  to  12  inches 
high,  and  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  leaves  all  i-adical,  cordate. 

Swamps  near  head  of  King's  River,  at  8,000  feet  (Breirrr),  near  Lassen's  Peak,  J>mmon  ;  also 
alpine  .stations  from  New  Mexico  and  the  Hocky  Mountains  to  Ala.ska.  Californian  specimens 
have  the  leaves  2  or  3  inches  across,  cordate-orbicular,  margins  nearly  entire  ;  sepals  greenish- 
white,  6  to  10  lines  long,  and  4  or  5  lines  broad,  and  rather  blunt.  Rocky  Mountain  speci- 
mens have  sepals  usually  narrower,  often  bluish  ;  the  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  and  more  or  less  cro- 
iiate.  Sometimes  the  stems  bear  a  second  and  smaller  flower,  and  the  s|)ecie5  appears  to  pass 
into  '".  hiflnrn. 

7.   ISOPYRUM,  Linn. 

Sepals  usually  ;">,  white  and  ]»clal  like,  deciduous.  Petals,  in  our  sjiocics  none 
(in  foreign  species  f),  minute).  Stamens  10  to  40.  Pistils  usually  3  to  G,  but  in- 
definite;  becoming  follii.-les  in  fruit,  which  aro  scvend-seedcd,  oblong  or  ovate,  and 
pointed  with  the  jiereistent  style.  —  Smooth,  slender  herlis,  with  2  -  3-t<?rnately 
compound  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  flowers. 

Species  7,  belonging  the  North  Temperate  zone  of  both  contincnt.s. 

1.  I.  OCCidentale,  Hook,  i^  Arn.  Stems  several-llowered  :  follicles  7  - 'J-.seeded. 
—  Pot.  Peecli.  31(i. 

Near  Forest  Hill,  on  light  soil  among  shrubs  (//<i/n»if/c/),  (where  l)i»iilns(ci\\u>\  it  is  not  stntcd). 
A  glabrous  herb,  (J  to  Id  inches,  binnching  alK)ve,  its  delicate  li;ibit  suggesting  Tlinliclrum. 
|?oot  of  thickened  tibies.  Leaflets  4  to  8  lines  long  and  cut  into  2  or  3  bn>nd.  blunt  lolvs,  glau- 
cous beneath.  FloweiN  (i  to  9  lines  in  diameter,  white.  Follicles  or  jhhIs  (!  lines  long  and  2  wide, 
Ilattened,  obliquely  )>"inted,  transversely  veiniil 

8.    AQUILEGIA,  Tourn      Cni.rMniNK. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  nnd   jietal-like,   deciduous.      Pel:\ls  F),  all  alike,  with  a 

short,  spreading  lip,  and  jiroduced  backwards  into  a  long  tubular  spur.     Stamens 

numerous,  the  outer  ones  long  and  exse.rted,  the  inner  ones  n^duced  to  thin  scahts. 

Pistils.^);  stvles  sIiMider ;  ovaries  several-ovuli>d,   beciimiii'_'   p(iiiit.(>d     sevenil-.seeded 

2 


10 


RAN  U^CU  LACE  Ji.  Anuilaj,\i. 


follicles  in  fruit.— Olubi-ous  peiennial  branching  herbs,  with   2  -  3-ternately   eoiu- 
puunJ  loaves,  the  lealiiits  lobetl.      Flowerd  .sliowy,  terminating  the  branches. 

Muiiy  species  have  bcfii  descrilMHl,  wliicli  some  aiillioiiliis  now  reiliice  to  hall' a  doiicii  or  less. 
They  belong  mostly  to  the  cooler  parta  ot  the  northern  iieuiisphere. 

1.  A.  truncata.  l-'isch.  &  iMey.  Stems  1  to  2  feet  high  :  lluwera  1  to  2i  inclies 
in  diameter,  red  tinged  with  mango  or  yellow  :  sepals  spreading  or  relle.Kod  :  petals 
truncate,  the  very  short  limb  not  at  all  proiluced  ;  spurs  thick  and  blunt,  G  to  9 
lines  long.  —  Ind.  Seni.  Petrop.  1843,  8.  Kegel,  Sert.  Petrop.  1852,  t.  &  fol.  11. 
A.  Canadensis,  Torr.  Pacif.  K.  Rep.  iv.  G2.  -1.  Call/ornica,  Lindl.  ;  (Jray,  Proc. 
Am,  Acad.  vii.  328.     A.  exiviia,  Van  lloutte,  PI.  Serrea,  1857,  t.  1188. 

Shaily  places  by  streams.  Very  varuible  as  to  size,  foliage,  and  color  of  llowers.  A  variety 
near  New  lilria  has  silvery  margins  to  the  leaves. 

A.  KDitMosA,  Fisch.,  of  Oregon  and  eastward,  is  very  sindlar,  bnt  has  tho  limb  uf  the  petals 
longer  and  pnKUued  miward  on  the  outer  side. 

2.  A.  caerulea,  James.  Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  sparingly  branched  :  leallets 
usually  sessile  :  llowers  blue  or  white,  very  large,  the  sepals  si)reading  2  to  3  inches  : 
petals  U)nger  than  the  stamens  and  style ;  spurs  slender,  and  U  to  2  inches  long.  — 
Long's  Exped.  ii.  15.  A.  leptocera,  Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.  Phil  vii.  'J.  A.  macnintha, 
Hook.  &  Arn.  13ot.  Beechey,  317,  t.  72. 

On  wooded  slopes  m  tlie  Sii'rra  Nevada  at  8,000  to  12,000  feet  {Brewer,  Bolandcr),  rare  in 
this  State,  to  the  Uocky  Mountains,  where  it  is  very  abundant. 

9.  DELPHINIUM,  Tourn.  LAiiKsiuii. 
Sepals  5,  coloreel  and  petal-like,  very  irregular,  the  upper  one  prolonged  back- 
wards at  the  base  into  a  long  spur.  Petals  2  to  -i,  irregular  ;  when  4  the  upper  2 
developed  backwards  into  a  spur  which  is  enclosed  in  the  spurs  of  tho  caly.x;.  Sta- 
mens many.  Pistils  1  to  5.  Pruit  of  1  to  5  dehiscent,  many-seeded  follicles.  — 
Erect  herbs,  with  paluiaLely-cleft,  lobed,  or  dissected  leaves,  and  riicemoso  llowers. 

The  speeios  of  this  genus  are  variable  in  so  numy  directions  that  it  is  dillicult  to  satisfactorily 
limit  or  dclino  them.  Accordingly,  some  authors  recogni/,e  100  or  more  s|iccics,  others  10  or  less. 
They  all  belong  to  the  north  temperate  zone.  Uui-  sj)ecies  are  all  perennials,  with  showy  llowers, 
some  of  great  beauty. 

*  Flowers  blue,  purple,  or  violet,  or  at  least  not  red. 
+-  Mostly  low  :  roots  a  cluster  of  thick  fleshy  fibres  or  tubercles. 

1.  D.  simplex,  Dougl.  Canescent  tliroughout  with  a  fine  short  somewhat 
woolly  pubescfuee,  rarely  nearly  glabrous;  stem  stout  and  strict,  rather  tall,  I  to  2A 
feet  high,  leafy  :  leaves  all  much  dissected,  with  linear  obtuse  lobes,  on  stout  erect 
petioles  :  racemes  usually  dense  and  many-lloweretl,  the  pedicels  often  short  and 
nearly  erect :  llowers  small,  blue,  varying  to  nearly  white  or  yellowish  ;  sepals  4  to  5 
lines  long,  usually  ab(nit  equalling  tlie  stout  straight  spur,  rarely  much  spreading  : 
ovaries  and  capsule  pubescent.  — Hook.  El.  i.  25. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  San  Diego  northward  to  Washington  Territory  and  Idaho  ;  Knight's 
Ferry,  Bif/elow.  Much  resembling  f).  azurcum  of  the  eastern  plains,  which  diifers  in  its  less  strict 
habit,  and  looser  rucenies  of  larger  and  more  open  llowers. 

2.  D.  variegatum,  Torr.  i^  ("! ray.  Pubescent  with  straight  .spreading  or  ol'UiU 
rellexed  hairs,  the  [lubcscence  above  souu'liuies  tomentose  or  rarely  nearly  want- 
ing, sometimes  tomentose  throughout  or  short  and  ajipressed  :  stems  1  to  2  feet 
high,  sparingly  leafy:  leaves  all  dissected  with  oblong  or  linear,  obtuse  or  acutish 
lobes  :  flowers  large,  on  long  j)eilice]s  in  a  short  o[)en  raceme,  deep  blue  or  rarely 
white;  sepals  broad,  spreading,  G  to  10  lines  long;  the  sjjur  usually  comparatively 
short  and  stout  ;  upper  petals  not  jjurple-veini-'d  (in  dried  specimens)  :  ovary  and 
capsule  pubescent.  —  11.  i.  32. 


Jklphinhn,,.  IIANUNCULACK/E.  ]] 

In  tlie  Co.ist  Hniiges  from  Saiitji  Barlmra  (Urcwcr)  to  I'liiila  de  los  Kcycs,  Hiijclow.  A  fidiuciit 
mill  showy  sj)ccies,  varying  in  its  colors.  Distinguislied  from  J),  decorum,  to  wliit.b  it  has  usually 
been  rclcrrpd,  by  its  bairy  ovaries,  leaves  all  dissected,  and  greater  pulxiscence. 

I).  Mi.NZiK.sn,  DC,  is  a  similar  species,  glabrous  below,  at  leiust  at  tiie  very  base,  jmbesccnt 
above  wilii  H|irea<iing  bnii"s,  especially  tbe  inlloresccnce  :  flowci's  large,  deep  blue  ;  tbe  U|>|>er 
pet.ils  veined  with  purple  ;  the  Hp\ir  long  and  slender.  —  I'roni  I'uget  Sound  to  Montana  and  tlic 
ISiue  Monntains  ol  Oii'gon,  aiipiirentiy  not  ent<'ring  California.  l{eported  also  from  Kotzebue 
Sound.  The  ]).  Mcniisn  of  tbe  Colorado  Klora  is  D.  mcoi.iii!,  Null.  {/J.  ,]fruzic.iii,  var.  Ula/i- 
rtisr,  Watson,  Mot.  King  Kxp.  12),  very  similar  and  ))erliap3  only  a  variety,  but  it  ba.s  uniformly 
sniMlicr   flowers  iind  is  glabrous  tbrougiiout  (including  tlio  ovaries),  or  occasionally  Bnmcwbat 

tonientiisc-plllie.scent. 

•y  D.  decorum,  ImscIi.  t^-  Mi-y.  Moro  or  less  ])ii1)('scoiit  Avitli  spreading'  liairs, 
l)iit  ii.suiilly  nearly  j^iabrous  :  atom  G  to  1.1  inclica  lii<,'li  :  lower  leaves  O-lobed,  spar- 
ingly toutlieil,  the  upper  with  narrow  linear  divisions  :  llowers  large,  deep  blue, 
long-podicelled  in  an  open  raceme ;  sepals  broad,  G  to  i)  linos  long,  spreading  ;  spur 
usually  long  and  narrow  :  ovary  and  ca])sule  glabrous.  —  Turr.  tV  dray,  Fl.  i.  GGl. 
JJ.  ]>n(n,s,  lientli.  PI.  Ilartw.  2yG. 

\'ar.  Nevadense,  AVatson.  Scarcely  differing  but  in  tlie  smaller  llowers  and 
leaves  (dten  all  linear-lobed.  —  JJ.  Menztesii,  "Watson,  1.  c.,  cxcl.  vnr. 

In  the  Coa.st  Kangcs  from  Santa  Barbara  {Jircvxr,  and  jicrbnps  from  Saji  Diego,  Parvy)  to  Men- 
docino Co.  The  variety  is  found  in  the  central  Sierra  hevada,  and  is  frequent  on  the  mountains 
and  foot-hills  of  W.  Nevada.  Often  glabrous  excepting  the  ciliato  bracts  and  somewhat  villous 
flowers. 

4.  D.  depauperatum,  Nutt.  Tcrliaps  only  a  form  of  the  liist  variety,  with 
the  ovari(!S  pubescent.  Most  of  the  sj)ecimens,  however,  are  very  slender  and  few- 
llowered,  the  lower  leaves  reniform  in  outline,  3-5-])arted,  the  rather  broad  lubes 
entire  or  few-cleft.  The  pubescence  of  the  inilorescenco  is  usually  straight  and 
spreading.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  33.     Watson,  I'ot.  King  E.\p.  12. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  head  of  the  Kern  {Ilolluork)  to  the  Blue  Mountains,  Oregon,  and 
eastward  in  tlie  mountains  of  Nevada  {IFalson). 

+-  -t-   SioiU  and  tall:  root  pereiuiinl  hvt  )i<)t  tnheronR. 

T).  D.  Californicum,  Torr.  ^  Gray.  Stems  nearly  or  quite  smooth  below  : 
leaves  largo,  3  to  0  cleft,  the  divisions  variously  lobed  :  raceme  strict,  close-fldwered 
al»ovo  :  ix'dicol.s  and  flowers  densely  velvety  jmbesrent.  —  Torr.  ^  Gray,  IT.  i.  31. 
I),  exnluitim,  Hook.  A^  Arn.  Hot.  lieerhey,  317. 

Dry  soils  ncnr  the  const.  Stems  stout,  2  or  more  feet  high,  bower  leaves  ;»  to  f)  inehcs  in 
diameter,  usunllv  deeply  r>-elrft,  tiie  <livisions  cuneato  at  base  and  laeiniately  toothed  or  lobed. 
Klowers  eonnnoi'ily  a  light  but  dull  blue,  often  more  or  less  tinged  with  violet. 

G.  D.  scopuloi'um,  Gray.  Stems  tall,  smooth  or  i)ubcrulent :  lower  leaves  on 
long  i)otii)le.^  which  are  dilated  at  the  ba.'^e,  3-n-])arled,  the  divisions  laeiniately 
lo])ed,  the  lol^os  sharj)-pointod  :  raotMue  rather  strict  :  th.wor.s  sparingly  i>ilo.so  with- 
out. —  IT.  Wright,  ii.  9. 

Big  Tree  Koad  (Brnrcr)  :  Sierra  Valley  (/,n.iwo»)  :  n  stout  form,  f.  to  fi  feet  high,  differing 
from  that  prevalent  in  the  moi\ntains  of  ('olorado  in  the  less  narrowly  divi.led  leaves  and  nearly 
glabrous  inflorescence.  It  is  still  less  like  l>.  rlolinn,  vnr.  (')  iMriihnhil,-,  of  the  mountains  enst- 
ward,  which  with  very  similar  habit  and  foliage  ha.s  the  i-nceme  densely  pul>cseriil  with  .sti-aight 
spreading;  subviseid  hairs,  stout  j>edicels,  and  usually  larger  flowei-s  with  lunger  curved  spurs. 
The  jiubesceiice  in  7'.  H'-npiilnrmi)  is  slicirter,  more  woolly  anil  Mppre>;se(l.  and  the  |K-diepls  arc 
sleniler. 

7.  D.  troUiifolium,  <Jniy.  Glabmns  tliriui;jh.>ut  <>r  .^lightly  vill.uis  :  leaves 
largo,  lung-potioled,  .1  -  7-lol>od.  the  l(d)es  laeiniately  deft  and  toothed  with  acumi- 
nate segments :  raceme  loosely  few-llowcred.  with  long  pedicels :  ilowoi's  bright 
bhie,  l.l  inches  broad,  the  spur  as  long  as  the  sepals:  capsules  glabrous.  —  I'roc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  270. 

Oregon,    //'(//.       SiM'.imens  cidlected   by    K'Hoij,,   in    Mend..eino   <'...    seetu    refei-able    to    this 

spe.ies. 


j^2  RANUNCULACE.E.  Ddijhiuiuia. 

*  *  Flowers  red. 

8.  D.  nudicaule,  Ton-.  &  Gray.  Smooth  or  slightly  villous  :  stem  |  to  2  feet 
hi.rh  Of  iiiuic  :  Iciivos  mostly  near  tlio  base  of  the  stiun,  1  to  3  inches  in  diam- 
eter, 3  -  5-lubeil,  the  lobes  more  or  less  deeply  3-7-tuutl)ed  with  broad  obtuse 
mueronulate  segments:  llowui's  1  to  1  ^  inches  long,  including  thu  stniiglit  simr, 
Avhich  is  longer  tluui  the  sepals,  usually  light  scarlet  with  more  or  less  of  orange  ] 
sepals  but  little  si)reading  ;  petals  usually  eiliate  or  somewhat  villous  :  carpels 
pubescent  or  smooth.  —  h\  i.  33  &  GGl  j  Hook.   Hot.   Mag.  t.  58113. 

Var,  elatius,  Thompson.  The  taller  form  with  more  leafy  stems,  the  flowers 
with  rather  longer  and  more  slender  si)urs  than  in  the  typical  statu.  —  Garden,  iii. 
477.     D.  savcophyllum,  Hook,  k  Arn.  liot.  lieechey,  317. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  honi  Memlociuo  Co.  to  Sau  Francisco  ;   Plumas  Co.,  Mm.  Palsifcr  Ames. 

9.  D.  cardinale.  Hook.  Tall  and  stout,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  large,  5-7- 
lobed  nearly  to  the  base,  the  divisions  deeply  3  -  5-cleft  with  narrow  long-acumi- 
nate segments  :  llowers  as  in  the  last,  but  larger  and  more  open,  bright  scarlet 
with  yellow  centre,  petals  somewhat  hairy  :  carpels  smooth.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4887 ; 
Torroy,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  30,  t.  2.      V.  cocciueuia,  Torrey,  Tacif.  it.  Kep.  iv.  02. 

Apparently  conlined  to  the  mountains  of  S.  California  ;  Los  Angolus  ( Wallace)  to  Sun  Diego. 

10.  ACONITUM,  'I'ourn.     MoNKsiioon. 

Sepals  5,  colored  and  i)etaMike,  very  irregular  ;  the  upper  one  arched  into  a  hood  or 
helmet.  Petals  2  to  5  ;  the  upper  2  with  long  claws  and  irregular  spur-like  hlades 
concealed  within  the  hood ;  the  lower  3  either  very  minute  or  ohsolete.  Pistils 
3  to  5.  Fruit  of  3  to  5  dehiscent,  many-seeded  follicles.  —  Herbs  with  palmately- 
lobed  leaves. 

Species  18,  mostly  belonging  to  tlie  mountains  of  tliu  Northern  Hemisplierc.  Some  (all  ?)  of 
them  are  poisonous. 

1.  A.  Fischeri,  Peichenh.  Leaves  palmately  3  -  5-cleft ;  the  divisions  broadly 
cuneated,  and  laeiniately  toothed  or  cut  into  acute  lobes  :  llowers  in  a  loose  terminal 
raceme,  often  somewhat  panicled  :  follicles  usually  3.  —  Jll.  Sp.  Aconiti  Gen.  fol. 
i.  22.  -A.  nasutuvi,  Hook.  PI.  Bor.-Am.  i.  26.  A.  Culumbianum,  Nutt.  ;  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  34. 

Moist  places  in  tlic  Coast  Ranges  north  of  Clear  Lake,  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  4  to  8,000  feet ; 
also  llie  Rocky  Mountains,  Alasiia,  KanUschatka,  ami  Siberia.  Stems  smooth  IpcIow  and  eillier 
smooth  or  wil'ii  sli(»it  |iiilK'si'cnc.^  almve.  Leave  W  lo  5  inches  in  diameter.  Spiciin.iis  fium  nciir 
the  coast  are  iilentieai  with  ihe  Sihciiiin  plant,  tlic  steins  V!  to  \S  lift  high.  Homeliiiirs  w.'mL  at  llio 
base,  either  smooth  or  sparingly  pubescent  above,  the  llowers  blue  or  purple.  In  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  eastward  a  larger  form  occurs,  3  to  G  feet  high,  more  pubesc(;nl  ahove,  the  sejjals 
larger  and  pale  blue  or  white,  and  the  petals  smaller.      Hather  rare. 

11.   ACT^A,  Linn.     U.\Ni.;uiiniiv. 

Sepals  4  to  6,  nearly  equal,  petal-like,  falling  off  early.  Petals  4  to  10,  snudl. 
Stamens  numerous.  Pistils  single ;  stigma  sessile,  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  )uany  seeded 
berry.  Seeds  smooth,  llattened,  jiacked  horizontally  in  2  rows.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves.  Koot  usually  tuberous  or  thickened.  Flowers 
in  a  ternunal  short  racenu;. 

Species  jun-haps  2,  belonging  to  the  eoul.'r  n^gions  ut  llu:  Norlliern  Hemisphere. 

1.  A.  spicata,  Liun.,  var.  arguta,  Torr.  Kruit  either  white  or  red,  in  a  loose 
more  elongated  rueenie.  —  A.  arguta,  Xutt.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  35. 

Shady  ravines  of  the  Coast  Ranges  north  of  San  Francisco.  Rare  in  this  State,  but  a  widely 
spread  species,  extending  north  to  Alaska,  east  to  New  England  and  Camida  ;  also  to  Japan; 
Siberia,  and  Northern  Europe.     A  smooth  herb  with  graceful  habit,  1  to  2  feet  high.     The  stem 


f'rossn.oomn.  Ji  AN  UNC.'LJLACJK/K. 

12.    PJEONIA,  l.inn 
.Sepals  S,  l,crl,a.-,.ou»,   p.iKislcl,   i,„l,iicalr,l  i„  t|„,  l„,l.     JVIal,  r,  to  10      St» 
mm,,  munrn,,,,,,  i„„.rt,,,l  on  a  ll,.,l,y  ,li»L     ]N«|il,  2  lo  r,.     |-,„i,,  „r  2  (.,  r,  l,.„tl,.rv' 

=':::;'i::;'t;-''^ ' ""'-  ""•■  "■'"^'■■"-  ■■■■  '-•"'■'^-  -- " 

13.  CBOSSOSOMA,  Null. 
So|,al,,  .^  „ri,ic„lar,  i,al,ri.,,t.,l  in  tl,„  ,„„i,  „„,^„„,,  p^.i^^nt,  ^rfcsly  mar- 
gtriwl,  united  at  ba,»  ,nt„  a  short  lurhinatc  tul,o.  ]>oUal,  .-i,  not  clawo,!.  Stamon, 
numerous  (12  to  .,n),  inserto.1  with  tho  ,,„tals  in  3  „.  .,  i„,,„,|„  ,„,,,  ,„„  j,,„ 
«om.w hat  Inckenod  b.^,a  of  th„  calyx,  persistent :  anthen,  attaehed  dors,ally  a  little 
ahov^  the  haso.  dehiseing  longitudinally  do,v„  the  sides.  Ca,|,el,  2  to  C  distinct 
sessdo  upon  a  short  stipe,  ooriaceon.s,  follicular,  n,any.see,le.l.  Seeds  in  2  ^ws,  with 
«  la  ge  fnnged  anllns,  globosc-eniforn,,  l.laek  and  sinning  :  end.ryo  stnundy  c  m-«l 
...  the  tine  ne..  y  alhnmen  a,n,  nearfy  „,  ,o„g,  the  nanrowlv  ohiong  o  v  Z 
e..ceedn,g  the  ™l,cle._,S„,o„tl,  shrubs  with  .altetnate  si.nph:  entir.  m„e;„„ul»l 
le.aves,  ami  sobtai-y  flowers  terminating  the  branoblets.  ."onulau, 

JM,au„,..     The  following  arc X  oniy  know^spd' ,''°"'"'"">'  '''  ''"'""""  "'"I  """""  '"  '!>- 
WoI.d°n^gn;Ti;°"T',rk'."f;     ''  ^',7"  ''"['""  '''""'•  *  "■■-'   ^'"^''  -"'  "'"'i^'' 

r.  lines  I..n-:  sUiikmis  If)  to  2."):  rnriu.ls   10  -  lli-soV,!,',!    1   iuch   Lur        v         a  "' 

A.-a,l.  xi.  ,22.     <A  rV,/,/bn,....  T.ir.  in  PanC  K.  K.;  Iv   111!'  t7'~lZ'^'''- 

Canons  „..ar  tl.,-  ,no„tl,  of  Mill  WiHi.uns  Itivr  (^,,./,...)  ;  .,,„  „r  San  iVn.-u'linn.  'farn,  ' 


14 


B1<:KBKK11)A(:K.K  Ikrbv 


Ohdkr  TT.    BERBERIDACEiE. 


Shrubs  or  lii'rl)8,  iiu/slly  witli  (Hunpmiinl  or  diviilod  iiltiM'imto  IcavM,  uml  no  slip- 
uloH  ;  llio  ll()\vt<i>i  nil  iiiiii'crl.,  with  th»i  |miis  (liMliiict  iiml  hyiHi^yniHiH,  iviuaiKiiMii 
I'or  hiiving  tho  bmcUs,  vsojuils,  i)otiils,  and  staniuiiH  (in  uura  six)  hufoi-u  each  oUicr 
instead  of  alternating  (an  anomaly  which  comes  from  there  being  two  whuils 
of  each,  three  pieces  in  a  whorl),  and  the  2-celled  anthers  opening  by  uplifted 
valves,  hinged  at  the  top.  —  Calyx  and  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous, 
both  usually  colored.  Pistil  one,  simple,  i.  e.  of  a  single  carpel :  style  short  or 
none.  Seeds  anatroi)oiis,  with  a  small  or  iniinito  embryo  in  copious  lirni-lleshy  or 
iiurny  albumen.  — Achli/s  is  a  most  oxceplioual  genus,  having  no  calyx  nur  corolla, 
and  0  or  more  stamens. 

A  small  Older  of  a  dozen  gum;ia  (and  half  as  many  more  of  the  Lardizubuleic  appfndod  to  it, 
not  here  taken  into  view),  of  whirh  only  lUrUris  is  numenms  in  .species,  most  of  the  otluTs  having 
only  one  or  two  speeies  each,  chielly  natives  of  temperate  regions,  and  of  the  northern  hemispht.ie, 
with  a  few  in  S.  America.  The  juice  is  watery,  hut  the  inner  hark  and  wood  of  the  Barherry 
yellow.  No  active  properties,  except  in  ruduphiillum  of  the  Atlantic  States,  the  root  of  which 
yiehh  podopkyll in,  u  powerful  cathartic.  The  fruits,  when  herries,  are  innocent  and  edihle,  hut 
sometimes  acid. 

♦   Flowers  comploto  ;  stamens  (5,  mostly  short. 

1.  Berberis.     Flowers  yellow,  in  clustered  racemes.     Fruit  a  few-seeded  berry,     tshruhs  with 

rigitl  leaves,  in  ours  odd-pinnate. 

2.  Vancouveria.     Flowers  whitish,  in  a  raceme  or  panicle.     Fruit  a  follicle.     Herb,  witli  ter- 

nately  compound  leaves  all  radical. 

♦  •  I'lowers  naked  :  stamens  9  or  more,  slender. 

3.  Achlys.     Flowers  spicato  on  a  scape,  without  hracts,  sepals,   or  petals.     Herb,  with  only 

radical  3-parted  leaves. 

1.   BERBERIS,  Linn. 

Sepals  0,  petallike,  witli  3  or  G  closely  appressod  bractlets  in  1  or  2  rows. 
Petals  6,  opposite  the  sepals,  usually  2-glandular  at  base.  Stamens  6.  Carpel  1  : 
stigma  circular  and  peltate.  Fruit  a  berry,  with  1  to  3  erect  seeds.  —  Smooth 
shrubs  with  yellow  wood,  pinnate  or  fascicled  simple  leaves,  yellow  liuwers  in  clus- 
tered bracteate  racemes,  and  oblong  or  globose  acid  berries. 

A  genus  of  about  50  sjH-oies,  belonging  to  both  continents,  but  laigely  S.  American.  In 
Berberis  proper,  of  which  B.  vulgaris,  Linn.,  the  common  Barbcrrij,  is  the  type,  tlie  primary 
leaves  are  reduced  to  mere  spines,  in  the  axils  of  which  are  fascicles  of  actual  simple  leaves  with 
jointed  petioles.  All  our  species  belong  to  the  .section  Mahouia,  Nutt.,  which  has  evergieen 
unequally  pinnate  leaves,  sessile  spinulosely  dentate  leaflets,  and  dark  blue  globose  berries. 

*  Leaflets  pinnately  veined. 

1.  B.  repens,  Lindl.  A  low  somewhat  procumbent  shrub,  loss  than  a  fi)ot 
high  :  Icallets  3  io  7,  ovate,  acute,  not  acuminat(!,  1  to  2i  inches  long,  not  shiny 
above:  racemes  few,  terminating  the  steins,  1  to  H  inches  long.  —  Jiut.  Ifeg.  t. 
117().      /)'.  Ai/iii/(iliiiiii,  I'ursh,  mainly,  and  of  ininmrons  authors. 

"  Through()\it  llie  Slate,"  exleiiding  northward  to  liritish  Columhia  and  custward  to  Colorado 
and  New  iMexico. 

2.  B.  Aquifolium,  Pursh.  A  shrub  2  to  6  feet  high  :  leallets  usually  7,  but 
often  more,  the  lower  ])air  distant  from  the  stem,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  1^  to 
4  inches  long,  acuminate,  green  and  shining  above,  sinuately  dentate  with  numer- 
ous  spinose  teeth  :    racemes  1  ^-  to  2  inches  long,   clustered   chiefly  in   the  subter- 

t.  142n. 


ArhhfK.  Tli:iiHEiaDACK/K.  15 

FiTi[iiPnt  in  Oipgon  and  northward,  wlmro  it  is  known  as  tlin  "  Orpfron  rimpn,"  and  report/^d 
Rontliward  in  the  const  mnges  oven  to  Monterey.  I'ursh'a  description  and  figure  }»elong  mainly 
to  li.  ri-prn.i. 

3.  B.  pinnata,  Lag.  Voiy  much  liko  tlie  last  sppcip.«;,  but  the  loaves  more 
cro\vili'(l  and  iiKirc  nearly  sessile,  the  lower  pair  of  leaflets  being  approximate  to  the 
base  oi"  the  petiole  ;  leaflets  usually  .5  to  7  :  racemes  more  frequently  lateral  upon 
the  branches;  fruit  oblong-ovoid,  4  lines  long.  —  Gen.  &  Spec.  14.  Mahonia faaci- 
cuhtri.^  DC.  ;  Delesp.  Icon.  Sel.  ii.  2,  t.  3. 

Hills  nlioiit  Snn  I'rnncisco  15ny  nnd  southward  to  San  Diego,  tlicnco  oast  to  New  Mexico. 
I'luil  jilrasnnt  to  the  tnste  atnl  known  to  the  Mexicans  as  I^iln  amaril/a.  'f'hero  lias  always  been 
inu'h  ionfu-<ion  nnd  is  still  sonn'  uncertainty  res[>ccting  this  s|)cci(>s  and  its  allies.  I/igusca's 
original  dos(ri]>tion  (puhlishcd  in  IHOIi)  professedly  included  specimens  l>oth  from  MonU-'rey  and 
from  Vancouver  Island,  while  the  plant  cultivated  in  the  gardens  fiom  his  seed,  and  hgured 
under  this  name,  appears  to  have  heen  wholly  the  Oregon  form,  which  Tui^h  afterwards  included 
with  the  low  /?.  rrpfns  in  his  description  an(i  figure  of  Ji.  Aquifnlium.  lIuml»oldt  and  IJonpland 
afterward  applied  the  name  B.  pinnata  to  a  Mexican  plant,  figured  hy  them,  nnd  DeCandolle  at 
length  included  all,  the  Mexican,  Californian,  ami  Oregon  together,  under  the  name  Mahonia 
fascicnlaria.  The  question  of  synonymy  is  most  conveniently  solved  by  retaining  what  haa 
become  the  ordinary  application  of  the  names,  B.  fnscicnlari.t  being  limited  to  the  Mexican  spe- 
cies, which  seems  distinguishable  from  the  Californian  B.  pinnata  by  its  more  numerous,  more 
ncunnnate,  and  less  shining  leaflets. 

*   *    Leaflets  pnlmately  nerved. 

4.  B.  nervosa,  Pursh.  Stems  simple,  but  a  few  inches  high  ;  petioles  and 
peduncles  s])rin^ing  froin  the  apex,  accompanied  by  dry  glumaceous  rigidly  acu- 
minate bracts  :  leaves  1  to  2  feet  long,  of  11  to  17  ovate  acuminate  leaflets  :  racemes 
elongatecl ;  pedicels  slmrt  :  fruit  hirger  than  in  the  jtreceding  species,  3  to  4  line^  in 
diameter. —  Kl.  219,  t.  f),  excluding  llowois.  Hook.  IJot.  iMag.  t.  3U49.  Jifa/iotiia 
<jhimacea,  DC 

Near  the  coast  from  Monterey  to  Vancouver  Island. 

2.   VANCOUVERIA,  IMoncn  k  Decaisne. 

Sepals  G,  obovate,  reflexed,  caducous  with  the  6  to  9  oblong  membranaceous 
bractlets.  Pet^als  6,  shorter  than  the  sepals  and  opposite  them,  linear-spatulate, 
nectary-like,  reflexed.  Stamens  6.  Carpel  1,  the  stigma  slightly  dilated,  cup- 
shaped  :  ovules  10  or  leas,  in  2  rows  iipon  the  ventral  suture.  Capsule  dehiscing 
by  a  dorsal  valve  attached  by  the  base  and  persistent,  usually  2  -  6-seeded.  Seed 
oblong,  somewhat  curved,  with  a  broad  attachment  nnd  jirominent  fleshy  arillus  : 
embryo  minute.  — A  slender  perennial  herb,  with  radical  2-  3-ternately  compound 
leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  an  open  paniculate  mcerae  upon  a  naked  scape. 

A  genus  of  a  single  species,  scarcely  separable  from  Epimfdium  of  the  Old  World. 

1.  V.  hezandra,  Morr.  &  Decaisno.  ^foro  or  le.<;s  villous  with  brownish  hairs, 
1  to  2  feet  high  :  root  creeping:  leaves  diffuse,  long-petioled  ;  tho  leaflets  1  to  2 
inches  brond,  pefiohdate,  subcordate,  obtusely  3-I(»bed,  tho  lid)es  cmarginatc  ;  tho 
margin  thickened  and  often  undulate  :  scape  exceetling  the  leavers  :  pedicels  elon- 
gated, recurved  :  sepals  2  to  3  linos  long:  capsule  half  an  inch  long,  gibhnus-lanceo- 
late,  with  a  slender  beak  :  arillus  2-lobed,  more  than  half  covering  the  seed.  —  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii.  3.51.      EpimecUum  hexnndrum.  Hook.  Fl.  i.  31,  t.   13. 

Shady  woo<Is  near  tho  coast  from  Santa  Cru^  to  Vancouver  Islan'l.  The  characters  of  the  fruit 
nnd  seed  nro  those  of  Epimcdium. 

3.   ACHLYS,  nc. 

Sepals  and  ]n'tal>t  n(iii('.  Stamens  9,  in  W  rows  ;  filaments  slender,  the  outer 
dilated   at    the  siiminit  :  anthers  short.      Carind    1  .-    stigma   sessile,   dilated  :  ovule 


IQ  NYMl'JLKACE.E.  Achlys. 

solittuy,  erect.  Fruit  pulpy,  becoming  dry,  iiulehiscent,  runii\)rni,  the  ruuiukMl 
ilorsal  portion  subcartilaginons,  the  ventral  side  strongly  concave,  membranaceous, 
witli  a  lleshy  central  ridge.  Seed  erect,  straiglit :  eml>ryo  very  small.  —  A  smooth 
perennial  herb,  with  radical  trit'oliolate  leaves,  the  llowcrs  crowded  in  a  naked  spike, 
terminating  the  scape. 

A  secoail  siiooies  in  Jiipau  closely  reaemblea  the  following. 

1.  A.  triphylla,  DC.  Koot  creeping  :  leaf  on  petioles  a  foot  long  or  more,  .soli- 
tary from  a  scaly  base,  tlio  leatlets  broadly  cuneate,  3  to  5  inches  long,  palmatdy 
nerved,  the  outer  margin  irregularly  anil  coarsely  sinuate:  scape  solitary,  equalling  tin- 
leaf;  spike  2  to  3  inches  long  ;  ilowers  small,  white,  fragrant  :  fruit  2  lines  long.  — 
Syst.  ii.  35.     Hook.  Fl.  i.  30,  t.  12. 

Shady  wooils  iinir  MumUHiuo  {Uohindcr)  lunl  nortliwanl  to  Vunci.iivtT  ihiiiml.  S^)nlctinlt^s 
kuowii  lis  Muij-.-ipple. 

Ouuiiu  ill.     NYMPH.ffiACEJE. 

Aquatic    perennial   herbs,   with    horizontal    trunk-like   rootstocks    or   sometimes 

tubei's,  which  have  rather  an  endogenous  than  exogenous  internal  structure ;  the 

leaves  peltate  or  deeply  cordate  and  involute  from  both  margins  in  the  bud ;  solitary 

axillary  perfect  Ilowers  on  long  peduncles  ;  ovules  remarkable  for  being  on  the  back 

or  sides  of  the  carpels  (instead  of  the  ventral  eilge)  ;  embryo  small  at  base  of  fleshy 

albumen  enclosed  in  a  lleshy  bag  !     .Stamens  numerous.  —  Comprises  almost  half  as 

many  sul)orders  as  genera. 

The  AVatar- Lilies,  ami  tlifir  relatives,  of  few  species  ami  wide  geograiihioal  dis]icisiou,  comprise 
8  geneni  under  tliieo  subonlers.  Tlio  Water-Shield  is  the  type  of  the  first,  Water-Lilies  of*  the 
secoml,  and  the  A'clumhiaiii  or  Imlian  Lotus,  the  sole  genus  of  the  tliiid  {Ndumhoncw),  which 
differs  from  the  character  of  the  rest  in  the  great  embryo  without  albumen,  and  the  nutdike 
carpels  separately  immersed  in  hollows  of  a  top-slmped  receptacle.  To  this  belongs  the  Nelumbo 
of  Eastern  America  and  the  Indian  Lotus  or  Sacicii  Mean  of  Asia.  There  are  no  true  Water-Lilies 
{Nymphaca)  in  North  America  west  of  the  Mississippi  region,  but  one  Niiphar  reaches  California  ; 
where  also  the  Water-Sliickl  is  a  solitary  representative  of  the  lirst  suborder,  Cabombece.  The  two 
genera  are  briefly  contrasted  thus  : 

1.  Brasenia     Pistils  4  to  18  in  a  cluster,   pod-like,   1  -  2-seeded.     Leaves  on  .slender  stems, 

entire,  centrally  ])eltate. 

2.  Nuphar.     Pistil  many-celled,   many-seeded,    fret;.       Leaves   all   from    the  rootstock,  deeply 

I'ordate. 

1.   BRASENIA,  Schreber.        Wathii-Siiikm). 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  narrowly  oblong,  dull  purple,  hyjiogynous,  each  3 
or  sometimes  4,  persistent.  Stamens  12  to  18,  bypogynous  :  hlameiits  slender: 
anthers  oblong-linear.  Carpels  4  to  18,  distinct,  tipped  with  a  linear  and  one-sided 
large  stigma,  ripening  into  a  kind  of  indehiscent  1  -  2-seeded  pods.  —  A  single 
species. 

1.  B.  peltata,  Pursh.  Leaves  floating  (2  to  4  inclies  long),  elliptical  and  cen- 
trally peltate  on  the  slender  petioles,  which  are  alternate  on  the  iiliform  ascend- 
ing stems,  bright  gieen  above,  reddish-brown  beneath  :  flower  small,  half  an  inch 
long.  —  Gray,  Gen.  111.  t.  39. 

In  Clear  Lake  {Bolandcr)  and  Pit  River  {Brewer)  ;  thence  to  Puget  Sound.  Known  at  few 
Pacific  stations,  while  from  Canada  to  Texas  it  aliounds,  extending  to  Cuba.  It  also  occurs  in 
Japan,  Eastern  India,  Australia,  and  at  one  known  station  in  tiopii:al  Western  Afiica  !  The 
.stems  and  stalks  are  coated  with  a  clear  jelly.  Tlie  "tuberous"  rootstocks  are  collected  by  the 
Californian  Indians  for  food. 


l)„rUiniio„i„.  SAKRACKNIACKJv  yj 

2.   NUPHAR,  Smith.         Ykm.ow  I'oni.-I.ii.v. 

Sopala  T)  to  12,  thick,  nmudish,  persistent,  fr(!<>,  colored  (gciionilly  yellow)  witliiu, 
partly  green  outside.  Petals  and  stamens  short  and  numerous,  hypogynous,  densely 
crowded  around  the  ovary,  at  length  recurving,  persistent ;  tlie  former  sometimes 
resembling  sterile  stamens,  sometimes  more  dilated  and  conspicuous,  but  always 
small.  Filament  very  short  :  anther  truncate  at  apex,  the  two  linear  cells  adnate, 
introrse.  Ovary  oblong  or  ovale,  8  -  ^O-ceJled,  Hh  truncato  top  occupijid  by  tho 
8  -  2()-vadiatc  stigma,  ripening  (usually  above  water)  into  an  ovoid  or  lla-sk-shaped 
indehiscent  fruit  with  a  firm  rinil  and  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  interior;  the  cells  many- 
seeded.  IS'o  arillus  to  the  oval  .seeds.  —  Herbs  of  shallow  waters  (4  or  5  species  of 
the  northern  touiperato  zone),  sending  up  largo  and  mostly  rather  leathery  cordate 
leaves  (eitiier  upright  or  floating)  and  stout  I-flowercd  peduncles  from  a  long  and 
thick  trunk-like  creeping  rootstock  in  tlie  mud  beneath  :  flowering  all  summer. 

1.  N.  polysepalum,  Kngelm.  Larger  than  the  Atlantic  N.  adveiia :  leaves  G 
to  12  inches  long  and  three  fourtlis  as  wide,  rounded  above,  deeply  cordate  at  base  : 
se})als  8  to  12  :  petals  12  to  18,  dilated  and  unlike  the  stamens,  yellow,  often  tinged 
with  red  :  fruit  globular,  2  inches  long  or  less.  —  Trans,  ^t.  Louis  Acad.  ii.  282. 
iV.  advena,  Newberry  in  Pacif.  P.  Rep.  vi.  G7. 

Rare  south  of  Mt.  Shnsta,  more  ahiindant  tbciice  to  Biitisli  Cohimbia  and  east  to  and  beyond 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  Klamntli  Marsh  is  lialf  covered  with  tlie  floating  leaves,  and  the  large 
seeds  foiiTi  nn  imiMutant  article  of  food  among  the  Indians,  who  collect  great  quantities  for  winter 
use.  "The  Reel!  fiistes  like  that  of  Hroom-roin,  ami  is  iippanMitly  very  nutritious."  This 
Hiiocies  has  the  largest  fruit  and  (lowers  of  any  of  the  genus,  some  of  liie  (lowers  Inking  f)  inches  in 
diameter  and  borne  on  scapes  1  or  2  feet  high.  The  leaves  aix*  (loating  if  thcro  Ikj  suflicient  water, 
otherwise  erect. 

Ohdkr  IV.     SARRACENIACE^. 

Pog  plants  with  pitcher-shaped  or  tubular  and  hooded  leaves,  and  perfect  polyan- 
drous  hypogynous  flowers,  the  persi.stent  sepals,  petals,  and  cells  of  the  ovary  each 
.^)  (with  one  e.xception).  Pruit  a  niany-aeedcd  cap.sule.  Embryo  small  in  fleshy 
albumen.  —  Represented  in  the,  Atlantic  United  State-s  by  .sevei-al  species  of  Sarra- 
ctiiia,  in  the  mountains  of  Guiana  by  the  little-known  apetalous  Ileliamphora,  in 
California  by  the  ytnruliar  genus, 

1.  DARLINGTONIA,  Torr. 
Calyx  without  bmcts,  of  5  imbricated  narrowly  oblong  sepals,  persistent.  Petals 
n,  ovate-oblong,  erect,  M'ith  a  small  ovate  tip  answering  to  tlie  l)lade,  and  a  larger 
oblong  lower  portion  answering  to  the  claw.  Stamens  12  to  15  in  a  .single  row  : 
filaments  subulate:  anthere  oblong,  of  two  uneipial  cells,  turned  cdgcwi.se  by  a 
twisting  of  the  filament,  so  that  the  smaller  cell  faces  fhe  ovary.  Ovary  somewhat 
top-shaped,  the  broad  summit  being  truncato  or  concjxvo  and  abruptly  dilated, 
higher  than  the  .'^tamens,  5-celled  ;  the  cells  opposite  the  petals  :  sfylo  short,  5- 
lobcd  ;  the  lobes  short-linear  or  club-shaped,  i-eciirving  :  stignnvs  thirkish,  intmrselv 
terminal,  ('apsiilo  locnlicidally  fi-valved.  Seeds  very  numerous,  nlM)vnt/'-cIavate, 
thickly  beset  with  soft  slender  pnijertions.  —  A  single  sppcie.<«. 

1.  D.  Califomica,  Torr.  .\  ]>erennial  herb,  of  ^'n-enish  yellow  line,  with  long 
and    rither   slender   liorj^ont.il    rootstocks  clothed    with    (ho    b.n.ses  of  idder  dec,ave<l 


18 


PAPAVERACE.E.  Darlinytouiu. 


leaves;  these  tubular,  gradually  enlarging  upwards  to  a  vaulted  ventricose  hood, 
which  terminates  in  a  2-lorked  dertexed  appendage  under  which  is  the  contracted 
rounded  oritice,  the  ventral  edge  winged  :  scape  bearing  several  membranous  scaly 
bracts,  the  upper  ones  crowded  near  the  nodding  purplish  lluwer.  —  Sn)ithsoniaii 
Contrib.  vi.  -i,  t.  1,  &  liot.  Wilkes  Exped.  221. 

Mountnin  swamps  and  Iwulcrs  of  brooks,  at  1,000  to  0,000  feet,  from  Truckeo  Pass  to  the 
borders  of  Oregon  ;  fu-st  collected  near  ilount  Shasta,  by  /r.  B.  Bruckcnndge  of  the  Wilkes 
Exploring  Expedition  i>arty,  with  fohage  and  vestiges  of  fruit,  and  next  in  blossom  by  Dr.  G. 
IF.  Hulse.  The  "pitchers"  are  18  to  84  inches  high,  and  an  iuch^or  less  in  diameter,  except 
near  the  top,  tai>cring  downward,  ami  spirally  twisted  about  half  a  revolution,  the  twist  being 
most  often  to  the  left.  Exj)aniling  near  the  summit  it  is  vaulted  into  an  inllated  sac  or  hood  2 
to  4  inches  across,  with  a  cux-ular  oi>cning  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter  on  tho  luuler  side.  The 
dome  of  this  hood  is  spotted  with  large  thin  translucent  urcolie,  which  arc  uaunlly  colored  Honio- 
what  orange  or  yellow.  A  wing  '-'  to  -1  lines  wide  runs  along  the  inner  side  of  the  pitcher,  clasp- 
ing tho  rootstock  below  and  entering  the  oriiico  above.  At  the  uj)per  and  outer  cmIl'c  of  the  orifice, 
a  blade  or  appendage  arises  which  is  narrow  at  its  base,  but  rapidly  widens  and  divides  into  two 
equal  and  divergent  lobes.  It  is  something  like  a  fish-tail  in  shape,  spreading  3  or  4  inches, 
pointing  downward,  and  beset  with  short  and  sharj)  stiff  hairs,  all  pointing  toward  the  orifice, 
the  lobes  twistod  outwanl  about  half  a  revolution.  The  green  of  this  blade  is  variously  blotched 
with  red  and  yellow.  The  interior  of  the  pitcher  is  polished  above,  but  the  lower  jiart  is  beset 
with  stiff  sharp  slender  tiansparent  hairs  jjointing  downwards  at  a  sharp  angle.  Within  and 
about  the  orifice  and  on  the  colored  "fish-tail"  there  is  a  sweet  seeretion  very  attractive  to 
insects.  A  line  of  this  honey  has  sometimes  been  found  to  extend  along  the  wing  from  the  orifice 
down  to  the  ground.     The  base  of  the  pitcher  contains  a  clear  secreted  licjuid.     This  whole  con- 


trivance constitutes  one  of  the  most  c\uious  natural  fly-trans  known.    An  insect  roaming  over  the 

"to  tlie  orifice,  and  a  line  of  honey  enticing 
him  that  way.     The  bladc"at  the  opposite  "side  is  mottled  and  gayly  colored  to  catch  the  eye  and 


outside  soon  finds  the  wing  like  a  fence  to  guide  him  "to  tlie  orifice,  and  a  line  of  honey  enticin, 


fancy  of  the  flying  insect.  The  lobes  are  so  twisted  that  he  may  alight  on  the  outside  and  by 
travelling  along  the  blade  find  himself  within.  It  is  a  broad  and  open  road  at  first,  curving  and 
naiTowing  as  the  two  lobes  converge,  and  leading  directly  into  the  orifice.  Moreover,  the  sharp 
bristles  in  the  path  all  pointing  one  way  make  that  the  natural  direction  to  travel,  and  the  honey 
sweetens  the  path  where  the  dangerous  opening  yawns  above  the  narrowed  w-ay.  The  "honey 
pastures  "  just  within  the  orifice  now  tempt  him,  and  are  next  visited.  When  satiated  and  he 
would  leave,  the  tran.slucciit  arcohe  above,  like  numerous  lighted  windows  in  the  roof,  entice 
him  away  from  tho  darker  door  in  the  floor  by  which  ho  entered.  Tlio  captive  sees  no  way  of 
escape,  and  from  the  .shape  of  tho  lutcher  and  the  needle-like  hairs  poinliiif'  ever  downwards,  his 
destruction  is  sure.  Hy  this  (dabomte  contrivai;co  ho  was  first  attracted  to  the  plant,  then  enticed 
within,  then  imprisoned  and  ultimately  consigned  to  the  hike  in  the  bottom  of  tho  pit.  From 
the  experiments  of  Dr.  Hooker,  and  from  some  interesting  homologies,  it  is  not  difficult  to  believe 
that  this  liquid  digests  the  insect  for  the  nourishment  of  the  plant.  The  fragmentary  remains  of 
dead  insects  in  great  variety  are  always  found  in  the  mature  healthy  leaves,  often  filling  the  tube 
to  the  height  of  several  inches  and  tainting  the  air  with  their  decay.  From  the  observations  of 
the  entomologist  Edwards,  it  seems  that  more  species  of  flies  are  caught  than  of  other  insects. 
But  bees,  hornets,  butterflies,  dragon-flies,  beetles,  grasshoppers,  &c.,  and  even  snails  are  entrapped. 
For  fuller  details  of  the  behavior  of  this  "insectivorous  plant,"  see  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  1874,  H, 
64,  and  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  1875.  The  secretion  upon  the  edge  of  the  wing  was  detected  by  Mrs. 
n.  M.  Auslin,  of  Butterfly  Valley. 

The  plant  is  gregarious,  and  the  hoods  and  blades  are  strikingly  conspicuous  when  seen  in  the 
bright  sunshine  of  their  places-of  growth,  strongly  suggesting  tho  unromantic  name  Cul/'s  Head, 
by  which  the  local  mountaineers  know  it. 


Order  V.     PAPAVERACEiEJ. 

Ilevbiiceous  plants,  in  one  instance  shrubby,  ustudly  Avith  inilky  or  orange-yellow 
juice,  of  narcotic  or  also  acrid  properties;  tho  llowers  perfect,  with  sepals,  petals, 
and  stamens  hypogynous  and  not  in  lives  ;  the  former  2  or  3  and  caducous  (falling 
when  tlie  corolla  opens)  ;  the  petals  twice  as  many,  in  two  sets,  and  early  decidu- 
ous;  the  stamens  indefinite  ;  the  pistil  with  a  1-celled  ovary  with  parietal  placentae, 
in  fruit  capsular ;  the  seeds  numerous  or  several,  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo 
in  copious  albumen.  —  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  destitute  of  stipules.     Peduncles 


Plaft/s/nnoti.  PAPAVERACE/!<:.  IQ 

usually  l-flowered  and  tlin  flowcr-bud  drooping'  before  expansion.  Petals  imbricated 
and  commonly  crumpled  in  the  bud.  Valves  of  tlio  capsule  in  most  cases  separat- 
ing from  tlie  slender  placentne,  wbich  remain  as  a  kind  of  frame.  — Dendrr/meconxs 
the  sole  shrubby  plant  of  the  order.  Platystemon  is  exceptional  in  having  the  sev- 
eral carpels  all  distinct,  or  at  least  early  separating,  and  forming  as  many  torulose 
pod.s,  and  the  upper  leaves  are  disposed  to  be  opposite  or  in  whorls.  Esclisrholtzia 
has  I  lie  two  sepals  unitcil  into  a  caly|)tra  which  falls  off  wliohi,  and  tho  juice  is  color- 
h'ss  ;  it  is  nearly  so  in  Romneya,  in  which  tlie  capsule  is  Revend-cclled,  more  truly 
than  ill  a  popj)y,  by  the  placentae  reaching  the  centre.  And  Arctomecon  ha.s  per- 
sistent petals  ! 

An  order  of  17  gonera  mid  ahout  50  species,  mostly  inhabitants  of  the  temperate  and  warni  parts 
of  the  nortliern  liemisphere.  Many  have  showy  flowere,  and  arc  cultivated  for  ornament.  Opium 
is  derived  from  the  milky  juice  of  the  poppy  (mostly  P.  somni/crnm,  Linn.),  and  several  other 
species  have  reputed  medicinal  value. 

Pa r AVER  soMNlFEUUM,  Linn,,  extensively  cultivated  for  opium,  and  familiar  in  gardens  as  an 
ornanipntAl  annual,  is  not  unlikely  to  occur  spontaneously  in  some  places.  P.  Uiicza.s,  Linn.,  the 
Com  J'oppi/  of  Kurope,  miL'ht  also  have  been  cxjicctcd  in  grain-fields,  but  it  has  not  been  reported. 
The  genus  is  known  by  the  radiate  sessile  crown  of  stigmas,  forming  a  cap  over  the  summit  of 
the  ovary  and  cap.sule,  the  latter  opening  only  by  pores  under  the  margin  of  the  crown. 

*  Herbs  :  sepals  2  or  3  and  distinct. 
-I-  .\nnuals,  with  entire  leaves,  the  uppermost  opposite  or  whorlcd. 

1.  Platystemon.     Filaments  very  broad.     Carpels  few  to  many,  hi  a  circle,  distinct  or  soon 

becoming  so,   forming  as  many  slender  torulose  pods,  tip|ied  with  the  linear  stigmas. 

2.  Platystlgma.     Kilamonts  slightly  diluted  or  filiform.     Ovary  with  3  placcnUc,  tipped  with 

3  brontl  and  tlat  or  linenr  stigmas,  becoming  a  3-valved  capsule. 

-I-  -I-  Perennials,  with  lobed  or  toothed  leaves,  all  alternate. 

:?.  Romneya.  Sepals  3,  winged.  Stigmas  .several,  oblong.  Capsule  bristly,  several-celled, 
sevoial-valved  from  the  top.     Leaves  divi<led. 

4.  Arctomecoii.  Sepals  mostly  2:  iietals  4,  persistent.  Stigma  thickish,  4  -  6-lobpd.  Cap- 
sule smooth.  1 -celled,  4  -  6-valved  at  the  top.     Leaves  few-toothed. 

-1-  -1-  -H  Annuals,  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves.     (Papavcr  wouM  lielong  here.) 
a.  Argemone.     Stigma  3- 4-lobed,  almost  sessile.     Capsule  bristly  or  prickly.    Leaves  simple, 

IMickly-toothed. 
0.  MeconopsiB.     Sligma  4-8-Ioboil  on  a  rlub-shnpnd  style.      Capsule  nnnnned  and  smooth. 

Lonvos  pinnatoly  divided,  unarmeii. 

*   *  Shrub  with  entire  leaves  or  nearly  so. 

7.  Dendromecon.     Stigmns  2,   short  and   erect  on   a  short  style.     Cajisule  linear,  grooved, 

2-valve(l. 

«   *   *   Annual  ln'ihs  :  sepals  completely  united  into  a  narrow  pointivl  cap  (ralyptra),  which  falls 
off  entire  from  a  dilated  top-shaped  rece{)tAcle. 

8.  Eschscholtzia.     Stignin-lolws  4  to  6,   subulate,   unci|ual  :  style  very  .shoi;J  :  capsule  linear, 

grooved,   2-valved. 

1.  PLATYSTEMON,  Bonth. 
Sepals  3.  Petitls  6.  Stamens  many,  with  flattonod  filaments  and  linear  anthers. 
('ar]iels  6  to  25,  at  first  united  :  stigraaa  linear,  free.  Fruit  of  as  many  distinct 
linear  indehiscent  torulo.se  pods,  3 -8-seeded,  finally  bre.aking  transversely  between 
the  seeds. — A  low  villous  ]»ale-gieen  annual,  with  entire  linear  opposite  leave.s  (the 
lower  alternate),  nml  loiig-peduncled  yellow  fiowoi-s. 

1.  P.  CaliforniCUB,  Henth.  Slender,  brandling,  H  to  12  inches  high,  villous 
with  spreading  haii-s  :  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  se.'^silo  or  rlnsping,  broadly  linear, 
obtuse:  peduncles  3  to  8  inches  long,  erect  :  the  sepals  villous;  petals  pale  yellow 
shading  to  orange   in   the  centre,   3  to  6   lines  long  :  carpels  C>  t<)  2!y,   aggn?gat<?d 


2Q  PAPA  VER  ACE  Jl).  Platystujma. 

into  an  oblong  head,  smootli  or  somewhat  hairy,  5  to  10  Imes  long,  beaked  with 
the  linear  persistent  stigmas,  the  1 -seeded  divisions  a  line  long  :  seeds  smooth.— 
Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  2  ser.  i.  405.     Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3579  &  :5750. 

Very  coinraou  in  early  spriHg  on  the  lower  hills  and  in  the  valleys  from  Mendocino  County 
to  S.  Culiloniiu,  and  also  cuslwanl  throu-h  Aii/.ona  to  S.  UUih.    Soniotiniea  called  t ream-Cups. 

2.  PLATYSTIGMA,  Benth. 
Sepals  3  (rarely  2).  Petals  4  to  6.  Stamens  few  to  many,  with  narrow  filaments 
and  oblong  or  linear-oblong  anthers.  Ovary  3-angled,  oblong  or  linear:  stigmas 
3,  distinct,  ovate  to  linear.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  dehiscent  to  the  base,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  small,  smooth  and  shining. — Low  slender  annuals,  resembling 
Platystemon  in  habit,  with  i)ale-green  entire  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  and 
long-peduncled  pale-yellow  flowers.     Only  the  following  species. 

*   Capsule    ovoid-oblony :    stamens  many;  anthers  linear-ohloiuf ;    filaments  dilated: 
stigmas  broad:  villous,  short-stemmed.  —  Platystigma  proper. 

1.  P.  lineare,  Benth.  Somewhat  villous  with  spreading  hairs,  6  to  12  inches 
high,  the  stem  usually  very  short  and  leafy  :  leaves  linear,  1  to  3  inches  long  : 
peduncles  erect :  flowers  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter  :  capsule  half  an  inch  long.  — 
Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  2  ser.  i.  407.     Hook.  Bot.  Alag.  t.  3575. 

Valleys  and  low  hills  from  Salinas  Valley  to  Oregon  ;  common  in  early  spring. 

«   «   Capsule   linear:    stamens  few;    anthers    oblong;    filaments   filiform:    stigmas 
narrow  :  glabrous,  long-stemmed.  —  Meconella.      (Meconella,  Nutt.) 

2.  P.  Califomicum,  Benth.  &,  Hook.  Very  slender,  with  long-jointed  dichoto- 
nious  stems  :  leaves  ovate-spatulate  to  oblanceulate  or  the  upper  ones  linear,  ^  to  1 
inch  long,  acute  :  flowers  3  to  12  lines  broad  :  stamens  10  to  12  :  capsule  narrowly 
linear,  9  to  15  lines  long.  —  Gen.  PI.  i.  51.  Meconella  Cali/ornica,  Torr.  in  Frem. 
Kep.  312. 

Central  California,  San  Mateo  to  Sonoma  counties,  and  eastward  to  the  fool-hills  of  the 
Siena  Nevada. 

P.  Okecanum,  Benth.  &  Hook.,  a  smaller  plant  with  smaller  flowers,  4  to  G  stamens,  and 
shorter  capsules,  inhabiting  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  may  be  looked  for  in  Northern 
California. 

3.  ROMNEYA,  Harvey. 

Sepals  3,  with  a  broad  membranaceous  dorsal  wing.  Petals  G.  Stamens  very 
numerous,  with  filiform  filaments  thickened  above,  and  oblong  anthers.  Ovary 
oblong,  densely  setose,  more  or  less  completely  several-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the 
many-ovuled  placentas:  .stigmas  free,  oblong,  fleshy.  Capsule  completely  7  -  11- 
celled,  dehiscing  to  the  middle,  the  valves  separating  by  their  margins  from  the  firm 
persistent  placentas.  Seeds  numerous,  finely  tuberculate.  —  A  smooth  stout  peren- 
nial, with  colorless  bitter  juice,  ])innately  cut  or  dividml  alternate  leaves,  and  very 
largo  white  flowers. 

1.  R.  Coulteri,  Harv.  Leaves  glaucous,  tliickish,  petioled,  3  to  5  inclies  long, 
the  lower  ones  pinnatifid,  the  upper  ones  pinnately  cut  or  toothed ;  the  jjetioles  and 
margins  often  .sparingly  ciliate  with  rigid  spinose  bristles  :  flowers  Avliite,  sometimes 
nearly  6  inches  in  diameter ;  petals  broadly  obovate  :  filaments  half  an  inch  long, 
purple  at  base:  capsule  oblong,  1  to  1^  inches  long,  obscurely  many-angled,  hispid 
with  appressed  bristles  and  crowned  wi"th  the  persistent  stigmas  :  seeds  black,  a  line 
or  less  long.  —  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  iv.  74,  t.  3. 


Mcrmwpsis.  PAPAVERACEJ?.  Ol 

4.  ARCTOMECON,  Torrey. 
Sepals  mostly  2.  Petals  4,  persistent.  Stamens  numerous,  with  filaments 
sliKl.tly  tluekened  upward,  and  linear  anthers.  Ovary  smooth,  4  -  G-carpellcl  with 
nerve-l.ko  placentas,  rather  few-ovulcd  :  stylo  very  short :  stigmas  4  to  6,  short  and 
thiek.  Capsulo  obovoid,  1-cellcd,  4  -  G-anglcd,  dehiscent  above,  the  4  to  G  valves 
separating  from  the  iirm  persistent  placental  ribs.  Seeds  few,  shinin-  very  finely 
lined  longitudinally.  _  A  low  somewhat  hairy  biennial  or  perennial ;  with  alternate 
leaves,  few-toothed  at  the  apex,  and  rather  large  white  flowers. 

inl'  o"^.'-^^^^°^^*^"?^'  ^'""'m  ^^""^  ^"'^  somewhat  cespito.se,  the  stems  4  to  12 
incites  iMgh,  more  or  less  v.llous  below  with  long  bristly  hairs,  nearly  glabrous 
tZV;  Tl^'^IT'^^'''''  oblanceolate,  1  to  2  inche.s  long,  3 -several  toothed 
somet  mes  obed  at  he  apex,  or  the  upper  entire,  crowded  at  base  ;  the  teeth 
bnstlo-tippod  :  petals  oblong-oval  to  orbicular,  6  to  10  linos  long:  capsulo  3  to  5 

NrturaHs";  ix    iVo"   '  ■''"''"'  ^^  '""  ^'''^'  "  ^''''''-  ^''^'-  ''"''-  '■    ^'^r^'  ^- 

tho^l:r/"K^''^  ^T,""'  °il  the  banks  of  a  crook  in  storile  soil  nonr  the  southeastern  border  of 
the  State,  but  probably  in  Nevada.      It  has  since  been  collected  only  by  /^arry  in^    Utah 

5.  ARGEMONE,  Linn. 
Sepals  2  or  3,  spino.sely  beake.l.  Totals  4  to  6.  Stamens  numerous,  with  fili- 
form filaments  and  linear  anthers.  Ovary  oblong,  with  3  to  G  nerve-like  plarentas  • 
stigmas  nearly  sessile,  dilated,  radiating.  Capsule  oblong  or  ovoid,  pri.,-kly,  1-celled 
opening  at  the  top,  the  3  to  6  valves  separating  from  the  firm  parietal  ribs.  Seeds 
many,  ovoi.l-globose,  pitted,  slightly  crested  on  the  rhaphe.  Stout  glaucescent 
annuals;  with  sinuately  pinnatifid  prickly- toothed  leaves,  large  white  or  yellow 
short- pedicel  led  flowers,  and  yellow  juice. 

A  ponns  of  about  half  ado.on  si.orios.  nll'nntivos  of  tho  wnrmor  parts  of  Amorioa. 

with  ^;iM?i  n^'^'"'^--  i?""S  '  ^"  l^  ^''^  '"■^'^''  '•'•''I'''^  throughout  or  armo,l 
with  ng id  bns  les  or  pnckles  :  loaves  3  to  G  inches  long,  the  lower  at(<.nuato  to 
a  winged  petiole,  the  upper  sessile  or  auriculato-clasping  :  flowers  white  2  to  4 
diameter"  ^^'{^^^^  =  ,^'^r  l^/'^ong,  U  inches  long,  very  prickly:  seeds 'a  line  in 
diaraeter.-Pl.  1-endl.  5.  A.  mumta,  buran.l  k  Hilgard,  Pacif.  \L  Kep.  v.  5,  t.  1. 
A.  Mexicana,  var.  hispida,  Torrey,  Pot.  Mex.  Round.  31. 

ico^'^Iu'soi;Ih'on?(':iil^7'  '^T-'t  ^""^"^^  ':'^lif"rnia,  and  eastward  to  ColorHdo  and  Now  Mex- 
ico^    1  u  Southern  California  ,t  islcnown  as  (-hicAhtr.     Tho  foliage  is  pale  but  not  spott^l. 

\\.t'n^^^''^^'  ''ir"'  1?  ^■°'"y.«'"i'ln'-  hut  is  smoothor,  tho  loavos  aro  blotched  with  white  and 
U  e  flowers  are  usually  yellow  It  is  native  from  Toxa.s  and  Northern  Moxico  to  Co.  tmrAmeri^ 
but  as  a  weed  has  spread  to  almost  all  warm  countrios  and  may  have  reached  Southen?ral!?orn^ 

e.  MECONOPSIS,  Viguier. 
Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous,  with  filiform  filament.s  and  oblong 
anthers.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  placentas  4  to  8,  nerve-like  or  somewhat  intruded  :  style 
distinct :  stigma  4  -  8-lobed.  Capsulo  oblong  to  ovoid,  dehiscing  by  short  rounded 
valves  which  separate}  from  the  stout  parietal  ribs.  Seeds  numcrous,'small.  obscurely 
pitted.  —  Herbs  with  yellow  juice,  dissected   leaves,  and  long-pedirolled  flowers. 

A  genus  of  8  sp-rios.  fi  of  whjrh  belong  t..  thr  Himnlayn  rogion,  and  1  to  Wctern  Europe. 


22  PAPAVEKACE^.  Meconopsis. 

1.  M.  heterophylla,  lionth.  Annual,  smooth,  slender,  1  to  2  Icet  high  :  lower 
leaves  long-petiulud,  pinnutidy  divideil,  the  segments  oval  to  linear  and  2  to  12  lines 
long  ;  upper  leaves  sessile,  the  segments  usually  narrow  :  Mowers  scarlet  to  orange, 
the  petals  2  to  12  lines  long  ;  peduncles  elongated  :  capsules  smooth,  obovate-oblong 
or  top-shaped,  truncate,  narrowed  below,  G  to  8  lines  long,  strongly  ribbed  ;  tho 
persistent  style  a  line  long.  -  Trans,  llort.  Soc.  2  ser.  :  i.  408.  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t. 
272.     M.  crassifolia,  Benth.  1.  c. 

A  veiy  variable  species,  in  dry  soils  tVom  San  Diego  to  Clear  Lake,  flowering  in  early  sununer. 

7.  DENDROMECON,  Iknth. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous,  with  short  filiform  filaments  and  linear 
anthei-s.  Ovary  linear,  with  2  nerve-like  placentas  :  stylo  short :  stigmas  2,  short 
and  erect.  Capsule  linear,  nerved,  1-celled,  dehiscent  the  whole  length  by  2  valves 
separating  from  the  placental  ribs,  many-seeiled.  Seeds  oblong  or  globose,  finely 
pitted,  carunculate.  —  A  smooth  branching  shrub  ;  with  alternate  vertical  entire  thick 
and  rigid  leaves,  and  showy  yellow  flowers.  The  only  truly  woody  plant  belong- 
ing to  the  order. 

1.  D.  rigidum,  Bentli.  A  shrub  2  to  8  feet  high,  with  many  slender  branches 
and  whitish  bark  :  leaves  ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  very  acute 
or  mucronate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  twisted  ui)on  the  base  so  as  to  become  vertical, 
reticulately  veined,  the  margin  rough  or  denticulate  :  flowers  bright  yellow,  1  to  3 
inches  in  diameter,  on  pedicels  1  to  4  inches  long  :  capsules  curved,  attenuate  above 
into  the  short  stout  style,  \\  to  2\  inches  long:  seeds  large,  1^  lines  long. — 
Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  2  ser.  i.  407.  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  t.  3.  D.  llarfordii, 
Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  102. 

Dry  rocky  liills  of  the  Coast  Ranges  from  San  Diego  to  Clear  Lake,  most  abundant  south  of 
Point  Concejition  ;  Santa  Kosa  Island,  Harford.  Vi-ry  variable  in  its  foliage  and  in  the  size  of 
the  flowers,  but  uU  the  forms  seem  rcferabio  to  a  single  s|)ecies. 

8.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA,  Cham. 

Sepals  coherent  into  a  narrow  pointed  hood,  deciduous  from  within  a  dilated  top- 
shaped  torus.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous,  with  short  fdaments  and  linear 
anthers.  Ovary  linear,  with  2  nei've-like  placentas  :  style  very  short  :  stigmas 
divided  into  4  to  (>  linear  unequal  divergent  lobes.  Capsules  elongated,  strongly 
lO-nerved,  1-celled,  dehi.scent  the  whole  length  by  2  valves  separating  from  the 
placental  ribs,  many-seeded.  Seeds  globose,  reticulate  or  rough-tuberculate.  — 
Smooth  glaucous  slender  annuals  ;  with  colorless  bitter  juice,  fimdy  dissected  alter- 
nate petioled  leaves,  and  bright  orange  or  yellow  flowers. 

The  very  variable  Califomian  plant,  first  collected  by  Chamisso,  and  published  by  him  in 
1820,  has  since  been  described  under  numerous  names,  and  has  usually  been  considered  as  afford- 
ing basis  for  4  or  5  or  more  distinct  Hi)ecies  ;  but  the  differences  in  habit,  foliage,  and  flowers 
seem  to  be  of  too  little  moment  or  too  inconstant  for  a  recognition  of  more  than  varieties  among 
tho  various  forms.  There  are  indications,  however,  that  the  seeds  may  allbrd  charactors  \ipon 
which  some  of  the  following  varieties  may  bo  re-established  as  species.  Mature  fruiting  speci- 
mens are  at  present  too  rare  in  our  collections  to  permit  a  positive  detennination  of  the  question. 

1.  E,  Californica,  Cham.  Usually  1  to  1|  feet  high  and  rather  stout,  branch- 
ing :  flowers  large,  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter,  usually  brilliant  orange  in  the  centre  ; 
torus  dilated  and  often  broadly  rimmed  :  capsule  2^  inches  long,  curved  :  seeds  two 
thirds  of  a  line  in  diameter,  reticulated  ;  rhaphe  obscure.  —  Hor.  Phys.  Berol.  73, 
t.  15.     E.  crocea,  Benth. 


Dicentra.  FUMARIACEyR.  23 

Var.  Douglasii,  (^>nxy.  I^ntlier  more  slondf^r  and  tlic  leaves  more  finely  divideil  ; 
flowers  smaller,  1  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  nu)re  yellow  ;  torus  with  a  narrower 
lirab  (tr  siui|ily  tiuliinate:  seed  tuberculate  ;  rhaphe  well  marked.  —  K.  Dowjlasii, 
Bcnth.  n.  IlaVtw.  21)0. 

Viir.  hypecoides,  Gray.  Still  raore  slender,  4  to  12  inrlics  hif,d),  the  stems 
lenfy  :  llow(!r3  ^  to  1  inch  in  diameter,  with  cylindrical  t^irus  :  capsule  1^  inches 
long.  — E.  /ii/pecoides,  Benth.  Trans.  Ilort.  Soc.  2  ser.  i.  408. 

Var.  caespitosa,  Brewer.  Stems  very  short :  leaves  mostly  suhradical,  shorter 
than  the  scapo-liko  podunclca  ;  tlu^  lobes  narrowly  linear,  acutn  :  (lowers  A  to  nn 
incli  broad:  torus  cylindrical:  caj)sulo  l|to  2  in(;hes  long:  seeds  more  densely 
tuberculate.  —  E.  cceapitosa  and  (enui/olia,  Bcnth.  1.  c. 

Sunny  oxposnros,  pnrticulnrly  valloy.s  nnd  low  liilla,  tliroupliont  tlio  Stnto  find  to  "Wa-sliiiiRton 
Territory,  often  in  great  Rbundance.  Tlio  typical  form  soenis  con(inp(l  to  (.'aliforiiia.  Some  ofthe 
latter  reduced  forms  aie  found  eastward  througli  Arizona  to  New  Mexico  and  S.  Utflh,  but  rarely. 
This  is  the  most  conspicuous  flower  of  the  State  flora,  and  sometimes  large  area.s  are  made  pain- 
fully brilliant  by  its  intense  glow  in  tlie  bright  sunshine.  The  color  varies  from  deep  orange  to 
light  sulphur-yellow,  or  even  pure  white.  The  largcr-flowcred  varieties  are  common  in  culti- 
vation under  various  names. 

2.  E.  minutiflolra,  Watson.  Slender,  branching,  a  foot  high  :  flowers  3  lines 
in  diameter  or  less:  torus  without  border:  capsule  1^  inches  long,  very  narrow  : 
seeds  smaller  (hardly  half  a  line  in  diameter),  nearly  smooth.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi. 
122.  E.  Callfornica,  var.  tenuifolia^  Gray  in  Bot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  5,  in  j)art. 
E.  Calif  arnica,  \9.v.  hypecoides,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  14. 

Peculiar  to  the  interior  basin,  ranging  from  Northwestern  Nevada  {M'ataoii)  to  Sitgreaves  Pass 
in  Western  Arizona  {Newberry)  and  Southern  Utah,  Parry. 


Order  VI.     FUMARIACEiEJ. 

Tender  herbs,  with  watery  and  bland  juice,  dissected  compound  leaves,  and  per- 
fect irregular  hypogynous  flowers  with  the  parts  in  twos,  except  the  diadelphous 
stamens,  which  are  6  ;  the  ovary  and  capsule  one-celled  with  two  parietal  placenta'. 
Seeds,  kc,  as  in  Papaveracece,  to  which,  being  a  small  group  of  about  G  genera,  it 
has  boon  united.  Like  that  order,  the  petals  aro  doubin  the  number  of  tlio  sepals, 
viz.  four  in  two  sorios.     The  main  charactora  are  given  under  tlio  gonora. 

1.  Dicentra.     Corolla  flattened,  heart-shaped  or  2-8purred  at  the  base. 

2.  Corydalis.     Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base. 

1.  DICENTRA,  Borkh. 
Sepals  2,  small  and  scale-like,  sometimes  caducous.  Corolla  flattened  and  cordate, 
at  least  at  base,  of  2  pairs  of  petals  ;  the  outer  pair  larger,  saccate  or  spurred  at  base, 
the  tips  spreading ;  the  inner  much  narrower,  spoon-shaf>ed,  mostly  carinato  or 
crested  on  the  back  ;  the  small  hollowed  tips  lightly  united  at  the  apex,  the  two 
forming  a  cavity  which  contains  the  anthers  and  stigma.  Stamens  6,  in  two  sets, 
viz.  three  before  each  of  the  outer  petals  and  slightly  adhering  to  their  base,  their 
elongated  filaments  more  or  loss  united  :  the  middle  anther  2-celIed  ;  the  latoml 
ones  1-celled.  Style  slender,  persistent :  stigma  2-lobed,  each  lobe  sometimes 
2-crc8ted  or  horned.  Capsule  narrow,  1 -colled,  with  2  filiform  parielnl  placontic, 
from  which  the  valves  at  maturity  seimmto.  Seeds  .sovemi  or  nnmeiY>u8,  somewhat 
reniform,  with  or  without  a  crost.  —  IVrennials,  sometimes  with  tuberif<T0U9  or 
granuliforous  subternmean  l>aso  or  shoots  ;  with   ternately  or  pinnately  ccMupouml 


24 


FUM  A  1{  I  ACEyE.  Dicenlra. 


or  decompound  leaves,   wholly  glabrous,  and  racemose  or  pauiculate   IIowhts  ;  the 
corolla  often  Avithering-jiersistent. 

A  genus  of  about  a  ilozuu  species,  divided  between  North  America  and  Kastern  Asia  with  tlie 
Hiuudayas  ;  oiio  huge  and  showy  species  from  Northern  Cliina,  D.  s/wdabilis,  now  common  in 
gardens. 

§  1.   Flowers  OH  a  saijie :  jUamcnts  iujhlli/  united:  seeds  shining,  wilh  a  loose  curnn- 
cle  or  crest  at  the  kilum. 

1.  D.  formosa,  DC.  Leaves  and  scapes  from  the  apex  of  thickish  and  almost 
naked  creeping  routstocks,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  two  in  height ;  tho  former  twice  or 
thrice  teruately  compound  ;  the  idtimate  divisions  narrow  and  incisctly  pinnatitid  : 
llowers  compound-racemoso  at  tho  summit  of  tho  naked  scape  :  ct)rolla  rose-colored, 
ovato-corduto,  with  short  spreading  tips  to  tho  largt-r  petals.  —  Fumaria  formosa, 
Andr.  Bot.  Ivcj).  vi.  t.  31)3. 

In  tlie  Sien-a  Nevada  at  3,000  to  9,000  feet,  and  through  Oregon  to  Fmscr  River.  A  graceful 
plant ;  the  scapes  rather  later  than  the  leaves.  Base  of  the  corolla  sometimes  deejily,  sometimes 
slightly  cordate.     Nearly  related  to  D.  eximia  of  the  Alleghanies. 

2.  D.  uniflora,  Kellogg.  Leaves  and  scape  from  a  fasciculate  lleshy  root  sur- 
mounted by  a  bulb-like  cluster  of  fleshy  grains,  3  to  5  inches  high  :  the  blade  of 
the  former  teruately  or  somewhat  pinuately  divided,  broadly  or  narrowly  ovate  in 
outline,  glaucous;  the  3  to  7  divisions  pinnatilid  into  a  few  linear-oblong  or  spatu- 
late  lobes:  scapo  2  -  3-bracted,  1 -flowered  :  corolla  tlesh-colored,  narrowly  oblong- 
cordate  ;  the  two  outer  petals  tapering  above,  at  length  recurved-spreading.  —  Proc. 
Calif.  Acad.  iv.  141  ;  Porter  in  Ilayden  Kep.  1872,  7G0. 

Sierra  Nevada  in  the  alpine  region,  near  Cisco  and  northward,  Kellogg,  Lemmon.  Also  in  tiie 
Wahsatch  Mountains  above  Ogden  and  northward,  Cluidbounie,  Coulter,  &c. 

D.  CucuLLAUiA,  DC,  of  Eastern  North  America,  occurs  in  the  woods  of  Oregon,  and  may 
extend  to  the  borders  of  California.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  simple  or  nearly  simple  raceme  of 
cream-colored  flowers,  with  the  sacs  of  tho  outer  petals  extended  into  divergent  spuis. 

§  2.  Flowers  lone/  ami  narrow,  compound-racemose  or  jmnicled  on  a  leafy  stem  : 
filaments  diadelphous  nearlij  to  the  top :  seeds  dull,  crestless.  —  CiiRYSooArNOS, 
'i\>rr. 

3.  D.  chrysantha,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Palo  and  glaucous,  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves 
twice  pinnate,  the  larger  a  foot  long  or  more ;  the  divisions  cleft  into  a  few  narrow 
lobes  :  racemose  })anicle  terminal,  a  foot  or  two  long :  sepals  caducous  :  corolla 
linear-oblong  or  clavate,  bright  golden-yeUow,  over  half  an  inch  long,  the  b;ise 
slightly  cordate  :  capsule  oblong-ovate  or  narrower.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  320.  t.  73  ; 
Torr.  i]ot.  ^Fex.  Hound,  32.  Capnorchis  chrysantha,  Plancilion,  Fl.  Serr.  viii.  l'.)3, 
t.  820. 

On  arid  bills,  ic,  from  Lake  Co.  to  San  Diego.  Plant  of  still"  and  rather  coarse  habit,  but  tbe 
flowers  brilliant. 

2.  CORYDALIS,  Vent. 

Corolla  one-spurred  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  deciduous.  Otherwise  mainly 
as  in  Dicentra. 

A  rather  large  genus,  of  wide  geographical  distribution,  most  abundant  in  the  Old  World,  only 
a  single  and  a  rare  species  known  in  California.  Two  others  are  not  unlikely  to  occur  on  tlio  nortli- 
ern  border,  viz. 

C.  AUitKA,  Willd.,  var.  ocoidentai.is  (otherwise  called  C.  montana),  Engelm.,  a  low  biennial 
species  with  golden  yellow  blossoms. 

C.  ScouLEUi,  Hook.  Fl.  t.  14,  of  the  woods  of  Oregon,  a  thick-rooted  perennial,  with  one 
or  tAvo  large  3  or  4  times  ])innate  leaves  on  the  stem,  and  loose  si)reading  racemes  of  long-spurred 
rose-colored  flowers,  —to  whiidi  the  following  is  somewhat  related. 

1.  C.  Caseana,  Gray.  Perennial,  pale  and  slightly  glaucous,  branching,  2  or  3 
feet  high  :  leaves  twice  or  thrico  junnate  ;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblong,  nearly  sessile 


(:IUJC1FER/K.  25 


(about  half  an  in.l,  u,  lonfitl.),  sonir.  of  tl.oni  more  or  less  rnnnuont :  racemes  erect 
dense  y  many-llowero.!,  3  to  5  ind.es  \nu^  -.  corolla  white  or  .■ream-color  with  blmsh 
tips;  the  straight  spin-  half  an  inch  long,  horizontal  or  ascending,  very  obtuse 
oxceechng  ho  res  of  tho  llower :  capsule  oval  or  oblong,  turgi.l,^tipped  with  a 
slender  style  :  seeds  sjiming,  crestlcss.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  GD 

Moist  and  shady  rnvinos  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Trn-kee  {Boland^r)  :   thence  to  I'lumaa 
Co..  A.  L.  Case  (for  whom  .t  xh  named),  Lcnrwn,  &c.     Also  in  S.  Colomdo,  i/,a,u&^ 

OuDEK  VII.    CRUCIFER^. 

Herbs,  with  a  pungent  watery  juice,  cruciform  corolla,  tetradynamous  stamen<.  a 
2-celled  pod  (silicic)  with  2  parietal  placentnp,  an<l  an  embryo  hlling  the  seed  with 
cotyledons  (accumbently  or  incumbently)  applied  against  the  ra.licle.  —  Flowere  per- 
fect, hypogynous.  Calyx  of  4  sepals,  deci.luous.  Petals  4,  usually  with  narrowed 
base  or  claw,  and  the  lamina  spreading,  so  forming  a  cross,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens 
6,  two  of  them  inserted  lower  down  on  the  receptaclo  and  shorter  than  tho  other 
four.  Ovary  2-colIed  by  a  partition  which  stretches  across  from  tho  placenta?,  rarely 
I-celled  by  its  abortion.  Style  undivi.lcd  or  none :  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed 
I-ruit  the  peculiar  capsule  or  pod  named  a  si liqiie,  or  ^^'hen  short  a  si/icle  ■  the  2 
valves  falling  away  from  the  placentnc.  and  partition,  which  persist,  forming  what  U 
ca  led  a  replnm,  ,n  a  few  genera  in<lehiscent.  Ovules  few  or  numerous,  sometime* 
solitary,  campylotropous.  Seeds  with  a  smooth  coat;  albumen  none.  Cotyledon, 
cither  accumbent  (i.  c.  applied  edgewise  to  the  ra.licle)  or  incumbent  (i.  e.  with  the 
radicle  against  the  back  of  one  of  them),  usually  plane,  sometime,  (as  in  Mustard) 
folded  or  wrapped  around  the  radicle.  Flowers  generally  in  racemes  and  the  pedicels 
^vithout  any  bract.     Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules  :  no  glanchilar  pubescence 

dist-te/r  jl^i^^srZhlr^i^^'  CT;"- ;^  irrr  -"^  ""1  ''-'^  *'-"--^  '^--  «i---. 

colder  rogions.    Nearly  nil  are   nnocom   exocpUo    the  evZ"'''  ""''  """''  '"  '^"'  *''"'f^''"'*«  ""-^ 

or  Mnstanl  and  tlic  root  of  Horse  raS ;  s  v    a     „   .  .'  m^i  U;;;"^'"''-;  r  IT''"^-^."'"  ^'"^  ^'"^'' 

n.o  staple  artiHes  of  ^od.     The  order  i^so  sSllJ'nrtlir-S^l^H;  dlsli:!!;- ^^  ^dl^.^t' 

I.   Pod  regularly  dehisrent,  2-valrcd. 

«  Pod  strongly  compressed  parallel  with  the  broad  partition:  cotyledons  accuml>ent 

1.  -fxacyspermum.     Pod  lar^e   orlnVnlnr   s     io  „     i   i        i 

winged.      Dwarf  glabronfn\m,,ar  with  rflower;r'  ^'"'"•'':  ""^'  "^^'f.^^-     Seeds  hroadly 

2.  AlysBum.     Pod   small    o.Mc  lar   9     i     ^-'l^ercd  8cape.s:  flowers  small,  whit^. 

Canescent.  hrancld^I^  "yZl^lJ- "nt:  '  "''"  '""'"'  "''""'^"-     ^"''^  ^^'"^l--- 

•   ^;jJlcrir",l:.::iremo;r"^-   ^— y-'ed;  yalyes  flat   or   convex.     Seeds 
„  -*--•-  Pod  elongated. 


2g  CRUCI1'ER.E. 

7.  Streptanthua.     Aiithera  eloiit,':iled,  sagittate  at  base.     I'efcils  ottcii  without  a  dilated  blade, 

iiiuie  or  k'ss  twisted  or   undulate,    the   claw    channelled.       I'alyx   dilated   and   u.iually 
colored.     Seeds  in  one  row. 

8.  Cheiranthus.     I'etals  with  a  broad   Hat    linili  and  liuij,'  daw.     Calyx   huge,   not  colored. 

Seuv.ls  in  one  row,  not  margined. 

•  »   I'od  terete  or  l-angled,  .slightly  or  not  at  all  ('oiniiri'..s.sed  :  8oed.s  not  margined  ;  i-otyledons 

incunibent  or  more  or  loss  oblique, 
-t-  Pod  long-linear  (1  to  4  inches) ;  valves  1 -nerved  :  seeds  in  1  row,  oblong,  somewhat  flattened  ; 
cotyledoii.-i  mostly  more  or  less  obliiiue  :  anthers  linear.     Wlout  biennials  or  perennials. 
+t  Flowers  white  to  purjile  :  anthei-s  sagittate. 

9.  Caulanthus.     Petals  with  a  broad  claw,  somewhat  dilated  above  and  undulate,  little  longer 

than  the  broad  scjials,  usually  jiurple.     Filaments  included.     Stigma  nearly  sessile,  some- 
what 'i-lobed.     Pod  sessile,  3  inches  long  ur  moie. 

10.  Thely podium.     Petals  with  narrow  claw  and  flat  linear  to  rounded  limb,  much  exceeding 

the  nariow  sepals,  white  or  rose-color.      Filaments  often  e.xserted.     Style  short  ;  stigma 
mostly  entire.     I'od  shorter,  sessile  or  short-stipitate. 

+t  +t  Flowers  yellow. 

11.  Stanley  a.     Pod   somewhat   terete,    long-stipitate.      Stigma  sessile,    entire.     Anthers   not 

siigittate,  spirally  coiled.     Leaves  petioled,  entire  or  pinnatifid. 

12.  Erybiinum.      Pod   4-angled,    .sessile.      Stigma   2-lobed.      Anthers   sagittate,    not   coiled. 

Leaves  narrow,  entire  or  reitandly  toothed. 

+-  +-  Pod  linear,  mostly  less  than  an  inch  long,  more  or  less  -l-angled  ;  valves  1  -  8-nerved  : 
seeds  glol)Ose  to  oblong,  smaller  and  less  flattened,  in  one  row  {exce|)t  one  species  of 
iSiij/mbrium):  anthers  oolong  to  linear-oblong  :  flowers  yellow  (white  in  Smelowsliia)  :  at 
least  the  lower  leaves  pinnatifid. 

13.  Brassica.     Pod  nearly  terete,  with  a  long  stout  beak.     Seed  globose  ;  cotyledons  infolding 

the  radicle.     Anthers  long,  sagittate. 

14.  Barbarea.     Pod  pointed,  somewhat  4-angled.     Seeds  oblong;  cotyledons  nearly  accumbent. 

Anthers  short,  oblong.     Leaves  lyrately  pinnatifid.     A  smooth  marsh  perennial. 

15.  Sisymbrium.     Pod  nearly  terete,  short-iiointed  or  obtuse.     Seeds  small,  oblong;  cotyle- 

dons incumbent.     Anthei-a  linear-oblong,  sagittate.     Mostly  annual,  often  with  finely  dis- 
sected leaves. 

16.  Smelo\vskia.      Pod  short,    4-anglod,   pointed  at  each  end.      Flowers  white  or  pinkish. 

Alpine  perennials  with  narrowly  i)innatifid  leaves  ;  otherwise  as  iiisi/)nbrii(m. 

-1-  -H  -t-  Pod  oblong-cylindrie  to  globose;  valves  strongly  convex,  nerveless:  seeds  in  2  rows; 
cotyledons  accumbent. 

17.  Nasturtium.     Pod  oblong  or  short-linear.     Flowers  white  or  yellow.     Smooth  or  somewhat 

hispid. 

18.  Vesicaria.     Pod  ovate  to  globose.      Seed  flattened.     Flowers  yellow.      Densely  stellate- 

canescent. 

♦  ♦    ♦    Pod  more  or  less  obcomi)ressed,  i.  e.  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  which  is  narrower 

tlian  the  valves  :  seeds  not  winged. 

-H  Valves  1-nerved  or  obtusely  carinate,  not  winged  :  cells  several-seeded  :  cotyledons  incunibent  : 
flowers  white  (or  yellow  in  2'ro2)idocarp^u7n). 

19.  Subularia.     Pod  ovoid,  slightly  obcom pressed.     A  dwarf  stemless  aquatic,  smooth,  with 

tufted  subulate  leaves. 

20.  Tropidocarpum.     Pod  linear,  often  1  -celled  by  the  disappearance  of  the  narrow  partition. 

Slender  hirsute  annuals  with  j)innatitid  leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 

21.  Capsella.     Pod   obcordate   or  oblong,   much   compressed,    many-seeded  ;    valves   carinate. 

Nearly  smooth  annuals. 

+■  4-  Vnlvos  acutely  x'liinato  or  winged  :  cells  few-  (1  -5-)  seeded  :  cotyledons  accumbont  and 
flowers  while  (or  in  JajhiHuiil  cotyledons  mostly  incumbent  und  in  one  species  the  flowers 
yellow). 

22.  Lyrocarpa.      Pod    fiddle-shaped,    flattened,    somewhat    acutely    carinate  ;    cells    6-seeded. 

Pubescent  annuals. 

23.  Thlaspi.     Pod   cuneate-oblong ;    valves   sharply   carinate  ;   cells    2-4  seeded.     A   smooth 

alpine  perennial  ;  leaves  entire. 

24.  Lepidium.     Pod  orbicular  or  obovate,  2-winged  at  the  summit ;  cells  1  -  2-seeded. 

-1-  -t-  -f-  Valves  inflated,   nerveless  :  cells  several-seeded  :  cotyledons  accumbent  :  flowers  yellow. 


Drnhn  CRUCIFER/K.  27 

25.  Physaria.     Pod  iliilymous  ;  ci-lls  nenily  glolniliir.      StPllatP-cannsccnt  i>orpnnials,  with  entire 

loiivos. 

II.    I'od  of  2  inilcliisccnt  itUs,  sp|mrnting  at  maturity  fmiii  tlio  persistent  axis. 

26.  Senebiera.     Oils  small,  gloIx)se,  rugose  or  tiiliorcwlate.     Sceij  turgid  ;  cotyledons  incum- 

bent.     Flowers  white,  minute,  in  racemes  opposite  to  the  pinnatilid  leave-s. 

27.  Biscutella.     Cells  flat,  nearly  orbicnlnr.     Seeaa  flat.     Flowers  rather  large.     Stigma  dilated 

01-  ctinical,  neaily  sessile. 

III.    Pod  indelii.s<cnt,  l-celled  or  transversely  jointed. 

28.  Thysanocarpufl.      Pod   small,    plano-convox,    nrhiiMilnr,    wingi-il   or   margined,    l-seoded. 

Slender  nnnuais. 
20.  RaphanuB.     Pod    elongated,    terete   or    neeklare-form,    attenuated    alx)ve,    several-seeded. 
L'oarso  introduced  annuals  or  biennials. 

1.  PLATYSPERMUM,  Hook. 
Pod  orbicular,  flat,  witli  flat  mn-velcsa  valves  and  hyaliiio  partition.  Seeds  few, 
orbicular,  flat  and  broadly  margined  with  a  thin  wing;  cotyledons  accumbent. 
Sopal.*!  o([ual,  sproadiiig.  Potal.s  obovate,  scarroly  clawed.  —  A  low  dolicato  annual  ; 
with  radical  .^siiniilo  or  pinnatilid  leaves,  and  several  slender  I-flowerod  scapes  ; 
flowers  small,  white. 

1.  P.  scapigerum,  Hook.  rtlabmus  :  leaves  usually  runcinately  pinnatilid: 
scapes  2  to  3  in(;hes  high  :  flowers  erect  or  nodding  :  pod  8-  12-seeded.  —  FI.  i.  68, 
t.  18. 

On  dry  hillsides  in  the  .sliado  of  larger  plants,  in  early  spring  ;  of  short  duration.  Sierra  Co. 
{Lemmon) ;  Stcanilmnt  Springs,  Nevada  {IfaLwn)  ;  and  northward  to  the  Columhiiu 

2.    ALYSSUM,  Tourn. 

Pod  oval  or  orbicular,  compressed  ;  valves  convex  and  nerveless.     Seeds  I  or  2 

in    each  cell ;    cotyledons   accumbent.      Sepals   equal.      Petals   white   or   yellow. 

Longer  filaments  often  toothed.  —  Low  herbs,  stellate-canesccnt,  mostly  with  simple 

leaves. 

A  large  genus  of  the  Eastern  Continent,  a  few  of  its  species  widely  naturalized  weeds  or  readily 
escaping  from  cultivation. 

1.  A.  calycinum,  Linn.  Annunl,  l)ranc]iing  from  tlie  roof,  flie  stems  mostly 
simple,  decunilient  at  base,  ^  to  1  foot  high:  leaves  entire,  linear-sj)atulatc,  6  to  12 
lines  long  :  flowers  small,  in  slender  racemes,  tlio  white  or  pale  yellow  petals  but 
little  exceeding  the  short  sepals  :  pods  orbicular,  with  a  thin  margin,  slightly  emar- 
ginate  above,  1^  lines  in  diameter,  a  little  exceeding  the  persistent  sepals,  pubescent, 
4-seeded,  on  spreading  pedicels  a  line  long  :  stylo  half  a  lino  long. 

A  native  of  Southern  Europe,  sparingly  naturalized  about  the  Ray  of  San  Franeiseo. 

2.  A.  maritimum,  Linn.  Perennial,  somewhat  cnnescent  with  appressed  silky 
hairs,  the  numerous  stems  branching,  a  foot  higli  or  less,  a.srendiug  or  decumbent : 
leaves  lanreniatc-spatulate,  entire  :  flowers  2  lines  long,  the  broad  white  petals  twice 
longer  than  the  deciduous  sepals :  ])od  orbicular,  a  line  broad,  nearly  smooth, 
pointed  with  the  slender  style,  2-seeded  :  pedicels  slender,  3  to  4  lines  long,  spread- 
ing horizontally. 

Often  cultivated  for  its  fragrant  flowers  under  the  name  of  Stveel  Afyssunu     Native  about  th« 

Mediterranean  ;  sparingly  naturalized  near  O.iklnnd. 

3.    DRABA,   Linn 
Pod  oval  to  oblong  or  linear,  flat  ;  valves  nearly  flat,  nerveless  or  faintly  1 -nerved. 
Seeds  few  to  many,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  wingles.s ;  cotyledons  ac^-umbent.    Sepals 


28 


CUUCIFERyE.  Draba. 


equal.  Filaments  niostly  flattened,  without  teeth.  Anthers  rounded  or  oval.  — 
Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs  ;  witli  entire  or  toothed  leaves  and  wliite  or  yellow 
flowers. 

A  large  genus,  of  nearly  a  lunulicd  or  more  six^cios,  mostly  inhahituiits  of  eool  climates,  and 
many  al|>inn  or  anlic.  Tlio  limits  of  many  of  llm  spuoics  aru  with  tlilliuiilly  (It'tim'tl,  and  auliior- 
ilit'H  (liller  miii'li  in  llich'  vIowh  roN|i(icling  lliom. 

*  Annual  or  biennial,  ivith  leafi/  stems:  petals  nsuallt/  emanjinate. 

1.  D.  cuneifolia,  Nutt.  Hirsute-pubescent  throughout  with  branching  hairs  : 
stems  usually  bnincliing  at  base,  3  to  G  inches  high,  lealy  below  or  i)nly  at  base  : 
leaves  obovato  or  sj)atulato  with  a  narrow  or  cuneate  base,  A  to  1  inch  long,  spar- 
ingly toothed  toward  the  a{»ex  :  petals  white,  1  Ji  to  2  lines  long,  twice  ns  long  as 
the  sepals  :  pod  linear-ol^long,  3  to  (i  lines  long,  acutish,  somewhat  pubtiscent  with 
short  ascending  hairs,  on  spreading  pedicels  1  lo  3  lines  k)ng  :  style  none. —  'I'orr. 
&  Gray,  I'l.  i.  108. 

Frequent  e.ist  of  the  Colorado  to  Texas  and  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Reduied  specimens  were 
collected  at  Los  Angeles  by  Gambcl,  and  a  more  doubtful  form  by  Brciccr  in  the  Temescal  Moun- 
tains, near  the  tin  mines.  The  latter  specimens  are  scarcely  an  inch  high,  tiie  leaves  obovate- 
spatulate,  only  two  lines  long  and  entire,  the  llowcrs  smaller  (a  line  long),  and  the  young  capsule 
broader  in  proportion  and  glabrous. 

2.  D.  Stenoloba,  Ledeb.  Somewhat  villous  with  spreading  hairs,  glabrous 
above:  stems  erect,  slender,  4  to  12  inches  high,  with  divergent  or  decumbent 
brandies  from  near  the  base  :  lea\'es  oblanceolate,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  rather  thin, 
acute,  rarely  and  sparingly  toothed,  ciliate  and  slightly  villous-pubescent ;  the 
cauline  few  and  sessile:  petals  bright  or  pale  yellow,  1  to  U  lines  long,  half  longer 
than  the  calyx,  obtuse  :  pod  linear,  3  to  5  lines  long,  acute  at  eacli  end,  glabrous, 
in  an  elongated  raceme,  on  spreading  scattered  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long  :  style 
mme.  —  Fl.  IJoss.  i.  154.     D.  nemorusa,  var.  lutea,  Watson,  Dot.  King  Exp.  22. 

Dry  soils  in  tho  Sierra  Nevada,  at  7,000  to  ]u,000  feet  altitude,  from  Yosoniito  Valley  and 
Mono  I'ass  (Jlrcion;  (h-tii/)  to  Donner  I'ass  {Greene),  and  eastward  in  the  Wahsatcli  and  Uintus 
( /r«/sL»)i)  aiul  Colorado.  ltap]iearsto  be  idcntii-al  with  the  original  Unalaschkan  form,  it  is 
readily  distinguished  iVoni  P.  neinorosii,  with  whicii  it  has  hcen  confounded  and  which  is  frequent 
in  tho  moiuitains  from  Washingtt)n  Territory  to  ('olorado,  by  its  thinner,  narrower  and  more 
entire  leaves  and  its  shorter  pedicels. 

*   *   Biennial  or  j^erennial. 

+-  Stems  leafy. 

3.  D.  aurea,  Vahl.  Bieiniial,  more  or  less  canescently  stellate-pubescfuit  and 
usually  somewhat  villous  with  braiudiing  hairs  :  stems  3  to  18  inches  high,  solitary 
or  several  from  the  same  root,  sim[)le  or  branched,  leafy  :  leaves  oblanceolate  and 
petioled,  ^  to  2  inches  long,  tho  u])per  sessile  and  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  acute, 
entire  or  sometimes  si)aringly  toothed  :  petals  yellow  turning  to  white,  twice  longer 
than  the  calyx,  rountled  at  tho  apex  or  emarginate  :  pod  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  G 
lines  long,  attenuate  upward  into  the  short  style,  pubendent,  often  somewhat 
twisted.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  14G0.     Hook.  Lot.  iMag.  t.  2934. 

In  the  Rocky  Mountains  fiom  Colorado  to  British  America.  Specimens  collected  by  Brewer 
on  Mt.  Dana  at  12,000  feet  altitude,  anil  by  Leniinon  farther  north  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  must 
apparently  be  referred  here  though  they  have  more  of  a  nerennial  habit  than  is  usual  in  tho  spe- 
cies. Their  basal  leaves  are  densely  crowded,  and  tho  wliole  plant,  including  the  pods,  densely 
stellate-pubescent. 

+-  +-   Stems  naked  and  scape-like  above  the  base,  few-Jiowered. 

4.  D.  crassifolia,  Graham.  Biennial  or  i)erennial  (sometimes  apparently  annual), 
glabrous  :  stems  slender,  1  to  5  inches  high,  solitary  or  few  from  a  very  short  and 
nearly  simple  rootstock  :  leaves  rosulate,  thin.  Hat,  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  linear, 
^  to  1  inch  long,  rarely  with  1  or  2  lateml  teeth,  more  or  less  ciliate  with  long  hairs : 


Deiihtria.  CUUCMFKILK.  29 

petals  yellow,  about  a  lino  long,  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx  :  porls  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  3  to  4  lines  long,  on  pedicels  noarly  as  long,  in  an  elongated  raceme ; 
style  none. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Kl.  i.  100.  />.  ./o/whhj.s,  (!niy,  Am.  .lour.  .Sci.  xx.viii.  242, 
At.  Pcicgoy's,  above  Yosemite  Valley,  at  7,000  feet  altitude,  Graij.  Uather  frequent  in  the 
Rocky  Mountaina  from  Colorado  to  lat.  57°.  Near  D.  Uu-.teji  (referred  to  D.  androsdcca),  but  less 
cespitose  and  without  the  short  style  which  is  found  in  that  species. 

5.  D.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Glaucous  :  scajjcs  numerous  from  a  mucli-bi-anched 
leafy  caudex,  [)ul)eHcent,  ^  to  1  ^  inches  high,  corymhosely  (lowered:  leaves  below 
ovate,  the  uppermost  obovato  or  spatulate,  1  to  2  lines  long,  entire,  glabrous  or  some- 
what pubescent  with  simple  hairs,  hispidly  ciliate :  petals  white,  2  lines  long,  exceed- 
ing the  rather  Heshy  nearly  glabrous  broad  and  obtuse  sei)als  :  pod  ovate-oblong, 
acutisii  at  each  end,  Ijcaked  with  the  slcMuler  style,  puberulent,  2  lines  long  ;  cells 
2-ovuled.  —  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  328  ;  Watson,  13ot.  King  JCxp.  22. 

South  of  Carson  City,  Nevada  {Amlcrson)  ;  on  Mount  Davidson  {Watson);  Sierra  Valley 
{Ij^mmon)  ;  and  by  Doiiif/as,  probably  still  farther  to  the  north. 

G.  D.  eurycarpa,  Gray.  Tomonto.se  with  stellate  hairs:  scapes  few-llowered,  1 
to  2  inches  higii  :  leaves  rosulato,  spatulate,  entire,  4  to  8  lines  long  :  i)od  ovate,  5 
to  10  lines  long,  atnito  and  beaked  with  the  long  slender  stylo;  ovules  mther 
numerous  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  520. 

On  a  dry  summit  near  Sonora  Piuss,  at  11,500  feet  altitude,  Dir.wr.r.  Known  only  from  fruit- 
ing specimens  that  have  slied  their  seeds. 

7.  D.  alpina,  Linn.  Densely  cespitose  and  much  branched,  more  or  less  stel- 
lately  pubescent  and  villous  :  scapes  |  to  fi  inches  high  :  leaves  crowded  at  the  base, 
spatulate  or  ol)lanceolate,  2  to  9  lines  long,  ciliate,  notcarinate:  flowers  large,  yellow; 
petals  1^  to  2^  lines  long,  much  exceeding  the  broad  obtuse  sepals:  ]»od  ovate  to 
oblong-elliptical,  2  to  3  lines  long,  acute  and  beaked  with  the  short  thick  style  ; 
cells  4-  10-ovuled.  — Kegel,  Fl.  Ost-Sib.  i.  181  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  20. 

Var.  algida,  Kegel.  Pubescence  villous,  not  stellate  :  leaves  mostly  small  and 
sjjatulate,  strongly  ciliate,  not  carinate  :  style  slightly  longer.  —  Fl.  Ost-Sib.  i.  183. 
D.  algida,  Adams;  DG.  Pro<lr.  i.  1G7. 

Var.  glacialis,  Dickie.  Dwarf  :  leaves  more  rigid,  linear  or  narrowly  oblanceo- 
late,  more  or  less  strongly  carinate,  and  stellate-pubescent,  not  ciliate  :  pod  short- 
ovato,  pubescent. — Jour.  Linn.  Hoc.  xi.  33.     1).  r/lan'n/is,  Adam.s,  1.  c. 

The  tyi)ical  Old  World  form,  which  occurs  also  in  Greenland,  has  rather  larpe  and  broad  leaves, 
not  carinate,  slightly  stellate-pubescent,  ciliate,  the  scn])o  and  pedicels  somewhat  hairy  ;  po<l 
ovate,  smooth,  beaked  with  a  short  style.  Tiiis  has  not  l)ecn  collected  in  California,  though  forms 
nearly  appnwchinj:;  it  are  found  in  the  mountains  oast  and  northward.  Var.  algidn  occurs  on  Mt. 
Dana  and  other  peaks  about  the  head  of  the  South  Fork  of  King's  Uivcr,  nt  13,000  feet  altitude 
(Brewer),  and  in  the  Uinta  Mountains  {U'ntson),  as  well  as  on  the  Arctic  Coast.  Var.  glacialis 
is  somewhat  common  on  high  peaks  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  in  the  mountains  eastwanl.  A  still 
more  extreme  form  is  found  on  the  dry  summit  of  Silver  Mountain  at  11,000  feet  altitude  (Brarrr) 
and  in  the  Kast  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada  (  H'ntxim)  ;  very  dwarf  and  densely  cespitose;  the 
very  .short  linear  leaves  appressed,  strongly  carinate  and  ciliate,  but  otherwise  glabrous  ;  the  short 
scajjos  and  small  orbicular  pods  liirsutc 

4.    DENTARIA,  binn. 

Pod  linear,  stout,  with  a  thickened  margin,  and  attenuate  above  into  the  elongated 
style  ;  valves  flat,  nerveless.  Reeds  in  one  row,  turgid,  wingless  ;  cotyleilons  peti- 
oled,  the  margins  somewhat  infolding  each  other.  Sepals  ecpml.  Petals  large,  long- 
clawed,  white  or  purplish.  —  Low  perennials,  gl,ibr()us  or  nearly  so  ;  stems  simple, 
from  horizontal  fleshy  rootstocks  or  small  tubers,  usually  with  1  or  2  long-petioled 
compound  radical  leaves ;  cauline  leaves  2  or  3,  approximate  near  the  top,  petioled, 
simple  or  compouinl  ;  raceme  short,  few-flowered. 


30 


CRUCIFER.E.  Dtutariu. 


A  genus  of  about  half  a  dozen  North  American  species,  and  as  many  more  of  Europe  and 
Northern  Asia.  Referred  to  Carduiniiie  by  lienthani  k  Hooker,  but  of  peculiar  habit  and  more 
conveniently  kept  distinct. 

1.  D.  tenella,  Pmsli.  Rootstock  inteirupteil,  of  elongated  and  soniewliat  scaly 
jointa  :  stem  U  to  10  inches  liigli,  with  a  jjair  of  leaves  (rarely  1  or  3)  near  the  top, 
which  are  often  puberulent,  shortly  petioled,  palniately  or  pinnately  2 -5-parted; 
the  lobes  narrowly  oblong  or  linear,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  obtnse,  often  inucronate, 
entire  or  in  tlie  lower  leaf  rarely  sin\iate  ;  railical  leaves  said  to  be  simple,  roundish, 
about  o-lobed  :  tlowers  white  or  rose-colored,  3  to  6  lines  long,  on  slender  pedicels  : 
fruit  unknown.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  87.     I),  (euui/olia,  Ilook.  Fl.  i.  4G,  not  Led. 

Indian  Valley,  Plunuia  Co.,  Mrs.  M.  E.  Pulsifcr  Ames.  Northward  to  Vancouver  Island  and 
Lower  Frascr  lUver,  Mciizicx,  Natlall,  Li/n/l. 

D.  M.\CKocAiU'A,  Nutt.,  of  Oregon,  is  only  knov?n  from  Nuttall's  description,  drawn  from  a 
single  specimen.  It  is  described  us  having  a  tuberous  root,  the  radical  leaf  with  3  niuiform  lobed 
leallets  ;  cauline  leaf  a-parted,  the  segments  entire,  obtuse  ;  pod  very  long,  with  cuspidate  style 
and  capitate  stigma. 

5.   CARDAMINE,  Linn. 

Pod  linear,  with  somewhat  thickened  margins,  merely  pointed  or  beaked  above ; 
valves  Hat,  nerveless.  Seeds  in  one  row,  somewhat  flattened,  wingless  ;  cotyledons 
Hat,  accumbent.  Sepals  equal.  Petals  white  or  pur[)lish.  —  Mostly  perennials,  grow- 
ing in  moist  or  wet  places,  usually  with  running  rootstocks  or  small  tubers ;  stems 
leafy;  leaves  (in  our  species)  all  jietioled,  simple  or  pinnate  ;  raceme  elongated. 

A  rather  large  genus,  inhabiting  the  temperate  and  cooler  regions  of  all  (piarters  of  the 
globe. 

*  Leaves  pinnate  with  several  pairs  of  small  leaflets. 

1.  C.  Gambelii,  Watson.  Perennial,  glabrous  throughout,  erect,  about  a  foot 
and  a  half  high  :  leaflets  4  to  6  pairs,  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  sessile,  entire  or  spar- 
ingly toothed,  acute,  3  to  I'J  lines  loug  :  llowers  white,  (ju  slemler  pedicels:  petals 
4  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  the  sepals  :  pods  narrowly  linear,  usceniling,  an  inch 
long,  equalling  the  strongly  deflected  pedicels :  beak  slender,  a  line  long.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  147. 

Collected  near  Santa  Barbara  by  Gambel,  and  recently  by  Dr.  J.  T.  Rut.hrock,  of  Lieut.  G.  ^L 
Wheeler's  Survey,  in  the  same  region,  it  much  resembles  C.  pi-akubis,  Linn.,  a  species  confined 
to  colder  noitliein  latitudes,  ranging  from  the  northern  border  States  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  but 
dilfeis  especially  in  the  sessile  leallets  and  in  the  divaricate  pedicels,  which  are  horizontal  or  even 
more  reilexed.  A  very  similar  form,  but  somewhat  pubescent,  has  been  collected  by  Bourgcau 
near  the  city  of  Mexico. 

2.  C.  oligosperma,  Nutt.  Annual,  somewliat  hairy  or  very  nearly  glabrous  : 
steams  weak  and  slender,  3  to  10  inches  high  :  leaves  all  pinnate  ;  leaflets  small,  3 
to  5  pairs,  roundish,  1  to  6  lines  in  diameter,  often  obtusely  3  — 5-lobed,  i)etiolulate  : 
jietals  white,  1  to  1^  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx  :  pods  few,  somewhat 
approximate,  6  to  9  lines  long  by  half  a  line  broad,  attenuate  into  the  short  style, 
erect ;  cells  about  8-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  85. 

In  shaded  places  from  the  lower  Sacramento  to  Fraser  River  ;  perhaps  also  to  Sitka. 

C.  IIIRSUTA,  Linn.,  which  is  comiiiou  from  Oregon  northward  to  Alaska  and  eastward  across 
the  continent,  may  be  found  in  Northern  California,  especially  the  more  slender  var.  sylvatica, 
Gray.  It  may  be  known  from  the  last  Ijy  its  rather  stouter  habit,  leaflets  sessile  and  larger  and 
usually  more  or  less  oblong,  llowers  a  little  larger,  and  pods  in  a  longer  raceme,  narrower,  and 
with  more  numerous  seeds. 

*  *  Leaflets  few,  larger :  perennials,  usually  smooth. 

3.  C.  paucisecta,  Benth.  Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent  :  stems  from  small 
deep-seated   tubers,   rather  stout,  erect,  10  to  18  inches  high,  simple  or  branched 


Arahis.  CRUCIFER/E.  31 

above:  lowor  leaves  often  simple,  sn])cor(late-orl)ieular,  1  to  2^  iiiclies  broad,  5-7- 
nerved,  repaiid  ;  the  iipjxT  deeply  lobcd  or  ])iiinately  r)-f(jliolate,  the  leaflets  ovate  to 
oblong,  more  or  less  irregidarly  toothed  or  entire  :  petals  6  to  9  lines  long,  white  or 
pinkish:  pods  1  to  1^  incluis  long,  as  many  lines  wide,  pointed  at  each  end  and 
tipped  with  a  style  1  to  H  lines  long:  pedicels  spreading,  ^  to  1  ^  inches  long. — 
PI,  Ilartw.  297.  C.  purpurea,  Torr.  <t  Gray,  Fl.  i.  6G7.  Dentaria  interjrifolia  <fe 
Californica,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  88.  C.  anr/ulata,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  11.  Rep. 
iv.  65,  &c. 

In  the  Const  Rnnpps  fioni  Snii  Diego  to  Mendocino  County.  Specimens  Imve  nlso  l)ccn  received 
from  tlie  noitliern  Sierra  Nevada  (Mm.  Ames,  Ijfmmnn,  he),  winch  nppenr  to  Iwlong  to  tliis  spe- 
cies, thou<;h  in  the  early  state  with  nil  the  habit,  of  a  Dentaria.  Tlie  talkers,  as  usual,  liave  a 
pungent  taste,  and  the  leaves  arc  often  marked  witli  purjile. 

4.  C.  Brcweri,  Watson.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  at  base  :  stems  from  a 
running  rootstock,  flcxuous,  decumbent  at  base,  6  to  18  incbes  high,  usually 
simple  :  leaflets  1  or  2  pairs,  rounded  or  oblong,  the  terminal  much  tlie  largest,  ^  to 
an  inch  or  more  long,  entire  or  coarsely  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed,  obtuse,  often  cor- 
date at  base;  radical  leaves  mostly  simple  and  cordate-reniform  :  petals  2  lines  long, 
white  :  pods  8  to  15  linos  long,  obtuse  or  scarcely  beaked  with  a  short  style,  ascend- 
ing on  pedicels  3  to  4  linos  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  3.'VJ. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Sunora  Pass  northward  (^Brewer,  Anderson)  ;  Oregon  {Hall),  and  in 
the  mountains  eastward  to  Wyoming. 

C.  ANf.ULATA,  Hook.,  and  C.  couniFoi.iA,  C.ray,  Iwth  of  tliis  proup,  are  found  in  Oregon  and 
may  reach  the  northern  limits  of  tlic  State.  The  first  has  till  .slender  siniplo  stcn)s  ;  leaves  all 
ternate,  the  leaflets  cuneate-ovato  or  -oblong,  with  3  or  rarely  5  lobes  or  coarse  teeth  ;  flowers  few, 
white,  3  to  4  lines  long,  on  slender  ascending  pedicels  ;  pods  short.  The  latter  is  stouter,  with 
simple  cordate-orbicular  or  -ovate  leaves,  the  margin  sinuate  ;  flowers  white,  4  to  G  lines  long  ; 
pods  an  inch  long,  attenuate  above,  on  rather  short  pedicels.  This  species  ranges  to  Colorado  and 
Now  Mexico.     Both  have  ranning  rootstocks. 

6.  ARABIS,  Linn. 
Pod  linear,  flattened  ;  valves  1-nerved,  not  strongly.  Seeds  in  one  or  two  rows, 
flattened  and  usually  winged ;  cotyledons  accumbent.  Sepals  short  or  narrow, 
rarely  colored.  Petals  with  a  narrow  claw  and  flat  blade,  white,  rose-colored,  or 
purple.  Anthers  short,  ovate  or  oblong,  scarcely  emarginato  at  base.  Stigma 
entire  or  somewhat  2-lobed. —  Krcct,  with  perpendicular  root.s,  and  undivided  leaves, 
the  cauline  sessile  and  usually  clasping  and  auricled  at  base. 

A  large  genus  of  perhaps  100  species,  most  abundant  in  Europe  and  Northern  Asia.  There 
are  20  or  more  species  in  North  America. 

*    Annual:  pod  rejlexed,  long-beaked  :  leaves  narrowed  at  base. 

1.  A.  longirostris,  Watson.  Glabrous,  glaucous,  slender,  a  foot  high  or  more, 
branched  :  radical  leaves  ovate-spatulate,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  ;  the  cauline 
linear-lanceolate,  an  inch  long  :  racemes  loo.se  ;  flowers  smalli  iVw.  light  pink  ;  petals 
IJ  lines  long,  narrow,  a  littl(^  exceeding  the  calyx  :  pods  U  to  2  inches  long,  pen- 
dent on  short  pedicels  ;  beak  3  lines  long,  narrow  :  seeds"  in  one  row,  narrowly 
winged.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  17,  t.  2. 

In  alkaline  soil  in  the  valleys  of  N.  W.  Nevada,  and  on  the  islands  in  Salt  Lake  ( /f'rt/.wn) ; 
S.  Utah,  Parry:  doubtless  in  Northeastern  California. 

*   *    Biennials  :  pods  s(raifj/i(,  sfrirl/i/  rrert,  nnrrmr/;/  linear :  jJowers  srwil/,  while  or 

nearli/  .so. 

2.  A.  perfoliata,  Lam.  (Jlancous:  stem  stout,  usually  simple,  2  to  4  feet  high, 
mostly  glal)rnu'<  but  often  somewhat  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs  toward  the  base  : 
lower  leaves  spatnlate,  2  to  4  inches   long,   sinuatc-pinnatitid   or  toothed,  ciliate  at 


32 


UJiUClFEKvE. 


leiist  on  the  petioles ;  the  caiiline  entire,  uvale  or  iJViite-laneeolutt;,  clasping  by  the 
sagittate  base  :  putala  2  to  3  lines  long,  little  exceeding  the  sepals  :  pods  erect  uiid 
usually  ai)pressed,  2  to  -i  inches  long,  less  than  a  lino  wide,  nearly  straight,  ou  ped- 
icels 3  to  4  lines  long;  style  sliort ;  stigma  li-lobed  :  seeds  in  two  rows,  narrowly 
winged  or  Avingless.  -  Tarritis  ijlairu,  i.inn.,  aiitl  T,  m(icn>r((r/-a,  Is'ul.l.  ;  Torr.  it 
tiray,  I'l.  i.  78. 

In  the  mountains  IVoni  Sun  Diego  to  the  British  Boundary  and  northward,  and  east  across  the 
continent  ;  also  in  Europe  and  N.  Asia. 

A.  JiiHSUTA,  Scop.,  has  not  been  certainly  found  in  California,  but  is  frequent  in  the  I'oluuibia 
Valley  and  northward,  and  also  east  to  Colorado  and  the  Atlantic.  Jt  is  usually  more  skndi  r 
and  hii-sute  than  the  last,  1  to  2  feet  hij,di,  the  stems  often  clustered  and  with  sIliuUt  .strict 
branches  iibove  ;  leaves  often  rosulate  at  the  bu.sc,  1  Ui  2  inches  long,  tho  cauline  ovale  to  olilong 
or  lanceolate  ;  pod  shorter,  1  to  2  inches  long,  narrower,  the  wingless  seeds  strii:lly  in  one  row. 

A.  sPAinuLAiA,  Nutt.,  is  another  nearly  allied  species,  but  little  known,  which  may  occur 
in  the  State,  having  been  found  in  Oregon  and  W.  Kcvada  (if  No.  G7  Jrutsoii  be  correctly 
referred  to  it).  It  a[ipears  to  be  a  low  .slender  plant,  much  like  snudl  forms  of  yt.  liimalu,  but 
with  fewer  leaves,  those  ujion  the  stem  scattered  and  entire  ;  peilicels  s)>reading  ;  jiods  still 
narrower,  less  than  an  inch  long,  beaked  with  a  nariow  style. 

*   *   *   Mostly  pei-ennials :  pods   erect   or  asceuding :  flowers   viostly  larger,    deeper 

colored. 

3.  A.  Lyallii,  Watson.  Bright  green  or  glaucous  and  glabi'ous,  or  usually 
Komewlnit  ^Mllons  below  with  spreading  hairs,  especially  on  the  nnirgin  of  tbo  peti- 
oles, rarely  more  or  less  canescent  with  stellate  pubescenco  :  stems  slender  I'rom  a 
branching  perennial  base,  2  to  15  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  on  slender 
petioles,  acute,  entire  ;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate,  clasping  and  sagittate  at  base  : 
petals  liglit  pink,  about  3  lines  long,  twice  long*!r  than  the  sepals  :  style  none  :  ])ods 
straight,  narrowly  linear,  1  to  3  inches  long  :  seeds  in  2  rows,  narrowly  winged.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  122.   A.  Druinmondii,  var.  alpina,  Watson,  liot.  King  Exp.  18. 

In  the  high  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mono  Pass  to  Washington  Terntory,  and  also  eastward  to 
Utah  and  W.  "Wyoming  ;  often  aljiine  and  dwarf.  A  somewhat  variable  subal])ine  and  alpine 
si)ecies,  distinguished  by  its  perennial  root  from  ^/.  iJrinirinondii,  which  seems  not  to  occur  west 
of  the  Eocky  Mountains. 

A.  canilSckns,  Nutt.,  of  the  mountains  in  K.  Nevada  and  Wyoming,  is  like  smaller  forms  of 
A.  Lyallii,  but  is  densely  stellatc-tomento.se,  the  somewhat  broader  pods  refle.xed  and*  often 
secund,  and  the  seeds  in  one  row  and  more  broadly  winged. 

4.  A.  platysperma,  CJray.  Canescent  with  a  sliort  stellate  pubescence  :  stems 
several  from  a  perennial  base,  slender,  4  to  1  2  inclie.s  high  :  leaves  entire,  the  lower 
oblanceolate  or  spatuiate,  an  inch  long ;  the  cauline  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  but 
not  auricled  at  base,  4  to  10  lines  long  :  i)etals  rose-eolore«l,  2  to  3  lines  long  :  pods 
straight,  erect,  1  to  2  inches  long  and  2  lines  wide,  acuminate,  without  style, 
loosely  reticulated  :  seeds  in  one  row,  with  a  broad  tliiu  wing.  — Proc  Am.  Acad. 
vi.  519  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  IG. 

Alpine  or  subalpine  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  tlie  Yosemite  to  Mt.  Shasta  ;  in  the  East  Hum- 
boldt Mountains,  Nevada,    IVatson. 

5.  A.  blepbarophylla,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Smooth  or  slightly  villous,  tlu)  stems 
often  tuft(;d,  4  to  1  2  inches  higli  :  leaves  strongly  ciliate,  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate- 
toothed,  the  lower  obovate  or  broadly  spatuiate,  1  to  2  inclu's  long,  the  cauline 
oblong,  sessile,  obtuse*  or  acutish  :  llowers  large  ;  sepals  generally  colored  ;  petals 
bright  purple,  G  to  9  lines  long:  ]»ods  1  to  1|  inches  long  and  as  many  lines  broad, 
beaked  with  the  short  stout  style,  loosely  spreading  :  seeds  in  one  row,  a  line  in 
diameter,  wingless  or  narrowly  margined.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  321  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6087. 

On  low  hills  near  the  coast,  from  San  Francisco  to  Monterey.  Blooming  in  early  spring  and 
"  superb  in  cultivation." 

6.  A.  repanda,  W^atson.  liiennial,  pubescent  especially  below  with  loose 
branched   hairs  :  stem  rather  stout  and  coarse,  2  feet  high,  and   with  the  apreading 


Streplnnlhus.  i'KVA'WVMM.  oo 

l.niucl.os  s„.uewl,H(  fLxnous  :  l.-avi-s  obIanceolut«,  W  to  4  inches  Ion",  obtuse 
coarsoly  sumate-tootl.o.l,  attenuate  to  a  winded  suhclasping  base,  on  tlio  branchw 
narrower  and  acutish  :  calyx  j.nbescent,  8n,newhat  n.eniljranaceou.s  1  to  U  lines 
ong  the  pinkish  petals  a  little  longer:  pods  3  inches  long,  a  line  wide,  ascending 
lalcate,  somewhat  pubescent,  tii.ped  with  a  very  short  stylo  :  seeds  in  cue  row 
broadly  winged. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  122.  ' 

Yosoinito  Vnllcy,  Bolandcr,  ii.  4881.     A  wcll-innrked  spcie.s. 


*    *    « 


even 


Mvsib/  peirnuinis  :  poJs  iisualh,  cnrvr,/,  more  ur  /rss  rrjlcxcl,  or  arcuate 
(/oirniran/ :  sfi/fe  none:  seedn  in  1  or  2  roirx. 
A.  Holboellii,IIonieni.  More  or  les.s  stellate-])ubescent,  nirely  hirsute  or 
glal.n.us:  stem  erect,  ^  to  2  feet  high,  simple  or  branching:  lower  lea'ves 
spatuiate,  (Mitirc  or  denticulate ;  caulinc  oblong-lanceolate,  sagittate  and  cla-spine  at 
ba.se,  I  to  1  incli  long  or  more  :  petals  twice  longer  than  tlie  cidyx,  3  to  4  lines 
ong,  white  or  rose-color  or  rarely  purple,  becoming  rellexed  :  pods  1  to  4  inches 
long,  h  to  1  hue  wide,  strongly  reflexed  :  seeds  wingless  or  narrowly  mai-ined  — 
1-1.  Dan.  XI,  t.  1879.  A.  retrofracta,  (Jrah.  ;  Watson,  I^ot.  King  Ex]>.  18  "^ Turrit i* 
patula,  Grab.     Sisymbrium  reflexnm,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  101,  fi-'.  29 

Frequent  in  the  Siena  Nevada  from  the  Yosc.nite  Valley  northward,  and  east  to  New  Mexiro 
and  the  Saskatchewan  ;  it  ranges  to  the  Arctic  Cimle  an,l  Greenlan.l.    Very  variable,  especially  in 

8.  A.  arcuata,  (Jray.  Canescently  villous  or  tomentose  with  branching  hairs 
tho  pubescence  ol  the  mfloivscence  short,  branched  an.l  entangled  :  stems"  rathe^ 
stout,  erect  Iroiu  a  braMching  perennial  ba.se,  1  to  2  fc-t  high  or  more:  lower  l.>avo.s 
numoroufl  oblanceolate,  on  sh-nder  petioles  ;  tho  caulinn  oblong-  or  linear-Ianceolato 
1  o  1  inches  long,  aunde.  at  base,  acute;  all  sparingly  .sinuate-to(,thed,  .sometimes 
entire  :  flowers  erect ;  petals  purple  or  deep  violet,  4  to  0  lines  long,  the  .sepals  half 
as  h.ng  and  often  colored  :  pods  3  to  4  inches  long,  .scarcely  a  line  wide,  spreading 
and  recurved  :  seeds  mrrowly  winged  or  wingle.s.s.  -  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi  187 
Watson,  J.  c.      Streptanthvs  arcuatits,   Nutt 

viliouf  ■.Ln!.'^fin'  ^^'"^"7-  ^>''P.'t[>«^,^'^"^^-cent  with  den.se  stellate  pubescence, 
villous    ,b„^.   vMth   .spreading  stra.ghtish   ami   nearly  simple   hairs:   stems   simple 

"ch  lon""oi  ;:^^'"r";r'  'T'i  V^  ^"-^"^^"-^  ''''''■■  ^'^''>-^  ^--^  ^patulatran 
inch  long  01  le.ss,  shortly  petioled,  entire;  cauline  ovate-oblon-  sess  le  but  not 
sagittate   acute,  6  to  9  lines  long:  petals   deep  rose-color,  1  to  Klines    ong  l^e 

i  Hne'wide  •  "  f"'"'"''  P"^  =  T^^  ^P""^*"«  ''  ''■^'"•'^-'^l-  U  to  2.^  inch?;  o  ig 
a  line  wide  :  seeds  narrowly  winged.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi    ]  o;^  "  ^ 

Fron,  Mt.   DinMo  ,/?,.„.,,  „„/,„^,,)  ,,  ,,^.,  p,    (,,,.^^„^)  ^,^,,  M..„.locino  Co..  Botnn^rr. 

7.  STREPTANTHUS,  Nntt. 
V,M\  linear,  Mat;  valves  1-nerved.  See.ls  in  one  row,  flattened,  more  or  le.ss 
winge,l  ;  cotyledons  accumbenl.  Petals  often  without  a  .lilat^-d  blade,  more  or  le«5 
twi.sted  or  undulate,  the  claw  channelled.  Sepals  broa.l  and  usually  colored 
Longer  fdanients  sometimes  connat...  Anthers  elongated,  .sagitl.ate  at  l>,-vse.  Stigma 
siniph..  -.  Mostly  annual  or  biennial  ;  leaves  usually  sagitbile  and  clasping,  toothed 
or  entire  or  rarely  pinnatifi.l.  -  Cray,  Proc.  Am.  Aca.l.  vi.  182  Watson  Bot 
King  Kxp.  19  ^  429. 

A  genns  of  a  dozen  or  more  species,  ronfined  to  Western  North  America. 


*   Glabrous  or  ylaucous :  stem-leaves  broad  and  daspiiiy  by  a  cordate  or  saylttate 
base :  a  broad  torus  at  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

1.  S.  cordatus,  Nutt.  Pereunial :  stems  simple,  1  to  2  feet  hi<^h,  rather  stout: 
leaves  thick,  usually  repaiuUy  tcjotheil  toward  the  apex,  the  teeth  often  setosely 
tipped;  lower  k-uve.s  spatiihitu  DViite  or  obovuto,  the  petioles  Kpann;,'ly  ciliato ;  cau- 
line  leaves  curdate  to  ubloiigor  ovatedaiiceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  with  a  broad  round- 
auricled  base  :  sepals  broad,  colored,  3  to  4  lines  long,  somewhat  obtuse,  the  petals 
about  half  longer,  greenish  yellow  to  purple  :  pods  broadly  linear,  2  to  4  inches 
long,  2  lines  broad  or  more,  nearly  straight,  lousely  spreading  :  seeds  broadly 
winged. —Torr.  k  Gray,  Fl.  i.  77  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  19. 

Rare  at  high  elevations  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Ebbett's  and  Sonora  Passes  {Brewer)  ;  and  east- 
ward in  the  mountains  ul'  Nevada  and  Arizona  to  Colorado. 

2.  S.  tortUOSUS,  Kellogg.  Annual,  1  to  3  feet  high,  with  slender  virgate 
branches  :  lower  leaves  oblong,  narrowed  to  a  winged  base,  2  to  3  inches  long, 
repandly  toothed  ;  the  upper  rounded,  ^  to  H  inches  in  diameter,  clasping  by  a 
deep  closed  sinus,  entire  :  llowers  subsecund  ;  sepals  broad,  long-acuminate,  yellow- 
ish or  purplish,  3  to  G  lines  long,  the  purplish  petals  a  little  longer :  pods  2  to  6 
inches  long,  a  line  wide,  falcately  recurved  :  seeds  narrowly  winged  or  often  wing- 
less. —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  152,  fig.  46. 

Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  4,000  to  11,000  feet  altitude,  in  dry  sunny  places,  from  the 
Yosemite  to  Yuba  Co.  ami  Mt.  Shasta. 

3.  S.  BrCTVeri,  Gray.  Annual,  branched  from  near  the  base,  1  to  2  feet  high  : 
lowest  leaves  broadly  oval  or  obovate,  nearly  sessile,  dentate ;  cauline  leaves  ovate 
and  clasping,  the  njiperniost  lanceolate  and  acuminate,  entire  or  denticulate  :  flowers 
purple  ;  sepals  acuminate,  2  to  3  lines  long,  somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous,  the 
petals  half  longer:  pods  1|  to  2^  inches  long,  less  than  a  line  wide,  erect  or  as- 
cending, straight  or  somewhat  incurved  :  seeds  not  margined.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad, 
iii.  101,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  184. 

In  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range,  on  dry  summits  of  San  Carlos  Mountain  and  near  the  liead  of  Arroyo 
del  Puerto,  Brewer. 

*  *   Glabrous  :  stem-leaves  very  narroivly  linear:  sepals  very  unequal. 

4.  S.  polygaloides,  Gray.  Annual  :  stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  virgate,  with 
simple  brunches  :  stem-leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  folded  or  involute  and  apparently 
filiform  :  sepals  yellow,  the  outer  rounded  and  subcordate,  3  lines  in  diameter, 
somewhat  .scarious,  the  inner  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  equalling  the 
puri)lo  ))f'tals  :  pods  1  to  U  inches  long,  half  a  line  wide,  rellexed  and  somewhat 
secund  on  very  short  pedicels,  straight  or  nearly  so,  attenuate  upward  to  the  short 
style:  seeds  narrowly  winged.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  519. 

A  rare  and  remarkable  species  ;  lower  leaves  luiknown.  On  diy  barren  magnesian  soil  near 
Jacksonville  on  the  Tuolumne  {Brewer),  and  on  ilt.  Bullion,  Bolunder. 

*  *   *   More  or  less  hispid  tvith  simple  hairs  :  flowers  purple  or  red. 

5.  S.  glandulosus,  Hook.  Annual,  more  or  less  hispid  with  spreading  hairs, 
^  to  2  feet  high,  branched  :  radical  leaves  spatulate,  sinuately  tootheil  ;  stem  leaves 
narrow  to  oblong-lanceolate,  1  to  (5  inclu'S  long,  auriclod  at  ba.se,  sparingly  repand 
or  laciniately  ilenticulato,  the  teeth  with  .somewhat  thickened  tips  :  jxtals  bright 
purplish-red,  6  to  8  lines  long,  half  longer  than  the  acutish  sepals  :  pods  2  to  3 
inches  long,  a  line  wide,  ascending  or  spreading,  straight  or  somewhat  curved  : 
stigma  sessile,  dilated  :  seeds  narrowly  winged.  —  Ic.  PI.  t.  40 ;  Bot.  Beechey,  322. 

On  dry  hillsides  from  Clear  Lake  to  San  Luis  Obispo. 

6.  S.  heterophyllus,  Nult.  Glabrous  above,  branching,  3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves 
gash-pinnatilid,  the  stem-leaves  sagittate  :  flowers  pendulous  ;  sepals  deep  purple  ; 


Clinninlhns.  CR  !( "I  KKIJ  .Iv 


35 


petals  linear,  iHiqilo  or  wliitisli  :  pods  3  to  T)  inclie.s  long,  very  narrow,  i)endulou8 ; 
petlicels  4  lilies  long:  seeds  half  a  line  long,  narrowly  winged.  — Torr.  iV  (iray,  Fl. 
ink  GGG. 

Annual  or  hicnniiil,  known  only  from  Nuttjill's  (lcsiTii)tion  ami  tlie  .si>ecinicn  in  lierb.  Hooker. 
fJiishy  Iiills  near  Han  Diego  ;  distingiiislu;il  from  other  siHJcies  of  tlie  genns  by  its  pendent  po<l8. 
A  sppiiiDPn  collci^tcd  by  IJolamicr,  pmbalily  in  tlio  same  region,  seems  referable  liere,  tliougli 
*<im[ile  iiiiil  h\\\  1  J  feet  higli  :  Hejjals  iinrrow,  nmito,  <Ji'cp  jmipb-,  'A  lines  long  ;  petals  narrow,  pur- 
plc-vpin<Hi,  np;uly  twice  as  long  ;  style  short,  with  dilated  stigma. 

7.  S.  hispidus,  <iray.  Annual,  liii-sute  throughout,  simple  or  branched,  2  to  5 
inche.H  high  :  leave-s  obovate-obloiig  or  cuneate,  coarsely  toothed  or  inci.sed  above, 
the  teeth  obtuse  ;  stem  leaves  .sessile,  .scarcely  at  all  clas]>ing  :  raceme  short,  loosely 
flowered,  tlic  flowers  spreading  i>r  at  length  recurved  ;  sepals  somewhat  membrana- 
ceous, purplisli,  acutish,  2  to  3  lines  long,  half  as  long  as  tlie  bright  purplish-red 
petals:  pods  hispid,  1^  to  2  itiches  long,  a  lino  wide,  straight,  erect:  style  none: 
seeds  winged.  — Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  101  ;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  180. 
On  the  dry  summit  of  Mt.  Diablo,  lirexver,  BolancUr. 

*   *    ♦   *    Pilme.  with  .vmplf.  /lairit :  haven  not  MUjittate  nor  danphuj  :  jloiveri  yellow, 

H.  S.  flavoscons,  Hook.  Annual:  stoui.s  HJinpio,  erect,  a  foot  high:  mdicnl 
leaves  linear-oblong,  nearly  2  inches  long,  sintnto-pinnatilid  or -toothed,  petioled,  the 
cauline  scarcely  an  inch  long:  flowers  erect;  petals  yellowisli,  linear,  nearly  twice 
longer  than  the  oblong  acute  sepals  :  i)ods  erect,  hirsute,  beaketl  with  the  slender 
style.  —  Ic.  PI.  t.  44  ;   Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  322. 

Near  Monterey,  Douglas.      Matme  fruit  unknown. 

S.  RKPANDUs,  Nutt.  Hirsute,  espp.ially  below  :  steins  simple,  alwiut  2  feet  high  :  leaves 
oblong-lniuxolate,  elongated,  (Masping,  angularly  toothed  or  repand  aljove  :  petals  white,  lineai, 
about  cipialling  the  linear  sepals  :  pedicels  .shorter  than  the  taly.x.  Santa  Barbara.  — Only  known 
from  Nuttall's  imperfect  description.      It  may  be  a  species  of  Amhix. 

8.  CHEIRANTHUS,  linn. 
Pod  elongated,  compressed;  valves  1  nerved  or  somewhat  carinate.  Seeds  in  one 
row,  flattened,  not  winged  ;  cotyledons  aceuuibent  or  ntrely  oblique.  Petals  with 
elongated  claw  and  flat  lind).  ("aly.v  large,  not  colopvl,  the  outer  sepals  strongly 
gibbous.  Stigma  with  two  spreading  lobe.s.  —  Perennial  or  biennial,  more  or  loss 
cunescent  with  stellati^  or  appressed  2-partp(l  piibescciicc ;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so; 
flo\vers  large,  purple  or  yellow. 

A  genus  of  perhaps  a  dozen  species  of  the  nortliern  hemisphere,  distinguished  from  Erysimum 
by  the  more  flattened  pods  and  accumbont  cotyledons.  rJesides  tlie  arctic  C.  pygmfcus  only  tlie 
two  following  species  are  fouml  in  America. 

1.  C.  Menziesii,  Ik-nth.  &  Hook.  Perennial  with  a  thick  hnig-persistent 
bmnching  nMitstock  :  the  stems  simple,  smooth,  scai^e-Iike,  0  to  8  inches  high  :  rad- 
ical leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ol)lan<eolate,  2  to  4  incluvs  long,  den.sely  covered  with 
a  short  stellate  pubescence,  obtuse  or  acutish.  attenuate  into  a  winged  petiole  ;  cau- 
line bract-like,  half  an  inch  long,  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  clasping:  calyx  2  linens 
long  ;  petals  liright  i)urple,  4  to  f)  lines  long  :  anthers  short,  oblong  :  pods  spread- 
ing, broad,  I  to  2  inches  long,  not  carinate,  attemiate  to  the  slender  style  :  stigma 
scarcely  lobed.  —  (icn.  PI.  i.  (J8  ;  Wat.son,  Pot.  King  Kxp.  14.  //esperis  Mruziefii, 
Hook.  ;   Bot.  Beechey,  322.  t.  Tf).      Phtrniaivlix  c/ifiraiif/ioufes,  Nutt.  1.  c.  i.  89. 

In  the  nKumtnins,  from  Kbbctt's  I'liss  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  (lirrtrrr),  to  the  Columbia  River 
(Dnugliix),  and  in  Northwestern  Nevada,    ira/.ioii. 

2.  C.  asper,  Cham.  S:  Schlecht.  Ifatber  sjiaringly  ])ul)escent  with  appre.ssed 
2-parti'd  Imii-s  :  stem  simple  from  an  apjiarently  biennial  root,  eixn-t,  leafy,  3  to  18 
inches  high:  leaves  siiatuliite  or  oblaiiceolate,  the   lower  long-petioled,   the  cauline 


36 


CHUCiFEK.E.  -  Cauluuthus. 


mure  or  less  attenuate  to  the  base,  1  to  2  iiichus  long,  entire  or  usually  sinuate- 
toothed  :  sepals  broad,  4  to  0  lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  bright  yellow  or 
orange  petals:  anthers  long,  sagittate:  pods  U  to  2  inches  long,  \\  lines  wide, 
some°\vhat  carinate,  spreading  on  rather  stout  pedicels  :  stigma  2-lobed  :  cotyledons 
accumbent  or  slightly  oblique.  —  Liunti-a,  i.  1-i  ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  32.  6'.  capi- 
tatus,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  M.  i.  38,     A'rt/simum  </raiiJijlorum,  IMutt. 

Oil  the  sea-slioie  from  Monterey  to  Mendocino  Co.,  usually  stunted  and  the  base  of  the  stems 
crowded  with  the  i.ersisLcnt  petioles  of  old  leaves.  It  seems  also  to  extend  to  sandy  hills  a  few 
miles  from  the  coast,  where  it  is  taller  and  more  slender,  having  unich  the  habit  of  Erynhnum 
asperura,  with  which  immature  .specimens  may  be  confounded. 

9.  CAULANTHUS,  Watson. 
Pod  terete,  eloiigati'.d,  sessile  upon  the  receptach* ;  valves  l-nerved.  Sii'ds  in  one 
row,  oblong,  somewhat  Uattened,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  margined ;  cotyh'ik)ns  more 
or  less  incumbent.  Sepals  large,  nearly  equally  saccate  at  base.  Petals  but  little 
longer,  undulately  crisped,  the  blade  only  a  somewhat  dilated  rhomboidal  extension 
of  the  broad  claw.  Anthers  linear,  sagittate  at  base,  curved  :  fdaments  included. 
Stigma  somewhat  2-lobed.  —  Stout  biennials  ;  with  pinnatifid  or  toothed  leaves, 
and  purple  or  greenish-white  llowers.  —  Jiot.  King  Exp.  27. 

A  genus  peculiar  to  Calilbrnia  and  the  interior  basin.  A  fifth  species,  0.  hnstutus,  Watson, 
1.  c,  t.  23,  is  found  in  the  mountains  of  Utah. 

1.  C.  procerus,  Watson,  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  glaucous  throughout :  stems  4  to  7  feet 
high,  stout,  branching  :  lower  leaves  petioled,  coarsely  laciniate-pinnatiiid,  4  to  12 
inches  long ;  the  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  acunanate  :  llowers  greenish  white,  4  to  5 
lines  long,  on  ascending  pedicels  half  as  long  :  pod  terete,  very  slender,  3  to  5 
inches  long,  less  thau  a  line  broad,  pointed,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading  :  stigma 
nearly  entire. — Stvejdanthus  Jlavescens,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  18G,  in  part. 
IS.  procerus,  Brewer,  in  same,  vi.   519. 

Rich  clay  soils  from  Monto  Diablo  to  I'acheco  I'uss  ;  locally  known  as  "Wild  Cabbage"  and 
sometimes  used  as  a  j)oor  potherb. 

2.  C.  Coulteri,  Watson,  1.  c.  Mostly  Insipid  :  stems  rather  slender,  1  to  2  feet 
high,  sim[ile  or  branched  :  leaves  mostly  dentate,  sessile,  the  radical  broadly  spatu- 
late  and  sinuately  toothed  ;  cauline  oblongluiir.eolate,  clasj)ing  with  a  cordate  base  ; 
the  uppermost  entire  :  so^jals  3  to  I  lines  long,  broad,  acute,  hispid  :  pod  straight, 
terete,  3  to  4  inches  hmg,  nearly  I  A  lines  bn.ad,  pendent  n])ou  the  liispid  pedicel, 
beaked  by  the  stout  style  :  stigma  2-lobed.  — iStnplanthas  htterojilii/llus,  Gray,  1.  c, 
in  part,  not  of  Nuttall. 

Southern  California  {Coulter)  ;  Fort  Tejon,  Xanlus. 

3.  C.  pilosus,  Watson,  1.  c.  Somewhat  pilosely  hispid,  at  least  at  base  :  stout, 
erect,  branching,  3  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  petioled,  lyrate-pinnatiliil ;  lobes  si)aringly 
angular-toothed  :  llowers  spreading,  in  a  loose  raceme,  greenish  wliite,  the  oblong 
petals  narrowed  above,  4  lines  long  ;  calyx  slightly  hairy  :  pod  slender,  3  to  5  inches 
long  :  stigma  slightly  2-lobed,  nearly  sessile. 

Truckee  and  Humboldt  Valleys,  W.  Nevada  {JValsaa),  and  probably  oi-curring  in  the  low 
valleys  of  Northeastern  California. 

4.  C.  crasBicaulis,  Watson,  1.  c.  Glabnm.s,  glam^ous  :  stem  hollow,  inllated, 
erect,  2  to  3  feet  high,  rarely  branched  :  leaves  mostly  radical,  petioled,  runcinate  or 
runcinate-pinnatiiid  :  flowers  6  lines  long,  dark  pur[)le  ;  calyx  very  woolly  :  pod 
terete,  3  to  5  inches  long,  li  lines  broad,  ascending  on  very  short  pedicels  :  stigma 
2-lobed,  sessile.  —  Strtptanthus  crassicanlis,  Torrey,  Stansb.  liep.  384,  t.  1. 

From  the  eastern  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Utah,  on  dry  foot-hills  ;  also  known  as  "  Wild 
Cabbage  "  and  at  times  used  for  food. 


Thehj podium.  CRTiriFER/K.  3"^ 

10.  THELYPODIUM,  Kn.ll. 
Pdd  liiioar  or  eloiif^atcil,  torcto  or  sli-^'htly  c-oniprcsscd,  scssilo  or  sliort-stipitate  ; 
valves  strongly  l-jierved.  Seeds  in  one  row,  ohlong,  sonjcwhat  flattened,  not 
winged  ;  cotyledona  more  or  less  incumbent.  Sepals  narrow,  ecpial  at  base.  Petals 
with  a  narrow  claw  and  flat  linear  to  orbicular  limb,  exserted,  white  or  rose-color. 
Anthers  linear,  sjigittate  at  base,  curved  ;  filaments  often  exserted.  Stigma  mostly 
entire.  —  Probably  all  biennials,  mostly  stout  and  coai-stv — Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  'if).  Parhi/podinm,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  k  Cray,  Ki.  i.  9(1  ;  iJentli.  it  Hook.  (len. 
Pi.  i.  81. 

A  genu.s  of  tnii  icfjogiiizml  spcnira,  rliicfly  ''oiifineii  to  tlic  western  coast  anrl  interior  l>asin,  a 
single  species  occurring  in  Texa.s  and  the  Atlantic  States.  The  Mexican  Horn  probably  includes 
some  otners. 

*  Leaves  alt  entire  :  xtipe  obsolete  07-  very  short :  filaments  scarcely  exserted :  glabrous. 

1.  T.  integrifolium,  Endl.  Stout,  3  to  G  feet  high,  branched  at  tlie  summit, 
often  corymbosely  :  radical  leaves  largo  (often  a  foot  long  or  more),  oblong-elliptical, 
long-potiolod  ;  caulino  leaves  mostly  narrowly  lanceolate,  1  to  2  inches  long,  sessile, 
ascending,  the  uppermost  linear  :  flowers  crowded  and  almost  corymbose  at  the  end 
of  the  branches;  sepals  1^  to  2|  lines  long;  petals  spatulate-obovate,  pale  rose- 
color  :  fruiting  racemes  short  and  crowded  ;  pod  G  to  15  lines  long,  somewhat  toru- 
lose,  acuminate  with  the  slender  style.  —  Watson,  1.  c.  Pachypodium  integrifolium, 
Nutt.  1.  c.  ;  Hook.  &  Am.  P.ot.  P.rechey,  321,  t.  74. 

Kdgn  of  the  Mohave  Divscrt  (Hrcrmann),  and  frp(iucnt  on  the  ca-strrn  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
from  Orog<in  to  the  ITppor  Missouri  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  T.  sagittatum,  Endl.  Stems  weak,  rarely  erect,  12  to  18  inches  high, 
loosely  branched  :  leaves  somewhat  glaucous,  the  radical  long-i)etioled,  lanceolate,  3 
to  4  inches  long ;  cauline  leaves  sagittate  and  clasping  :  petals  pale  pink,  3  to  5 
lines  long,  twice  longer  than  tlio  purplish  calyx  :  the  loose  raceme  elongated  in 
fruit:  pod  1  to  2  inches  long,  somewhat  tonilose,  acuminate  with  the  rather  long 
style,  spreading,  on  pedicels  3  to  G  lines  long  :  cotyledons  often  nearly  incumbent. 
—  Watson,  1.  c.      Pachypodinni  sagittatum,  Nutt.  1.  e. 

Under  bushes  in  alkaline  localities,  from  Carson  and  Truckco  Valleys,  Nevada,  to  Western 
Wyoming  ;  doubtless  in  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  State. 

3.  T.  Nuttallii,  Watson,  1.  c.  Resembling  the  last,  but  stouter  and  more  erect, 
3  to  f)  feel  higli:  radical  leaves  ovate,  long-potioleil,  often  6  to  8  inches  long;  the 
cauline  lanceolate,  sagittate  :  petals  and  calyx  bright  purjile,  rarely  whitish  :  seed 
flatter  and  cotyledons  nearly  accumbent.  —  Streptanthus  sagittatus,  Nutt. 

In  similar  localities,  from  the  Blue  Mts.,  Oregon  (^Ncvius),  and  Southern  Idaho  (Xuttall)  to 
Nevada  ami  Utah  {Jfatson)  and  Arizona,  Ives. 

*  *  At  least  the  radical  leaves  toothed  or  pinnatifid :  stipe  manifest :  filaments  long- 

erserted  (except  in  iVo.  G  and  7)  :  hirsute  at  base  (glabrous  in  iVo.  5). 

4.  T.  brachycarpum,  Torr.  Stem  usually  erect,  virgate,  rarely  branching,  1  to 
5  feet  high  :  leaves  smootli  or  somewhat  hairy,  the  radical  oblanceojate  or  spatulate, 
pinnatilid  or  toothed;  stem-lcavos  erect,  narrow,  sagittate  and  clasping,  entire  or 
sparingly  toothed  :  flowers  in  a  long  crowded  raceme  :  petals  narrowly  linear,  white, 
3  to  4  lines  long  :  pod  9  to  12  linos  long,  acuminate  with  the  slender  stvle,  ascend- 
ing on  short  pedicels.  —  Hot.  Wilkes  Exp.  231.  t.  1. 

Mono  I'assand  near  Mono  Lake  (/f)r;wr)  and  northward  to  the  Tru<kco  nivrr(r"rm/,  Bailey)  ; 
fii-st  collected  by  /'irkrriiifj,  prolwbly  on  tin-  Upj)er  Sacramento. 

n.  T.  laciniatum,  ImkII.  Ciabrous:  stem  stout,  erect.  1  fo  T)  feet  high,  simple 
or  brandling  :   leaves  ail  p<>tioled.  3  to  G  inches  long  or  mon\  lanceolate  to  broadly 


33  CRUCIFER.'E.  TheUjpodiam. 

oblong,  laciniately  pinnatitid  or  coarsely  and  imequally  sinuate-toothed  :  i-aceme 
long  and  crowded:  petals  linear,  3  to  5  lines  long,  nearly  white:  pod  \\  to  2^ 
inches  long,  pointed  with  the  slender  styh^  on  short  stout  divaricately  spreading 
pedicels.  —  Maa-opodiuiii  laciitlatam,  Hook.  liot.  Misc.  i.  341,  t.  G8.  Pachyiiodlam, 
Nutt.  1.  c. 

From  Ciii-soa  uml  Tiuckuc  Vullcys  to  thu  C-'ohuubia  River. 

G.  T.  longifolium,  Watson,  1.  c.  Erect,  rather  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  lower 
leaves  oblanceolate,  li  to  3  inches  long,  petioled,  sinuately  toothed,  the  ujjper  linear 
and  entire  :  Uowers  scattered,  on  slender  pedicels  :  sepals  purplish,  broad,  obtuse,  2 
lines  long,  a  little  shorter  than  the  j)urple  petals  :  lilainents  not  exserttnl  :  anthers 
short :  pod  terete,  1  to  U  inclies  long,  very  narrow,  acaite  with  the  very  short  style, 
ascending.  —  iStrt'j>tant/iiis  luiKiifoliiis,  IJcnth.  1*1.  llartw.  10.  »V.  viicrnnthns,  (hay, 
PI.  Fendl.  7. 

Huevis  Valley,  W.  Arizona  (Lujclaw),  to  New  Ale.xico  and  sovithwuul  ;  i)iobably  in  S.  E.  Cali- 
foraia. 

7.  T.  flavescens,  Watson,  1.  c.  Pilose  :  lower  leaves  sinuately  toothed  ;  the 
upper  sessile  and  entire,  not  auricled  at  base:  sepals  and  ])edicels  hairy:  pod  1| 
inches  long,  nearly  terete,  sparsely  hirsute,  beaked  with  the  long  slender  style, 
strictly  erect.  —  Slreptanthus  flavescens,  Torrey  in  Pacif.  E.  liep.  iv.  65,  not  Hook. 

A  little  known  species,  iH)llceted  only  by  Jii<ji:lmo  near  lieuicia  ;  said  to  have  yellowinh  flowers. 

An  iniiicrfeut  fiiii(inL(  siiecinien,  eollected  by  Cooper  at  Fort  Moliavo,  is  probably  to  be  referred 
to  this  genus  rather  than  to  lSisy)iihriiiia,  —  well  marked  but  not  aeconling  with  any  known 
species  of  either  genus.  It  is  glabrous  above,  with  nariow  entire  leaves,  sagittate  at  base  and 
clasping  ;  pods  few  and  stuitteied,  strongly  reflexed  on  short  pedicels,  an  inch  long,  terete  and 
rather  stout,  beaked  with  a  slender  styh;  ;  seed-coat  gelatinous  on  boiling.  The  lower  part  of  the 
stem  is  wanting. 

11.  STANIiEYA,  Nutt. 

Pod  linear,  elongated,  terete,  long-stipitate ;  valves   1-nerved.      Seeds  in  one  row, 

oblong,  not  winged ;  cotyledons  linear,  incumbent.     Sepals  equal  at  base,  narrow, 

spreading,   yellow.     Petals  yellow,  narrow,  with  long  connivent  claws.     Anthers 

linear,  not  sagittate,  at  length  closely  coiled ;  filaments  much  elongated.     Stigma 

sessile,  entire.  —  Stout  perennials  with  large  flowers  in  elongated  racemes. 

A  genus  of  but  three  .sjiecues,  confined  to  the  interior  of  the  continent,  a  single  oi>e  reaching 
the  southern  inntions  of  tiie  State. 

I.  S.  pinnatilida,  Nutt.  (ilabrous  :  stems  several  from  a  perennial  woody 
Imse,  1  to  H  fret  higli,  simple  :  lower  leaves  coarsely  lyraUi-pinnatilid  with  few 
oblong  segments  ;  the  upper  entire,  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  a  sleuder  i)etioie, :  calyx 
3  to  4  lines  long  :  petals  half  longer,  the  claws  and  stijjc  of  the  ovary  somewhat 
pubescent:  pod  2  inches  long,  a  line  wide,  curved,  atteiuiate  into  a  slender  stipe 
6  to  9  lines  long,  exceeding  the  spreading  or  horizontal  pedicels.  —  Gray,  (ien.  111. 
i.  154,  t.  65.      >S'.  integrifoiia,  James.      -S".  heterophylla  &  /ruiicosa,  Nutt. 

Pose  Creek  (Ileermann)  ;  Santa  Barbara  Co.  (Torrey)  ;  Fort  Mohave  (Cooper)  ;  and  north  and 
eastward  through  the  interior  to  the  Snake  River,  the  Upper  Missouri  and  New  Mexico.  Califor- 
nian  specimens  have  the  leaves  all  narrow  and  entire,  and  the  pods  horizontally  recurved,  corre- 
sponding to  the  figure  of  the  Arizona  ]ilant  in  Sitgrcaves  Rep.  t.  1. 

S.  viiiiDiKi.oiiA,  Nutt.,  is  known  by  its  lanceolate  sessile  and  clasping  stem-loaves,  the  mdical 
ones  obovate  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  with  a  few  runcinate  teeth  toward  the  base  ;  caly.x  and  petals 
greenisli  yellow  ;  pod  torulose.  It  is  found  in  the  valleys  of  Northern  Nevada  and  north  and 
eastward,  and  may  occur  in  Northeastern  California. 

12.  ERYSIMUM,  Linn. 

Pod  4-angled  by  tlie  prominent  mid  nerve  of  the  valves,  not  stipitate.  Seeds  in 
one  row,   oblong,   not  margined  ;  cotyledons  inrumbent  or  oblique.      Sepals  ere<!t, 


/hnssicn.  CRUCIFKR;!': 


39 


tlio  iilteriiate  ones  strongly  gibbons  at  base.  Petals  lung  clawed,  with  a  Hat  blade. 
Anthers  sagittate  at  base,  not  coiled.  Stigma  2-lobed,  dilatr'd.  —  Biennials  or  per- 
ennials ;  with  narrow  entire  or  repandly  toothed  leaves,  not  clasping ;  the  llowers 
often  large,  yellow  or  orange,  or  occasionally  purple. 

A  mllior  largo  fjoinis  of  tin-  iinrthnrn  lipriiisiilirre,  most  nninoroiisly  rojinscnto-l  in  tlio  Old 
World.      Mnt  two  or  \h\oc  sjMM'ica  arc  found  in  Ainerifa. 

1.  E.  asperum,  !)(/.  liicnnial,  cancscent  with  short  apjtres.scd  hairs:  stems 
solitary  nnd  siiupli',  mrely  l)ran<'lied  above,  1  to  '.]  feet  high,  or  less  :  lcavf^s  oblan- 
ceolate  or  narrowly  spatidate  ;  the  cauline  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  spar- 
ingly repand  with  short  acute  teeth,  1  to  3  inches  long  :  sepals  narrow,  4  to  6  lines 
long,  strongly  gibbous  :  petals  8  to  12  lines  long,  light  yellow  to  deep  orange  or 
purple  :  pods  1  to  4  inches  long,  a  line  wide,  beaked  with  a  stout  style,  ascending 
on  stout  spreading  pedicels  3  lines  long.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  64,  t.  22. 

Var.  (?)  pumilum,  Watson.  A  low  form,  the  stem  branching  from  the  base ; 
blossoming  in  early  spring.  —  IJot.  King  Kxp.  24. 

Var.  (?)  inconspicuum,  Watson,  1.  c.  'lall  nnd  slender,  the  flowers  smaller, 
lighti  yellow,  the  petals  narrow  nnd  claw  scarcely  o.xsertod. 

A  variable  .species,  widely  difTiiscd,  ranging  from  Mexico  to  British  Anioricn,  and  from  tho 
Pacific  to  Texas  and  Oliio,  —  and  in  elevation  from  the  low  hot  valleys  of  tlic  interior  to  above  the 
forest  line  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Alpine  specimens  are  much  dwarfed.  The  flowers  are  very 
showy  and  usually  fragrant.  The  low  variety  referred  to,  from  sandy  hillsides  in  the  Washoe 
Mountains  near  C'ar.son  ('ity,  Nevada  (IVnLion),  much  resembles  the  Colorado  E.  pumilum 
of  Nuttall,  which  is,  however,  a  decided  {lerennial,  with  simple  stems  from  a  branching  rootatock, 
though  in  the  original  description  it  is  said  to  be  an  annual.  The  var.  iru-oiutpicuum  ranges 
from  Northern  Nevada  to  the  .Saskatchewan  and  is  likely  to  1h>  found  in  N.  California. 

13.  BRASSICA,  Linn.  MrsTAun,  kc. 
Pod  linear,  nearly  terete  or  somewhat  4-sided,  pointed  with  a  long  conical  beak, 
not  stipitate  ;  valves  1  -  3-nerved.  Seeds  in  one  row,  globose,  not  margined  ;  coty- 
ledons infolding  the  radicle.  Lateral  sepals  usually  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  yellow. 
Anthers  long,  sagittate  at  base.  —  Coarse  erect  herbs  ;  lower  leaves  mostly  pinnate 
or  lyrate  with  a  large  terminal  lobe.  — Sinapis,  Linn. 

A  largo  penus  of  nearly  100  s]>ecies  or  more,  notivesof  the  Ka.stern  Continent,  but  many  widely 
naturalized  as  weeds  or  extensively  cultivated.  Among  the  latter,  li.  olrrncrn  in  its  sovernl  vari- 
eties gives  tho  Cabbage,  liroccfdi,  Cauliflower,  Kale,  Kohlrabi,  &c.  ;  B.  rnvi))r.itri.t,  tho  Turnip, 
KutJilmga.  Hope,  &c.  ;  while  tho  White  and  liiac.k  Mustards  and  Cliurlock  belong  to  distinct 
species. 

1.  B.  nigra,  Boiss.  Glabrous  or  with  some  scattered  spreading  hairs,  annual, 
branching,  ^  to  12  feet  high  :  leaves  all  petioled,  the  lower  lyrate  with  the  terminal 
segment  very  large  and  deeply  lobed  ;  upper  leavers  lobed  or  entire  :  petals  3  to  4 
lines  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  yellowish  sepals  :  pods  clo.sely  appres.sed,  4-angled, 
6  to  9  lines  long,  sharply  beaked  with  the  long  style  :  seeds  dark  brown. 

niack  Mustard,  a  most  troublesome  weed  ond  ilifficult  to  eradicate,  covering  large  areas,  par- 
ticularly in  the  more  fertile  valleys  of  the  southeni  half  of  the  State,  sometimes  forming  a  den.se 
growth.  Tlie  seeds  are.  more  pungent  than  the  White  Mustard  {B.  alba,  readily  distinguished  by 
its  hirsute  iK)ds\  and  have  been  exported  in  large  quantities. 

2.  B.  campestris,  Linn.  Annual  or  sometimes  ])iennial,  smooth,  2  to  3  feet 
high  :  lower  leaves  more  or  less  glaucous,  pinnately  divided  with  a  large  terminal 
lobe  ;  the  upper  loaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  with  a  broad  clasping  aurictdate  base  : 
ilijwers  3  to  4  lines  long:  pods  nearly  terete,  2  inches  long  or  more,  2  lines  wide, 
ascending  on  spreading  pedicels  ;  the  stout  beak  8  to  10  lines  long. 

Much  less  trnublesome  than  the  last,  but  rntlier  common  in  fields  near  the  Bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco and  occa.sionaliy  met  with  elsewhere.  The  wild  state  hIiows  little  resemblance  to  the  culti- 
vated forms. 


40 


Ull  UCl  FER.-E.  Ihassica. 


3.  B.  Sinapistrum,  r.oiss.  Annual,  rough  with  spreading  liairs,  2  to  5  feet 
liigh  :  lower  k'uvus  usiuiliy  with  a  largo  coarsely  toothed  terminal  lohe  and  a  few 
smaller  ones  upoji  the  rliarliis;  the  upj^ir  leavi-s  often  undivided,  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late :  pods  somewhat  torulose,  1  to  U  inclu-a  long,  more  than  a  thinl  occupied  by 
the  stout  2-edged  beak;  valviis  often  ribbiul  by  the  prominent  nerves.  —  SiHaj>is 
(trvt/tsiii,  Linn. 

The  (Jhurlock  of  tliu  Eaatfiu  SUitcs  anil  Europe,  where  it  is  olteii  a  troublesome  weuil  in  grain- 
fields.     Sparingly  naturalizeil  in  Southern  Caliloinia. 

14.  BARBAREA,  U.  IJrowu.         Winteu  Chk.ss. 

Pod  linear,  somewhat  ilattened,  pointed  ;  valves  somewhat  carinate.     Seeds  in 

one  row,  oblong,  turgid,  ujarginless ;  cotyledons  slightly  obli(]ue.     Petals  yellow.- — 

Glabrous  erect  branching  biennials  or  perennials,  with  angled  stems  and  entire  or 

pinnatitid  leaves. 

A  small  genus  of  temperate  regions,  some  of  the  species  widely  distributed.  The  only  one 
native  to  Ameiiea  is  the  following. 

1.  B.  vulgaris,  Ik.  iJr.  Perennial,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  lower  leaves  lyrate-pin- 
natitid  (the  radical  pinnate),  with  a  largo  rounded  terminal  lobo  and  1  to  5  pairs  of 
lateral  ones,  oblong  in  the  canlino  leaves  ;  ui)por  leaves  obovato,  more  or  les.s  pin- 
natilid  at  buso  :  llowers  2  to  3  lines  long  :  anthers  short,  oblong :  pods  erect,  often 
uppressed,  1  to  1^  inidies  long,  Honiewliut  angled  when  mature,  about  25-8eoded, 
beaked  with  the  rather  slender  style. —  (jray,  Cien.  111.  i.  148,  t.  G2. 

Var.  arcuata,  ICoch.     Pods  and  pedicels  spreading. 

Inhabiting  marshes  and  damp  places.  Only  the  variety  seems  to  have  been  collected  in  Cali- 
fornia, near  San  Francisco  and  northward  to  Sitka,  though  the  typical  form  is  common  in  Oregon 
and  eastward  ;  the  species  ranges  neaily  round  the  world. 

15.  SISYMBRIUM,  l.inm         Hedge  Mustakd. 

Pod  linear,  terete  or  nearly  so,  short-pointed  or  obtuse ;  valves  somewhat  1-3- 
nerved.  Seeds  usually  in  one  row,  small,  oblong  and  teretish,  not  margined ;  coty- 
ledons incumbent.  Sepals  scarcely  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  yellow  or  yellowish. 
Anthers  mostly  linear-oblong,  sagittate.  —  Erect  herbs,  with  small  flowers,  the 
leaves  (in  our  species)  not  clasping  or  auriculate  at  base,  rarely  entire,  often  tinely 
dissected. 

A  largo  genus  of  rather  tlillicult  defniifion.  nrlncipally  conlinod  to  the  northern  temperate  zone. 
The  American  species,  less  than  a  dozen,  belong  to  the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi,  ^S".  canen- 
cens  alone  ranging  farther  eastward. 

*   Seeds  ill  tivo  rows  :  leaves  usualli/  finely  dissected. 

1.  S.  canescens,  Nutt.  Annual,  canescent  with  short  branching  hairs:  stems 
branched,  i  to  2i  feet  high  :  leaves  1  -  2-pinnate,  the  segments  more  or  less  deeply 
pinnatifid  "or  toothed  :  petals  light  yellow,  equalling  the  sepals,  usually  a  line 
long  or  less  :  pods  oblong  to  linear,  3  to  G  lines  long,  a  lino  broad  or  less,  acuto 
at  each  end  and  beaked  with  the  very  short  style,  shorter  than  the  slender  spread- 
ing pedicels:  seeds  ovate-oblong,  a  third  of  a  line  long.  —  Oray,  Gen.  111.  i.  102, 
t.  G't ;  rounder,  Sisymb.  Go  ;  Watson,  Dot.  King  Exp.  23. 

In  dry  soils  from  Monterey  southward,  and  very  abundant  in  the  valleys  on  the  eastern  side  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  where  its  seeds  are  collected  by  the  Indians.  The  species  ranges  in  the  interior 
from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  Mexico,  and  as  far  eastward  as  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  The  aS'. 
brachycarpuDt.  cited  by  Fouinier  as  from  San  Diego  is  probably  but  a  form  of  this,  as  is  certainly 
the  northern  plant  so  named  by  Richardson.  The  species  is  (^uite  vaiiable,  esiiecially  in  the 
section  of  the  leaves  and  length  of  the  pod. 


^Sisi/inbrinm.  CltUClKER/K.  j-. 

*  *  Serih  in  one  fair. 
+-  Leaves  jniinatr  or  hi}, innate. 
2.  S.incisum  KngHin.  Annual;  pubosconco  elu.rt,  more  or  less  glandular- 
stems  l.ian.-h..,|,  1  to  4  foot  high  :  leaver  pinnato,  the  8ognient8  linear  to  ovate- 
nblong,  nioro  or  loss  doeply  piunatili.l,  souiotinies  entire  :  ju-tals  yelh.w  about  U 
lines  long:  pods  narrowly  iinoar,  usually  p..intod  at  l)oth  ends,  half  an 'in.-h  long 
and  8-  12-seeded,  or  soinetinies  muoli  shorter  and  few-seoded,  mostly  exeeeding  the 
spreading  pedicels.  —  (Jray,  PI.  Fendl.  8.  Smclovd-in  {])  ('nlifornim,  (Jrav,  Proc 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  r)20.  Sist/mbriinn  Californicnvi,  Watson,  r.ot.'  King  Kxi)'';]  fjdo 
(iray  in  Am.  Jour.  8ci.  3  scr.  iii.  loO. 

Var.  filipes,  Gray.      A  form  with  divaricate  petlicels,  (j  to  8  lines  loii"   exceed- 
ing the  p,„l.s.  —  Pi.  Fendl.  8.      S.  loiujepeAiceUatum,  Fourn.  8isyml).  m   exid    syn 

Var.  Hartwegianum,  Watson,  has  the  rather  short  pods  on  somewhat  appreised 
or  nearly  eroct  pedu-els  about  2  lines  long.  —  ,S'.  llartwer/ianHm,  Fourn.  l.-c.  G6. 

In  dry  soils  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  6,000  to  10,000  feet  elevation  (Brrurr),  and  in  the  moun- 
tarns  1101  tlnvard  and  eastward  to  Wasliington  Territory,  Winnipeg  Valley,  and  New  Mexico  The 
var.  y?/7;,r5  oe.a.rs  both  from  Oiwon  {Spaldin,j),  peitectly  glal.rous,  and  from  Arizona  (Pa W) 
canoscent  with  a  fine  densM  pubescence.  Fie.piont  intermediate  forms  connect  var.  Harlweat 
nnum  with  the  tyjucal  atato.  ^lunwcgi 

A  pocnliar  type. j-erliaps  distinct,  with  short  clnvato  nlmost  imintlesa  pods,  2  to  3  linP3  loiiff 
on  8t.ll  shorter  pedicels,  was  collected  by  Tolmie  in  the  "  Snake  Country^'  (S.  brarAijcnrpum  of 
Bot  Reechey.  not  Kichardson)  and  more  recently  by  Dr.  Gray  in  Humboldt  Vallev,  Nevada.  It 
will  probably  be  found  m  Northeastern  California.  .,  u>x. 

+-  ^  Leaven  pinnatifid  or  sometimes  entire. 

3.  S.  reflexum,  Nutt.  Annual,  with  .scattered  simple  hairs  :  stems  mlhcr  slen- 
<ler,  olten  simple,  h  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  pinnatifid  with  divari- 
cate tootlied  segments,  the  upper  often  only  sinuate-toothed  :  petals  rose-color,  white 
or  yellowish,  1  hin  2^  ines  long  :  pod  slen.ler,  1  to  2  inches  long,  half  a  line  wide, 
terete  strongly  .hdlexed,  straight  or  somewhat  curved,  on  short  pedicels.  —  PI  Gara- 
bel.  183.  Inrritis  (?)  lasiopk>//fa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  I}ot.  Beechey,  321  S  cfrtfejrum 
Harv.  ;    lorrey,  Pacif.  K.  Pej..  iv.  GC  ;  Fournier,  1.  c.  108.  '        ' 

S  UKh  '/V„i'""pi'  ^^'r'-^^A-  ''"!''^T!r'  T'^^^'  ''""'  ^'"^  '"''^  ■'  ^'•"•'•<i.>l..pe  Island  (Patm.r)  ■ 
vS.  Utah,  J<n-ri/.     Characterized  by  its  deflexed  pods. 

4.  S.  junceum,  Bieb  Perennial,  glabrous,  glaucous:  stems  bnmche.l,  1  to  U 
leet  Ingli  :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolato  or  linear,  I  to  2  inches  long,  attenuate  to  a 
iiarrow  base,  en  iro  or  sometimes  pinnatili.l   with  a  few  narrow  .segments  :   petals 

ight  yellow,  3  lines  long:  po.ls  ascending  on  short  spreading  pedicels,  10  to  1.5 
hnes  long,  half  a  hue  broad  ;  style  short  and  thick  ;  stigma  broad  and  2-lobed.  - 
lorr.  c'fe  Gray  1<1.  j.  91;  Watson,  1.  c.  S.  ppfjmrrum  &  linifolivm,  Nutt  ;  Torr  k 
Uray,  H.  i.  91.      Erysimum  (?)  fffaberrimum,  Hook.  S^  Arn. 'Pot.  Beechey    323 

wiuSu'hA'i'f'ri'  .•'^"i:^,',^"""*'^  (^';'""»  ;  K-t  HumlK>ldt  Mountains.  NevadaVr«/.o,0  : 
will  piolubly  be  found  in  Northeastern  California.      It  is  also  native  to  Silx^ria. 

5.  S  acutangulum,  DC.  Annual,  hirsute  with  scattered  simple  haii-s  :  steins 
1  to  .  te.a  iiigh,  with  ascending  branches:  leaves  peliole.l.  runcinate-pinnatifid,  2 
o  6  niches  long:  petals  yellow  or  yellowish,    1    to   2   lines  long  :   p„ds  terete,  1  t.) 

li  inches  long,  less  than  a  line  wide,  erect  or  a-sccnding  on  very  short  pedicels. 
A  nativ..  of  S.  i: mope,  nnturnlizod  near  the  older  towns  from  San  Francisco  to  Los  Angeles. 

6.  S    Officinale,  Scop.       Annual    or    biennial,    sparinglv    hirsute,    divaricately 
branched  :  leav.-s  runcinately  pinnatilid.  3  tn   (i  inches  Imig  :  Howen*  small,  light 
yollow:  pods  terete,   half  an   inch   long,  a  line  wid-.  tapering  from  the  base  to  a 
Sharp  point,  noarly  sessile,  clo.sely  appres.sed   in  a   long  slender  raceme. 
St^teS"""^^^"^  '^'''"^'  ""'^'""^'•^  '"™'"   '''"™''*''  ""^  '"  f^«I'fo"'in  hut  very  frmjucnt  in  the  Atlantic 


42 


CRUClFERJil.  Smelowskiu. 


16.   SMELOWSKIA,  0.  A.  Meyer. 
Pod  short,  pointed  at  each  end,  4-angled,  few-seeded  :  valves  strongly  1-nerved 
and  carinato.       iSeedg  in  one  row,  oblong,  not  margined  ;  cotyledons   incumbent, 
i'otals  white  or  i)iidcish  :  anLliei's  oval  to  oblong.  —  Dwarf  n\[>'um  perennials  ;  leaves 
narrowly  pinnatilid. 

A  genus  of  4  or  5  species,  all  Siberian,  and  one  of  tiium  also  found  in  the  mountains  of  Western 
America.     A  doubtful  Culifornian  siiecies  is  added. 

1.  S.  calycina,  C.  A.  Meyta-.  Densely  white-tomentose  to  nearly  glabrous,  cespi- 
tose,  the  uiucli-branclied  rootstoik  thickly  coveriid  with  the  sheathing  bases  of  dead 
leaves  :  stems  erect,  sim[)le,  2  to  6  inclies  high  :  leaves  mostly  radical  and  with 
long  slender  petioles,  pinnate  ur  pinnatilid  ;  segments  linear  to  oblong,  entire  or 
sparingly  lobed  :  calyx  villous  :  jjctals  '2  lines  lung  :  pods  3  to  6  lines  long,  a  lino 
wide,  attenuate  to  each  end  and  beaked  with  the  short  style  and  broad  stigma, 
ascending  on  spreading  pedicels  :  seeds  2  to  8,  a  line  long.  —  Ilutchinsia  calycina, 
Desv.  ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  58,  t.  17,  fig.  B;    Watson,  Eot.  King  Exp.  24. 

On  Lassen's  Peak  and  in  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada  {Lemmon)  :  from  Colorado  to  Oregon  and 
northward  to  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

2.  S.  (0  Fremontii,  Watson.  Pubescent  witli  scattered  short  spreading  hairs, 
the  branching  woody  base  with  few  remnants  of  old  leaves  :  stems  2  to  4  inches 
high  :  leaves  less  than  half  an  inch  long,  jjinnate  with  1  to  3  pairs  of  linear  leailets, 
which  are  strongly  nerveil  and  somewhat  revolute  :  sepals  smooth,  ovate  to  broadly 
oblong,  less  than  a  line  long,  the  white  petals  twice  longer :  pods  (not  mature)  2  to 
3  lines  long,  somewhat  (djcom pressed,  olituse  at  base  and  scarcely  attenuate  above, 
beaked  witli  the  short  tliick  style  ;  valves  faintly  nerved  :  seeds  small,  10  or  more 
in  each  cell ;  cotyledons  obliquely  incumbent.  —  ]*roc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  123. 

Hills  around  Klamath  Lake  {Fremont) ;  Sierra  Co.  (?),  Laiimon.  JIuch  reseinldiuf'  the  last 
species  in  habit,  Init  referred  to  the  genus  with  doubt  as  the  fruit  is  apparently  abnormal  in  being 
comparatively  obtuse  and  terete,  and  in  the  obliijuity  of  the  cotyledons. 

17.  NASTURTIUM,  U.  Ihown. 

Pod  oblong  or  short-linear,  terete  or  nearly  so  :  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  in  2 
rows,  small,  turgid  :  cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Growing  in  water  or  in  moist  places, 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  with  white  or  yellow  flowers,  and  with  the  leaves  (in  our  spe- 
cies) pinnatilid  or  lyrate. 

A  genus  widely  distributed,  of  scarcely  20  species  according  to  Beiitham  and  Hooker,  but  many 
more  are  recognized  by  most  authors.  There  are  about  10  native  American  species,  chielly 
confined  to  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  region  westwanl. 

*   Flowers  small,  pale  yellow  :  stems  not  rootliKj  :  leaves  pinnatiftd  or  toothed. 

1.  N.  palustre,  DC.  A  stout  biennial,  glabrous,  erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  branch- 
ing :  leaves  lanceolate,  lyrately  pinnatilid,  petioled,  2  to  6  inches  long  :  petals  a 
line  long  :  pods  oblong,  3  to  4  line>  long,  equalling  the  spreading  pedicels,  acutish 
at  each  end  or  obtu.se  above,  tipped  iiy  the  j)romiiient  style. 

Var.  hispidum,  l-'ischer  ^  Meyer.  Somewhat  hispid  :  poils  shorter,  globose- 
oblong,  2  lines  k'Ug. 

Near  the  eastern  border  of  the  State  in  Truckee  Valley  {Watson),  and  common  north  and  east- 
ward, fiom  Arctic  America  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

2.  N.  curvisiliqua,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial,  smooth,  usually  erect,  ^  to  1 
foot  high  :  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oV>lanceolate,  piiniatilid  with  oblong  usually 
toothed  lobes,  rarely  only  sinuate-toothed  :  petals  a  little  exceeding  the  sepals  :  pods 
rather  slender,  4  to  6  lines  lung  ;  style  prominent  or  none  ;  pedicels  usually  nearly 


Snhulana.  CIUJCIK  KR/K  43 

as  long,  and  both  often  fitrongly  curvod.  —  'Wnr.  Sc  (Imy,  l-'I.  i.  7.'?.  iV.  rernnmn 
&  polymorplium,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Var.  Ijnratum,  ^Vatson.  Often  decumbent  and  diffusely  branclied  from  i\w 
base  :  leavfs  with  broa<lcr  coarsely  toothed  lobes,  frequently  narrowed  at  the  base  : 
pod  more  turgid,  shortly  pedicellcd.  —  N.  lyratum,  Nutt.  1.  o.      Watson,  1.  c.  15. 

Fic<inciit  in  Washington  Territory  nnd  fJrngon,  ranping  soiithwanl  (nspocially  tlie  variety)  t«> 
the  Sa(Maincnto  ami  N.  Nevada. 

3.  N.  Siniiatum,  Nutt.  1.  e.  .Stems  difluse,  slender,  decuml)ent,  smooth  or 
slightly  roughciu'd,  "from  perennial  creeping  or  subterranean  shoots":  leaves  lan- 
ee(>lat(\  usually  narrow,  \\  to  3  inches  long,  regularly  sinuate-jjiunatifid  with 
numerous  linear-oblong  nearly  entire  lobes  :  flowers  2  lines  long  :  pods  line^\r,  half 
an  inch  long  or  less,  tipped  with  the  long  stylo,  becoming  curved,  as  also  the  slender 
pedicel.  —  Watson,  1.  c.  15. 

W.  Iluinboklt  Mountains,  Nevada  ( H'at^on),  S.  Nevada  ( jyftcc/er),  and  prolmbly  along  the 
eastern  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  ranging  eastward  to  New  Mexico  and  tlie  Upper  Missis.sippi. 

*   *   Fhw(^-8  raihrr  large,  white  :  introduced  peremiidh. 

4.  N.  officinale,  K.  Hr.  A(|uatie,  finiootli,  proe\nnbent,  rooting  at  tho  joinU  : 
loaves  pinnate  with  rounded  to  oblong  obtusely  sinuate  leaflets,  often  reduced  to  only 
the  terminal  one  :  petals  1  ^  to  2  lines  long  :  pods  lialf  an  inch  long,  acute  at  each 
end,  equalling  the  spreading  pedicels  ;  valves  slightly  nerved  ;  style  short,  thick. 

The  Water-Cress  of  Europe,  often  cultivated  and  widely  natui-alized. 

N.  AtiMoRAClA,  Fries,  the  common  Ilorseradisli,  will  doubtless  hpronie  naturalized  in  tlio 
State.  A  stout  perennial  with  fusiform  root,  rarely  fruiting  ;  leaves  large,  oMongdanceolate, 
crenatoly  toothed  ;  petals  3  lines  long  ;  pods  2  lines  long,  tuigid. 

18.   VESICARIA,  Tourn.  ni,ADi)KR-rni). 

Pod  ovate  to  globose ;  valves  rigid,  .strongly  convex,  nerveless.     Seeds  few,  in  2 

rows,  flattened,  rarely  somewhat  margined  :  cotyledons  accumbent.     Style  long  and 

slender.  —  Low  densely  stellate-canescent    herbs;   with  large  )'ellow  flowers,  and 

entire  or  sinuately  toothed  leaves. 

A  gontis  of  nhout  20  American  species,  most  abundant  in  Texas  and  northward,  with  a  few  sjie- 
cics  in  Soutliorn  Kumpo  nnd  Syria,  wliii'h  did'or  in  hnl)it  ami  in  Uieir  largo  hnmdly  winged  ko(mU. 

1.  V.  montana,  f«ray.  Perennial:  stems  ascending  or  decumbent,  3  to  8 
inches  long  :  radical  loaves  orbicular  or  obovat(^  on  elongated  ])ctioles,  the.  caulino 
oblanceolato  or  spatulato,  entire  or  rarely  with  1  or  2  teeth  :  flowers  bright  yellow, 
3  lines  long,  tho  petals  a  little  exserted  :  pods  oblong-ovoid,  2^  linos  long,  erect  on 
slender  recurved  pedicels,  the  stylo  a  third  shorter.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Pliilad.  1863,  58. 

bassen's  Peak  (I^mmon),  and  eastward  in  the  mountains  to  Colorado. 

19.   SUBULARIA,  Linn.         Awiwokt. 

Pod  small,  ovoid,  slightly  compressed  contrary  to  the  partition  :  valves  convex, 
1 -nerved.  Seeds  several,  not  winged:  cotyledons  incumbent.  Style  none. — A 
dwarf  stemless  aquatic,  with  tufted  subulate  leaves,  and  few  minute  white  flowers. 

A  single  spcies.  inhalnting  tho  margins  of  lakes  in  Europe,  Sil>eria,  and  N.  America. 

I.  S.  aquatica,  Linn.  Scapes  slender,  1  to  3  inches  high,  from  slender  run- 
ning rootstocks  with  numerous  fibrous  rootlets  :  leaves  usually  shorter  than  the 
scapes:  flowers  scattered,  less  than  a  line  hmg,  tho  petals  not  exserted  :  pods  li 
lines  long,  about  equalling  tho  pedicels,  obtuse. 

In  pools  in  Mono  Pass  on  tho  Upper  Tuolumne  River  (Boland^r),  nt  lO.noo  feet  altitude.  Yel- 
lowstone Lake,  Wyoming  (Porri/)  ;   lakes  of   Mnine  and  New  Hnmp'shire. 


^^  CRllCIFEll^E.  Tropidocarpum. 

20.  TROPIDOCARPUM,  Hook. 
Pod  linear,  llutlened  laterally,  ol'tou  1 -celled  by  the  disappearance  of  the  narrow 
partition  :  valves  carinate,  1-nerved.     Seeds  in    two    rijws,   minute,   flattened,  not 
winged:  cotyledons  incumbent.     Stylo  short.  —  A  low  slender  hirsute  branching 
annual,  with  pinnately  divided  loaves,  ami  yellow  solitary  axillary  flowers. 

1.  T.  gracile,  Hook.  Stems  M-eak,  2  leet  high  or  less:  leaves  pinnatifid  or 
rarely  l!-i)iiiiuitihd,  witli  narrow  or  linear  segments  :  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
bract-like  leaves;  petals  H  to  3  lines  lung,  nearly  twice  longer  tlian  the  obtuse 
sepals  :  pods  G  to  30  lines  long,  more  than  a  line  broad,  pointed  at  both  ends, 
ascending  on  slender  spreading  pedicels  lU  to  20  lines  long.  —  Ic.  PI.  t.  43.  1\  sca- 
b7iusculum,  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  52. 

Valleys  and  low  hills  in  the  C'oust  liuagos  rioia  Los  Aiigoles  to  the  Sacraiiieuto. 

21.   CAPSELLA,  llcench. 
Pod  obcordate  or  oblong,  much  flattened  laterally,  many-seeded  :  valves  carinate, 
l-nerved.     Seeds  not  winged  :  cotyledons  incumbent.     Style  none  or  very  short.  — 
Slender  and  mostly  smooth  annuals;  with  small  white  flowers,  and  simple  or  pin- 
nate leaves. 

Only  half  a  ilozcn  species  nro  known,  somewhat  divorso  in  habit  and  characters,  natives  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  —  two  North  American,  of  which  one  enters  California. 

1.  C.  divaricata,  Walp.  Glabrous,  very  slender  and  diffusely  branched,  3  to 
12  inches  high  :  j'adical  leaves  an  inch  long  or  less,  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  with  few 
lobes,  the  ujjper  oblanceolate  to  linear,  entire  :  pods  elliptic-oblong,  2  lines  long,  on 
very  slender  spreading  peilicels.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  28.  Ilymenololus  diva- 
ricahis  &  eredus,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  117. 

In  saline  or  alkaline  soils  ;  Vallejo  {Greene) ;  S.  California  {Coulter) ;  and  eastward  of  the 
Siena  Nevada  from  the  Coliiniliia  Kiver  to  Colorado  and  S.  Utah. 

2.  C.  Bursa-pastOl'is,  INhench.  Usually  somewhat  hirsute  at  base,  12  to  18 
inches  high,  branching  :  radical  leaves  mostly  runcinate-pinnatitid,  the  cauline  lan- 
ceolate auricled  at  biit;e,  toothed  or  entire  :  pods  cuneate-triangular,  truncate  above, 
1  to  2  lines  long  and  broad  :  pedicels  widely  spreading  :  seeds  numerous,  minute. 

Originally  from  I'.iuope,  now  naturalized  as  a  harmless  weeil  over  most  of  the  civilized  world  ; 
known  ub  iy/ujiherU's  J'nrsr. 

22.   LYROCARPA,  Hook,  c^  llaiv. 

Pod  fiddle-shaped  or  reniform-obcordate,  strongly  flattened  laterally,  somewhat 
acutely  carinate :  cells  2  -  5-seeded.  Seeds  rounded,  flattened,  narrowly  winged  : 
cotyledons  accumbent.  Style  very  short:  stigma  2-lobed. — Pubescent  annuals; 
leaves  lymtely  jjinnatifid,  petioled ;  flowers  purplish,  with  long  narrow  calyx. 

1.  L.  Coulteri,  llook.  &  Ilarv.  Canescently  pubescent  throughout  with  branched 
hairs ;  stem  about  a  foot  high,  loosely  branched  :  leaves  all  petioled,  oblong,  lyratiily 
pinnatifid,  1  to  2  inches  long  :  flowers  in  a  very  open  raceme,  spreading  or  deflexed  : 
petals  linear,  acuminate,  9  lines  long  :  pods  hdille-shaped,  6  to  8  lines  long,  4  to  5 
wide,  pubescent :  stigma  dilated,  depressed.  —  Lund.  Jour.  ]iot.  iv.  70,  t.  4. 

Collected  only  l)y  Coulter,  the  inecise  loeality  unknown  ;  pn)l)a])ly  in  S.  California  or  W. 
Arizona.  An  immature  specimen  from  C:i|)e  San  Lueas  {X<mlus)  is  perhaps  distinct,  having 
shorter  petals,  with  a  dilated  blade,  and  a  less  depressed  conical  stigma. 

L.  Palmeri,  Watson,  Pioc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  123,  from  the  Big  Canon  of  the  Tantillas  Mountains, 
below  San  Diego,  differs  from  the  original  type  of  the  genus  in  its  reniform-obcordate  pod,  4  to  5 
lines  wide,  with  2-seeded  cells  ;  upper  seed  horizontal,  tlje  lower  pendulous  :  petals  linear. 


23.  THLASPI,  Limi. 
Pod  ciniciito-oblong  or  obcordato,  lalorally  compressed,  usually  craarginate  at  this 
apex,  few-seeded  ;  valves  acutely  cariuato  or  winged.  Seeds  somewhat  turgid,  not 
winged ;  cotyledons  accunibent.  Style  rather  long.  —  Low  glabrous  herbs  with 
simple  stems ;  lower  leaves  rosulate,  entire  or  toothed  ;  the  caulinc  oblong,  auricle;! 
and  clasping ;  flowers  white  or  pinkish. 

About  2.')  or  30  fl]ipcies,  iiilmbitiiig  tlio  toiiipcrnto  nnd  coldor  ropions  cliinny  of  tlio  northern 
lioniiM[ili(Mo.  Hut  a  single  sprcioa  is  indigenous  to  Anicricn,  cojninon  ulao  to  tlio  nionntnins  of 
iMiKijin  nnd  Asia. 

I.  T.  alpestre,  Linn.  Stems  seveml  from  a  branching  perennial  rootstock,  1  to 
15  inclics  hi;,'ii  :  radical  leavo.s  obovato.  or  elliptical,  an  inch  long  including  the 
slendcir  ptitiule,  entire  or  .sparingly  toothed  ;  (winlino  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  entire, 
obtuse  or  acutisli  :  flowers  white,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  ])ods  (jbovate  to  cuneatc-oblong, 
3  or  4  lines  long,  emarginate  or  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  summit,  4  -  8-seeded, 
tipped  by  a  style  a  line  long,  horizontal  on  short  pedicels.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  3L  T.  cochlear  if  or  me,  DC,  and  T.  montannm,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  58  ;  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  114.     T.  Fendleri,  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  14. 

Alpine  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  British  America,  in  Oregon  and  in  tlio 
moimtains  of  Nevada  and  Arizona.  Probably  to  be  found  in  N.  California  and  perhaps  southward 
in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

24.  LEPIDIUM,  Linn.  PF.rrKU-GRAs.s. 
Pod  orbicular  or  obovato,  strongly  flattened  laterally,  omarginately  2-winged  at 
the  summit;  valve.s  acutely  (jarinato  ;  tho  cells  l-secded.  Seeds  not  winged  ;  coty- 
ledons incumbent  (very  rarely  accumb(Mit).  —  Low  herbs  ;  with  pinnatifid  or  toothed 
leaves,  and  small  white  (in  one  species  yellow)  flowers.  The  petals  in  many  of  our 
species  are  often  wanting,  and  the  stamens  only  2  or  4. 

A  genus  of  nearly  100  species,  of  both  temperate  zones.  Of  the  Ifi  North  American  species  a 
single  one  is  found  on  tho  Atlantic  Coast,  the  rest  being  limited  chiefly  to  the  southwest  and 
to  the  region  west  of  tho  Rocky  Monnt.ains,  and  mostly  low  annuals  of  peculiar  habit. 

*   Loiv  annuals:  pedkeh  fattened :  petals  rrinte,    often   vantinp :  stamens    2   to   A  : 

st}/le  none. 
-t-  Pod  reticulated. 

1.  L.  latipes,  Hook.  Hispid  with  short  spreading  hairs  or  the  leaves  glabrous  : 
stems  several,  stout,  simple,  1  to  3  inches  hmg  :  leaves  exceeding  the  stems,  irregu- 
larly and  coarsely  jiinnatilid,  tho  segments  linear  and  entire  or  lolied  :  racemes  short 
and  capitate,  in  fruit  an  inch  long  or  less  ;  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long  :  sepals  very 
unequal  :  petals  broadly  spatulate,  ciliate,  greenish,  1  to  2  lines  long,  much  exceed- 
ing the  sepals  :  pod  broadly  oval,  2  lines  broad,  sparingly  pubescent,  strongly  reticu- 
lated, tho  broad  acute  wings  nearly  as  long  as  the  pod.  —  Tc.  PI.  t.  41  ;  Torr.  it 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  IIG. 

In  snline  soils  near  tlie  coast,  from  Martinez  to  San  Luis  Rey. 

2.  L.  dictyotum,  <>ray.  Pubescent  throughout  with  short  spreading  hairs  or 
the  leav(!s  glabrous  :  stems  1  to  ."^  inches  liigh,  ascending,  slender,  branching:  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  1  or  2  inches  long,  entire  or  ))innatilid  with  a  few  linear  lobes  : 
petals  l)ut  little  exceeding  the  sepals  or  wanting  :  stamens  4  :  jmds  rounded,  \\  lines 
broail,  emarginntn  with  two  short  actite  wings,  lincly  reliculnt'Ml  and  pubescent,  ex- 
ceeding tlio  thick  erect  pedicels.  —  J'roc.  Am.  Ai-ad.  vii.  HJ'.t  ;  Watson,  Hot.  JCing 
Exp.  30,  t.  4. 

Under  sage-brush  in  early  spring  at  Carson  City  and  Steamboat  Springs,  Nevada,  Andfrson, 
Watson,  Mann. 


46 


CUUCIl'ER.E. 


3.  L.  oxycarpum,  Torr,  &  Gray.  Nearly  smooth  :  stems  sleiuler,  aseendiug, 
simple  or  biuneliea,  3  to  6  inches  high:  leaves  linear,  pinmitilid  with  a  lew  nar 
rowly  linear  or  lilit'orm  se-^ments  or  entire  :  raceme  lax,  elongated  :  sepals  uneijnal  ; 
soon  deciduous:  i)etals  none:  stamens  2:  ])ods  smooth,  rounded,  1 J  lines  hroad, 
nodding  on  slender  pcdia-ls  as  long  as  the  pod,  the  hroad  and  acute  teeth  short  and 
divergent.  —  Kl.  i.  IK). 

Var.  (()  Strictum,  Watson.      lSei)als  green,  ijersistent  :  fruiting  i-acemes  crowded, 
the  pedicels  erect  :  wings  less  acute  anil  spreading  :  lobes  of  the  leaves  less  elongated. 
Vallejo,  Greene.     Also  \>y  Douijlas  and  Coaltcr,  urobably  in  the  same  region.     The  variety  lias 
been  collected  only  by  Kalian,  near  riacerville.  and  is  liardly  referable  to  this  species. 

a-   +.  ]*od  not  reticulated  or  scarcely  so. 

4.  L.  nitidum,  Nult.  Cilahrous  or  somewhat  pubescent  :  stems  simple  or 
branched,  3  to  1(3  inches  high:  leaves  pinnately  cut  into  narrow  hnear  acuuanate 
segments,  the  uppermost  often  entire  :  petals  pre.sent,  small  :  pods  in  a  loose  raceme, 
spreading,  glabrous  and  shining,  rounded,  1 A  to  2  lines  broad,  acutely  margined; 
the  wings  sliort,  obtu.se  ajid  slightly  spreading:  peilicels  1  or  2  lines  long  :  seeds 
often  ash-colored. — Torr.  Aj  Gray,  ¥1  i.  IIG.  L.  Uiocarpuvi,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Jiot. 
Beechey,  324. 

Ill  winter  and  early  spring,  I'roia  above  San  Francisco  to  Los  Angeles. 

5.  L.  Menziesii,  IX^.  Hispid  or  pubescent  :  stems  3  to  (i  inches  high,  branched  : 
leaves  oblong,  all  pinnatilid  with  short  oblong  or  spatulate  acutish  segments,  which 
are  rarely  sparingly  toothed  :  petals  none  :  poils  ghibrous,  rounded,  1  to  1|  lines 
broad,  not  margined  except  by  the  short  very  obtuse  teeth  at  the  summit  :  pedicels 
spreading  cjr  recurved,  1  or  2  lines  long,  slender  and  often  scarcely  llattened.  — 
Syst.  ii.  53'J  ;  k  Prodr.  i.  205. 

Santa  Harbara  (Niillall)  U>  Los  Angeles  (linwer)  ;  r<nadahi|ie  Island,  Pulvier.  Theso  sj)eci- 
inens  accord  with  others  raised  from  seeds  cultivated  under  the  name  in  the  garden  at  Geneva 
prior  to  1840,  and  with  \h'  Oandolle's  description  based  upon  the  original  specimens  of  Men- 
zies  from  "California."  The  Oregon  plant  referred  to  this  species  has  been  for  the  most  jmit 
L.  intermedium,  though  the  one  .so  named  by  Torrey  in  Bot.  Wilkes  V^xy.  is  apparently  L.  I'ir- 
ijiuicum  with  unusually  deeply  pinnatilid  leaves. 

6.  L.  lasiocarpum,  Nutt.  Eoughly  ])uberulent  (n-  pubescent  with  short  spread- 
ing hairs  :  steni.s  rather  stout,  branched,  3  to  10  inches  high,  decuiul)ent :  lower 
leaves  3  to  4  inches  long,  luore  or  less  ciliolate  at  least  on  the  ])etioles,  jtinnate,  with 
ovate  to  oblong  s[)aiingly  toothed  segments  ;  upper  leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  incisely 
pinnatiful  with  narrow  lobes,  or  the  uppermost  entire  :  petals  none  or  very  small  : 
stamens  2  :  pods  rounded,  l.l  to  2  lines  broad,  hisi)id  on  the  margin,  winged  at  the 
apex  with  short  very  obtuse"" teeth,  crowdeil  in  a  narrow  raceme  oji  short  ascending 
or  horizontal  pedicels.  ■ — Torr.  &  Gray,  I'l.  i.  115. 

Santa  Barbara  {Nutlall)  ;  Guadalui)e  Island,  Palmer.     Closely  allied  to  the  last  species. 

L.  WuKJHTil,  Gray.  A  very  similar  species,  hirsute  witb  spreading  liairs  ;  leaves  pinnatilid 
or  toothed  ;  iwds  hispid,  rather  broadly  winged  at  the  sumnut.  Of  tiie  Uio  Grande  Valley,  ranging 
westward  nearly  to  the  Colorado  ;  a[)peais  to  be  in  N.  W.  Nevada,  Torrey,  Lcmmon. 

*    *    Low  (innuaLs :  pedtccls  terete:  petals   i/elhw :  staintus   0:  sti/le  elontjated  •  pads 

nticidatcd. 

7.  L.  flavum,  Torrey.  (ilalirous,  decundjcnt,  dill'usely  branch*'d  :  stems  3  to  (> 
inches  long  :  radical  leaves  pinnatiliil  with  short  obtuse  lobes  ;  cauline  h;aves  few, 
oblanceolate,  acutely  tootlied  or  entire  :  racemes  short,  nearly  sessile  :  petals  bright 
yellow  :  pods  orbicular,  a  line  broad  or  more,  shortly  winged  with  broad  divergent 
acutish  teeth,  on  spreading  or  deflexed  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long  :  style  nearly  as 
long  as  the  pod.  — Pacif.  11.  Rep.  iv.  67  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  30. 

On  the  Mohave  River  (Fremtmt,  Bigeloxv) ;  also  about  Humboldt  Lake  and  in  the  upper  valley 
of  the  Humboldt  River,  N.  Nevada. 


Vhysiiriu.  CKUCIKKILK.  47 

*   *   *  Stouter  and  often  tall,  inosthj  biennial  or  perennial :  2^cdiceh  terete. 
+■  Annual :  petals  small  or  usually  none :  stamens  2  :  style  none  or  very  short. 

8.  L.  intermedium,  <^Irny.  Erect  and  braiicliing,  witli  tho  habit  of  L.  Virgini- 
cum,  ^  to  U  leet  lii},'li,  piiberulcnt  or  glabrous:  lower  loaves  1  to  2  inches  long, 
toothed  or  piiinatilid,  the  upper  often  entire  or  but  sparingly  toothed,  oblanceolate 
or  linear  :  petals  wanting  in  the  western  form  :  pods  smooth  or  rarely  puberulent, 
rounded,  1  to  1  ^  lines  })road,  very  shortly  winged  Avith  somewliat  divergent  obtuse 
teeth  :  pedicels  spreading,  2  lines  long.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  If). 

The  more  common  .species  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  widely  distributed  through  the  interior, 
ranging  from  the  Columhia  Valley  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  soutliward  to  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and 
S.  California.     The  typical  form  of  Texas  and  New  Mexico  has  rather  small  petals. 

+-  +-  Biennial  or  jyerennial :  petals  conspicuous  :  stamens  G  :  style  exceeding  the  wings. 

9.  L.  montanum,  Nutt.  Biennial,  puberulent  or  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous, 
1^  feet  high  or  less:  loaves  ])iniiatitid,  the  oblong  to  lanceolate  segments  usually 
inoro  or  le.ss  divided,  especially  on  the  upper  side  ;  uppermost  loaves  with  few  seg- 
mcMita  or  linear  and  ontiro  :  jiolals  twice  as  long  as  tho  8(;pals  :  pods  a  lino  broad, 
ovate,  narrowly  winged  above  with  short  acutish  toi^th.  — Torr.  k  Gmy,  Fl.  i.  IIG; 
Watson,  Rot.  King  Exp.  29. 

In  dry  valleys  and  on  hillsidrs  from  the  "Snake  Couiitiy "  (Tolvtir)  through  Nevada  to 
Sonora,  New  Moxicn,  and  Colorado,  Anderson's  specimens  from  near  Carson  City  are  perennial 
and  npi>ionfh  tlio  next. 

10.  L.  alyssoides,  ^^ray.  Pul)ernlent  or  often  glabrous  and  glaucous,  from  a 
perennial  root,  diflusoly  l)ranchcd,  |  to  1  foot  higli  :  leaves  linear,  2  to  3  inches 
long,  the  lowest  sparingly  lobed  with  linear  segments  :  flowers  large  :  pods  from 
narrowly  oblong  or  linear  becoming  ovate,  1  to  H  lines  broad,  shortly  winged 
above  with  acutish  teeth.  —  V\.  Fendl.  10. 

In  alkaline  soils,  from  N.  Nevada  and  Colorado  to  Northern  Mexico. 

11.  L.  Fremontii,  Watson.  Perennial  with  a  somewhat  woody  base,  diffusely 
branched,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  1  to  1  ^  feet  high  :  loaves  linear,  1  to  3  inches 
long,  entire  or  sparingly  lobed  :  racemes  rather  short  and  few-flowered,  terminal  and 
lateral  :  ])od3  rounded,  abruptly  cuneate  at  base,  2  to  4  linos  broad,  slightly  emar- 
ginate  with  short  very  obtuse  teeth.  —  Hot.  King  l']\\>.  30,  t.   1. 

In  dry  desprts;  Mohave  Hivor  (/'Vrnio)i/) ;  Northwcstnrn  Nevada  ( /FaAio)!, />j/n«07i)  ;  S.  Utah 
{Parry)  ;  S.  Colorado,  llnthrock. 

26.  PHYSARIA,  Nutt. 

Pod  didymous,  with  a  short  narrow  partition ;  cells  inflated,  nearly  globular, 
membranaceous,  nerveless,  several-seeded.  Seeds  not  winged  ;  cotyledons  accum- 
bent.  —  Low  and  stellately  cancscent  perennials  ;  leaves  mostly  entire  ;  the  flowei-s 
yellow. 

Three  species  are  known,  cnnfinod  to  the  interior  of  the  continent,  with  tlic  habit  of  f'esicaria, 
to  which  they  ate  referred  by  Benthnm  and  Hooker. 

1.  P.  didymocarpa,  Hray.  Decumbent,  difTiisoly  branched:  radical  leaves' 
])roa(lly  spatulato,  occiisionally  lyrate  ;  the  cauline  oblanceolate,  mostly  entire:  flowers 
showy  ;  racemes  short  :  pods  2  to  fi  lines  in  diametor,  deeply  emarginate  above  and 
below,  tho  cells  \isually  appniximiito,  sometimes  diverg(>nt  ;  the  ]>arlition  only  1  to 
1^  lines  long.  —  Gen.  111.  i.  1G2  ;  AVat.son,  Hot.  King  lv\p.  20.  Vesicaria  didymo- 
carpa, Hook.  Fl.  i.  49,  t.  16. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  the  mountains  to  Colorado  and  northwaixl  to  Brit- 
ish America. 


4^  CRUCll-'EK.K.  Hantbit.u. 

26.  SENEBIEllA,  DC 

Pod  didymous,  2-ccllcd  ;  cells  iudchiscuul,  biihglobDsc;,  separatmg  at  maturity  from 
tho  puraisteiit  linour  axis,  iiorvuicss,  strongly  nigoso  or  tubiirculalu,  l-scedcd.  yw'd 
turgid,  not  winged  ;  cotylodoiis  iiioumbciit.  —  Did'use  or  proatratn  anmiuis  or  liiuii- 
nials,  witii  miuuto  wliito  llowurs  in  racemes  opposite  to  the  pimiatiiid  leaves.  Sta- 
mens often  only  two. 

Hidf  a  dozen  species,  mitives  of  tlie  waiiuer  and  temperate  regions  of  both  lieniispheies. 
1.   S.  didyma,  Pers.     Somewhat  hirsute  :  stems  diffusely  branched,  |  to  li  feet 
long  :  leaves  pelioled,   witli  small  narrow  segments  :  pods  small,  emarginate  above 
and  below,  strongly  reticulated,  a  line  broad  or  more.  — S.  2>i'i/i((lijhh(,  DC  ;  (Jray, 
Gen.  111.  i.  IGG,  t.  72. 

San  Pablo  Landing  {Bolander)  ;  introduced  and  jnoliably  confined  to  sandy  louidities  near  tlie 
Bay  of  San  Francisco.      Widely  distributed  in  warm  regions  around  the  globe. 

27.  BISCUTELLA,  Linn. 
Pod  llattened  laterally,  '2 -celled ;  cells  nearly  orbicular,  indehiscent,  with  a  thick- 
ened margin,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  persistent  linear  axis,  1 -seeded.  Seeds 
Hat,  Itorizontal,  not  winged;  cotyledons  accumbent. — Erect  annual  or  biennial,  his- 
pid or  tomentoso  branching  herbs ;  Avith  entire  or  pinnatiiid  leaves,  and  yellow  or 
purplish  ilowers. 

A  genus  of  3  or  more  .si)eci('s,  behmging  to  tlio  l\[(!diten'anean  region,  to  which  Bentham  and 
Hooker  have  added  the  two  folUiwing,  previously  kept  distinct  under  the  name  ])ilhi/rwa.  They 
form  a  section  dili'cring  from  the  Old  World  species  in  the  nearly  sessile  and  conical  or  2-lobed 
broad  stigma,  tho  simplo  racenuis,  whitish  or  j)nrplish  Ilowers,  stellate  tomentum,  and  more  leafy 
stems. 

1.  B.  Californica,  Jii'iith.  <^  Hook.  Tomentose  with  stellate  hairs,  annual  : 
stems  G  to  10  inches  high,  erect  or  ascending:  radical  leaves  spatulate,  .siuuately 
toothed  or  pinnatiiid  ;  the  ujipcr  cuneate-oblong,  sessile  :  sepals  tomentose,  linear,  2 
to  3  lines  long;  petals  (purple '()  linear-spatulate,  half  an  inch  long:  racemes  loose 
and  elongated  in  fruit :  pods  4  or  5  lines  wide  and  half  as  long,  emarginate  above 
and  below,  pubescent  especially  on  the  margin,  with  a  small  (!avity  adjoining  the 
axis  :  style  short  :  stigma  dilated  and  depressed  :  pedicels  horizontal,  a  line  long. — 
Gen.  Plant,  i.  91.      JJithi/rcnu  Caiifornica,  Harv.  in  J.ond.  Jour.  Jiot.  iv.  77,  t.  5. 

On  sand-hills  near  the  Colorado  River  ;  rare.  B.  Wislizkm,  Engelm.,  is  found  faither  to  the 
east,  from  Arizona  to  Texas.  It  is  a  loot  or  two  high,  more  hafy  ;  pods  luiger,  broadly  truncate 
above,  deeply  cordate  at  base  ;  stigma  conical  ;  pedicels  5  to  8  lines  long. 

28.   THYSANOCARPUS,   Hook. 
Pod  1-celled,  indehiscent,  plano-convex  and  much  compressed,  orbicular,  winged 
or  margined,   1-seeded:   seed   pendulous,  somewhat  flattened,  not  winged. — Erect 
and  slender  sparingly  branched  sjning  annuals;  with  minute  white  or  m.st-coloretl 
Ilowers,  the  fruit  nmstly  iiondidniis  on  Hlender  jKnlicels  in  ('longat(;d  racenn's. 

1.  T.  CUl'VipeS,  lloiii;.  SdHicwhal  hirsute  at  bnso,  glalirou.s  abov(',  \  lo  2  feet 
high:  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  1  to  ;5  inches  long,  pinnatiiid  or  siiuiately  toothed; 
the  upper  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  acununate,  clasping  by  a  broad  auricled 
base,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  :  pods  round  to  obovate  or  ovate,  densely  tomentose 
or  glabrous,  2  to  4  lines  in  diameter  including  the  entire  or  crenate  veined  and 
often  perforated  wing,  emarginate  at  the  summit  and  tipped  by  the  short  |)urple 
style  :  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long.  — Fl.  i.  G9,  t.  18.  T.  pulchdlus  &  elegans,  Fischer 
&' Meyer;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  39. 


Rai>hanHs.  CAPl'AlilDAtJE.K  49 

Very  coiiinion  on  dry  liillsi.l.-s  IVnm  Los  Angrles  to  Oregon  ;  also  in  W.  Neva-la  and  Arizona. 
The  form  with  jiprforatcd  wing  is  froiiuontly  known  as  Lace-pod. 

2.  T.  laciniatUS,  Nutt.  Sriuillor  and  more  sicndor  :  loaves  narrowly  linear  or 
else  pinnaU'iy  or  runcinately  cut  into  narrowly  linear  segments;  the  canlino  scarcely 
auricled  at  haso  :  pods  obovate,  jmbescent  or  glabrons,  2  to  3  lines  long,  cuneate  at 
base,  snrroundcd  by  a  narrow  entire  or  somewhat  crenate  wing. — Torr.  <fe  Gray 
Y\.  i.  118;   Walson,  Bot.  Kiiig  l-lxp.  31. 

Var.  crenatus,  Brewer.  'I'lie  broader  wing  more  deeply  crenate  or  fringed  with 
roundcMJ  lobes.—  T.  virii<itH.<<,  Nntt.  1.  c. 

Less  comnion  tliaii  llip  last,  ranging  from  tlif  Sacnmionto  to  S.  Calirornia  and  ciustwnnl  in 
Arizona  ;  tlic  variety  .sonictiine.s  known  as  Fringe-pod. 

3.  T.  radians,  15enth.  Glabrous,  1  to  1^  feet  high:  radiad  leaves  runcinate- 
pinnatifid,  the  cauline  ovate-laneeolate  and  auriculate-clasping  :  petals  about  equal- 
ling the  sei)als  :  j)ods  round,  4  to  5  lines  in  diameter,  tomentose  or  smooth,  scarcely 
emarginate,  with  a  broad  entire  translucent  wing  conspicuously  marked  by  radiating 
nerves  :  style  very  short :  pedicels  G  to  8  lines  long,  recurved.  —  PI.  Hartw.  297. 

Valleys  and  low  hills  in  Central  California,  much  less  freijuent  than  tho  preceding. 

4.  T.  pusillus,  Hook.  Roughly  ptibescent  throughout,  3  to  12  inches  high: 
lower  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  entire  or  remotely  dentate,  ^  to  1  inch  long, 
shortly  petioled  ;  cauline  leaves  similar  but  smaller,  usually  entire,  sessile  but  not 
(dasping:  llowers  barely  a  line  long,  sometimes  apetalous:  pods  obovate  to  orbicular, 
a  line  long  or  less,  hirsute  with  hooked  hairs,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  emarginate  : 
style  short  :  pedicels  1  to  2  lines  long,  at  length  reHexed.  —  Ic.  PI.  t.  43  ;  Hook.  & 
Arn.  Bot.  P.eechey,  324.      T.  oh Inin/if alius,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  Sc  Grray,  Fl.  i.  118. 

Common  on  low  dry  hills  from  bos  Angeles  to  Vancouver  Island. 

T.  EREcrus,  "\Vat5on.  is  an  additional  species  from  Ouadahii.e  Island,  Palmer.  Glabrous  and 
leafy  :  leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  auriculatc-cla-sping,  sinuafely  dentate  :  fruit  on  erect  i)edicel9 
minutely  puljescent,  the  wing  entire,  not  nerved  nor  perforated.  '  ' 

29.    RAPHANUS,  Linn.         Kadisii. 
Pod  indehiscent,  elongated,  terete,  attenuated  above,  2-jointed  ;  lower  joint  often 
seedless,  the  upper  inflated  or  constricted  between  the  several  seeds.    Style  long  and 
Htoiit.     Cotyledons  ('nl'olding  Mi.<  radich^  —  Cmirse  inlroduc-d  annunl.s  or  hinmiials. 
Tho  si-eeies  are  now  reduced  to  half  n  dozen  or  less,  all  natives  of  tiie  Eastern  Continent. 
1.  R.  sativus,  Linn.     More  or  less  hispid  :  flowers  purple  or  ro.se-color,  8  to  10 
bni's  long  :  pod  inflatcMl,  long-pointed,  1  to  2|  inches  long,  usimlly  2-scedcd. 

The  ordinary  Kadish,  connnon  in  fields  in  various  parts  of  the  State  ;  the  root  not  fleshy  but 
tough  and  stringy.     Ihere  arc  numerous  varieties  in  cultivation. 

R.  RAPirANisnuTM  Linn.  Petals  yellow,  veined,  becoming  whitish  or  purplish  :  pods  neck- 
lace-shaped long-beaked,  1  -  S»-seeded,  breaking  easily  between  the  seeds.  Known  aa  Wild 
Kadish,  and  naturalize.!  in  various  parts  of  the  world  as  a  troul)lesome  weed  in  cultivated  fields 
To  be  expected  in  California. 

Order  VI 11.     CAPPARIDACE.^. 

Herbs  or  shruHs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  perfect  hypogyn.ms  Ib.uers;  related  to 
Crucifero',  having  the  .sepals  or  lobes  of  the  enlyx  and  petals  (with  claws)  4,  the 
stamens  commonly  C.  mid  n  pod  wKb  a  pair  of  p:u-i.>lal  placenta-  fnnn  which  tho 
valves  fall  away  ;  but  the  embryo  is  incurved  nther  than  folded,  and  the  juice  or 
herbage,  although  sometimes  pungent  (as  in  C.tpers),  is  genemlly  nauseous  or  bitter. 
—  Stamens  sometimes  numerous,  when  f,  noiuly  e.pi.d   in   l.Migth.  or  not  distinctly 


50 


CAPrAKIDACE/K.  homtris. 


tetradynamous.  Style  and  stigma  one.  Ovary  and  fruit  commonly  raised  on  a 
stipe,  1-celled,  sometimes  2-celled,  low  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  globose-reniform. 
Leaves  either  simple  or  palmatoly  compound.     Pedicels  commonly  bracteate. 

An  order  of  2-i  genera  and  alwut  300  si)ei;ics,  of  warni-lcnipenito  and  tropical  regions,  liero 
I'haraclcrizud  I'roni  ihal  |H>itioji  ol  it  wiiicli  lias  capsular  I'liiit,  only  2  jilacontui,  and  few  sliiniuns, 
the  tribe  Clko.me*.  But  the  larger  part  of  the  order  in  warm  regions,  of  the  tribe  (.'APi'AiiKiE 
(of  which  the  Caper-plant  is  the  type),  consists  of  shrubs  or  trees,  with  fleshy  fruit,  sometimes 
with  several  placenta  and  numerous  stamens.  Of  the  six  genera  here  admitted,  one  is  peculiar 
to  the  coast-district  of  California  ;  the  others  belong  to  the  dry  interior  region  and  barely  reach 
the  eastern  borders  of  the  State. 

Atamisquea  E.MAROIKATA,  Miers,  a  shrub,  with  a  fleshy  1-2-seeded  fruit,  native  of  Chili  or 
Buenos  Ayres,  is  sai<l  to  be  in  Coulter's  Californian  collection  ;  but  we  liud  no  trace  of  it  in  tho 
State  nor  in  Arizona. 

»  Shrubby,  with  racemose  flowers  and  an  inflated  capsular  fruit. 

1.  iBomeris.     Caly.v  1-cKft,  persistent.     Corolla  yellow.     Stamens  6.     Ovary  long-stipitate. 

»  ♦  Herbs,  with  racemose  flowei-s. 
+-  Fruit  pod-like,  1-celled,  several  -  many-seeded. 

2.  Polaiiisia.     Stamens  8  to  32.     Flowers  whitish  or  purple.     Pod  elongated. 

b.  Cleome.     Stamens  G.     Flowers  yellow  or  nink-nurple.     Pod  oblong  or  linear. 

4.  Cleomella.   Stamens  (5.    Flowers  yellow.    I'od  rliomboidal,  2-horned,  or  globular,  few-seeded. 

-1-  +-  Fruit  didymous,  2-celled  ;  tho  cells  separating  as  small  l-sceded  nutlets! 

5.  Wislizenia.    Stamens  0.     Style  tiliform.     Nutlets  open  at  the  scar. 
(J.   Oxystylia.     Style  becoming  subulate  and  spiuescent.     Nutlets  closed. 

1.  ISOMERIS,  Nutt. 

Calyx  persistent,  4-cleft,  the  lobes  ovate,  acuminate.  Petals  sessile,  oblong, 
equal.  Torus  fleshy,  dilated  above,  somewhat  produced  on  the  upper  side.  Sta- 
mens 6,  on  the  torus,  at  length  long-exserted.  Pod  large,  inflated,  coriaceous, 
long-stipitate,  1 -celled,  many-seeded  :  stylo  very  short :  stigma  minute.  Seeds 
large,  smooth.  —  A  low  ill-scented  shrub ;  with  puberulent  branches,  trifuliulate 
petioled  leaves,  and  large  yellow  flowers,  axillary  or  in  bracteate  racemes. 

1.  I.  arborea,  Nutt.  Stout,  much  branched,  3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  glandular- 
puberuleut  or  nearly  smooth,  the  uppermost  and  the  floral  bracts  1-foliolate;  leaflets 
thicki.sh,  narrowly  oblong  or  elli])tical,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  entire,  mucronute,  nearly 
sessile  :  pedicels  e(|ualHiig  the  leaves  :  pistals  5  to  8  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  t  lie 
calyx: :  pod  1  to  U  iiiehcs  long,  abruptly  acut(*  above,  attenuate  at  l>ase  into  a  stipe 
nearly  as  long.  —  Torr.  ct  (Jray,  PI.  i.'llil;  Hook.  Hot.  Mag.  t.  ;}812  ;  'Wm:  Hot. 
Mex.  Bound,  t.  4. 

Common  in  dry  soils  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego.    The  wood  is  hard,  brittle,  and  yellow. 

2.  POLANISIA,  Kaf. 

Sepals  4,  deciduous,  lanceolate,  sometimes  connate  at  base.  Petals  unguiculate 
or  sessile,  equal  or  iniequal.  Torus  small,  depressed.  Stamens  8  or  more,  inserted 
below  the  torus.  I'od  membranaceous,  very  shortly  stipitate,  elongated,  compressed 
or  cylindrical,  many-seeded.  Seetls  rounded-reniforni,  rugose  or  reticulated.  — 
Ainiual  herbs,  ill-scented  and  mostly  glandular ;  with  simple  or  3  -  9-foliolate  peti- 
oled leaves,  and  yellowish,  rose-colored  or  white  (lowers  in  leafy-bracted  racemes  ; 
pods  erect  on  spreading  pedicels. 

A  genus  of  about  a  dozen  species  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  of  which  the  following  readies 
the  eastern  bordei-s  of  the  State. 


Chom^ll,,.  (.'API'AIUDACE.K  51 

1.  P,  trachysperma,  Torr.  &  (Jray.  (ilaiuluhir-piihcscent,  erect,  ^  Id  2  feet 
high:  leaves  yioJiolale  ;  leaflets  lanceulate,  i  to  2  iiiclies  long,  ticute,  about  eciual- 
iing  the  petioles,  nearly  sessile  ;  Horal  bracts  mostly  simple,  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
shortly  jietioled  :  petals  3  to  5  lines  long,  with  slender  claws  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
and  an  emarginate  blade  :  stamens  12  to  16  ;  filaments  exserted  :  style  2  to  3  lines 
long  :  pod  1  to  2^  inches  long,  very  rarely  on  a  short  slender  stipe  :  seeds  finely 
pitted  and  often  warty. —  Fl.  i.  GG9  ;  Gray,  Gen.  111.  i.  182,  t.  79.  /■•.  unvjland- 
«/om,  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  G7  ;  "Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  31. 

From  tlio  ("oliiinhia  Uivcr  to  Kiiiisiis  and  soutliwanl  to  N.  Ni-vndu  (imJ  Texas.  Tlio  I',  uniijland- 
idosa,  Cav.,  of  Mexico  and  New  Mexico,  to  wliich  it  lias  been  referred,  dilfers  in  its  much  larger 
flowers,  greatly  elongated  style,  larger  pods  npon  a  atont  terete  stipe,  and  smootli  seeds.  'I'lie 
eastern  P.  (jraveoleiis  may  be  distiiiguislied  by  its  smaller  Howei's,  shorter  style,  fewer  and  shorter 
stampns,  and  smoother  seeds  ;  its  leaves  arc  also  mostly  obtuse  or  obtusish. 

3.   CLEOME,  Linn. 

Sepals  4,  sometimes  uniteil   at  ba.se.      Petals  with  claws  or  .sessile.     .Stamens  G, 

upt)n  the  small  torus.     Pod  (in  our  species)  linear  or  oblong,  stipitate,  many-seeded  : 

stylo  short  or  none.     Seeds  globose-reniform  to  ovate. — Our  species  are  all  erect 

branching  annuals;  with  palmately  3 -  7-foliolate  leaves  (leaflets  entire),  and  yellow 

or  purple  flowers,  in  bracteato  racemes ;  pods  pendent  on  spreading  pedicels. 

About  70  species,  inhabitants  of  hot  and  dry  regions,  chiefly  of  America  and  Africa.  The  fol- 
lowing species  api>roach  the  eastern  or  southern  borders  of  the  State. 

1.  C.  lutea,  J  look.  Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaflets  5, 
linear-  to  olilnng-lanceolato,  one  or  two  inches  long,  acute,  .^hort-l)(>(iolulatc,  equal- 
ling tiie  petiolcvs  ;  stipules  setaceous,  caducous;  bracts  simple,  bristle-tijtped  :  flowers 
showy,  bright  yellow,  corymbo.se,  the  raceme  elongated  in  fruit  :  petals  3  to  4  lines 
long,  much  exceeding  the  ovate-lanceolat(3  sepals  :  stanuMis  much  ex.sertcd  :  i)od  G  to 
If)  lines  long,  about  2  lines  broad,  acute  at  each  end  :  stylo  less  than  a  lino  long: 
the  stipe  and  pedicel  each  about  half  an  inch  long.  —  Fl.  i.  70,  t.  25  ;  Lindl.  Bot. 
Reg.  xxvii.  t.  67.     C.  aurea,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gniy,  Fl.  i.  122  ;  Watson,  I.  c.  32. 

Abundant  in  t.hp  valleys  of  Northwestern  Nevada,  thenre  northward  tn  the  Columbia  and  cast 
to  Colorado. 

2.  C.  platycarpa,  Torr.  With  tlio  habit  and  characters  of  the  la.'^t,  but  pube.s- 
cent  and  somewiiat  glandular  :  leaflets  3,  broadly  oblong  in  lanceolate,  G  to  8  lines 
long,  obtu.se  or  acutish  :  sepals  linear-setaceous  :  pod  9  lines  long,  about  4  lines 
broad,  10-  1  2-seeded  :  style  2  lines  long.  —  Bot.  AVilkes  Exp.  23.^^,  t.  2. 

Klamath  Hiver,  X.  California  (PicXrrjx^r)  ;  Rluo  Mountains,  Oregon,  Ncvius. 

3.  C.  sparsifolia,  Watson.  Smooth,  diffn.sely  branched,  a  foot  high  :  leaves 
much  scattered,  simple  or  3-foliolato  ;  leaflets  2  or  3  lines  hmg,  oblanceolate,  acute; 
stipult;s  fimbriate,  caducous  :  flowers  few,  in  a  loose  raceme  :  sepals  ovate  :  petals 
with  a  iKHitariferous  scale  at  bnse,  3  lines  long,  exceeding  the  stamens  :  pods  0  lines 
long,  narrow,  acutish,  very  shortly  stipitate.  —  Bot.  King  Ex]).  32,  I.  f). 

In  dry  sand,  near  Ragtown,  Carson  Desert,  Nevada,    Wnlxon. 

C.  SoNiMi^,,  C.i-ay,  ri.  Wright,  ii.  ]fi,  is  a  tall  slender  glabrous  sjieeies,  with  trifoliolate  almoat 
sessile  leaves  and  JMiear  lealleis  ;  flowers  small,  in  loose  racemes;  j.nds  half  nn  inch  long;  stylo 
very  short.      From  Northwestern  Sonora  to  S.  Colorado,  nnd  niiiy  enter  S.  Cnlirnrnia. 

4.   CLEOMELLA,  OC 

Cliaracters  nearly  as  in  C/mm^,  bul^  the  few  seeded  pod  small  and  ovoid-globosp 
or  rhomboidal,  i>r  with  the  valves  often  laterally  produced. — Erect  bmnching 
annuals  ;  flowers  yellow,  racemose  ;  leaves  3foliolate. 

.\  geniH  of  half  n  il.i/en  s))ecip«,  confined  to  tlie  inferior  rej^imi  of  N'nth  Amerjen. 


52  CAPFAKIDACK.!;;.  Cleomdiu. 

*  Stipe  longer  than  the  pod. 

1.  C.  longipes,  Ton-.  ](atlu'.r  stout,  1  or  2  foot  hi^^li,  glabrous  :  leaflets  narrowly 
obovulu  to  spuLuiuto,  obtuao  or  retuso,  ^  to  1  int:li  long  :  supals  ovato,  ucutu  :  petals 
2  or  3  lines  long  ;  stamens  long-exserteil  :  jtoils  nearly  triangular  in  outline,  acuto 
ut  base,  2  Hues  liigli,  iS  to  5  in  breadth,  the  valves  being  lutiro  or  less  strongly 
horned  :  style  halt'  a  line  long  or  less  ;  stipe  4  to  7  lines  long,  about  eciualling  the 
pedicel.  —  Gray,  PI.  ^V right,  i.  11 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  33, 

Var.  (?)  grandillora,  Wutson,  1.  e.  Leaflets  and  bracts  narrowly  obovate  to 
orbicular  :  sepals  long-acuuiinute  :  style  about  a  line  long. 

Valleys  and  lootfiills  in  N.  W.  Nevada  {Anderson,  Jratsmi)  ;  New  ilexieo  {li'riyht)  ;  stouter 
and  larger  leaved  Ibiuis  than  the  original  ilexicaa  specimens  of  Gregg  and  Berlandier. 

2.  C.  obtusifolia,  Torr.  Somewhat  pubescent,  branching,  a  foot  high  or  more  : 
leaflets  oval  or  ublung,  3  to  U  lines  long,  equalling  the  petioles,  glabrous  above ; 
stipules  long  and  fimbriate  :  flowers  small,  in  leafy  racemes  :  sepals  ovate,  lacerate- 
ciliate  :  petals  1  or  2  lines  long  :  jjoiIs  2  to  5  lines  bnjad,  the  valves  acutely  and 
often  narrowly  horned  :  style  very  slender,  2  lines  lung  :  stijjc  3  lines  long,  reflexed 
upon  the  equal  pedicel.  — Frem.  Itep.  311. 

Near  Sacramento  ?  {Fremont)  ;  Soda  Lake  on  the  Mohave  River  {Cooper) ;  Arizona,   Wheeler. 

3.  C.  plocasperma,  Watson.  Low,  glabrous,  diffusely  branching :  leaflets 
linear-oblong,  3  to  G  liutss  long;  bracts  mostly  small :  petals  lA  lines  long  :  stamens 
short  or  exserted  :  pods  Khort-rhond)ic,  the  valves  somewhat  dilated:  style  short; 
stipe  once  or  twice  the  length  of  the  pod,  usually  equalling  the  pedicel :  seeds 
minutely  tessellated  under  the  microscope.  —  l>ot.  King  Exp.  33. 

Valleys  of  Northern  Nevada,   Watson,  lleo.  R.  Buryess. 

4.  C.  oocarpa,  (jiay.  Very  similar :  leaves  and  flowers  slightly  larger :  pods 
ovate,  the  valves  not  dilated  :  seeds  smooth.  —  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  72. 

Saline  valleys  of  Iliunboldt  Co.,  Nevada  {Torrcy,  Oraij)  ;  S.  W.  Coloruilo,  Bvandcgec. 

*   -.':  Stipe  shorter  than  the  pod. 

f).  C- parviilora,  dray.  Low  and  slender,  decumbently  branched,  smooth: 
leaflets  and  bracts  linear,  lialf  an  inch  long  :  flowers  rather  few  :  petals  scarcely  a 
line  long,  equalling  the  .stamens  :  puds  on  long  slender  pedicels  ;  valves  slightly 
horned  :  style  and  stipe  almost  none.  — Proc.  Am,  Acad.  vi.  520;  Watson,  1.  c. 

At  Camp  Cady  on  the  iloliave  (Cooper)  ;  Northern  Nevada,  Anderson,  Watson. 

5.    WISLIZENIA,  Engelm. 
Characters  nearly  as  in  the  preceding,  but  the  pod  didymous ;  valves  contracted 
upon  the  solitary  seeds  and  deciduous  with  them,  nutlike,  nerved  or  reticulated, 
open  at  the  scar  :  style  elongated.  —  Smooth  erect  branching  annuals  ;  with  yellow 
racemose  flowers  and  1  -  3-foliolate  leaves.     The  following  are  the  only  species, 

1.  W.  refracta,  Engelm.  One  to  two  feet  high,  widely  branching:  leaflets  3, 
oblanceolate  to  ol)ovate,  5  to  9  lines  long,  usually  exceeding  the  i)ctioles  :  flowers  in 
dense  racemes,  at  length  elongated  :  petals  a  line  long  :  stamens  ami  ovary  I'xserted  : 
cells  of  the  ovary  2ovuled  :  fruit  1  i  lines  broad  or  more  ;  the  divergent  obovate 
reticulated  valves  separated  by  a  ])erforated  partition  :  style  filiform,  1  to  2  lines 
long:  stipe  2  to  3  lines  long,  strongly  refractcil  ujwn  the  rather  longer  pedicel, — 
Wisliz.  Pep.  U;  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  11,  t.  2. 

Mohave  Valley  {Newberry)  ;  Colorado  Desert  {Blake)  ;  thence  to  Sononi  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  W.  Palmeri,  Gray.  With  the  habit  of  the  last ;  leaves  simple  (lowest 
unknown),  linear,   H  inches  long,  very  shortly  petioled  :  racemes  fewer-flowered: 


OligomerLs.  RESEDACEvlC.  53 

petals  2  lilies  long  :  fruit  3  to  4  lines  1)rnad  ;  the  oblong-obovate  valves  nerved  and 
surrounded  nt  the  truncate  extremity  hy  a  row   of  stout  bhiiit  tubercles  :  style  3 
linos  long  :  stipe  3  to  4  lines  long,  refracted.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  G28. 
On  the  Lower  Colorado  River,  Paliner. 

6.   OXYSTYLIS,  Torr. 
Distinguished  (so  far  as  known)  from    Wislizenia  by  the  subulate  persistent  at 
length  Bpineseont  stylo,  and  by  the  ovoid  giolxtso   1-2-soeded  valves  coiiipletoly 
closed  at  the  scar.  —  A  smooth  annual,  M'ith  3-foliolate  leaves,  and  small  yellow 
flowers  in  capitate  axillary  racemes. 

].  O.  lutea,  Torr.  Rather  stout,  erect,  12  to  15  inches  liigh  :  leaflets  1  to  1^ 
inclies  long,  obtuse  :  heads  of  flowers  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  not  elongated  in 
fruit:  petals  2  lines  long.  —  Frera.  Rep.  264  &  313. 

Known  only  from  specimens  collected  by  Fremont  in  April,  1844,  in  a  single  locality  in  the 
valley  of  the  Armagosa  River  near  its  bend. 


Order  TX.     RESEDACEJE. 

A  small  order  of  herbs,  or  slightly  shrubby  plant-s,  related  only  to  the  preceding  ; 
with  alternate  leaves,  merely  glands  for  stipules,  and  terminal  racemes  or  spikes  of 
.small  and  rather  inconspicuous  flowers  ;  these  both  irregular  and  unsymmetrical,  the 
stamens  not  covered  in  the  bud,  the  one-celled  ovary  and  capsule  3-G-beaked  and 
witli  as  many  parietal  placenta;.  —  Flowers  perfect,  bracteato.  Calyx  4  -  7-parted, 
herbaceous,  hypogynous,  persistent.  Petals  2  to  7,  mostly  with  broad  and  thickened 
nectariferous  claws,  and  the  blade  cleft.  Stamens  3  to  40,  usually  on  a  more  or  less 
one-sided  hypogynous  disk.  Stigmas  3  to  6,  terminating  the  diverging  beaks  of  the 
ovary.  Ovules  numerous,  campylotropous.  Seeds  reniform,  and  witli  a  crustaceous 
coat,  filled  by  the  incumbently  incurved  embryo. 

The  family  belongs  to  the  Old  World,  mninly  to  flio  Mnditi'rmnrnn  nnd  ndjacont  wnnn  regions; 
the  wntciy  juice  is  destitute  of  pungency  nnd  generally  of  ndivo  ])ropprtie9. 

Rkskpa  IiUrr,()i,A,  biini.,  the  Dyer's  Weed  or  Weld,  however,  hns  been  used  for  dyeing  vellow. 
It  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus  which  has  Wcome  spontniioous  in  tlie  United  States.  Having 
been  found  in  the  streets  of  Onklniul,  it  may  l)eroine  a  naturalized  weed  of  roadsides,  as  in  the 
Atlantic  States.  The  genus  may  be  known  by  the  several-lobed  or  parted  petals,  and  the  10  to 
40  stamens  borne  on  the  inside  of  a  fleshy  disk,  which  projects  on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower : 
and  this  species  is  a  stout  erect  herb,  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  greenish-yellow 
flowers  in  a  long  and  narrow  raceme,  4  petals,  and  a  short  small  capsule. 

R.  ODORATA,  Linn.,  the  common  Sweet  Mignonette,  cultivated  as  an  annual  for  its  fragrant 
flowers,  may  also  escape  from  cultivation. 

1.  OLIGOMERI3»  Cnmbess. 
Sepals  4,  lateral.  Petals  2,  next  to  the  axis,  free  or  united  at  base,  entire  or 
2-3-lobed,  persistent.  Disk  none.  Stamens  3  to  8  ;  filaments  united  at  base. 
Ovary  sessile,  4-angled,  4-beaked.  Capsule  4-sulcato,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the 
summit.  —  Low  brandling  herbs;  with  numerous  linear  entire  leaves,  and  small 
white  flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 

A  genus  of  only  5  speeies,  four  confined  to  S.  Africa,  the  fifth  ranging  fmm  the  Panary  Islands 
to  In<lia,  and  also  seemingly  indigenous  to  N.  America. 

1.  O.  Bubulata,  Poiss.      Annual,  glabrous,  .'")  U^  10  inrlies  ]ii<,'li.  branching  from 


54 


CISTACE.*;.  Iltliantheniui 


the  root :  leaves  somewhat  succulent,  often  fascicled,  ^  to  I  inch  long  :  flowers 
minute,  subtended  by  small  bracts  :  capsules  in  lung  loose  spikes,  depressed-globose, 
about  1  ^  lines  in  diameter,  angled  and  sulcate,  shortly  4-beaked.  —  Mull  in  DC. 
Prodr.  IG^.  587.  0.  </laucescens,  Caiubess.  in  Jaccjuem.  Voy.  4.  24,  t.  25.  Ellimia 
1-uderalis,  Nutt.  in  Turr.  &  Or.iy,  Fl.  i.  125. 

San  Diego  (Nutlall);  Moliuve  Di-scrt  {Ncwhcrrii);  Colonulo  Dcsuit  {,Blakc,  Cuultcr);  (inadiihi|.e 
Island  {ruiDiei);  and  in  the  interior  to  New  Mexico  and  Mexico. 


Okdeu  X.   CISTACE^. 

Distingiiished  from  the  other  onlers  with  free  ono-celleil  ovary,  parietal  placenta;, 
and  hypogynous  petals  and  stamens,  by  the  orthotropous  ovules  on  slender  stalks, 
and  the  slender  more  or  less  curved  or  convolute  embryo  in  mealy  albumen.  — 
Flowers  perfect  and  regular.  Sepals  persistent,  usually  5  ;  and  two  of  them  smaller, 
wholly  exterior,  and  bract-like.  Petals  usually  ephemeral.  Stamens  indefinite  or 
in  some  flowers  few,  with  tiliibrm  lilaments :  anthers  short.  Style  one.  Ovules 
with  3  parietal  placentui.  Capsule  3-valved  ;  the  seeds  borne  on  the  middle  of  the 
valve,  few  or  numerous.  —  Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  simple 
and  entire  leaves  ;  chiefly  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  but  several  in  the  Atlantic 
United  States,  none  in  the  interior,  only  one  on  the  Pacilic  coast. 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM,  Tourn. 
Petals  5,  broad.     Stamens  usually  numerous.     Style  short,  articulated  with  the 
ovary  :  stigma  3-lobed.     Capsule  ovoid,  1-celled,  3-valved,  few -many-seeded.     Em- 
V)ryo  curved  or  hooked.  —  Low  branching  herbs,  or  somewhat  woody;  flowers  yellow, 
often  showy,  opening  only  onco,  in  sunsliine. 

A  genus  of  from  30  to  150  species  according  to  tlio  views  of  authors,  j)rincii>ally  native  to  the 
Mediterranean  region  and  Western  Asia.  Five  species  are  found  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  the 
following  in  Caliloinia. 

1.  H.  SCOparium,  Nutt.  Perennial  C?),  woody  at  base,  much  branched,  pubes- 
cent with  stellate  hairs  or  glabrate,  a  foot  high  ;  the  upper  branches  green  and 
slender:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  4  to  12  lines  long,  alternate  :  flowers  on  slender 
pedicels,  solitary  or  subcoryndio.so  at  tlio  ends  of  the  branchlets  :  sepals  3  lines  long, 
acuminate,  the  outer  ones  linear  and  shorter :  [xtals  4  lines  long  :  stamens  about  20: 
style  short :  capsule  equalling  the  calyx,  often,  with  the  other  parts  of  the  flower, 
much  reduced. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  152;  Lindl.  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  v.  79. 
Linum  trisepalnm,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  42,  fig.  10. 

Rather  common  on  dry  hills  from  Luke  Co.  to  San  Diego. 


Order  XI.    VIOLACEiE. 

Herbs  (at  least  those  of  temperate  climates  and  the  northern  hemisphere),  dis- 
tinguished by  the  somewhat  irregular  one-spurred  corolla  of  5  petals,  5  stamens, 
adnate  introrse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pistil,  which  has  a  single  club-shaped 
style  with  a  one-sided  stigma,  a  one-celled  ovary  with  3  parietal  several-ovuled 
placentae ;  the  ovules  anatropous  ;  the  rather  large  seeds  with  a  smooth  hard  coat, 
and   a   large   and   straight  embryo   in   fleshy  albumen  ;    its  cotyledons   broad   and 


Viola.  VIOLACE^':.  55 

flat.  —  Flowers  perfect.  Sopala  (persistont)  and  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypo- 
gynous.  Capsule  3-valvod;  the  valves  bearing  the  seeds  along  their  middle;  each, 
after  dehiscence,  in  drying  firndy  folds  together  lengthwise,  and  by  its  increasing 
pressure  projects  the  obovate  seeds.  —  Represented  only  by  the  familiar  genus. 

1.   VIOLA,  Linn.         Violkt. 

Sepals  unequal,  more  or  less  auricled  at  base.     Petals  unequal,  the  lower  spurred 

at  base.     Anthers  broad,  nearly  sessile,  often  coherent,  the  connectives  of  the  two 

lower  bearing  spurs  which  project  into  the  spur  of  the  petal.  —  Mostly  perennial 

herbs;  with  alternate  lo^aves,  foliaceous  persistent  stipules,  and   1 -flowered  axillary 

peduncles.     Flowers  usually  dimorphous  ;  the  earlier  ones  perfect  and  conspicuous, 

but  often  sterile ;  the  later  (near  the  ground  in  the  stemless  species)  with  small 

and  rudimentary  petals,  fertilized  in  the  bud  and  producing  numerous  seeds. 

A  Inrgn  gonns  of  100  spccips  or  more,  largely  liclonging  to  tlio  tomprratp  regions  of  the  nortliem 
boniisplicre,  Init  30  snccics  nrc  fouml  in  the  mountains  ot  S.  Aineriin,  and  a  very  few  occur  in  S. 
Africa,  Atistralia,  ami  New  Zealand.  The  North  American  species  numlwr  alx)ut  30,  half  of 
which  belong  to  the  western  .side  of  the  continent.  Many  of  them  are  very  variable  and  their 
limits  not  ea.sily  defined.  Some  of  the  foreign  species  are  favorites  everywhere  for  their  fragrance 
or  beauty.  The  Californian  are  as  a  whole  very  showy,  but  generally  not  sweet-scented.  Some, 
however,  have  a  peculiar  and  ratlier  agreeable  fragrance,  very  unlike  the  typical  "odor  of 
violets." 

*  jS/emlesx,  (he  leaves  and  scabies  all  from  a  subterranean  rnotstock :  leai'es  not  lobed 

nor  parted :  flowers  white  or  purple. 

1.  V.  blanda,  Willd.  Kootstock  creeping  and  at  length  producing  runners  : 
leaves  rounded-cordate  or  reniform,  i  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  minutely  and  sjmr- 
ingly  pubescent  or  glabrous,  obscurely  crenate-toothed  :  peduncles  2  to  4  inches 
high  :  flowers  white,  the  lower  petals  veined  with  purple,  nearly  beardless,  usually 
3  or  4  lines  long ;  spur  sliort  and  blunt. 

Wet  places  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  6,000  to  9,000  feet  altitude,  rather  rare  :  common  east- 
ward to  the  Atlantic. 

V.  rALtisriua,  Linn.,  very  similar,  but  with  pale  lilac  flowers,  does  not  certainly  occur  in  Cali- 
fornia. It  is  found  from  the  British  boundary  northward,  on  Mt.  Washington  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  ppilmps  also  in  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

2.  V.  CUCullata,  Ait.  Rootstock  thick  and  brandling,  not  ]iroducing  runners  : 
leaves  long-petioled,  smooth  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  cordate  with  a  broad  sinus, 
the  lowest  often  reniform  and  the  later  acute  or  acuminate,  crenately  toothed,  the 
sides  rolled  inward  when  ycmng  :  peduncles  3  to  10  inches  high  :  flowers  deep  or 
pale  violet  or  purple  (sometimes  white) ;  petals  5  to  8  lines  long,  the  lateral  and 
often  the  lower  ones  bearded ;  spur  short  and  thick. 

Cucamonga,  San  Bernardino  Co.  {Biffclow)  ;  above  Carson  City  and  in  Sierra  Co.  {Anderson, 
lyemmon)  ;  and  more  common  northward  and  eastwaixl  to  the  Atlantic  States,  where  it  is  the 
most  common  of  all  the  species,  and  very  variable. 

V.  ODORATA,  Linn.,  the  well-known  Sweet  or  English  Violet,  has  been  collected  "among  the 
redwoods"  (Holder),  doubtless  escaped  from  cultivation. 

*  *   Leafy  stems  at  len/jth  elongated,  from  short  or  running  rootstochs :  spur  very 

short,  except  in  the  flrst  spen'es. 

+-  Stems  leafy  throughout,  erect  or  ascending  :  leaves  nil  undivided. 
+  +  Flowers  purple,  or  not  bright  yellow. 

3.  V.  canina,  Linn.,  var.  adunca,  Gray.  Puberulcnt  or  nearly  glabrous,  low 
(usually  3  to  4   inches  high),  at  length  sending  out   runners  :  leaves  ovate,  oft^n 


gg  VIOLACE.E.  Viola. 

soiuewliat  corduto  at  biiso,  lunito  or  obtuse,  i  to  1^  inclies  long,  obscurely  creiiatc  : 
.stipules  I'oliua'ous,  iianowly  lanceolate,  lacorately  ti.otlieci  :  llowt^rs  violet  or  purple, 
rather  large  ;  lateral  petals  bearded  ;  spur  as  h)ng  as  the  sepals,  rather  slender, 
obtuse,  hoi)ked  or  curved. —  V.  aduiica,  Smith,  in  IJees  Cyc. 

Var.  longipes,  ^Vat.son.  ^'ery  similar,  but  the  stout  and  oljtuse  spur  is  nearly 
stmight. —  )'.  lumjipes,  Nutt.  in  ''I'orr.  .V  dray,  V\.  i.  110.  V.  aduitca,  Hook.  VI 
i.  79,  in  part. 

Var.  oxyceras,  AVatson.  Fioweis  rather  smaller  ;  spur  slender,  nearly  ecjualling 
the  petals,  acute  and  curved. 

The  first  two  forms  of  this  very  variable  specties  arc  conmion  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  in  meadows 
and  moist  places,  from  San  Francisco  to  Washington  Teriitory,  apparently  extending  into  the 
Sierra  Nevada.  Nearly  identical  foinis  are  found  eastward  in  the  Kocky  Mountains  and  to  Win- 
nipeg Valley.  The  var.  ixxijccnis  has  been  collected  oidy  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Yosemite  Val- 
ley {Breicer,  Onuj),  anil  near  Donncr  I'ass,  Torrcy.  The  species  to  which  these  are  all  rtfcrred 
is  distributed  throughout  the  northern  zones  around  the  world.  The  var.  syhrstrin  of  the  Atlantic 
Coast,  from  the  Northern  States  to  Greenland,  is  glabrous,  with  more  deeply  cordate  or  renifomi 
leaves,  the  spur  sliaiglit  and  obtuse. 

4r.  V.  ocellata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  More  or  less  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs, 
rarely  glabrous  :  stems  nearly  erect,  6  to  12  inches  high  :  leaves  cordate  to  cordate- 
ovate,  acutish,  conspicuously  crenate,  1  or  2  inches  long ;  stipules  small,  scarious, 
entire  or  slightly  lacerate  :  petals  5  to  7  lines  long,  the  upper  ones  white  within, 
deep  puri)le-brown  without,  the  others  pale-yellow  veined  with  purple,  the  lateral 
ones  with  a  purple  spot  near  the  base  and  slightly  bearded  on  the  claw.  —  Fl.  i. 
142;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  325, 

From  Monterey  northward  to  Mendocino  Co.,  in  wooded  districts. 

V.  TRicoLOii,  Linn.,  the  Pansy  or  Hcart's-ease  of  the  gardens,  often  escapes  from  cultivation 
and  becomes  wild.  It  is  a  native  of  Eurojie  and  Siberia,  erect,  with  angled  stems,  large  foliaceous 
divided  stipule.s,  rather  small  cordate  or  ovate  or  even  lanceolate  leaves,  and  flowers  variously 
colored  with  purple,  violet,  yellow  and  wiute.  Nature  furnishes  several  varieties  and  art  has 
produced  many  more. 

+4-  ++  Flowers  1/elloiv,  more  or  less  veined  or  tinged  with  purple. 

5.  V.  pedunculata,  Tom-.  <k  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous  or  somewhat  puberulent, 
the  a.scending  stems  2  to  G  inches  high  from  a  slender  decumbent  or  procumbent 
base  :  leaves  rhombic-cordate,  with  base  usually  truncate  or  abru])tly  cuneate,  obtuse, 
^  to  H  inches  long,  often  small,  coarsely  crenate:  stipules  Ibliaceous,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  entire  or  gashotl  :  peduncles  much  exceeding  the  leaves  :  flowers  showy, 
deep  yellow,  usually  large  :  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute  :  petals  6  to  9 
lines  long,  the  upper  more  or  less  tinged  with  brown  on  the  outside,  the  others 
veined  with  purj)le ;  lateral  jtetals  bearded:  cajtsule  oblong-ovate,  5  to  0  lines 
long,  glabrous.  —  Fl.  i.  141  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  325  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t. 
5004. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Southern  California  to  San  Francisco,  and  probably  northward. 

<j.  V.  aurea,  Kellogg.  ^lore  or  less  pubescent  with  short  sjjreading  hairs  :  the 
stems  ascending  from  a  straight  rootstock,  2  to  G  inches  high  :  leaves  ovate  to  lan- 
ceolate, cuneate  or  sometimes  truncate  at  base,  obtuse,  h  to  li  inches  long,  coarstily 
«;rt!nato  :  stipides  foliaceous,  lanceolate,  laciniate  :  pedunctles  a  little  huiger  than 
the  leaves  :  sepals  linear,  acununate  :  petals  4  to  6  lines  long,  as  in  the  last  but 
lighter  yellow :  capsule  nearly  globular,  3  lines  long,  pubescent.  —  Proc.  Calif. 
Acad.  ii.  185,  fig.  54.  V.  mitt(dUi  &  prccmorsa,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  298.  V. 
pedunculata,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Pep.  iv.  68,  in  part.  V.  Nuttallii,  var.  pramoisa, 
Watson,  Bot.  King  E.xp.  35. 

Var.  venosa,  "Watson.  Alpine  and  more  .slender;  flowers  rather  smaller;  leaves 
often  purple-veined.  —  V.  purpurea,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif  Aciid.  i.  5G.  V.  Nuttallii, 
var.  (1)  venosa,  AVatson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  35. 


llola.  VIOLACK.K.  57 

In  tlio  Coast  Itaiigos  from  Snnta  HnrlMira  nml  Fort  'I'l-jon  to  Mciiilocino  ("o.  :  also  in  tlie  Sierm 
Nevada  at  an  nltitudo  of  5,000  to  (5,000  feet  ;  Ynscniitc  Valley  {Jiolnnilr.r)  ;  alnivc  «'ai-son  City, 
Aiidemnn,  H'nisnn.  The  variety  more  alpine,  at  ftltitu<les  of  8,000  to  10,500  Teet,  from  Mt. 
Brewer  to  l>oiiiier  Pass,  and  in  the  high  mountains  eastward  to  the  Wahsatch. 

7.  V.  Nuttallii,  Pursh.  From  dcMJsoly  pubescent  with  spreading,'  hairs  to  nearly 
glabrous  :  stems  aseeiulin^  from  a  strai^'lit  rootstoek,  usually  low,  often  very  short  : 
leaves  oblong-ovate  to  oblong,  attenuate  into  the  long  petiole,  obtuse,  1  to  3  inches 
long,  entire  or  obscurely  sinuate;  stipules  mcistly  narrow,  entire:  jjedundes  usually 
shorter  than  the  leaves  :  petals  half  an  inch  long,  yellow,  tinged  more  or  less  with 
brown  or  purple:  capsule  ovate,  smooth.  —  lIo(jk.  Fl.  i.  LM),  t.  7G  ;  'J'orr.  k  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  141.      v.  prwrnnrsa,  Dougl.  ;  LintU.  liot.  Reg.  xv,  t.  TiOt. 

From  ■Washington  Territory  and  Oregon  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Colorado  ;  jjrobably  to  be 
found  in  the  northern  or  northeastern  parts  of  tlio  State. 

+-  -•-  Stems  leafy  prostrate  stolons  :  leaves  undivided :  Jlowers  yellow. 

8.  V.  sarmentosa,  Dougl.  Slightly  ])ubescent :  leavers  rounded-cordate,  reni- 
form,  or  sometimes  ovate,  ^  to  \\  inches  broad,  finely  crenate,  dark  green  above, 
often  rusty  below,  usually  punctate  with  numerous  dark  dots  :  peduncles  mostly 
exceeding  the  leaves  :  flowers  rather  small,  light  yellow,  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  80  ;  Terr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  143. 

Near  the  sea,  commonly  in  woods,  from  Monterey  to  British  Columlua.  At  the  north  it  ranges 
farther  inland. 

-(--»--»-  Stems  erect,  tutked  helow,  or  ncurhj  so  :  Jlnivcrs  yellow. 

+  +  Leaves  7individed. 

9.  V.  glabella,  Nutt.  jMimitely  pube.scent  or  glabrous  :  stems  slender  from  a 
creeping  rootstoek,  naked  or  sparingly  leafy  lielow,  5  to  12  inches  high:  radical 
leaves  on  elongated  petioles,  tlie  upper  shortly  petioled,  reuiform-cordatc  to  cordate, 
acute,  crenately  toothed  or  crenulate,  1  to  4  inches  broad  ;  stii)ules  usually  small 
and  membranaceous,  eiitire  or  serrulate  :  ilowers  bright  yellow,  half  an  inch  long  : 
petals  more  or  le^s  veined  with  purple,  the  lateral  ones  boarded  :  capsule  ovate- 
oblong,  3  to  6  lines  long,  abruptly  beaked. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  142.  V.  Cana- 
densis, var.  Sitchensis,  Bongard.  V.  hijlora,  var.  Sitchensis,  Kegel.  V.  jmbesceiis,  var. 
srahrinscnta,  (Jray,  Manual,  70. 

In  Rlindy  jdneoH,  Mendociiin  Co.  {liohtvihr)  \  Mariposa  Crovi'  (Mrs.  S.  /'.  Monkii) ;  Sierrn  Co. 
(Lr.inmm\);  northward  to  Alaska  nml  eastward  across  tlin  conlincnl. 

++  -f+  Leaves  usually  lohed  or  parted. 

10.  V.  lobata,  Benth.  Finely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  stems  rather  stout, 
8  to  12  inches  liigh,  from  an  erect  rootstoek:  leaves  glabrous  above,  cordate  or 
roniform  in  outline,  2  to  4  inches  broad,  the  cauline  shortly  petioled,  more  or  Ic-^s 
deeply  palmate  into  5  to  9  narrowly  oblong  lobes,  the  centml  lobe  usually  more 
elongated  ;  some  of  the  radical  leaves  occasionally  less  lobed,  or  entire  and  coarsely 
toothed  :  stiptdes  foliaceous,  often  large,  toothed  or  entire  :  jK-tals  G  to  8  lines  long, 
yellow,  the  upper  l)rownish  purjde  externally,  the  others  veino.l  or  tinged,  and  the 
lateral  slightly  l)earded  :  stigma  bearde<l  on  e<ach  side  :  capsule  fi  to  G  lines  long, 
acute.  —  PI.  Hartw.  298;  Torr.  in  Pacif.  P.  Pep.  iv.  68.  V.  Sequoiensis,  Kellogg, 
Proc.  Calif.  Arad.  ii.  185,  tig.  55. 

Var.  integrifolia,  Watson.    Leaves  not  at  all  lobed,  coarsely  toothed,  acuminata. 

From  Snn  Oiego  to  Mt.  .'^hnstn,  most  common  in  the  central  Sierra  Nevada  at  3,000  to  6,000 
feel  altitude,  but  not  abundant  even  there;  the  variety  in  Sierra  Co.,  I.nnwnn.  Very  vnriablrt 
in  its  foliage  and  pubescence.  As  in  the  last  Hpecie.s,  the  upper  and  later  joints  of  the"  stem  are 
short  and  tho  leaves  approximate. 

V.  Hai,MI,  (irny,  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  .377,  from  Oregon,  is  a  similar  but  moro  slender  npocies; 
glabrous;  leaves  ,1-pnrted,  tho  narrow  sngnientH  1  -  3-lobed  ;  lower  |M'tals  yellow,  the  upper  deep 
violet ;  stigma  surrounded  by  hairs. 


58 


POLYGALACE^.  Viola. 


*   *   *   Sleim  very  short,  usualli/  clustered,  from  a  deep  subterranean  rootstock  :  leaves 
all  divided  :  Jlowers  yellow  ;  spur  very  short. 

11.  V.  chrysantha,  Hook.  More  or  less  pubescent  with  short  spreading  hairs: 
leaves  bipinnalilid  with  narrow  oblong'  or  linear  segments ;  stipules  lanceohite, 
entire  or  tootlied  :  pedum;K;s  e<|UaUing  or  exr.eeding  tlio  leaves,  2  to  /)  inelics  lung  : 
liowers  usually  large  :  ]»etals  5  to  l)  lines  long,  bright  yellow,  the  upper  brown- 
purple  on  the  outside,  the  others  veined,  the  lateral  ones  not  bearded  :  stigma 
slightly  hairy  below  the  ruundeii  summit  :  capsule  5  lines  long,  acute  :  seeds  large. 
—  Ic.  PI.  t.  49;  Hook.  &  Arn.  P.ot.  IJeechey,  325;  Kellogg,  Troc.  Calif.  Acad, 
ii.  229,  iig.  72. 

In  dry  soil  on  low  hills  from  Monterey  {Doiujlas)  and  Knight's  Feny  {Bigdow)  to  Mendocino 
Co.  {bulandcr)  ami  iiuilLwiud  ;  Snuku  Country,  Tolmie. 

12.  V.  BeckTvithii,  Torr.  A;  Gray.  Glabrous  or  pubescent:  leaves  broadly 
cordate  in  outline,  3-purted ;  the  divisions  lobed  and  cleft  into  linear  or  oblong  seg- 
ments :  peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves  :  petals  4  to  7  lines  long,  very  broad, 
the  upper  purple,  the  others  yellow  with  purple  veins,  the  lateral  ones  bearded  and 
the  lower  deej)ly  emarginate:  stigma  lightly  bearded  at  the  sides  :  capsule  obtuse. — 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  119,  t.  1.      V.  montana,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acatl.  i.  56. 

In  tlio  eentnil  Sierra  Nevnda  u]ion  both  sides  of  tlie  range,  from  Alpine  Co.  {Anderson)  to  Sierra 
Co.  {Lamiwn):  Diamond  Mountains,  N.  Nevada,  licckwilh. 

13.  V.  Sheltonii,  Torr.  (ilabrous  or  nearly  m\  leaves  as  in  tho  last :  ])etals 
rather  smaller,  narrower,  all  yellow,  veined  with  ])urple,  the  lateral  ones  and  the 
stigma  glabrous ;  lower  petal  not  emarginate. — Pacif.  K.  Pep.  iv.  67,  t.  2. 

In  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada,  hi  Plumas,  SieiTa,  and  Nevada  counties,  Rev.  Mr.  Skelton,  Bigc- 
low,  Lemmon,  Mrs.  Pulsi/cr  Ames. 

OiiDEii  XII.    POLYGALACE^. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  Avith  simple  entire  leaves  and  no  stipules,  remarkable  for  the 
papilionaceous-looking  flowers  (but  of  structure  unlike  tho  papilionaceous  corolla), 
monadelphous  or  diadelphous  stamens  colierent  with  the  petals,  and  one-celled 
anthers  opening  at  the  top ; —  an  order  not  closely  related  to  any  other,  to  which  is 
appended  the  very  peculiar  genus  Krameria. 

1.   POLYGALA,  Tonrn. 

Sepals  5,  very  tim-tiual,  the  2  lateral  ones  liirgo  and  pctal-liko  (railed  witujs).  Pet- 
als 3,  united  to  each  other  and  to  tho  stamen-tube,  tho  middle  one  (or  keel)  hooded 
above  and  often  crested  or  beaked.  Stamens  6  to  8,  the  lilaments  xmited  below 
into  a  split  sheath,  adnato  at  base  to  the  petals  :  anthers  1 -celled,  often  cupshaped, 
opening  at  the  apex.  Ovary  2-celled :  ovules  solitary,  pendulous,  auatropous : 
style  long,  curved,  dilated  above:  stigma  terminal  or  apparently  lateral.  Capsule 
membranaceous,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition,  rounded  and  often  notcheil 
above,  loculicidal  at  the  margin.  Seed  carunculate  at  the  hilum  :  embryo  large, 
straight,  with  thin  albumen.  —  Herbaceous  or  somewhat  shrubby;  with  simple 
entire  leaves,  and  racemose  or  spicato  flowers.  The  Californian  si)ecies  are  perennials 
with  a  woody  base,  alternate  leaves,  and  few  large  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

A  genus  of  some  200  species,  of  the  temperate  and  warmer  zones,  represented  by  30  or  more 
species  in  the  region  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  A  bitter  principle  is  connnon  to  the  genus, 
of  medicinal  value  in  some  instances. 


fCramerin.  POLVGALACEi*).  59 

1.  P.  CUCullata,  J>eiitli.  Stems  slendor  from  !i  woody  hiiso,  2  to  8  inches  high, 
mostly  simj)lo,  pubcnilcnt  above  :  hjaves  glabrous  or  slightly  i)ii})esi:ent,  obloDg-lance- 
olato  or  sometimes  ovate-elliptical,  J  to  1  inch  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  cuneato  at  base 
and  very  shortly  pctioled  :  flowers  rose-colored,  on  pedicels  1  to  3  lines  long,  with- 
out bracts  :  sepals  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  the  outer  2J  lines  long,  rounded-saccate  at 
base;  the  wings  rather  broadly  spattdato,  4  to  G  lines  long:  lateral  petals  lint-ar-lance- 
olatc,  somewhat  ciliate,  c(pialling  the  broad  ol)tuse  more  or  less  curved  beak  of  the 
rounded  hood  :  fruit  mostly  from  apctalous  flowers  near  the  root ;  ca|)sulo  gla])rous, 
broadly  ovate,  2^  to  3  lines  long,  retuse  above,  nearly  sessile,  narrowly  margined  : 
seed  2  lines  long,  somewhat  pubescent ;  the  caruncle  vesicular  and  wrinkled,  calyptra- 
like,  half  tho  length  of  tho  seed.  —  I'l.  Hartw.  299.  J\  Nutbtnn,  Torrey,  Hot. 
Mex.  Bouml.  49,  t.  1 2. 

From  Santa  Barbara  to  Ukiah,  on  dry  hillsides.  This  has  usually  bocn  confounded  with  the 
next,  and  witli  it  referred  to  /'.  Nutkaiui,  Mo9ino,  which  however  is  doubtless  a  Mexican  plant 
and  the  same  as  P.  oralifnlia,  DC. 

2.  p.  Californica,  Nutt.  Much  resembling  the  last ;  but  stems  more  shrubby, 
stouter  and  more  branched,  \  to  1  foot  high  or  more:  flowers  greenish  white,  usually 
fruiting  :  se|)als  all  densely  tomento.se ;  tho  wings  oblong,  scarcely  narrowed  at  base : 
lateral  petals  only  equalling  the  hood,  which  bears  a  straight  narrow  erect  beak  : 
capsule  ovate,  4  lines  long,  emarginate  or  retusely  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  narrowly 
winged  :  .seed  3  lines  long,  densely  liairy  ;  the  caruncle  firm  and  terete,  with  a  thin 
lateral  wing  partially  covering  the  body  of  the  seed. — Torr.  &  Gray,  P'l.  i.  671. 
P.  Nntkana,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  P.  cncuUata,  Newberry,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  70. 
P.  cornufn,  Kellogg,  Proc.  (^alif.  Acad.  i.  01. 

In  tho  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Kl  Doiado  Vn.  to  Orej:ron  {N'rwbcrr]/)  ;  in  nine  forests.  Possibly 
Nuttall  inidiided  both  species  under  his  description,  liut  specimens  ticketea  by  liim  belong  to  the 
piesciit  form.  Dr.  Torrey  ticketed  spocimeus  of  his  own  collection  as  from  Santa  Barbara,  prob- 
ably liy  inistiik(\ 

3.  P.  Bubspinosa,  Watson.  Glabrous  or  more  or  less  judjoscent :  tho  stems 
numerous,  2  to  8  inches  high,  branched  above,  tho  branches  often  spinoso  :  leaves 
^  to  an  inch  long,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  attenuate  to  a  narrow  base  : 
bracts  narrow,  scarious;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long,  at  length  usually  deflexed  :  sepals 
glabrous  or  ciliate  ;  the  outer  narrow,  rounded-saccate  at  base  ;  the  oblong  rose-colored 
wings  4  to  5  lines  long:  lateral  petals  linear,  equalling  the  broad  rounded  bonk  of 
tho  yellow  keel  :  capsule  obovate,  emarginate,  narrow  at  hxso,  3  lines  long  :  seed 
hairy,  2  lines  long ;  tho  short  caruncle  with  membranous  lateral  wings  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  seed.  —  Am.  Naturalist,  vii.  209. 

On  dry  hills  near  Silver  City,  Nevada,  KrVnrjg :  Southern  Utah,  from  several  collections,  and 
Arizona,  Pa/mer.  Tlie  only  other  species  of  tho  inner  liasiii  is  /'.  acavthoclnda,  Oray,  collected 
by  Brandrgrc  in  S.  Colorado,  similar  to  this  but  more  woody  and  with  much  smaller  scattered 
whitish  flowers. 

P.  Xanti,  Gray,  of  Lower  Califomia,  is  also  a  low  perennial,  pubescent  throughout ;  Ic^ives 
oval,  .shortly  petioled  ;  flowers  recurved,  3  lines  long,  white  tinged  witli  yellow  and  purple,  the 
keel  not  beaked  or  crested  ;  capsule  ovate,  3  lines  long,  deejdy  emarginate,  densely  pubescent ; 
seed  with  a  short  thick  caruncle. 

2.  KRAMERIA,  T-inn 
Sepals  5,  somowliat  unequal,  more  or  less  petal-like.  Petals  5  ;  the  3  upper  similar, 
long-clawed,  approximate,  tho  lower  short,  sessile  and  fle-shy.  Stamens  4,  united 
bolow  :  anthers  2-celled,  dehiscing  obliquely  at  tho  apex.  Ovary  sinqtle,  silky  : 
ovulna  2,  ppniltjloua  from  toward  the  apnx  of  th(^  cell  :  stylo  simplo,  sf might, 
obli(|UGly  torniinal,  acutish  :  stigma  terminal.  Capsido  globose,  coriaceous,  inde- 
hiscent,  spinose  or  muricate,  1 -seeded.  Seod  naked,  without  albumen:  etjibryn 
straig}\t,  the  cotyledons  auriculftto  at  base  and  including  th<^  radicle, —  Suinll  "shrubs 


GO 


FKANKENIACE.E.  Krameria. 


or  somewliiit  woody  pereiiiiuil  hurbs,  silkj^tumeiitoso  and  often  prostrate;  with 
alternate  and  entire  nunow  leaves  ;  llowera  sulitaiy,  on  axillary  braeted  pedunclfs, 
I)urj)lisl». 

A  gomis  of  iiliout  II  dozen  .species,  eoiilinwl  to  tlio  wunner  iKtrlioiis  df  Anieric:ii,  tliree  oi  lour 
iiiiligoiiuuij  on  lliu  Houtluiin  bortlur  of  llio  Unilod  Slates. 

1.  K.  parvifolia,  l>entli.  A  rigid  dill'usely  branched  Khriib,  1  or  2  feet  liigh, 
with  silky  apiiri'ssied  pubescence,  the  slender  divaricate  branchlets  often  spinose  : 
leaves  linear,  4  to  8  lines  long  ;  the  lower  obtuse  (often  snuiU  and  ovate  to  oblong), 
the  upper  aculeately  tipjied  and,  with  the  inflorescence,  usually  sprinkled  with  short 
rigid  gland-bearing  hairs  :  llowers  2  to  4  lines  long  ;  peilunch'S  with  2  or  3  pairs  of 
leaf-like  bracts  :  the  ovale  silky  sepals  purple  within  :  petals  with  claws  united 
nearly  to  the  top,  the  niitldle  blade  narrow  :  stamens  nearly  free  :  fruit  with  nuu)er- 
ous  very  slender  prickles  retrorsely  barbed  their  whole  length,  cordate-globose,  4 
lines  long,  shortly  acuniinate,  obscurely  ritlged  on  each  side.  —  Bot.  Sulph.  6,  t.  2  ; 
Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  41  ;  Jierg,  JJot.  Zeit.  xiv.  7GG. 

From  San  Diego  {Clccdund)  to  Fort  Moluive  (CVi/jcr)  hmcI  ^owwa.  {Thurber},  and  eastward  to 
New  Mexieo  ;  southwaid  on  the  coast  to  Magdalena  Hay. 

2.  K.  canescens,  (Jmy.  Very  similar  in  habit  and  foliage  :  pubescence  short 
and  tomenlosi;  :  Kavt's  lanceolate  to  linear  :  peduncles  shorter,  2-bracted  :  sepals 
lanceolate,  the  smaller  one  linear:  capsule  ovate-globose,  tipped  witli  the  stout 
curved  style,  and  armed  with  slender  prickles  barbed  at  the  apex.  — 1*1.  Wright,  i. 
42  ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  49,  t.  13. 

"Desert  west  of  the  Colomdo  "  {AiUisell),  and  New  Mexico. 

K.  LANCEOi.ATA,  ToiT.,  is  a  more  eastern  species,  from  Tucson,  Arizona  {Palmer),  to  Florida. 
It  is  silky-villous,  with  'i-hracted  peduncles,  tl>o  fruit  armed  witli  stout  and  straight  retrorsely 
scabrous  spines. 

OiiDKR  XIII.     FRANKENIACEiE3. 

Low  perennial  herbs  or  undershrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  no  stipules  ; 
distinguished  from  the  first  tribe  of  the  following  ortler  mainly  by  the  parietal  pla- 
centa), and  oval  or  oblong  anatropous  seeds  with  a  straight  embryo; — of  a  single 
genus. 

1.  FRANKENIA,  Linn. 

Calyx  tubular  or  prismatic,  furrowed  ;  the  4  or  5  lobes  valvate  and  induplicate 
in  the  bud.  Petals  4  or  5,  hypogynous ;  the  blade  tapering  into  a  claw,  which 
bears  an  appendage  (crown)  on  its  inner  face.  Stamens  4  to  7  or  rarely  more,  hypo- 
gynous. Ovary  1 -celled,  Avitli  2  to  4  few-  to  several-ovuled  parietal  i)lacenta3 :  style 
2  -  4-cleft  into  fdiform  divisions  :  stigmas  unilateral.  Capsule  included  in  the  per- 
sistent calyx,  2-4-valved;  the  few  or  several  seeds  attached  by  filiform  stalks  to 
the  margin  of  the  valves.  —  Leaves  small,  mostly  crowded  and  also  fascicled  in  the 
axils,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  |)air  ofttm  united  by  a  membranous  somewhat  sheath- 
ing base  :  llowers  hmiuII,  perfect,  solitary  ami  se-ssile  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  or  by 
the  reduction  of  the  upper  leaves  to  bracts  becoming  cymose-clustered  on  the 
branches  :  corolla  pink  or  purplish. 

A  widely  diffused  genus,  of  30  or  more  species,  only  tlu-ee  of  them  North  American,  and  these 
all  soutliwestern. 

1.  F.  grandifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Smooth  or  somewhat  pubescent  with 
short  spreading  hairs,  rather  woody  at  ba.se,  erect  or  prostrate,  6  inches  high,  leafy  : 


/■rntikenin.  CARVOI'Il  VLLACE.10 


61 


leaves  tliickish,  obovato  to  linoar-ohlaiicoclato,  3  to  G  linos  long,  the  margin  rovo- 

luto  :  calyx  .'5  lines  long,  linear,  very  strongly  furrowed,  tlm  lobes  short  and  acute  : 

petals  exserted  1  to  1^  lines,  the  blade  oblong,  erose  at  the  summit,  the  appendage 

bifid  :  stamens  4  to  7  :  style  3-cleft :  capsule  linear,  angle<l,  shorter  than  the  calyx  : 

seeds  numerous.  —  Linnoia,  i.  35  ;  Torrey,  Bot.  I\Iex.  Jiound.  3(3,  t.  5. 

Sea-shore  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego  and  soutlnvanl,  and  ea-stward  in  tlie  desert  to  Ari- 
zona and  S.  Nevada, 

F.  Palmfri,  Watson,  collected  by  Dr.  E.  Talmer  on  tiio  eastern  side  of  bower  California,  is  a 
rather  slender  shrub,  a  foot  high,  the  niinicrous  fascicled  leaves  only  I  or  2  lines  long,  thick 
and  strongly  revoluto,  canescent  with  a  white  encrustation  :  calyx  U  fines  long  :  petals  linear,  a 
little  exserted  :  .stamens  4  :  stylo  bifid  :  capsule  2-seeded.  —  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  124. 

F.  Jamksii,  Torr.  (Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  622),  is  a  more  ea.stern  sjwcies,  of  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico,  with  the  habit  of  F.  (jroiidifnlin,  but  more  pubescent,  leaves  narrower  and  with 
icvohite  margins,  flowers  larger,  and  ovary  3-ovuled. 


Order  XIV.     CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 

Herbs,  sometimes  suirrutescent  at  ba.se,  l)laiid  and  inert,  witli  regular  and  mostly 
perfect  flowers,  persistent  calyx,  its  parts  and  the  jjctals  4  or  5  and  imbricated  or 
the  latter  sometimes  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  distinct  stamens  commonly  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals  (when  of  the  same  number  alternate  with  them,  sometimes 
fewer),  ovary  1-celled  with  a  free  central  placenta,  bearing  many  or  several  campylo- 
tropous  ovules;  the  reniform  seeds  with  a  slender  embryo  coiled  around  the  outside 
of  farinaceous  albumen.  —  Steins  usually  swollen  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  often 
united  at  the  base  by  a  transverse  line,  in  one  group  with  interposed  scarious  stip- 
ules. Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  mostly  hypogynous  around  an  annular 
disk,  sometimes  perigynous  by  its  cohesion  with  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Styles  2  to 
5,  mostly  distinct,  and  with  stigma  running  down  the  inner  face,  in  the  last  genera 
more  or  less  unitod  into  one.  Fruit  a  capsule  opening  by  valves,  or  by  teeth  at  the 
summit.      Flowers  terminal  or  in  the  forlcs,  or  in  cymes. 

A  largo  order,  fonnd  in  every  part  of  tlio  world,  but  nlKinndinrr  i..  tn,„„„rn.n  „n,i  r.igj.i  regions, 

ise5,  except 
ally  as  Pinks,  Ly.-hnis,  kc.    Much  r 
ipon 

Tribe  I. 


A   argo  or.  er,  found  ui  every  part  of  tlio  world,  but  nlKinnding  in  temperate  nn<l  fiigi. 

tl  nt  rlrrr.  °'u""''!  Tr'"'"-  ""•'"  "''°"!  •■'•'''  ''^""•"■"'  "*■  ""  ""P'Tmnt  prnpertie,  or  n.os,  cxcepc 
that  many  are  c  Itivate.I  for  ornament,  such  especially  as  Pinks,  Ly.-hnis.  kc  Much  more  larire  v 
represented  m  Western  North  America  than  upon  the  Atlantic  si.ie.  ^    " 

^l:k  ^^'^^'^^^^f'-  /'^'^r"'«  »"ited  into  a  4  -5-toothed  or  lobed  calyx.  Petals  commonly 
Tnic  1^,,  T  T  ('^'•"T'll""  ^^"^  ^'«°  "f  t''«  ^l-^'l^  ^^i^l'i".  ""'•^owed  below  into  a  con^ 
fCr,M  ^,'  T\  ';,"'  *'"  '^'"r""  ^"^^  ""  ^  ^^*I'«  ""'•'•^  the  ovary.  Styles  distinct. 
Capsule  dehiscent  at  the  summit  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  teeth  is  stylL.  Stipules 
none.     Flowers  comparatively  large.  ^ 

1.  SUene.     Styles  3.     (Lvcmni.s  with  4  or  .I  styles,  not  yet  foun.l  in  California.) 

TiunK  II.     AbSINI'LE.     Se|,als  .listinct  to  the  base  or  nenrlv  so.      P.-tnls  without  crown  or 
distinct  clau,  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the  margin  ofthe  hvp..gvnuus  or  sometimes 
perigynous  disk  under  the  .sessile  ovary,  not  rarely  wanting  or  in.'onspicuous. 
*  Stipules  none. 

2.  Cerastiiim.     Capsule  cylindHc.  .lehiscent  with   twi.e  a.s  mnnv  e,,nal   t.-P,h  as  stvles  :  potals 

J.    atellaria.     (  npsu  le  gloln^sn  to  oblong,  with  as  many  valves  as  styles  i.ifid  or  2parted  :  petnls 

l>ilid  :  style,  .t  (rarely  2.  4,  or  5).  opposite  to  as  many  sepaK.  " 
4.   Arenana.     Petals  entire  or  wanting  :  styles  .T  (rarely  2.'  4,  or  r,).  opposite  to  as  many  sepals  : 

capsule  globose  to  oblong,  with  as  many  valves  as  styles,  these  entire  or  bifid  or  2-part^d. 
J),   eaglna.     I  etals  entire  or  wanting  :  styles  as  many  as  the  sepals,  alternate  with  them  and 

with  the  entire  valves  of  the  capsule. 


62 


UAUYoriJVJ.LACE.K. 


»  »  Stipules  scaiious  or  setitbrm. 
+-  Petals  conspicuous  :  styles  distinct. 
G.   Spergula.     Styles  5,  alternate  with  tlie  sepals  and  with  the  entire  valves  of  the  capsule. 

7.  Lepigonum.     Styles  and  valves  ol'  the  cajjsule  3. 

-*-  +■  I'etiils  incoiispicuuiis  or  minute  :  styles  united  below. 

8.  Polycarpon.     Sepals  and  jietals  entire.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong  :  stipules  scaiious. 

y.  Loefliugia.     Sepals  rigid  and  with  a  setiforni  tuoth  on  each  side.     Leaves  subulate  or  seta- 
ceous :  the  setiibrni  rigid  stipules  aduate  to  each  margin. 

Dkymaiua,  Willd.,  is  represented  by  one  or  two  species  in  Lower  California  and  by  others  in 
Arizona.  They  have  the  aspect  of  Chickweeds  {Slelliiria),  small  and  scarious  stipules,  and  2-tJ- 
cloft  petals. 

1.  SILENE,  Linn.  CATciiKhY.  (."amimon. 
Calyx  tubular,  c.ylindro-clavate  to  campanulate,  5-tootlied,  10-nerved.  Petals  5, 
with  narrow  claws;  the  blade  mostly  2 - maiiy-clei't,  and  usually  crowned  with  2 
scales  at  the  base.  Stamens  10,  borne  with  the  petals  upon  the  stipe  of  the  ovary. 
Ovary  1-celled,  mauy-ovuled  :  styles  3,  Capsule  dehiscent  by  6,  rarely  3,  short 
teeth.  Seed  opaque,  tuberculate  or  echinate,  attached  marginally  :  embryo  peri- 
pherical.  —  Annual  or  mostly  perennial  herbs,  of  various  habit. --Eohrbach,  Monog. 
Silene,  and  in  Linmea,  xxxvi.  170;  Watson,  I>ot.  King  Exp.  430,  and  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  340. 

A  genus  of  300  or  more  species,  most  abundant  in  the  northern  temperate  regions  of  the  Old 
World.  Of  the  25  American  species,  the  larger  number  is  confined  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
the  region  westward. 

*  Annuals  :  flowers  small. 

Glabrous  :  flowers  in  an  open  naked  dicliotomous  panicle.  4.  S.  ANrmuniNA. 

Villous  ;  flowers  racemose  or  sjucale  :  leaves  spatulate.  8.   S.  GauI-ICA. 

♦   ♦   rerciinials  :  caly.\  canijianuliitc,  inflated  ;  flowers  few, 

Clandular-puberulcnt :  flowers  nodding  :  blade  4-parted  ;  claws  and  fila- 
ments pulicscent.  1.  S.  campanulata. 

Mostly  glabrous  :  flowers  erect :  blade  bifid  ;  claws  narrow,  naked.  2.  S.  Lyau.ii. 

Puberulent  :  calyx  somewhat  inflated  :  flowers  erect  :  blade  bifid ;  claws 

broader.  17.   S.  Douoi.Asn. 

»  ♦  ♦   Perennials:  caly.v  oblong-cyliudric  or  davate. 

Usually  low  :  inflorescence  leafy. 

Flowers  white,  snndl  :  bladebitid,  without  crown.  5.  S.  Mkn/iksm. 

Flowers  large,  pale  pink  :  blade  4-6-parU;d  :  tomenlo.se  above.  (5.   S.  lluoKKUl. 

Flowers  large,    deej)  scarlet  :  blade   4-parled  :   glandular-pubescent  or 

puberulent.  7.   S.  CAi.iFuii.MCA. 

Taller  :  floral  Inacts  .small  and  narrow. 
Blade  of  the  petals  4-jiarte<l  or  4-cleft. 

Flowers  large,    briglit  scarlet  :  blade  deeply  4-cleft  :  leaves  narrowly 

lanceolate  or  linear.  8.  S.  i,A(  iniata. 

Slender,  subglabrous  :  calyx  short  :  blade  Cijually  4-j)arted  :  capsule 

nearly  sessile.  i).   S.  Licmmoni. 

Stout  and  tall,  glandular  :  calyx  long  :   blade  dee])ly  4-cleft  ;  claw 

Jiarrow,  villous  :  stii)e  lonj'.  10.   S.  occidentalis. 

Slender,  puberulent  :  calyx  long  :  blade  4-cleft  ;  claw  naked  ;  auri- 
cles and  crown  lacerate  :  stip<!  long.  11.  S.  Montana. 
Slender,  puberulent :  calyx  and  petals  short  :  blade  narrowly  4-parted  ; 

narrow  claw  and  filaments  villous  :  stij)e  short.  12.  S.  Pai.mkki. 

Blade  of  the  petals  bifid,  mostly  light  rose-color  ;  lobes  mostly  oblong. 
Stout,  glandular  :  calyx-teeth  long,  lanceolate  :  petals  purplish  ;  claw 

narrow,  not  auricled.  13.  S.  pectinata. 

Tall,  lax  :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  :  claw  narrowly  auricled  :  stipe 

short  :  seed  not  tubercled.  14.    S.  INCOMPTA. 


Silene.  ( 'A  UYOIMIV  I.I.AC  K/K.  (53 

Low  :    leftvea  nnnow  :   clnw    iianowly   amii-jeil  :   stipe   sliort  :   seed 

strongly  liil)orculiito  on  tlie  limk.  15.  S.  verkcunda. 

Pubcnileiit :  leaves  nnrrow  .  claw  broadly  auriclcd  :  stijK)  rather  long  : 

seed  tuhcrcled.  17.  S.  Doufii.Afiii. 

Petals  white,  very  narrow  ;  lobes  linear  :  styles  longex.serted.  IG.  S.  Biiiik;esii. 

§  1.   Calyx  campatiulate,  inflated:  floivers  feio  in  a  loose  panicle  or  j^aniculate  raceme: 

perennials. 

1.  S.  campanulata,  Wntson.  rilandulnr-jmbenilcnt :  8tein8  erect,  G  to  10 
incites  liigli,  simplo  or  (lichotoinously  bmncluvl  at  the  smninit  :  leaves  lanceolate, 
1  to  1^  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate  :  llowors  solitary  or  few,  on  short  nodding 
pedicels  :  calyx  5  to  6  lines  long,  finely  net-veined,  the  teeth  broad  and  acute  or 
acutish  :  petals  pale  flesh-color,  9  lines  long  ;  claws  pubescent,  narrowly  auricled  ; 
blade  4-parted,  the  lobes  bilid  or  the  lateral  ones  entire  or  notched  ;  appendages  ob- 
long, entire  :  lilamonts  pubescent,  exserted  :  ovary  subglobose,  shortly  stipitato.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  342. 

Red  Mountain,  Mendocino  County,  Bolander,  Kellogg. 

2.  S.  Lyallii,  Watson.  Glabrous  except  the  subglandidar  pubcrulcnt  inflores- 
cence :  stems  slender,  ascending  :  leaves  lincar-oblanceolate,  1  to  2  inches  long : 
flowers  few  in  a  dichotomous  cyme,  erect  on  slender  pedicels  :  calyx  4  lines  long, 
net-veined  above  ;  teeth  broad,  obtuse  :  petals  brownish  jjurple,  7  lines  long ;  blade 
oblong,  shortly  bifid  ;  claw  naked,  scarcely  auricled  ;  appendages  oblong,  entire  : 
anthers  included  :  ovary  narrowly  oblong.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  342. 

In  Gold  Lake  and  Sierra  Valleys,  Sierra  County,  Lcmmon.  Cascade  Mountains,  Washington 
Teiiitoi-y,  Lyall. 

Wliat  ajipoars  to  bo  another  species  of  this  group,  with  pendulous  (lowers,  has  been  collected  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada  above  Cisco,  but  the  material  is  too  mengio  for  ii  specific  description.  The 
flowors  are  clustered,  on  short  pedicels  ;  calyx  greenish,  4  to  .I  linos  long  ;  blade  shortly  bifid, 
obscurely  toothed  at  the  side,  and  with  short  entire  a'pjx'ndagcs ;  inllorescenco  puberulcnt. 

S.  MONANTHA,  Watson,  1.  c,  the  one  other  western  species  with  inflated  calyx,  has  been  found 
only  at  the  falls  of  the  Columbi.a.  It  is  distinguished  by  weak  elongated  stojns,  the  long-pedun- 
culate flowers  terminal  and  solitary,  not  deflexed,  and  the  limb  of  the  i>etals  bifid. 

§  2.   Calyx  oblong-cylindric  or  clavate,  becoming  expanded  by  the  enlarging  ovary. 

*   Annuals :  floivera  small,  solitary,  rarrmo-te  or  paniclcd :  capsule  ovoid,  very  shortly 
stipitate,  3  to  4  lines  long. 

3.  S.  Qallica,  Linn.  Villous-pubosccnt :  leaves  spatulate,  1  to  IJ  inches  long: 
flowers  on  very  short  pedicels,  racemose,  4  to  5  lines  long,  the  rose-colored  petals 
little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

A  European  species  now  widely  distributed.      Abimdant  in  many  localities  near  the  coast 

4.  S.  antirrhina,  Linn.  Glabrous,  with  a  part  of  each  joint  viscid,  erect,  slen- 
der, 1  to  2^  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear:  flowers  in  a  naked  dichotomous 
])a!iicle,  on  long  pedicels:  petals  obovate,  minutely  appondaged,  equalling  the  calyx. 
—  Kohrb.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras,  xiv.'  292,  t.  GG. 

Throughout  California,  but  apparently  rare,  ranging  north  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward 
across  the  continent. 

*    *    Prrrunirils,  spreading  or  derumhent,  usually  low  :  inflorescence  leafy. 

5.  S.  Menziesii,  Hook.  Glandular-puberulcnt  :  stems  ntnnerons,  weak  and 
ascending,  dichotoniously  branched,  G  to  12  inches  high,  leafy  :  leaves  ovate-l.inceo- 
lato  or -oblong,  acute  or  ncuminiite  nt  each  end,  an  inch  or  Iwo  long:  peduncles 
1  (lowered,  liiieral  ami  terminiil,  eijualling  the  leaves:  petals  biliil,  without  crown, 
3  or  4  lines  long,  exceeding  the  ovate  calyx,  white  :  capsule  ovate-oblong,  slmrtly 
.stipitato  :  seeds  minutely  tubercidate,  at  leii(»th  nearly  black  and  shining.  —  Hook. 
Fl.  i.  99,  t.  30.      .S'.  Dorrii,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  44.  fig.  12. 


64 


CAHY0P11V1J.A(JE.E.  'SV/e/- 


From  Mono  Luke  to  the  IJiilisli  buuiuliuy  and  IVeiiiu-iit  in  the  mountains  eastward,  ironi  Slave 
Lake  to  New  Mexico. 

G.  S.  Hookeri,  Null.  Somowlmt  wliilo-tuiiuinlose,  espociuUy  abovo,  tlio  leafy 
stems  3  lo  U)  iuclies  hi-;li  IVuiii  a  deep  peipeiulicuhir  root  :  leaves  spalulate,  acute, 
an  inch  or  two  Ion-,'  :  lli)\ver.s  1  to  5,  lar^^o,  erect,  on  pedicels  U  inches  long  :  calyx 
oblong-clavato,  B  to  10  lines  long  :  i>elals  pale-pink,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx, 
the  broad  claw  ciliate  below,  the  cuneato  blade  4  -  (i-parted  with  lanceolate  or  linear 
entire  or  biiid  seguients  ;  appendages  lanceolate,  decurrent  upon  the  claw  :  ovary 
nearly  sessile.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  193;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  G051.  6'.  JJul- 
anderi,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  330.  Melaudryuvi  Hookeri  &  M.  Bulandtri, 
Kohrb,  in  linmea,  xxxvi.  254. 

Wooded  hillsides,  from  I'lumas  and  Mendocino  counties  to  the  Columbia  River. 

7.  S.  Californica,  lUuand.  (j!landular-i)ubescent  or  puberulenl :  stems  \  to  4 
feet  high,  lax,  leafy,  somewhat  branched  above  :  leaves  oblanceolate  to  ovate,  1^  to 
4  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate  :  llowers  large,  deej)  scarlet,  few  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches  :  pedicels  short,  the  lower  detlected  in  fruit :  calyx  7  to  10  lines  long  : 
petals  deeply  jjarted,  with  bitid  segments,  the  lobes  2  -  3-toothcd  or  entire,  with 
often  a  linear  lateral  one ;  appendages  oblong-lanceolate  :  capsule  ovate,  \  inch  long, 
rather  shortly  sti[)itate.  —  1*1.  I'rattcn.  83.  S.  laciiiiata,  var.  Ctdiforuica,  CJray  ; 
Watson,  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  341.     Melandryuin  Califoraicani,  Rohrb.  1.  c.  252. 

From  Mondoe.ino  and  I'laiMM-  comities  to  Sanlu  Cruz,  Fort  Tcjon,  and  tho  Maripo.-ia  Orove.  It 
probably  c.\tomls  southwani  in  tho  Coast  Ranges  to  San  Dieyo.  Tho  llowers  much  resemble  those 
of  the  next  species,  to  which  it  has  been  referred. 

*   *  *   Erect  perennials,  loith  the  flowers  in.  a  panicle  or  racemose-paniculate,  the  floral 
bracts  small  and  narrow. 

-J-  Petals  i-parted  or  i-cleft. 

8.  S.  laciniata,  Cav.  Pubescent  Avith  more  or  less  viscid  hairs  or  puberulent : 
stems  erect  or  ascending  from  a  thick  woody  rootstock,  1  to  1 1  feet  high  :  leaves 
narrowly  oblanceolate  to  linear,  2  to  3  inches  long  :  flowers  one  or  few  on  the  elon- 
gated branches,  large,  bright  scarlet,  on  jiedicels  ^  to  3  inches  long,  woi  rellexed  in 
fruit :  petals  deeply  4-cleft  with  linear  acute  lobes,  the  lateral  ones  spreading  and 
shorter  ;  appendages  ovate  :  capsule  oblong,  shortly  stipitate,  not  greatly  distending 
the  calyx  :  seed  strongly  tuberculate  on  tlie  back.  —  Icon.  vi.  44,  t.  5G4  ;  Lindl. 
Bot.  Reg.  xvii.  t.  1444.  Lychnis  pulchra,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Melandryu,ii  lacini- 
atum,  Rohrb.  1.  c. 

From  the  Sacramento  soutliward  into  Mexico,  and  eastward  to  New  Mexico. 

9.  S.  Lemmoni,  AVatson.  Glabrous  or  i)uberulent,  tho  inflorescence  glandular : 
stems  erect  from  a  decumbent  perennial  branching  base,  slender,  8  to  12  inches 
high,  branched  :  leaves  nwstly  on  the  young  shoots,  an  inch  long,  spatulate  t(j 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute  :  flowers  in  an  open  jianicle,  erect  or  at  length  deflexed,  on 
slender  i)edicels  4  to  9  lines  long  :  calyx  ovate-cylindric,  4  lines  long,  the  teeth 
acutely  triangular  :  petals  rose-colored,  6  to  8  lines  long ;  tlie  broad  blade  4-cleft 
nearly  to  the  base,  with  linear  entire  or  notched  lobes ;  the  lanceolate  appendages 
entire  and  the  villous  claw  narrowly  auricled  :  ovary  oblong,  very  shortly  stipitate. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  342. 

Webber  Lake  Valley,  Sierra  Co.,  Lciamon. 

10.  S.  occidentalis,  Watson.  Glandular-puberulent,  or  below  somewhat  tomen- 
tose  :  stems  often  stout,  erect  from  a  vertical  rootstock,  1^  to  2  feet  high,  simple  or 
branching  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  acute,  the  lower  ciliate  at  base  : 
flowers  in  an  open  panicle,  erect  or  sometimes  nodding,  on  slender  pedicels  G  to  15 
lines  long  :  calyx  cylindrical,  G  to  8  lines  long,  the  teeth  ovate  and  obtuse  :  petals 
deep  purple,  one  half  lonjjer,  deeply  4-cleft  into  nearly  equal  lobes  or  the  lateral 


Silene.  CARYOrHYLLACEJi:.  §5 

OIK'S  shorter ;  appendages  linear,  entire,  lialf  the  length  of  the  limb  ;  claw  slightly 
villous,  without  auricles  :  filaments  slightly  cxserted  :  stipe  3  linens  long,  as  long  as 
the  olilong  ovary.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  343. 
Big  Meadows,  Plumas  Co.,  Levitnon. 

11.  S.  montana,  Watson.  Puberulent  :  the  stems  slender,  from  a  decumbent 
branching  perennial  l)ase,  mostly  simple,  a  foot  high  :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
1^  to  2  inches  long,  acuminate:  flowers  in  a  narrow  panicle,  erect  upon  usually 
short  jiedicels  :  calyx  cylindrical,  7  to  9  lines  long,  the  oblong  teeth  acutish  :  petals 
apparently  rose-colored,  scarcely  longer  ;  the  broad  blade  deeply  4-cleft  into  linear 
entire  equal  .segments  ;  claws  naked,  the  auricles  and  broad  ovate  appendages  some- 
what lacerate  :  capstdo  oblong,  the  stipe  2  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  343, 

Ncnr  Carson  City  (Anderson),  nnd  in  Sierra  Valley,  Sierra  Comity,  Ij-mmon.  A  perhaps  dis- 
tinct form  from  the  I31ue  Mountains,  Oregon,  has  the  short  (|uadratc  limb  barely  notched,  the 
coronal  appendages  and  auricles  entire  or  nearly  so,  and  the  stiiw  shorter. 

12.  S.  Palmeri,  Watson.  Puberulent  with  short  spreading  hairs,  the  inflores- 
cence glandular  :  stems  slender,  a  foot  high,  from  a  branching  rootstock  :  leaves 
oblanceolate,  an  inch  long:  llowers  purplish,  on  slender  pedicels  in  an  open  panicle: 
calyx  four  lines  long  ;  teeth  short :  petals  very  narrow,  half  an  inch  long ;  blade 
4-parted  into  linear  entire  or  bifid  lobes ;  .appendages  linear ;  claw  not  auricled,  and 
with  the  filaments  very  villous  :  styles  and  stamens  much  exserted  :  capsule  oblong, 
exceeding  the  calyx  ;  stipe  about  a  line  long  :  seeds  tuberculatc,  not  crested.  —  Proc. 
Am.  .Acad.  xi.  124. 

Cuiamaca  Mountains,  San  Diego  Co.,  Dr.  Edward  Palm f.r. 

S.  Our.oANA,  Watson,  also  from  tlie  Blue  Mts.,  Oregon,  may  extend  into  California.  It  has 
its  petals  2-parted,  with  filiform  bifid  segments,  very  narrow  claws  with  the  auricles  produced  up- 
ward, and  a  long-stipitate  eajwule. 

-J-  4-  Vatah  bifid. 

13.  S.  pectinata,  Watson.  Viscidly  pubescent:  stems  erect,  stout,  simple  or 
branched,  1  to  1  ^  feet  high,  several  from  a  stout  perpendicular  root :  leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  1|  to  2^  inches  long,  the  radical  long-petioled  :  flowers  in  a  narrow  strict 
or  spreading  panicle,  erect  on  pedicels  \  to  1  incli  long  :  calyx  oblong,  6  to  9  lines 
long,  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle  into  narrow  acute  teeth  :  ])etals  dark  rose-color  or 
])urple,  about  an  inch  long  ;  claw  naked,  not  auricled  ;  blade  broadly  oblong,  deeply 
bilid  with  obtuse  segments  ;  apiu'iidagea  lanceolate,  entire  :  ovary  oblong,  nearly 
sessile:  seeds  finely  tulierculate.  —  Proc.   Am.   Ac,ad.   x.   344. 

Near  Cai-son  City  {Andrrxon);  Walker's  Meadows  {nrnirr)  ■  I'lumas  and  Sierra  counties,  Afrs. 
M.  E.  P.  AmMi\\v\  Lr)ni)wn. 

14.  S.  incompta,  (J ray.  Vi.scidly  puberulent  or  jiubcscent  :  stems  tall  and  lax, 
simple  or  somewhat  branched  :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  li^  to  2i  inches  long: 
flowers  on  slender  rather  short  i)edicels  loosely  racemose  :  calyx  oblong-cylindric, 
six  lines  long,  the  oblong  teeth  acute:  petals  a  half  longer,  light  rose-col.'tr ;  lobes 
ovate-oblong,  often  toothed  ;  claws  naked,  very  narrowly  auricled  ;  appendages  short, 
toothed  :  capsule  ovate,  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  very  shortly  stipitate  :  seeds  small, 
not  tubercniate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  330."    S.  Eiiffehnanni,  Kohrb.  1.  c.  264. 

Mount  Bullion  and  Yosemite  Valley,  Bolandf.r,   Torrcy. 

15.  S.  verecunda,  Watson.  (Jlandularpubescent :  stems  low,  clustered,  erect, 
simple,  8  to  18  indies  high  :  leaves  oblanceolate.  acute,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  flowers 
few  in  a  loo.sn  panicle,  erect  upon  stout  and  mostly  elongated  jiedicels  \  to  an  inch 
long:  calyx  oblong-cylindric,  half  an  inch  long;  teeth  acutish.  triangular:  petals 
rose-color,  a  half  longer;  blade  oblong,  cleft  to  the  middle  into  linear  entire  lobes; 
appendages  notched  at  the  ajiex;  claw  naki'd,  narrowly  auricled  :  filaments  included: 
ovary  oblong,  shortly  stipitate  :   capsule  oblong-ovate,  exceeding  the  calyx  :   seeds 


gg  CARYOPIIYLLACKJ':.  Silene. 

strongly  tubercled  on  the  back.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acud.  x.  344.      S.  Engdmanni^   vur. 
Behrii,  Kohrb.  in  Linn;i'U,  xxxvi.  2ti4. 

Rocky  liills  ni-ar  Mission  Dolores,  Bolaiuier,  lichr. 

16.  S.  Bridgesii,  Kobibucli.  Finely  pubescent  below  and  viscitl  above  :  btenia 
simple,  slender,  enuL,  u  Tool  high  or  more:  leaves  mther  narrowly  oblanceolato,  acute 
or  acuminate,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  llowers  simply  racemose,  on  slender  spreading 
pedicels  3  to  G  lines  long :  calyx  oblong-cylindric,  4  to  5  lines  long,  with  rather  nar- 
row acute  teeth  :  petals  white,  very  narrow,  8  lines  long,  the  claw  scarcely  auricled 
and  lobes  narrowly  linear;  appendages  very  small  :  styles  greatly  elongated :  capsule 
equalling  the  calyx,  ovate.  —  Ind.  Sem.  Berol.  1867,  i  Monogr.  Silene,  204. 

In  Yosemite  VuUcy  and  at  Olark's  on  the  Murcud,  Bridges,  Gray. 

17.  S.  Douglasii,  Hook.  Finely  puberuleut  throughout,  and  rarely  somewhat 
glandular  above  :  sLuuis  erect  or  ascending  from  a  branching  decumbent  rootstock, 
slender,  6  to  15  inches  high,  simple,  lew-tiowered  :  leaves  narrowly  obhinceolate  to 
linear,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  Howei-s  erect,  on  slender  pedicels  :  calyx  oblong-cylindric, 
often  somewhat  iniiated,  5  to  7  lines  long,  with  broad  acutish  teeth  :  petals  rose- 
color  or  nearly  white,  8  to  10  lines  long,  Avith  broad  obtuse  lobes,  a  broadly  auricled 
claw,  and  narrow  appendages:  capsule  oblong  ovate,  equalling  the  calyx,  rather  long- 
stipitatu  :  seeds  strongly  tubercKid  on  tliu  back. —  Fl.  i.  88  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  ISiO. 
aS'.  iimUicaid'fi,  Mutt.;  Torr.  k  Clray,  I'l.  i.  1U2. 

From  Wusiiiiiglou  TtTritoiy  and  Monliina  to  the  Siicruiueuto  River,  Donner  Pass  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  the  Wuhsatuh  Mts. ;  the  most  he(iueiit  of  all  the  species.  Scanty  specimens,  doubt- 
fully reiened  hero,  were  collected  by  Palmer  in  the  Cuyaniaca  Mts.,  San  Diego  Co. 

S.  ScouLEHl,  Hook.,  and  S.  Spaldingii,  Watson,  Iwth  from  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State 
northward,  but  perhaps  to  be  found  on  its  northern  borders,  belong  to  a  group  of  stout  perennials 
with  the  flowers  shortly  pedicelled  and  often  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  rather  leaf-like  bracts. 
The  first  has  conspicuous  petals,  the  broad  bifid  limb  with  notched  lobes  and  appwuiiiges  ;  claw 
auricled  ;  capsule  ovate,  loug-stipitate  ;  leaves  narrow,  distant.  The  latter  is  viscidly  pubescent 
throughout,  with  numerous  lanceolate  leaves  ;  petals  with  a  very  broad  claw,  but  short  and  obtuse 
emarginate  limb,  and  four  short  distinct  appendages  ;  capsule  oblong,  short-stipitate. 

One  or  two  dwarf  alpine  species  occiu-  in  the  Sienii  Nevada,  apparently  undescribed,  but  the  mate- 
rial collected  is  too  scanty  for  satisfactory  description.  Specimens  from  Mt.  Dawn  {Brewer),  near 
Ebbett'sPass  {Breicer,  n.  2081),  and  from  some  locality  farther  north  (Lemmm),  arealike  in  habit, 
having  mostly  1-Howered  stems,  linear  leaves,  a  short  subcampanulate  calyx  and  short  bifid  pet^ils, 
but  diifer  in  pubescence  and  in  some  of  the  characters  of  the  llower.  They  are  closely  allied  to 
that  group  of  the  genus  Lychnis  which  includes  L.  affinis,  trijlora,  iipelala,  kc,  —  alpine  and 
arctic  sjiccies  of  doubtful  limitation,  —  none  of  which  seem  to  have  been  found  in  California, 
though  some  occur  farther  north  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  CERASTIUM,  i-iun.  Mousimcak  Ciiickweeu. 

Sepals  5,  not  carinate  nor  3-nerveil.  Petals  5,  emarginate  or  bilid.  Stamens  10. 
Styles  5,  rarely  4  or  3.  Capsule  cylindric  or  cylindric-conic,  often  incurved,  1 -celled, 
many-seeded,  dehiscent  by  twice  as  many  equal  teeth  as  there  are  styles.  Seed  sub- 
reniform-globose,  usually  granulate. — ]\[ostly  pubescent  or  hirsute  low  herbs  ;  leaves 
rarely  subulate  ;  flowers  white,  in  terminal  leafy  or  scariously  bracted  dichotomous 
cymes. 

Distinguished  from  Arenaria  and  Stelhiria  by  habit,  as  well  as  by  the  form  and  dehisceiue  of 
the  capsule.  A  genus  of  peihaps  100  species,  widely  distributed,  but  sparingly  represented  in 
America. 

1.  C.  nutans,  Paf.  Annual,  vi.scid-pubescent,  erect,  usually  branched  at  the 
base,  about  a  span  high  :  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  linear  lanceolate,  acute,  clasping, 
I  to  H  inches  long,  the  lowest  spatulate  :  cyme  open,  rather  many-flowered  ;  pedi- 
cels often  nodding  or  retlexed  in  fruit :  calyx  1^  to  2  lines  long,  the  petals  slightly 
longer  :  capsule  4  to  6  lines  long,  curved. —  Gray,  Gen.  111.  ii.  40,  t.  114. 


Sfflhnia.  CARYOPHYLLACK.K  O7 

From  the  Atlanti(!  Statos  to  \Va.sliiiij;toii  Territory,  I'UUi,  and  Nortlioni  Mexico  ;  collected  by 
Anderson  in  tlie  inoiintJiins  hIkivc  Cni-son  City,  Novodii. 

2.  C.  arvense,  Linn.  Pcronnial,  downy  with  ioIIcxcmI  luiirs,  cospitose  ;  stems 
erect,  3  to  12  inclieg  liigli :  Icavoa  linonr  to  linenr-liiiicoolatc,  4  to  12  lines  long,  acute, 
clasping  :  cymo  fow-lloweretl,  usually  narrow  ;  j)e(licpls  mostly  long,  erect  or  nod- 
ding :  calyx  1|  to  3  lines  long,  the  petals  nearly  twice  longer:  cipsule  little  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx,  nearly  straight. 

Northnru  States  nnd  wratwnnl  in  tlio  nionntiiins  to  fnlorndo  nnd  Wnsliinj^ton  Torritory  :  iilso 
Kuropcaii  nnd  Asiatic.  Kouiul  but  Himringly  in  CiiHfornia,  ut  tlio  UnHsiun  Colony,  und  by 
Boltnidcr  in  Mendocino  County  nt  Novo,  in  sandy  (ields  nniong  slinibs,  and  on  tlic  Ka-st  Fork  of 
Eel  River.  TIip  latter  specimens  miglit  Ixi  refened  to  C.  ob/oixjifolUun,  Toriey,  wliicli  seem.s  to 
be  but  d  fonn  of  C.  arveiise  with  the  capsule  a  half  longer  than  the  calyx. 

3.  C.  pilosum,  Ledfb.  Perennial,  erect,  rather  stout,  in(jrc  or  less  <Iensely 
pilose,  glandular-puboscent  above  :  Inaves  ohlong-lanceolate,  ^  to  an  inch  long,  1  to 
6  lines  broad,  acute,  almost  sheathing  at  ba.so  :  flowers  largo,  few:  calyx  3  to  4  lines 
long,  the  petals  half  longer:  capsule  G  to  10  lines  long,  tlie  slender  tectli  at  length 
circinate. —  Icon.  Ross.  t.  351.  C.  s^lellarinidex,  Mo9ino,  Icon.  lued.  t.  54.;  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  187. 

Alaska  ami  SiWria  ;  Fnnta  de  los  Reyes  (Big'-lmr),  referred  to  (J.  oblongi/oUum  in  Pacif.  H. 
Rep.  iv.  70. 

3.   STELLARIA,  Linn.         Cukkweed. 

Sepals  5,  raiely  4.     Pf^tnls  as  many,   2-cleft,  rarely  none.     Stamens  10,  or  fewer 

by  abortion.     Styles  3,  or  rarely  2,  4,  or  5,  opposite  to  as  many  sepals.     Capsule 

globose  to  oblong,  many-soeded,  dehiscent  to  bidow  (he  luiiMle  into  twice  a.s  many 

valves  as  styles.     Seeds  reniforni-globoso  or  laterally   compressed.  —  Low  herbs, 

mostly  difluso ;  leaves  mrely  subulate  ;  flowers  white,  solitary  or  cymoso,  terminal 

or  becoming  lateral ;  stems  mostly  4-angled. 

bicluding  70  species  or  more,  widely  distributed,  especially  in  the  temperate  and  colder  regions  ; 
about  20  North  American. 

»    Leaves  ovate,  petinled :  stew.<<  marked  h>f  a  pubescent  line  :  petnh  .<t/ior(n-  than   the 
('<ih/.r  :  annual  (,r  nearly  so,  introd need . 

1.  S.  media,  Linn.  Weak  and  spreading,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints  :  leaves  3 
to  9  lines  long,  on  hairy  petioles,  nr  the  uppermost  sessile  :  flowers  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, deflexed  in  fruit,  with  foliaceous  bracts:  calyx  pubescent:  stamens  3  to  10: 
capsule  oblong-ovate,  2  to  3  lines  hmg,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  C4\lyx. 

A  common  introduced  weed,  in  shady  places,  native  of  Europe. 

^.    *    Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  sessile:  perennials,  erceptinij  the  first, 

+-   Bracts  small  and  scar  ions ;  petals  small  or  icantinrj,  or  often  exceedinrj  the  cali/x  in 

the  last. 

2.  S.  nitens,  Nutt.  Annual,  slender  :  stems  3  to  G  inches  high,  erect  or  sjin'ad- 
iug,  smooth  and  shining,  often  slightly  hairy  at  base  :  leaves  lanceolate,  3  t<i  6  line,s 
long,  acute,  the  lower  shortly  petiolate  :  flowers  erect,  on  short  pedicels  :  sejials 
3-nerved,  narrow,  acumiiuvte,  shining,  two  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  tlie  ileeply 
lolled  petals,  which  are  sometimes  wanting  :  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  tlie  calyx, 
rather  few-seeded.  — Torr.  tt  Oray,  Fl.  i.  18.')  ;  Torr.  in  Pacif.  1\.  I\ep.  iv.  69. 

Valley"  nnil  foot-hilln  from  I/OK  Angolen  northward  I0  tlir  Miilixh  lx)<iiidMry  ;  (1nadiiIni>o  Island. 
Pafiner. 

3.  S.  mnbellata,  Turcz.  Glabrous  :  stems  very  slender,  a.<;cending.  from  slen- 
der creeping  rootstoeks,  which  are  covered  with  orl)icular  scale-like  colorless  bracts  : 
leaves  spreading,  elliptic  or  oblon<r  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end.  4  to  8  lines  long  : 


gg  CAUrOl'llYLLACE.K.  SttUarui. 

flowers  in  rt  siiuplc  or  ooinpouml  open  uuibtil-likii  fow-rayed  cyiuo ;  pedicels  olou- 
gatoil  :  sepals  ovate-liuii'i^ulule,  l-nerveil,  1  to  H  Hues  k)n<^  :  petals  none.:  capsule 
at  lirst  ovate,  at  leiij^lli  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  calyx. —  Ledeh.  I'l.  Jtoss.  i. 
304  ;  Watson,  JJut.  King  V.\\).  38. 

Uocky  MoiMitains  of  Coionulo  ;  in  tlio  Wiilisutcli  (Wnlsoa)  ;  iit  roicj,'oy'B  ulmvi^  tin-.  Vu.sciiiitu, 
Oruy.     Idoiilicul  wiLli  tlm  Aaialic  I'orm. 

4.  S.  longipes,  Goldie.     Smooth  and  shining  or  glaucous,  erect  or  ascending, 

2  to  18  inches  high:  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  h  to  1^  inches  lung,  1  to  1^ 
lines  wide,  acute,  rather  rigid  and  usually  ascending  :  llowers  lew,  on  lung  slender 
erect  pedicels,  the  scarious  bracts  oi'ten  wanting  in  the  less  developed  bpecimens  : 
sepals  scarcely  nerved,  li  to  2.^  lines  long  :  petals  abuut  e(puilling  or  exceeding  the 
calyx  :  capsule  ovate-oblong,  at  length  exserted,  usually  Jark-colored  at  uiaturiLy  : 
seeil  smooth.  — Torrey,  i»ot.  Wilkes  Exp.  2-15. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  hom  the  Yosuuiite  iioithward,  raugnig  to  the  Arctic  Sea  and  eastward  to 
Maine  and  Labrador  :  also  Asiatic. 

5.  KiNGii,  Watson,  liot.  King  Exj).  3!»,  t.  G,  of  tiie  mountains  of  Nevada,  may  be  found  iu 
California  :  stems  low,  from  a  woody  J)ase,  strict,  glandular-pubescent ;  leaves  linear,  rigid, 
short  ;  capsule  half  longer  than  the  calyx. 

+-  +-  Brads  foliaceous :  pdah  excetding  the  calyx,  or  wanting  in  thu  Jint. 

5.  S.  borealis,  Uigdow.  (llahrous:  stems  usually  weak,  ca'ect  or  hpreading, 
bninched,  A  to  U  feet  high:  hnivcs  linoar-luniuiolate  to  ovato-ohloug,  \  to  2  inc.hea 
long,  1  to  5  lines  wide,  acute,  usually  spreading:  llowers  in  dichotomous  cymes,  ou 
pedicels  h  inch  lung,  at  length  spreading  or  deflexed  :  sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate,  a 
line  or  two  long,  usually  short  :  petals  2-parted,  included,  2  to  5,  or  more  usually 
wanting:  capsule  ovate,  1^  to  2  lines  long:  seeds  smooth. 

Wet  pLaces  in  Mendocino  County,  Bolamkr ;  the  form  with  larger  calyx.  A  connnon  species 
northward,  ami  in  the  mountains,  across  the  continent  ;  also  hi  the  Old  Worhl.  The  variety 
alpestris,  Cray  (var.  corollina,  Feiizl),  with  the  bracts  small  and  partly  scarious,  and  with 
roughish  seeds,  occurs  in  Oregon  and  may  be  found  in  California. 

G.  S.  Jamesii,  Torrey.  Somewhat  viscidly  pvibescent,  rather  stout,  ascending, 
branched,  a  h)ot  or  two  high  :  leaves  linear-  to  ovate-lanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long, 

3  to  9  lines  wide,  acuminate,  dark  green  :  ])edicel3  divaricate,  rather  short,  at  hingth 
dellexed  :  sepals  oblong,  acute,  2  or  3  lines  long,  the  bilid  i)etals  mostly  twice 
longer:  capsule  ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  seed  smooth.  —  Torr.  \:  tJray,  Fl.  i. 
183  ;  Watson,  Eot.  King  Exp.  38. 

In  the  Siena  Nevada  {Uulaudcr,  Mrs.  Ames),  and  in  tlie  mountains  eastward  to  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico. 

7.  S.  littoralis,  Tornsy.  Pubescent  throughout,  ascending,  a  foot  high,  rather 
stout :  leaves  ovate,  an  inch  long,  iicute,  rounded  at  base,  rather  thick  :  llowers  in  a 
terminal  compound  cyme  :  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  3-uerved,  2  lines  long, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  2-parted  petals  :  styles  sometimes  4  :  cajisule  shorter  than 
the  calyx.  —  Pacif.  Pt.  Pep.  iv.  09. 

Sea-shore,  Pinita  de  los  liiiyes,  liiijrlow. 

4.   ARENARIA,  Linn.        Sanowokt. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  as  many,  entire  or  rarely  emarginate,  or  wanting. 
Stamens  10.  Styles  3,  rarely  more  or  fewer,  opposite  to  as  many  sepals.  Capsule 
globose  or  short-oblong,  dehiscent  into  as  many  entire,  2-cleft,  or  2-parted  valves  us 
there  are  styles,  few  -  many-seeded.  Seed  reniform-globose  or  laterally  compressed.  — 
Mostly  low  annuals  or  perennials,  usually  tufted  ;  with  sessile  leaves,  often  subulate 
and  more  or  less  rigid,  without  stipules  ;  llowers  white,  cymosely  [)anicled  or  capitate. 

A  large  genua  of  about  130  species,  very  widely  dispersed,  many  of  them  arctic  or  alpine. 


^1 '■'•"'"•'■«•  CARYOPIIYLLACP]^.  gg 

§  1.  The  3  valves  of  the  cnjmde  2-clefl  or  parted :  see<h  not  nppendaged  at  the  hit  urn  ■ 
cespitose  perennulU,  mostly  scarious-hracted.  —  Auesarik  proper. 
1.  A.  congesta,  Nutt.  Smooth,  glaucous,  4  to  12  inches  hi-h  :  loaves  verv 
narrowly  sulmlatr,  scabrous  on  the  niar^'in,  often  pun<,'ent,  the  lower  1  to  2A  inchw 
louf,',  the  cauline  ^  to  1  inch  lorif,' :  llowers  in  1  to  3  dense  sulmmbellate  lascicles 
witli  large  dilated  membranous  bracts  :  s.'i)als  ovate-oblong,  stron-dy  concave  scari' 
ously  margined,  obscurely  3-norved,  Ih  to  2,\  lines  long,  acute":  petals  narrowly 
oblong,  nearly  twice  ns  long  as  the  calyx  :  sti'/mnn  rapitcllatr :  mpsuln  equallin.r  the 
calyx.  — Torr.  S^,  (Jray,  Vl  i.  178  ;  Watson,  J5ot.  King  Mxp.  31).  Jirewerina  .mfTru- 
tescens,  (Jray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  G20. 

Var.  subcongesta,  Watson.  flowers  less  densely  fascicled  and  somewhat 
cymose.  —  A.  Fendlen,  var.  subcongesta,  Watson  in  Bot.  King  Kxp.  40. 

In  tlio  iTiountain.s  from  Washington  Territory  to  Colora.lo  ;  at  .Summit  in  the  Sierra  Nevada 
(ISolander)  ;  above  Carson  City,  Anderson.  Tho  variety  in  the  nortlioni  Hieria  Neva.ia  (Levunon) 
niKl  ea.stwanl.  The  typical  form  has  tho  flowers  nearly  .se.s.sile  in  close  heads.  BrcweriiM  mif. 
frulesccns,  Uray,  is  a  form  somewhat  woody  at  l.xso  and  with  the  flowers  upon  longer  nearly  equal 
pedicels.  I  ho  remarkahlo  cliMincterof  cin.itclhito  or  somewhat  cnpitollate  stirrmns  it  ha.s  in  com- 
mon with  yi.  Frndlcri,  and  they  are  also  found  in  A.  capil/nris  and  //.  Fninklinii. 

2.  A.  capillaris,  Poir.  ]\[oro  or  less  glandular-pubescent  above,  erect,  3  to  12 
inches  higli  :  leaves  linear-subulate,  ^  to  2  inches  long,  pungent ;  the  cauline  few 
short  and  erect:  llowers  few,  in  an  open  cyme;  bracts  small,  lanceolate-  sppals 
ovate,  acute,  1|  to  2  lines  long,  3-nerved,  membranously  margined:  petals  half 
longer:  capsule  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Including  A.  nardifolia,  Ledeb 
(Hook.  PI.  1.  98,  t.  32),  and  .some  other  Asiatic  forms.  A.  formosa  Torr  P.ot 
Wilkes  Kxp.  243;  Watson,  Pot.  King  Kxp.  39.  '  ,  •        • 

tail,"  I'ri  1  Tof  T  h-r  t'"  « ''^''''  ''n  ""'■•"•y  -"tl-wnrd  ;  Donnor  Pass  ( Tnrrnj)  ;  Silver  Moun- 
tain, at  1  l.ono  feet  altitude,  Jirewrr.    Tho  more  typical  glabrous  form  .soems  not  to  occur  here. 

3.  A.  pungens,  Nutt.  Pubescent  throughout,  cespitose,  2  to  3  inches  hi-rh  • 
leaves  Imear-subulate,  3  to  5  lines  long,  pungent,  crowded  :  flowere  in  an  open 
cyme,  leafy-bracted  :  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  pungent,  U  to  3  lines  Ion-  rather 
obscurely  3-neryed  :  petals  about  equalling  the  calyx  :  the  capsule  .shorter :  seeds 
very  few,  smooth.  —  Torr.  cfe  Gray,  Fl.  i.  179  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

r;?!v„v'^  '"^'T™  ^r"""'"'  r.-T?  V'".  '^'S  ?■"'  r"""''"  (^"''""^'•'•)  ;  «ilv-r  Mountain,  at  il.OOO  feet 
{Brf.wcr)  ■  above  Carson  t'lty  {Anderson)  ■  and  eastward  to  Colorado. 

f\.t:lV'-\'V-'  '^°"f,'-  ''';''■  «i""l'^'-l"^>^it.^it,  stouter  and  less  pul>rs,-ent  ;  stems  leafy  at  base  : 
flo^.ers  lascirlcd  ma  nither  close  cyme  :  sepals  .3  to  5  linos  long,  smooth  and  shining,  scariously 
margined,  ns  also  the  large  bracts  :  petals  a.s  long,  nn.l  capsule  shorter.  -  Oregon  to  Colorndo. 
and  perhaps  to  be  expected  in  tho  mountains  of  California. 

§  2.   The  3  valves  of  the  capsule  entire;  seeds   not  appendaqed   at  the  hilum  :  low 
annuals  rvith  fohaceous  bracts  {the  Californian  species).  —  Alsine. 

4.  A.  Douglasii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Sparingly  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  or 
glabrous,  slen.ler,  much  branched,  3  to  G  inches  high  :  leaves  filiform,  \  to  1  inch 
long  :  llowei-3  rather  large,  on  long  slender  jie.licels  :  sepals  oblong-ovate,  acute, 
3-nprve<l,  \\  lines  long:  petals  obovate,  2  lines  long  or  more:  capsule  globose, 
oqualhng  the  calyx  :  seeds  large,  flat,  smooth,  acutely  margined.  — Fl.  i.  074. 

Dry  hillsides,  throughout  California.  Tho  very  .similar  A.  tknf.i.i.a,  NutL.  of  Oregon  and 
Washington  Icni  ory,  is  distinguishcl  by  narrower  and  more  strongly  nerved  sepals,  oblong 
capsule,   and  small   minutely  roughened  seeds. 

H.  A.  Californica,  Prewer.  Glabrous,  very  slender,  branching,  2  to  G  inches 
high  :  leaves  lanreolafc,  1  to  2  lines  long,  obtusisli  :  llowers  small,  on  .slender  i)edi- 
cels:  .sepals  oblong-(,vate.  acute,  3-nervcd,  1  to  U  lines  long;  petjils  spatulate, 
about  a  half  longer:  cajt-sule  oblong:  .seeds  .small,  .sharjily  mnriciilate.  —  Bolaiider, 
Cat.  0.      A.  hrevifolia,  viir.  (I)  Californica,  Gniy,  Wnv.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  101. 

Sonoma  County  to  Santa  Cruz  and  «^astwnrd  ;  Auburn,  BoUind^r. 


YQ  CAKY()PJ1VLI,ACE/K.  Arenaria. 

6.  A.  palustris,  Watson.  Apparently  annual,  smooth,  the  stems  weak,  simple, 
4  to  8  inclies  high  :  leavia  linear,  Haccid,  |  to  1  inch  long,  acute  :  flowers  few,  large, 
on  long  pedicels  :  sepals  elliptic,  ohtuse,  1^  to  2  lines  h)ng,  heibaceous,  not  nerved  : 
petals  oblong,  twice  longer  :  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  seeds  numer- 
ous,—  AUine  palustris,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Aciul.  iii.  (il. 

Swuiups  iiciir  tiiin  Kruncisco,  Bolamlcr,  Kciloijij. 

§  3.  Parts  of  the  Jloivers  sometimes  in  fours  :  valves  of  the  capsule  bifid  ;  the  youncf  ovary 
3-celled :  seed  a}>penda<jed  at  the  hiluvi  with  a  sinall  caruncle.  —  Mcehkingia. 

7.  A.  macrophylla,  Hook.  Perennial,  with  running  rttotstocks  ;  stems  asccaid- 
ing,  3  to  8  inches  high,  mostly  simiilc,  leafy,  puberulent  above  :  leaves  3  to  4  paira, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  1  to  2  inches  long,  thin,  bright  green  :  tlowers 
few,  on  slender  i)edicels :  se[)als  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  1^  to  2i  lines  long, 
1-nerved,  exceeding  the  obtuse  petals  :  capsule  ovoid,  nearly  ecpialling  the  calyx  : 
seeds  several,  smooth,  rather  large. —  Fl.  i.  102,  t.  37.  Moehrimjia  uvibrosa,  Gray, 
PI.  Fendl.  13,  not  Fenzl.     M.  macrophylla,  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  246. 

From  Washington  Tenitory  to  California  (Bigclow)  ;  Sierra  County,  Lcminon.  Also  in  New 
Mexico,  Fendler.  Another  species  of  this  section,  A.  latkkikloka,  Linn.,  with  broader  obtuse 
leaves  and  exserted  petals,  occurs  in  Oregon  and  is  of  wide  range  northward  and  eastward. 

5.   SAQINA,  Linn.         Peaiclwokt. 

Sepals  4  to  5.  Petals  as  many,  entire  or  sliglitly  emarginate,  often  minute  or 
wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  rarely  twice  as  many  or  fewer.  Ovary 
1 -celled,  many-ovuled  :  the  styles  alternate  with  the  sepals,  and  as  many.  Capsule 
dehiscent  to  the  base  by  entire  valves  alternate  with  the  sepals.  —  Low  green  herbs, 
with  subulate  or  filiform  leaves  without  stipules,  and  small  terminal  usually  long- 
pedicelled  flowers. 

A  small  genus,  inhabiting  moist  places  in  temperate  and  frigid  regions,  chiefly  of  the  northern 
hemisphere. 

1.  S.  OCCidentalis,  Watson.  Annual,  glabrous,  very  slender  and  delicate,  2  to 
6  inches  high,  decumbent  at.  base  or  ascending  :  leaves  not  fascicled,  3  to  6  lines 
long,  pungent :  flowers  pentamerous,  on  elongated  straight  pedicels  :  sepals  obtuse 
or  acutisli,  a  line  long  :  petals  nearly  equalling  the  sepals  ;  stamens  10  :  capsule 
exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  345.     aS'.  procumbens,  Bolander,  Cat.  6. 

Valleys  and  borders  of  salt-marshes  from  San  Francisco  to  Washington  Territory. 

2.  S.  Linnsei,  Presl.  Biennial  or  perennial,  glabrous,  densely  matted  and  de- 
cumbent, 1  or  2  inches  high  :  leaves  somewhat  fascicled,  3  to  6  lines  long,  pungent : 
flowers  on  long  pedicels,  at  length  nodding  :  sepals  a  line  long,  obtuse,  exceeding 
the  petals  :  stamens  10:  cai.sule  at  length  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  calyx. -- 
Speigula  sa(/inoides,  Linn, 

Webber  Lake,  Lemmon.  Arctic  America  and  .southward  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Mew 
Mexico  ;  also  in  the  Old  World. 

6.   SPERQULA,  Linn.        Corn-Spurrev. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  10,  rarely  5,  Ovary  1 -celled,  many-ovuled  : 
styles  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals.  Capsule  5-valveil,  the  entire  valves  opposite  to 
the  sepals.  Seeds  laterally  compressed,  acutely  margined  or  winged  :  embryo  spiral, 
—  Annuals,  dichotomously  or  fasciculately  branched ;  with  subulate  fascicled  or 
apparently  whorled  leaves,  and  small  scarious  stipules ;  flowers  pedicelled,  in  dicho- 
tomous  cymes. 

A  genus  of  2  or  3  species,  of  Europe  and  Asia,  widely  naturalized  as  weeds  in  cultivated  fields. 


L<rflwgin.  CA  RVOniYLLACE.I':.  71 

1.  S.  arvensifl,  Limi.  Smootli  ;  stoins  sevoml,  a  foot  or  two  lii>,'li :  lenvcs  fili- 
form, miineroua  in  apparnnt  whorls,  1  or  2  iiiclics  long;  stipules  small:  jlowerg 
white,  the  long  jiodiccls  at  length  roflexed  :  sepals  oblong  to  ovate,  2  or  3  linca 
long,  equalling  the  petals,  a  little  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovoid  capsule  :  seeds 
rough,  acutely  margined. 

Sparingly  naturalized  ;  near  San  Francisco  {Torrcy)  ;  Mark  West  Creek,  Bolandcr. 

7.  LEPIGONUM,  Fries.  Sand-Spurkey. 
Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire,  rarely  fewer  or  none.  Stamens  10,  or  fewer  by  abor- 
tion. Ovary  1 -celled,  many-ovuled :  styles^  3,  or  rarely  5.  Capsule  3-valved. 
Seeds  winged  or  naked  :  embryo  annular.  —  Low  herbs,  usually  diffuse  ;  with  seta- 
ceous or  linear  fascicled  leaves  and  scarious  stipules  ;  flowers  white  or  pink,  pedi- 
celled,  in  at  length  snbracemose  cymes.  —  Kindberg,  Monog.  Lepig. 

A  genus  (known  also  as  Spergidaria)  of  5  or  6  sjjecies,  chiefly  confined  to  the  sea-coast  or  saline 
localities  ;  widely  distributed  through  the  temperate  zones.     Species  of  rather  difficult  definition. 

1.  L.  macrothecmn,  Fischer  <t  Meyer.  Poronnial,  rather  stout,  often  a  foot 
high,  decumbent  at  base,  glabrous  below,  pubescent  above,  the  calyx  more  or  less 
tomeutose  :  leaves  llesliy,  |  to  2  inches  long,  with  large  ovate  stipules  :  flowers 
large,  subracemose ;  pedicels  4  to  12  lines  long,  becoming  reflexed  :  sepals  3  lines 
lung  or  more,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  petals  :  capsule  ovoid,  a  little  exceeding 
the  calyx:  ^eeds  smooth,  narrowly  winged.  —  Kindberg,  1.  c.  16,  t.  1,  fig.  1.  Sper- 
gnlaria  rubra,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  70. 

In  salt-nmrslies  from  Marin  County  to  San  Diego. 

2.  L.  medium,  Fries.  More  slender  and  diffusely  branched  than  the  last,  an- 
nual or  biennial  (sometimes  perennial  1),  more  or  less  pubescent  or  often  nearly 
glabrous  :  leaves  fleshy,  \  to  1  inch  long  or  more  ;  stipules  short :  pedicels  ^  to  6 
lines  long,  often  short,  reflexed:  flowers  smaller;  calyx  1  to  2  lines  long:  seeds 
smaller,  smootli,  wingless  or  narrowly  winged. 

In  saline  localities  from  San  Diego  to  Pnget  Sound  and  across  the  continent  ;  also  European 
and  Asiatic.      A  very  variable  species  as  at  present  received. 

8.  POLYCARPON,  Linn. 

Sepals  entire,  scarious  upon  the  margin.  Petals  small,  hyaline.  Stamens  3  to  f>. 
Ovary  1 -celled  :  style  short,  3-cleft.  Capsule  3-vaIved,  several-seeded.  —  Low  dif- 
fuse dichotomously  branched  annuals  ;  leaves  flat ;  stipules  small,  scarious ;  flowers 
small,  cymose. 

Half  a  dozen  species,  in  the  temperate  and  warmer  regions  of  both  hemisphere-s. 

1.  P.  depressum,  Nutt.  Very  small  and  murli  bninclied,  srarrely  an  inch 
high,  sli'iitliT  and  glabrous  :  leaves  narrowly  spatulate,  in  pairs  ;  stipules  small  and 
narrow  :  flowers  minute,  in  loose  cymes,  the  pedicels  with  small  bracts  :  petals  nar- 
row, much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  entire:  capsule  globose,  6-12-seeded. — Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  174. 

On  bare  sandhills  near  San  Diego  {Nuttall)  ;  near  San  Bemanlino,  /yfmmon. 

P.  TETRAPHYU.UM,  Linn,  f.,  is  found  oround  the  world,  but  is  not  yet  known  from  California. 
It  is  a  larger  plant  in  every  way,  the  broad  leaves  sometimes  apparently  in  lours,  and  the  stipules 
and  imxcls  often  conspicuous. 

9.  LGGFLINGIA,  Linn. 

Sepals  .'),  rigid  and  rnrinate,  the  margin  .'^rarious  ;  the  tliree  outer  with  a  narrow 
tooth  upon  each  side.    TVtals  very  small  or  none.     Stamen';  3  to  .'>.     Ovary  l-celled: 


72 


ILLECEBRACE^:.  Loejlingia. 


style  very  short  or  none.  Capsule  3-valved,  several-seedetl  —  Low  rigid  dichoto- 
mous  annuals ;  leaves  subulate,  with  aihiate  and  couuate  setaceous  stiimle.s  ;  flowers 
small,  sessile  in  the  axils. 

A  genus  of  perhaps  five  species,  of  the  Mudilerraneaii  region  ami  Central  Asia,  with  llio  follow- 
ing fioia  Noilh  Anarica. 

1.  L,  squarrosa,  N utt.  (ilandular-pubescent,  much  branched,  the  stems  2  to 
6  inches  long  :  leaves  and  sepals  subulate- setaceous,  rigid  and  squarrose,  the  leaves 
2  or  3  lines  long,  exceeding  the  llowers  :  capsule  triangular,  at  length  exserted, 
many-seeded.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  V\.  i.  174  ;  Ciray,  Gen.  111.  ii.  24,  t.  lOG.  L.  Texcuia, 
Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  285. 

San  Diego  (NuUall),  and  eabtward  to  Texas. 

Okdeu  XV.     ILLECEBRACE^. 

Distinguished  from  the  scarious-stipulate  Caryophyllacece  oidy  by  the  solitary  or 
sometimes  geminate  ovules,  undivided  or  2-clet't  style,  and  one-seeded  utricular  or 
akene-liko  fruit  ;  the  petals  wholly  wanting  or  reiluced  to  mere  filaments  ;  these 
and  the  stamens  usually  more  perigynous.  Closely  related  on  the  otiier  hand  to 
Ainaranlacem  and  other  apotalous  orders.  Here  rejjresonted  by  only  two  plants,  but 
several  species  of  other  genera  are  foun<l  in  the  Atlantic  States. 
1  PentacEena.  Calyx  of  5  unequal  awn-tii)ped  sepals  :  stamens  inserted  on  their  base. 
2.  Achyronychia.  Calyx  5-eleft,  with  a  10-nerved  tube  and  blunt  silvery-scarious  lobes  :  sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  throat. 

1.   PENTAC^NA,  Bartling. 

Sepals  5,  nearly  distinct,  hooded,  unequal,  terminating  in  a  short  diveigent  spine, 
the  inner  more  shortly  awned.  Petals  minute,  scale-like.  Stamens  3  to  5,  inserted 
at  the  base  of  the  .sepals;  staminodia  none.  Style  very  short,  bifid.  Utricle 
included  in  the  rigid  connivent  calyx.  —  Low  densely  tufted  perennials  ;  leaves  subu- 
late, densely  croAvded  on  the  branches;  stipules  dry  and  silvery;  flowers  .sessile, 
clustered  in  the  axils. 

A  genus  of  2  or  3  species,  of  S.  America  and  Mexico,  only  one  reaching  our  western  coast. 

1  P  ramosissima,  Hook.  &  Am.  Prostrate  and  matted,  the  stem  2  to  18 
inches  lou'S  somewhat  woolly:  leaves  3  to  5  lines  long,  pungenlly  awned,  at  length 
recurved  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1 -nerved  :  calyx- 
tube  nearly  a  line  long,  the  divergent  outer  lobes  twice  longer  :  stamens  usually  5  : 
stigmas  subsessile  :  utricle  apiculate.  —  Hook.  Pot.  Misc.  ni.  338.  Paronychia 
ramosissima,  DC.  Paronych.  12,  t.  4;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  172.  Acanthonyckia 
ramosissima,  Pvohrb.  in  ^'lart.  Fl.  Bras,  xiv."    249,  t.  56. 

On  the  sea-coast  from  Oregon  to  Southern  California  and  Mexico,  forming  largo  patches  on  the 
drifting  sands  about  San  Francisco.  Also  on  the  South  American  coast  from  Chili  to  1  atagonia, 
and  in  S.  Brazil. 

2.  ACHYRONYCHIA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  the  turbinate  10-nerved  tube  at  length  cylindrical  and 
coriaceous ;  lobes  oval,  obtuse,  thickened  at  base,  silvery-scarious  above  and  nerve- 
less. Petals  none.  Filaments  or  staminodia  15,  in  one  row  at  the  summit  of  the 
tube,  filiform,  only  1  or  2  antheriferous.  Style  short,  bifid.  Ovules  2,  on  very 
short  funicles,  one  abortive.     Utricle  thin,  included.     Seed  oblong-pyriform.  —  A 


^'"■('ilaca.  rORTULACACE^..  yo 

lepressed  annual ;  with  opposite  spatiilato  loavcfi,  largo  hyalino  sLipul.'.s  an.l  flowere 
I"  'lenso  axillary  cymose  clusters 


in  ( 


1.  A.  Coopen,  lorr.  S^  Gray.  Slondcr,  glabrous,  tli."  stems  2  or  3  inches  Io.ik  • 
leaves  ratli.T  thick,  vemloss,  ^  to  I  inch  long,  the  alternate  ones  only  half  as  lon^' 
attenuate  to  a  slender  base  :  stipules  interpetiolar,  ovate  or  roun.led,  entire  or  lace'r- 
ato:  calyx  1  to  1|  lines  long,  the  tube  at  le„gth  cp.Uling  the  lobes,  apparently 
.)-tootlie.l  by  the  h.-rbaceous  bas.>s  of  the  conspieuous  whiU-.-scarious  lobes:  lilamenU 
very  slender,  much  shorter  than  the  lobes  :  ovary  Jlattened  at  the  top  :  utricle  equal- 
ling the  tube,  bursting  irregularly  at  the  apex.  —  J'roc.  Am.  Aca.l.  vii.  331. 

SoutlicTstcrn  California,  in  tl.o  Colorado  IV,s(>rt  (Srhof/.)  and  near  Cnnn.  Cady  (CoojKr),  erowine 
in  dry  sand  ;  also  collected  in  Southern  Arizona  or  Sonora.  ^         ^     ''  K'^'"""^ 

Order  XVI.     PORTULACACE^. 

More  or  less  succulent  horb.s,  with  simple  and  entire  h-avea  (either  opposite  or 
aItornat.>),  and  regular  but  unsynim..trical  perfect  flowers  ;  tho  sepals  (except  in 
LevKvn)  only  2,  while  tho  petals  aro  from  2  to  5  or  more ;  tho  stamens  opposite  the 
petals  when  of  the  same  number  or  fewer;  the  ovary  1-celled  with  few  or  many 
campylotropous  or  amphitropous  ovules  on  a  free  central  placenta,  in  fruit  becoming 
capstdar  ;  the  seeds  with  a  slender  embryo  curved  or  coiled  on  the  outside  of  farina- 
ceous albumen,  as  in  Cnryophyl/arecr. -.Ovary  free  and  the  part^  of  the  flower 
hypogynous,  except  in  Portulaca.  Stamens  sometimes  indefinitely  numcrou.s  cora- 
monly  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  petals  ;  tlicse  sometimes  united  at  base.  Style 
2-8-cIeft;  the  stigmas  occupying  the  inner  face  of  the  lobes.  Stipules  none  or 
scanous,  or  reduced  to  hairs.  Flowers  open  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  dayli-ht'  in 
many  ephemeral,  in  some  oi)ening  for  two  or  three  days  °    ' 

.  Sepals  2.  united  below  and  a.lheront  to  the  ovary,  tl.e  free  upper  portion  at  length  .leciduous. 

1.   Portulaca.     Stamen.  7  to  20.      Flower,  nolitary.  red  or  yellow.     Cap.ule  o,«.ninR  hy  a  lid. 

*  ♦  Sepals  2,  distinet,  i»ersistent  :  ovnry  froe. 

4-  Stylo  3-cleft  :  capsule  3-valved  :  .soihiIs  eipml 

4.   Montia.     Stamens  usually  3.      Petals  unequal.     Seeds  dull,  tubereuiate. 

-I-  +-  Style  2-cleft  :  capsule  2.valved  :  sepals  unerpial,  hyaline. 
«■   r^w^J^I^    Stamens  .3.      Petals  4.     Stems  simple,  seape-like. 

6.  Calyptridmm.     Stan.enl.      Petals  2.     Stems  hranehing.  leafy. 

•   ♦   ♦  Sepals  4  to  8,  distinet,  much  imhrieated. 

7.  LewiBia.     StAmens  many.     Style  3-8-eleft.     Petals  8  to  Ifi.     Scapes  l-flowered. 


I.ANE. 


1.  PORTULACA,  Tourn.  Pnnsi./ 
Sepals  2,  coherent  at  ba.se  into  a  tube  and  adnate  to  tho  ovarv.  tho  free  limh 
dmduous.  Petals  4  to  0.  Stamens  7  to  20,  perigy nous  will,  the  pet,;is.  Stylo  <leeply 
3  -  8cleft.  Capsule  opening  by  a  lid.  See.la  numerous,  small.—  Fleshy'diffuse  or 
ascending  annuals  ;  with  entire  leavers,  and  axillary  or  terminal  ephomemi  yellow  or 
rose-colored  flowers. 


74  PORTULACACE.i;.  Porlulaca. 

Sjjecies  about  16,  belonging  to  warm  and  tropical  regions,  chiefly  Aiiicrican,  a  few  widely 
naturalized  as  weeds  iu  temperate  countries. 

1.  P.  oleracea,  l.imi.  Prustmlo,  glabrous,  purplish  :  leaves  flat,  obdvato  to 
spatulate,  ruuiuled  at  the  suinniit :  sej)al3  acute,  cariiiate  :  petals  yellow,  H  tu  2  lines 
long  :  stigmas  5  :  capsule  3  to  5  lines  long  :  seeds  black,  dull,  linely  tuberculate. 

Tlio  common  I'urslauo,  I'rom  luirope,  naturalized  oa  a  weed  in  ganlens  and  cultivated  grounds. 

2.  P.  retusa,  Engelm.  Like  tlie  last,  but  greener  and  the  stems  more  ascending, 
sometimes  covering  a  space  several  feet  in  diameter  :  leaves  usually  smaller  :  sepals 
obtuse,  broadly  carinate-\ving»;d  :  petals  yellow  :  stigmas  3  or  4  :  capsule  2^  or  3 
lines  long,  broader  in  proportion:  seeds  more  strongly  tuberculate.  —  PI.  Lindh. 
154;  Schlecht.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xi.  739. 

Along  the  Colorado  (Newberry)  and  eastward  to  Texas. 

3.  P.  pilosa,  Linn.  Prostrate  or  ascending,  witli  tufts  of  long  hairs  in  the  axils 
of  the  linear  more  or  less  terete  leaves  :  sepals  membranaceous,  not  keeled,  acute  : 
petals  bright  red,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  stamens  15  to  25  :  stigmas  5  or  6 :  seeds  black, 
tuberculate. —  Engelm.  1.  c.  155  ;  Lindl.  But.  Eeg.  t.  792  ;  liohrb.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras. 
xiv.2  303. 

Dry  sandy  soil  near  Soda  Springs  on  the  Upper  Sacramento  (Brciver),  which  is  the  only  reported 
Californian  locality  :  New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  through  Tropical  America  to  Brazil. 

P.  OKANniKLOitA,  Uook.  Hot.  Mag.  t.  288r),  from  Brazil,  is  much  cultivated  for  its  large  bright 
flowers  of  various  colors,  and  somcitimcs  (escapes  from  gardens.  Its  leaves  are  terete,  stamens 
numerous,  and  the  seeils  ash-colored  and  shining. 

2.  CALANDRINIA,  II BK. 

Sepals  2,  green,  persistent.  Petals  mt)stly  5  (3  to  10).  Stamens  5  to  15,  indef- 
inite. Ovary  free,  many-ovuled  :  style  3-cleft,  short.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid, 
membranaceous,  3-valved.  Seeds  black,  usually  shining,  smooth  or  minutely  tuber- 
culate.—  Low  succulent  herbs  ;  with  alternate  or  radical  leaves,  and  purplish  ephem- 
eral flowers  in  bracteate  racemes  or  panicles,  or  few  upon  short  scape-like  stems. 

A  genus  of  about  GO  species,  all  South  American  and  Australian,  with  the  exception  of  the  fol- 
lowing. The  closely  allied  genus  Tulinum,  diflerin^  in  its  deciduous  sepals  and  carunculate 
seeds,  has  half  a  dozen  or  more  species  chiefly  eastward  or  south  of  the  Kocky  Mountains,  a  single 
one  {T.  spinesccns,  Torr.)  occurring  in  Washington  Territory.  None  are  likely  to  be  found  in 
California. 

*    Caulescent  annuals,  of  the  plains  and  foot-hills  :  Jlowers  in  racemes  :  petals  3  <o  5  : 
seeds  mi)iutely  tuberculate, 

1.  C.  Menziesii,  Hook.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  branching  from  the 
base,  tlie  stems  ascending :  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  the  lower  on  slender 
petioles,  1  to  3  inches  long  :  racemes  simi)le  ;  peduncles  erect  or  ascending  :  sepals 
keeled,  the  calyx  4-angled  in  bud :  petals  broadly  obovate,  red  to  purple,  2  to  6  lines 
long  :  capsule  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2  to  4  lines  long,  about  equalling  or  a 
little  exceeding  the  ovate  acute  or  acuminate  sepals :  seeds  shining,  minutely  tuber- 
culate, I  to  1  line  broad. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  197.  Talinum  Menziesii,  Hook. 
Fl.  i.  223,  t.  70.     C.  speciosa,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xix.  t.  1598. 

Abundant  in  winter  and  early  sjjring,  in  the  valleys  and  on  sunny  hillsides,  from  Vancouver 
Island  to  Lower  California.  Very  variable  iu  height,  and  in  the  size  and  color  of  the  flowera. 
Cattle  are  fond  of  it. 

2.  C.  BrcAveri,  Watson.  Much  resembling  the  last  :  peduncles  divaricately 
spreading  or  dellexed  :  sepals  triangular-ovate  :  capsule  4  to  5  lines  long,  conical, 
blunt,  exceeding  the  sepals  :  seeds  half  a  line  broad,  not  shining,  more  strongly 
tuberculate,  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  124.  C.  Memiesii,  var.  maci-ocarpa,  Gray  iu 
Proc.   Calif.   Acad.   iii.    102. 


CUiytonia.  rollTULACACEyK.  75 

Sunfa  Ifiez  Moiiiituiii.s,  near  Santa  Biirfiara,  lirnm-.  The  spocinipiis  collected  are  a  foot  tall  or 
more,  the  racemes  elongated. 

3.  C.  maritima,  Nutt.  (ilaucous:  sU'ins  aproadinf,',  3  or  4  incho^s  liigh,  with 
small  bract-like  leaves  ftbovo  the  base  :  lower  leaves  obovato  or  obovate -spatulate,  an 
inch  long,  fleshy,  obtuse:  flowers  in  a  loose  dichotomous  terminal  panicle,  on  slender 
pedicels,  "  red,  rather  large  and  showy  "  :  sepals  ovate,  acute  :  capsule  oblong-ovate, 
2  lines  long,  exceeding  the  sepals,  acutish. — Torr.  <fe  Gray,  Fl.  i.  197. 

San  Diego  {Nuttnll)  ;  Coronadoa  Islands,   Thnrhrr.     A  liftlo  known  species. 

*   *   Alpine  })lan(x  villi,  (hid-  findfonn  root.i,  the  srape-like   lunxf/i/    \-jlmi'ereil  Kteiim 
xlinrter  than  the  lenvex:  petals  G  to  H  :  seeds  hlark  and  shininrj,  not  tnhercnlate. 

4.  C.  pygmaea,  (Jray.  Smooth  :  leaves  all  radical,  linear,  1  or  2  inches  long, 
with  broad  scariously  winged  underground  j>etioles  :  scapes  mostly  simple,  1  or  2 
inches  high,  with  a  pair  of  small  scarious  bracts:  sepals  suborbicular,  glandular- 
dentate,  2  or  3  lines  long:  petals  red:  ovules  15  to  20:  capsule  obtuse,  nearly 
equalling  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  623.  Talinum  pt/fjm^um,  Gray  in 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiii.  407  ;  Watson,  T>ot.  King  Exp.  42,  in  part. 

In  tlic  Sierra  Nevada  on  the  Yosemite  Trail,  at  8,000  feet  altitude  (/?o/a)i^<;r)  ;  Mt.  byell 
{Muir)  ;  northward  to  Wnsliington  Territory,  and  in  the  mountains  eastward  to  Colorado  and 
Southern  Utah. 

5.  C.  Nevadensis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Closely  resembling  the  la.<:t,  but  somewhat 
larger  :  scajies  I  to  3  inches  higb,  with  a  jiair  of  larger  leafy  bracts,  1  -  3-flowered  : 
sepals  entire,  3  or  4  lines  long:  petals  white:  ovides  30  to  40. —  Talinum  pijgvKFum, 
Watson,  1.  c,  in  part. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada;  Cisco  {Krllngq);  Sunnnit  {lh)Ian(i('r)\  I'liimns  Co.  {Mrs.  J^uhi/rr  /fnui); 
and  ea,stward  in  the  K.  Ilumlxddt  and  Wnlisntcli  Mountains,   IJ'ntsfin. 

3.  CLAYTONIA,  Linn. 

Sepals   2,   persistent.      Petals   5,   etpial.     Stamens   5.      Ovary   free,  few-ovuled  : 

style   3-cleft.     Capsule   membmnaceous,   globose   or  ovoid,   3-valved.     Seeds   few, 

black  and  shining.  —  Low  glabrous   succulent   herbs ;  with   opposite  or  alternate 

leaves,  and  delicate  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  m  loose  terminal  or  axillary,  simple 

or  compound  naked  racemes,  or  sometimes  umbellate,  la-sting  more  than  one  day. 

A  genus  of  about  20  species,  belonging  principally  to  the  cooler  portions  of  North  America  ami 
northeastern  Asia.     The  species  are  most  numerous  in  western  North  America. 

*   Annuals,  ivith  fibrmis  roots. 

-•-   Stems  simple,  hearing  a  single  pair  of  leaves  which  are  often,  connate. 

1.  C.  perfoliata,  Donn.  Stems  2  to  12  inches  high:  radical  leaves  long- 
petioled,  broadly  rliomboidal,  or  deltoid,  or  dnltoid-cordate,  i^  to  3  inches  broad, 
obtuse  ;  the  caulino  i)air  more  or  less  united  upon  one  or  both  sides,  usually  forming 
a  single  somewhat  orbicular  perfoliate  leaf,  \  to  2  iiiches  in  diameter,  concave  above  : 
race.Tnes  simple  or  compound,  usually  nearly  ses.sile  and  loosely  flowered,  the  short 
pedicels  often  eecund  :  petals  a  lino  or  two  long  :  capsule  about  3  seeded.  —  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  1330.      C.  Crihensis,  Bonpl.  PI.  ^':quin.  t.  2G. 

Var.  parviflora,  Torr.  Padical  leaves  all  linear  or  linoarspatulate  ;  the  cauline 
perfoliate.  —  Pacif.  K.  Pep.  iv.  71.  C.  parvijlnra,  Doug].;  Hook.  I'l.  i.  22ri,  t.  73. 
(1.  (jypsophiloides,  JMscher  k  ^leyer;  Sweet,  Brit.  1""1.  (Jnrd.  2  kit.  t.  37r).  Regol, 
Sort."  P(>tr<ip.  t.  3i. 

Var.  spathulata,  Torr.  1.  c.  Low  and  often  very  slender  :  radical  leaves  linear; 
the  cauline  pair  distinct  or  partially  united  on  one  side,  ovat«  to  lanceolate,  usually 
much  shorter  than  the  raceme.-     C.  spathnlafn.  Pongl.;  Hook.  FI.  i.  225,  t.  74. 


-j-g  IHJllTULACACE.'E.  ClaijtonUi. 

Var.  exigua,  Ton-.  1.  c.  Low  ;  radical  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  tilitbrm  ;  the 
cauline  (lialuicl,  linear,  usually  exeecdini^  tlie  short  ract^nie.  —  ('.  txijua  ^  ttntiiifol'm, 
'Von:  &  (J ray,  l-'l.  i.  2U(). 

Abmuliiiit  on  tlu!  wosIitii  con.st,  laii^'iii)^  liDin  Aliiskii  to  S.  ('alil'urniM,  luul  in  the  iiitiTior 
tlirongli  Ni:vii<la  I"  llm  Wiilisati'li  ami  .Sniitlu'iii  I'lali.  It  is  iilsn  t'oimil  iu  Ciiliii  and  Moxico 
and  is  naluraliztid  in  Knn)|Ki.  'IMui  lai'jcr  luiinH  IVuni  aliadior  tir  duniiuT  loc.uiitioM  liavo  nsnally 
white  or  palo  roso-colorcd  llowcrs  ;  in  ihier  and  more  exi)Oscd  situations  lliey  are  otten  deeijcr- 
colored.     Tlie  succulent  leaves  are  in  popular  use  as  a  potherb. 

2.  C.  Sibirica,  Linn.  Stems  6  to  \b  inches  high:  radical  leaves  lanceolate  to 
rhomhic-ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  an  inch  or  two  long,  long-petioled  ;  the  cauline 
pair  ovate  (varying  from  lanceolate  to  spatiilate-obovate),  sessile,  distinct,  |  to  2 
inches  long  :  raceme  very  loose,  the  flowers  un  long  jjcdicels  :  petals  2  to  4  lines 
long,  white  or  rose-colored.  —  8inis,  lk)t.  Mag.  t.  2243.  C  alsinokles,  Sims,  Lot. 
Mag.   t.    1300.     C.  Unalaschkcnsis,  Fischer.      C.  asari/olia,  Longard. 

In  cool  woods  and  swamps,  hom  Bolinas  Bay  and  Sioini  Co.  to  Alaska.  The  pedicels  are  often 
an  inch  long  or  more. 

+-  -i-  iHtems  usually  inuidnny,  leafy. 
++  Leaves  opposite. 

3.  C.  Chamissonis,  Lsch.  Stems  weak  and  slender,  erect  or  deciunbent,  a  foot 
high  or  often  much  less,  stoloniferous  and  rooting  at  the  joints  :  leavers  ohlanceolute 
or  spatulato,  \  to  1  i  inches  long  :  racemes  few-llowored,  the  flowers  very  variable  in 
size,  on  slender  pedicels  ;  petals  1  to  4  lines  long,  white.  —  Spreng.  Syst.  i.  790. 
C.  stolnnifera,  C.  A.  Meyer,  Mem.  Soc.  Mosc.  vii.  139,  t.  3.  C.  aquatica,  Nutt., 
&  C.Jlayellavis,  Longard,  Torr.  &  Oray,  Fl.  i.  201. 

in  wet  jilaces  in  the  mountains,  froni  Yosemito  Valley  to  Alaska,  and  eastward  to  Colorado. 
The  stolons  are  iVeipiently  l)ulbil'cro\is. 

++  ++  Leaves  alternate. 

4.  C.  parvifolia,  Mociuo.  Stenis  hliform  or  slender,  branching  from  the  base, 
4  to  10  inches  high,  erect  or  ascending  :  lower  leaves  clustered,  broadly  oblanceolate 
or  s[)atulate,  an  inch  long  or  less  ;  caidine  leaves  usually  much  smaller  :  racemes 
loose,  few-Howered  :  petals  2  to  4  lines  hmg,  rose-cohired.  —  DC.  Prodr.  iii.  3()1  ; 
Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.      C.JiUcaulis,  Dough;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  222,  t.  72. 

In  shaded  moist  places  among  rocks,  about  Yosemite  Valley  (Bolander,  Gray),  Donner  Lake 
{Greene),  and  noillnvard  to  Vancouver  Island.  Tlie  most  slender  of  all  our  species  and  some- 
times exceedingly  succulent. 

5.  C.  linearis,  Dougl.  Stems  usually  3  to  G  inches  high,  more  branching  : 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  1  io  2  inches  long,  clasping  at  l)ase  :  racemes  often  secund  : 
sepals  very  broad,  firm  and  consiiicuous,  often  ccjlored,  1  to  2|  lines  long  :  petals  a 
little  longer,  white:  seeds  sharply  margined.  —  Hook.  Fh  i.  222,  t.  71.  C.  di- 
chotoma,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  202,  a  reduced  form. 

In  coof  moist  localities,  from  Napa  (Bif/elow)  and  Sierra  counties  (Lemmmi)  northward  to  the 
British  boundary  ;  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone,  Ihujdm. 

G.  C.  diffusa,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Stem  dilfuscly  and  dichotomously  branched,  G  inches 
high,  leafy  :  leaves  all  ovate  or  deltoid,  juitioled,  acute,  \  to  1  inch  long  :  racemes 
numerous,  terminal  and  axillary  :  pedicels  slender  :  petals  2  lines  long  or  less,  littlo 
exceeding  the  sepals,  pale  rose-color. 

Pine  woods,  Oregon  {Nultall)  ;  also  Kellogg  &  Harford.,  but  locality  uncertain. 

*   *   Perennials,  with  deep-seated  tuhers. 
7.  C.  Caroliniana,  INIichx.,  var.  sessilifolia,  Torr.    Rrdical  leaf  narrow  ;  cau- 
line 2,  opposite,  sessile,  lanceolate  to  linear,  1  or  2  inches  long  :  raceme  nearly  ses- 
sile, few-flowered  and  cymose,  with  a  single  scarious  bract  at  base  :  sepals  ovate. 


Spragiiea.  PORTULACACEyT?.  *j^ 

nnitisli  :  ])otala  2  to  4  linos  lonf?,  pain  roao-coldr.  -;-  Pftcif.  T{.  Hop.  iv.  70.  C.  lance- 
olnta,  Pnrsli,  FI.  17r),  chioHy  ;  Clray,  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xxxiii.  40G.  C.  Caroliniana, 
var.  laiiceoldta,  Watson,  I'ot.  Kinj,'  Exj).  42. 

Sahnl]iiiu'  and  nljiine  in  the  Siorra  Ncvaila  (Cisco,  Kellogg),  northward  to  the  British  Iwundary, 
and  ea.st  to  Colorado.     Tlio  typical  form  of  the  Atlantic  States  lias  leaves  with  slender  i)etioles. 

8.  C.  triphylla,  Watson.  A  similar  species,  slender,  tlie  cauline  leaves  3  in  a 
■\vhorl,  or  rarely  2,  narrowly  linear  :  raceme  compound,  pedunculate  ;  the  pedicels 
each  with  a  small  scarions  bract  :  sepals  rounded,  obtuse  :  petals  2  lines  long.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  345. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  Yoscmite  Valley  (_Gray)  ;  above  Cisco  {Walton,  Kellogg);  Sierra  Co., 
Lcnimoii,  and  probably  frequent. 

0.  C.  umbellata,  Watson.  Very  low  and  Hoshy  :  cauline  leaves  two,  opposite, 
orbicular  or  rliomi)oidal  to  oblong-ovate,  4  to  9  lines  long,  on  slender  petioles  : 
flowers  3  to  5  in  a  sessile  uml)el  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  petals  3  to  4  lines  long,  a 
little  exceeding  the  rounded  obtuse  sepals.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  43,  t.  G. 

On  Mt.  Davidson  and  in  Tr\ickoo  Pa.ss,  Nevada  (  Watson) ;  near  Stcainlwat  Springs,  W.  Nevada, 
Mnvn.     Probably  in  northeastern  California. 

*  *   *  Perenniai,  untk  a  thickened  caudex. 

10.  C.  Nevadensis,  Watson.  Ajiparently  propagating  by  runners,  the  leaves 
and  scapes  clustered  at  the  summit  of  a  rather  slender  rootstock  :  leaves  orbicular 
or  obovate,  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  abruptly  attenuate  into  a  very  slender  peti- 
ole :  scapes  about  ecpialling  the  leaves,  with  a  j)air  of  sessile  oblong-ovate  leaflets,  4 
to  8  liiuis  long  :  flowers  unibellatf^Iy  fascicled  or  in  2  or  3  very  short  mcemcs  :  sepals 
ovato-obiong,  acuto  :  polal.s  broadly  Bpatulato,  4  lines  long,  with  narrow  claws. 

Northern  Sierra  Nevada,  Lcmmoti.  Nearest  C.  snriiicv/nna,  Meyer,  of  Ala.ska,  a  more  slender 
species,  with  long  racemes,  rounded  sepals,  and  jietals  broad  at  base.  C.  arc/ica,  of  Alaska,  &c., 
and  C.  mcgarrhmi  of  the  Kocky  Mountains  have  decidedly  fusiform  roots. 

4.  MONTIA,  Linn. 
Sepals  2,  ovate,  persistent,  herb.aceous.  Petals  .'),  united  at  base,  3  somewhat 
smaller.  Stamens  3,  rarely  more,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  free,  3-ovuled : 
stylo  3-cloft,  very  short.  Cajjsulo  3-valvod,  3-seeded.  Seeds  black,  dull,  tuber- 
culate,  rarely  smoothish  and  shining.  — A  small  branching  glabrous  succulent  annual ; 
with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  axillary  or  racemose  flowers.     A  single  species. 

1.  M.  fontana,  Linn.  Stems  procumbent  or  ascending,  1  to  3  inches  long  : 
leaves  spatulate  to  linear-oblanceolate,  3  to  9  lines  long  :  flowers  a  line  long  or  le^«;s  : 
capsule  globose. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  202.  M.  fontana  k  lampro^perma,  Cham, 
in  Linnfca,  vi.  50-5,  t.  7. 

Wet  places  near  San  Francisco,  and  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierm  Nevada,  and  northward  to 
nohrinK  Straits  ;  Cireonlnnd.  Common  in  Europe,  S.  America,  &c.  Usually  reailily  distinguishwl 
from  Clii]itonia  l>y  the  0]>aciue  seed. 

6.   SPRAQUEA,  Torr. 

Sepals  2,  orbicular-cordate,  scarious-hyaline,  persistent.  Petals  4.  Stamens  3. 
Ovary  8- 10-ovtded  :  stylo  long,  bifid  at  the  apex.  Capsule  2-valved,  membrana- 
ceous. Seeds  black  ai\d  shining.  —  A  glabrous  biennial  herb  ;  with  mostly  ni<lical 
fleshy  leaves,  and  ephemeral  flowers  in  dense  scorpioid  spikes  umbellate-clustered 
on  a  scaiio-like  j-xvluTicle. 

1.  S.  umbellata,  Torr.  Stems  seveml  from  a  tliickened  root,  simple,  erect  or 
ascending,   2  to  12  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  on  thick 


rry  PORTULACACEiK  Calyptridiu,,,. 

petioles,  |  to  4  inches  long ;  the  caulinc  siiuilar  hut  smaller,  frequently  scariously 
stipulate,  often  reduced  to  a  few  hracts  ;  an  involucre  of  broader  scarious  bracts 
subtending  the  dense  capitate  umbel  of  Jiearly  sessile  spikes  :  llowers  liglit  rose- 
color ;  sepals  very  conspicuous,  2  to  4  lines  in  diameter,  about  wjualling  the  oblong- 
obovate  petals:  stamens  and  style  somewhat  exsertod.  —  V\.  Frem.  in  8mitli. 
Contrib.  vi.  4,  t.  1  ;  Hook.  Bol.  Mag.  t.  5143. 

In  the  Siena  Nevada  at  3,000  to  10,000  feet  altitude,  horn  the  Yoseniite  VaUey  northward  to 
the  British  boundary;  E.  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada  (/FateOTi) ;  N.  W.  Wyoming,  Parry: 
usually  in  dry  rocky  or  sandy  localities. 

S.  I'ANiuuLATA,  Kellogj,',  I'roc.  ("alii".  Acad.  ii.  187,  t.  56.  Stems  paniculately  branched  : 
•'growing  in  a  dense  ball  or  duster  prostrate  upon  the  ground  and  seldom  3  inches  in  height  ;  at 
length  melting  into  an  e.Kcrelory  mucilaginous  watery  mass.  Found  in  a  ravine  about  six  miles 
wesi;  of  Virginia  City,  Nevada.  Dorr."  Known  only  hom  Dr.  KcUogg's  description  and  figure  ; 
probably  an  unusual  form  of  the  last. 

6.  CALYPTRIDIUM,  Nutt. 

Sepals  2,  unequal,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  scarious,  at  least  on  the  margins. 
Petals  2,  somewhat  coherent  at  the  apex.  Stamen  1,  opposite  the  lower  sepal, 
included.  Style  very  short,  bihd.  Capsule  2-valved,  6-12-seeded,  membranaceous. 
Seeds  black,  shining.  —  Smooth  prostrate  diffusely  branched  annuals  ,  with  alter- 
nate succulent  leaves,  and  small  ei)liemeral  llowers  in  axillary  or  terminal,  clustered 
or  compound  scorpioid  spikes.     Oidy  the  following  species. 

1 .  C.  monandrum,  N  utt.  Stems  2  or  3  inches  long :  loaves  8j)atulute  to 
nearly  linear,  an  inch  long  or  more  :  sejials  and  petals  a  line  long  or  less,  tlie  latter 
at  length  borne  calyptra-like  upon  the  summit  of  the  elongated  linear  capsule.  — 
Torr.  ik  Gray,  Fl.  i.  198. 

San  Diego  [NnUall)  ;  Colorado  Desert  (A'ewba-nj) ;  Fort  Tejon  (Hom)  ;  Santa  Clara  Valley, 
reckham. 

2.  C.  roseum,  AVatscm.  A  similar  but  rathm-  larger  flowered  species:  this  larger 
«epal  1,^  to  3  lines  broad  ;  tlio  petals  luuch  smaller,  free  or  scarciily  coherent:  cap- 
sule obfong-ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  — Bot.  King  Exp.  44,  t.  G. 

Lake  Co.  ( Torreij) ;  Sierra  Valley  (Lernmon) ;  and  eastward  in  the  valleys  of  Nevada  ( Watson) 
to  W.  Wyoming  on  the  Little  Sandy  River,  Parry. 

7.  LEWISIA,  rursh. 
Sepals  4  to  8,  broadly  ovate,  unequal,  pei-sistent,  strongly  imbricated.  Petals  8 
to  IG,  large  and  showy.  Stamens  numerous.  Style  3-8-parted  nearly  to  the  base. 
Capsule  dehiscing  transversely  at  the  base,  there  somewhat  4  -  8-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  black,  shining.  —  Low  acaulescent  fleshy  perennials,  cespitose,  with 
thick  fusiform  roots,  and  short  1-tiowered  scapes;  llowers  showy,  opening  for  sev- 
eral days.     The  following  are  the  only  species. 

1.  L.  rediviva,  Pursh.  Leaves  densely  clustered,  linear-oblong  and  subterete, 
1  or  2  inches  long,  smooth  and  glaucous  :  scapes  but  little  exceeding  the  leaves, 
jointed  at  the  middle,  and  with  f)  to  7  subulate  scarious  bracts  verticillate  at  the 
joint :  sepals  G  to  8,  with  broad  scarious  margin.s,  G  to  D  lines  long  :  petals  usually 
12  to  15,  rose-colored  or  sometimes  white,  oblong,  8  to  IG  lines  long  :  stamens  40 
or  more  :  capsule  broadly  ovate,  3  lines  long.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  G77  ;  Hook.  & 
Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  344,  t.  8G;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5395.  L.  alba,  Kellogg,  Proc. 
Calif.  Acad,  ii,  115,  lig.  36. 

Sununit  of  Mt.  Diablo  {Brewer),  northward  to  Briti.sh  Columbia  and  east  to  Montana,  Utah 
and  Arizona.  The  thick  farinaceous  root  is  largely  collected  by  the  Indians  for  food.  It  is 
exceedingly  tenacious  of  life,  and  several  instances  are  on  record  of  its  restored  vigor  and  growth 


lumijuiera.  TAM  AIUSCI N  KJv  79 

nrtor  ono  nnd  two  yrm-s'  drying  in  tlic  liorlinnmn  mid  oven  a  piTliiniimry  immersion  in  boiling 
water.     Tlio  apccilii-  nnine  was  given  witli  iL-lcrrnco  to  tliis  fnot. 

2.  L.  brachycalyx,  Kiigelm.  Loaves  spatulatc  or  nearly  linr'ar  :  scapes  not 
jointed,  '2-l)ract(il  at  the  vciry  base,  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  sepals  4,  mostly  herba- 
(;cous,  3  lines  long  :  petals  7  to  9,  ohlong,  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  calyx  : 
stamens  10  to  15  :  capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  400. 

In  granite  sand,  eastern  aide  of  the  Sicrm  Nevada,  Fre.sno  Co.,  at  8,000  feet  altitude  (Muir); 
Arizona  {Newberry,  Palmer)  ;  S.  Utah,  //.  Engelmann,  Parry.  Much  resenihling  the  acaulescent 
Calandrinias  in  habit. 

Order  XVII.     TAMARISCINE^. 

A  small  Old  World  order  of  trees  and  .shrubs,  mainly  represented  by  the 
Tamarisks  {Tamarix),  and  distinguished  from  all  related  orders  with  free  ovary  and 
separate  styles  by  its  comose  or  long-hairy  anatropous  seeds.  To  it  has  lately  been 
referred,  by  Benthani  k  Ilookor,  Gen.  PI.  i.  IGl,  the  following  anomalous  (chiefly 
Mexican)  genua. 

1.  FOUQUIERA,  HBK.        rANDLKWoon. 

Sepals  5,  free.     Petals  united  into  a  tube  ;  tlie  5  lobes  of  the   limb   imbricated, 

spreading.     Stamens  10  to  15,  hypogynous,  exserted ;  filaments  thickened  at  base. 

Ovary  imperfectly   3-colIed  ;  plaoontaj   about   6-ovuled  :    styles   3,    long,   somewhat 

united.     Seeds  3  to  6,  oblong,  flattened,  surrounded  by  a  dense  fringe  of  long  white 

hairs  or  by  a  membranous  wing.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  witli  soft  fragile  wood, 

smooth  ;  the  branches  alternately  spinose-tubercled,  and  with  single  or  fascicled 

thick  entire  leaves  in  the  axils  ;  flowers  brilliant  crimson,  in  terminal  spikes  or 

panicles. 

A  Mexican  genus  of  three  species,  only  ono  of  which  passes  northward  into  the  United  State.s. 
Its  characters  are  anomalous,  and  it  has  l)een  placed  by  difTeront  authorities  in  the  ordei3 
Pohmoniacca,  Franlceniacccr,  Pmtulncacccc,  ami  Orassiilacea-,  and  taken  for  a  distinct  order 
Fouquicracccc. 

1.  F.  splendens,  Kngdm.  Hrancliing  near  the  base  and  scMiding  up  simple 
slender  stems  10  to  20  (or  more)  feet  high,  witli  a-shcn-gray  bark  and  large  pith, 
leafy  only  near  the  summit,  strongly  grooved  and  ridgod  by  the  decurront  bases  of 
the  spines:  leaves  spatulate  to  obovate,  ^  to  an  incli  long,  the  jirimary  attenuate  into 
a  rigid  petiole  (the  blade  and  inner  port"ion  of  the  petiole  at  length  deciduous,  leav- 
ing the  dorsal  part  as  a  stout  divaricate  spine  an  inch  long  or  less,  the  spine  often 
developing  without  the  blade) ;  axillary  leaves  sessile  :  flowers  on  short  pedicels  in 
narrow  nearly  simple  racemes  (2  to  G  inclies  long)  :  sepals  orbicular,  2  to  2i  lines 
long  :  corolla  9  lines  long,  witli  a  broad  tube,  an<l  rounded  obtu.=e  lobes :  capsule  ovate- 
oblong,  half  an  inch  long:  seeds  wliite-toinentoso,  3  linos  long,  surrouiuled  by  a  don.so 
white  villous  fringe.  —  Wisliz.  Kop.  14  ;  Oray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  G3.  F.  xpinoxn,  Torv. 
in   Kmory  Pep.  147,  t.  8. 

In  the  desert  region  of  S.  E.  California,  along  the  Colorado  Hiver  {S'ru-hfrry,  AutisflJ,  BlaXe), 
and  eastward  to  W.  Texas  and  Nortliern  Mexico  :  a  very  ornamental  shrub  when  in  flower. 

F.  si'lNo.<5A,  HRK.,  of  Lower  Cnlifornia  nnil  Northern  Mexico,  rises  with  a  tnink  3  to  4  feet 
high  before  sending  out  itsstmggling  crooked  branches  ;  flowers  in  large  open  panicles,  on  jMyiicels 
an  inch  long,  tli«  tul>o  of  the  comlhi  narrower  ami  it.s  lolies  acute  :  capsule  0  lines  long,  the  seeds 
naked  and  Hurnmndcd  by  a  blond  inembrano\m  veined  wing.  The  Jilrin  mhiviunrinuf  Kellogg, 
I'roc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  31,  also  from  Lower  Californin,  is  a  very  similar  s|>ecies,  but  is  descrilxnl  hs 
without  spines,  witli  o  shorter  corolla,  and  a  shoif  included  style  :  fruit  unknown. 

F.  FORMOSA,  II MK.,  a  Mexican  species,  and  re|v)rtcd  from  Lower  California,  has  the  larger 
flowers  (an  inch  long)  sessile  in  very  shoi-t  spikes,  and  the  spines  very  short 


y(J  EhATlNACEiE.  hRatine. 


Order  XVIII.     ELATINACE^. 

Low  annuals,   witli  juciiibiajioud  blipulcs  botwecu   tlu'.   oi)posito   dotless   leaves, 

regular  aiul  coiupletuly  .synuuetiical   lluwers,  with  free  sepals,   liypogynuus   petals 

and  stamens,  and  distinct  styles  bearing  capitate  stigmas,  all  oi'  the  same  number 

(2  to  5),  or  the  stamens  rarely  twice  as  many  ;  the  ovary  2-5-eelletl,  axile  placenta 

many-ovuled,  capsular  fruit  mostly  septicidal  or  septii'ragal,  and  anatropous  seeds 

.with  a  crustaceous  coat,  tilled  by  the  embryo.     Seeds  straight  or  somewhat  curved, 

and  the  embryo  taking  the  form  of  the  seed.  —  Comprises  only  the  two  fallowing 

genera.     Flowers  axillary. 

1.  Elatine.     Small  inostnitu  minaticb.     Taits  of  the  llower  eacli  2  to  4.     Sepals  obtuse. 
'2.   Bergia.     Erect.     Purls  of  the  llower  in  lives.     Sepals  acute. 

1.  ELATINE,  1-inn. 

Parts  of  the  llower  in  twos,  threes,  t)r  fours.  Sepals  membranaceous,  obtuse, 
nerveless.  Ovary  globose.  Capside  membranaceous,  the  partitions  remaining  at- 
tached to  the  axis  or  evanescent.  —  Small  prostrate  glabrous  annuals,  growing  in 
water  or  wet  places,  with  entire  leaves  and  oblong  usually  solitary  llowers. 

A  genus  of  lialf  a  dozen  species,  beloiiyiug  to  temperate  or  subtroijical  regions,  all  round  the 
world. 

1.  E,  Americana,  Arnott.  Stems  an  inch  or  two  long,  tufted  :  leaves  obovate 
to  linear,  1  to  4  lines  Icjng  :  flowers  sessile,  their  parts  in  twos  or  rarely  in  threes  : 
capsule  half  a  line  or  more  in  diameter,  M'ith  5  or  6  oblong  seeds  in  each  cell,  rising 
from  the  base.  —  Gray,  Gen.  111.  i.  220,  t.  i)5. 

Near  Waslioe  Lake  (I'orrcy)  ;  Oregon  (ITaU)  ;  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  frequent  in  the 
Atlantic  States.     Also  in  Australia  and  the  Fiji  Islands. 

2.  BERGIA,  linn. 

Parts  of  the  llower  in  lives.     Sepals  with  a  strong  midrib  or  lierbaceous  in  the 

middle,  acute.     Ovary  ovoid.     Capsule  somewhat  crustaceous,  more  or  less  of  the 

partitions  in  dehiscence  remaining  with  the  axis.  —  Branching  and  often  pubescent, 

nearly  erect,  with  entire  or  serrate  leaves,  and  larger  fascicled  or  solitary  flowers. 

About  14  species  in  warm  or  tro[iical  regions,  the  following  the  only  species  found  in  tin; 
United  Slates. 

1.  B.  Tezana,  Seubert.  Annual,  glandular-j)ubescent,  branching  from  the 
base,  a  span  high,  the  lower  branches  somewhat  decumbent :  leaves  oblauceolate, 
acute,  serrulate,  |  to  1|  inches  long,  attemiate  to  a  short  petiole  :  flowers  fascicled, 
shortly  pedicelled  :  sejjals  carinate,  nearly  1^  lines  long,  exceeding  the  petals  and 
stamens:  capsule  globose:  seeds  smooth  and  shining.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp. 
45.  Merimea  (?)  Texaita,  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  278.  Elatine  Texaiui,  Torr.  &  Gray, 
la  i.  G78;  (Jray,  Gen.  Jll.  i.  218,  t.  9G.  liaydla  Texanu,  Schnitz.  Icon.  t.  219, 
flg.  1,  2,  and  20. 

Sandy  rivcr-ltank  near  SacranuMito  {Greene);  Carson  River  bottom,  Nevada  (/ra/w/i)  :  iden- 
tical witii  the  plant  common  in  Texas. 

Order  XIX.     HYPERICACE^. 

Herbs  or  .shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  punctate  with  translucent  or  dark- 
colored  glandular  dots  (containing  balsamic-resinous  secretion),  no  stipules,  and  per- 


Hypericum.  IIYPERICACE^:.  gj 

feet  flowers  with  thn  4  or  5  petals  and  miiuerous  stamens  hypogynous,  the  fruit  a 
sejjticiilal  many-seeded  capsule.  —  Calyx  of  4  or  5  persistent  sepaLs,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Petals  as  many,  almost  always  obli(pie  and  convolute  in  the  bud,  decidu- 
ous or  withering,  usually  glandular-punctate.  Filaments  mostly  in  3  sets  or  bun- 
dles. Styles  2  to  5,  usually  distinct  or  becoming  .so  :  stigmas  tenniniri,  generally 
capitate.  Ovary  and  capsule  with  2  to  5  parietal  placentae,  or  2  -  5-celled  by  their 
union  in  the  axis.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  somewhat  crustaceous  coat,  filled  by  the 
straight  cylindmceous  embryo. 

A  rather  small  but  widely  ilispei-sed  order,  of  which  the  following  is  the  largest  genus  and  the 
only  one  ocmrring  in  California. 

1.   HYPERICUM,  Linn.        St.  John's-wort. 

Sepals  and  petals  5.  Stamens  numerous,  usually  connate  at  base  into  3  to  8 
clusters.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  3  to  5  more  or  less  prominent  parietal  placentae, 
rarely  3  -  5-celled  by  the  union  of  the  placontco  with  the  axis.  Capsule  septicidal 
(in  our  species  tricarpcllary),  many-seeded.     Seeds  mostly  straight  and  cylindrical. 

—  Our  species  (like   most  of  the  genus)   are  smooth  herbaceous  perennials,    with 

sessile  entire  punctate  leaves,  and  yellow  cymose  flowers. 

A  genus  of  about  160  species,  widely  dispersed,  but  cliicfly  throtigli  tlie  northern  tomj>cmte 
zone.  Of  the  30  North  American  .species  all  nut  tlie  following  are  confined  to  the  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  States. 

1.  H.  Scouleri,  Hook.  Stems  erect,  from  a  running  root.'^tock,  i  to  2  feet  high, 
terete,  .simple  or  sparingly  branched  :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  chvsping,  usually  obtuse, 
an  inch  long  or  less  :  flowers  rather  few,  in  an  open  cyme,  black-punctate  :  sepals 
ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  2  lines  long  :  petals  3  to  5  lines  long:  .stamens  in  3  fascicles, 
very  numerous  (60  or  more)  :  styles  elongated  :  capsule  3-celled.  —  Fl.  i.  Ill  ;  Torr. 
«fe  Gray,  Fl.  i.  IGO. 

By  streams  in  the  mountains,  from  S.  California  and  eastward  (San  Diego,  Cleveland  ;  Sonora, 
Thurher ;  New  Mexico,  Fendle.r)  to  British  America.  Very  closely  resembling  the  Mexican  H. 
formo.iiini,  IIBK.,  Nov.  Con.  v.  100,  t.  4(10,  which  is  jierhaps  distingiiislied  liy  if.s  longer  narrow 
iieuminiite  sepnlH  and  fewer  (HO  to  40)  sfnmenH. 

2.  H.  concinnum,  rxMith.  Stems  ascending  from  a  somewhat  woody  branching 
ba!50,  3  to  0  inches  high  :  leaves  oblong  to  linear,  acute,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  not  clasp- 
ing, usually  folded:  flowers  in  small  cymes,  black-punctate:  sepals  ovate,  acuminate, 

2  to  4  lines  long  :  petals  5  to  7  lines  long  :  stamens  very  numerous,  in  3  fascicles. 

—  PI.  Hartw.  300;  Torrey,  Pot.  Wilkes  Exp.  240.  //.  brarteatum,  Kellogg,  Proc. 
Calif  Acad.  i.  65. 

Central  California,  probably  in  dry  places  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sieira  Nevada  ;  rather  rarely 
collected  :  "Sacramento  Valley"  (Knrtineq)  ;  Maiysville  and  Placer  Co.  {Pra/fev,  Krllofja)  ;  Mt. 
Plumas,  Virkerivq ;  kc. 

3.  H.  anagalloides,  Cham.  Sc  Schlecht.  Stems  numerous,  weak  and  slender, 
procumbent  nr  ascending,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  1  to  10  inches  long,  simple  or 
dichotomously  branched  :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  ellijitiral  to  oblong,  2  to  6  line^ 
long,  obtuse,  clasping  :  flowers  small,  in  leafy  or  naked,  simple  and  few-flowered  or 
compound  cymes,  not  glandidar  or  punctate  :  sepals  herbaceous  or  foliaceous,  1  t-o 

3  lines  long,  unerpial,  rounded  to  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  exceeding  the  petals  : 
stamens  in  to  20,  distinct:  styles  short:  capsule  l-celle<l.  -  Linntra,  iii.  127; 
Torr.  S:  Cirny,  Fl.  i.  167  and  674. 

From  San  Francisco  to  the  British  Iwundary ;  Ijissen's  Peak  and  Sierra  Co.,  I^mmou.  A  small 
species  in  moist  places,  sometimes  covering  large  tracts. 


32  MALVACEAE.  Lavuttra. 


Order  XX.    MALVACE^. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  nmcilaginuus  juice,  a  tough  iibrous  inner  bark,  alternate 
leaves  with  stipules,  and  often  a  stellate  pubescence ;  distinguished  from  all  related 
orders  by  the  valvato  calyx,  convohito  petals,  their  baaes  or  short  claws  united  with 
each  other  and  with  the  base  of  a  culumii  of  numerous  monadelphous  stamens,  these 
with  reniform  one-celled  anthei-s.  —  Flowers  almost  always  perfect,  regular.  Calyx 
5-cleft  or  parted,  persistent,  in  many  genera  augmented  by  an  apparent  accessory 
calyx,  i.  e.  a  whurl  of  bractlets,  forming  an  invoiucd.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  usually 
withering  or  deliquescent  without  fulling  ulf.  IMstil  usually  either  a  ring  of  ovaries 
around  a  projection  of  the  receptacle,  from  which  they  fall  away  singly  at  maturity, 
or  a  3-  10-celled  ovary  becoming  a  capsule  in  fi'uit  :  styles  united  at  least  at  base 
into  one.  Ovules  single,  several,  or  numerous  in  the  carpels  or  cells,  amphitropous 
or  nearly  anatropous.  Seeds  commonly  roundish  or  reniform,  with  little  or  no  albu- 
men, and  a  curved  embryo ;  its  cutyledons  broad  and  foliaceous,  variously  crumpled 
or  doubled  up,  mostly  involving  tlie  radicle.  Leaves  most  commonly  palmately 
ribbed.     Peduncles  axillary.     Flowers  in  many  large  and  showy. 

A  mthor  lurgo  onlor,  IouikI  in  all  iiiirt.4  of  the  world  fxi(iplin<(  tlio  arctic  regions,  well  rcjao- 
aentod  in  Noilli  Amciica  and  in  its  wusloni  or  contrul  distri(;ts,  hut  not  conspicuoua  in  t'alil'orniu. 
The  demulcent  properties  are  turned  to  account  only  in  the  mucilage  of  the  root  of  Marsh  Mallow 
{Althaa  officinalis)  ;  but  many  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  one,  the  Cotton-plant,  for  the, 
wool  which  invests  its  seeds. 

Tribe  I.     MALVEiE.     The  column  of  stamens   hearing  anthers  at  the  summit.     Carpela 
closely  united  into  a  ring  around  the  axis  and  separating  from  it  more  or  less  at  maturity. 

»  Styles  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side  :  carpels  iiulehiscent :  ovules  solitary,  ascending. 

1.  Lavatera.     nnictlets3  to  6,  united  at  base.     Axis  of  the  fruit  dilated  above  and  exceeding 

the  few  carpels. 

2.  Malva.     Hractlets  3,  distinct.     Axis  broad,  shorter  than  the  numerous  carpels. 

3.  Sidalcea.     Bractlets  none.    Filaments  in  a  double  series,  those  of  the  outer  series  united  in  5 

clusters.     Carpels  fewer,  covering  the  axis. 

»  ♦  Stigmas  capitate  :  carpels  mostly  dehiscent  at  least  at  the  apex. 

4.  Malvastrum.     Bractlets  1  to  3.     Ovule  solitary,  ascending. 

5.  Sphaeralcea.     Bractlets  1  to  3.     Ovules  2,  the  lower  ascending,  the  upper  pendulous. 

6.  Sida.     Bractlets  1  or  2,  or  usually  none.     Ovules  solitary,  pendulous  or  horizontal. 

7.  Abutilon.     Bractlets  none.     Ovules  3  or  more  in  each  cell. 

TuiBK  II.     IIIBlSCKi'lil.     Column  of  stamens  luiked  at  the  summit  and  5-toothed.     Carpela 
united  into  a  few-celled  capsule,  dehiscing  loculicidally. 

8.  Hibiscus.     Involucel  of  several  distinct  bractlets.     Capsule  mostly  5-celled,  many-seeded. 

GossYPiUM  HERBACEUM,  Linn.,  the  cultivated  Cotton-plant,  also  belongs  to  this  tribe,  —  the 
genus  characterized  by  its  three  ample  cordate  usually  incised  bracts,  a  truncate  or  shortly  5-cleft 
calyx,  a  3- 5-celled  capsule,  and  long-woolly  seeds.  In  Lower  California  and  on  Cerros  Island 
there  has  been  found  a  native  species,  0.  Daviusonii,  Kellogg  (Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  82),  shrubby, 
with  small  and  u.sually  entire  cordate  leaves,  the  Howers  also  comparatively  small,  an  inch  long, 
yellow  with  puri)le  base. 

1.   LAVATERA,  Linn.        Thke  Mallow. 

Involucel  3-6-cleft.     Stamineal  column  divided  above  into  numerous  filaments. 

Styles  fdiform,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side.     Fruit  depressed ;  the  several  carpels 

separating  from  the  prominent  more  or  less  dilated  axis,  indehiscent,  1-seeded;  seed 

ascending.  —  Leaves  angled  or  lobed  ;  flowers  axillary  or  in  terminal  racemes  ;  our 

.species  stout  and  shrubby. 


Sidakeu.  MALVACEAE.  83 

An  01(1  World  f;cnus  of  about  20  species,  hoiik'  coiniiion  in  ciiltivation  in  g:\nlrns,  and  the  f<jl- 
lowing  indigenous  upon  tlic  coast  of  California. 

1.  L.  assurgentiflora,  Kellogg.  8hrul)hy,  G  to  15  feet  liigli,  witli  slender 
flexuoua  braiielies,  glabrous  or  sparingly  stfllate-pubescent  :  leaves  cordate,  angu- 
larly 5  -  7-lobed,  3  to  G  inches  broad,  on  long  petioles,  tiie  lobes  acute,  coarsely 
toothed  or  lobed  :  flowers  I  to  4  in  the  axils,  on  slender  dellexed  and  curved  pedi- 
cels :  involucel  persistent,  3  lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  cainpanulate  den.sely 
pubescent  calyx  :  petals  purple,  1  to  1  i  inches  long,  with  a  broad  truncate  limb  and 
long  narrow  glabrous  clawH,  having  n  pair  of  (Iohho  l\airy  tufts  at  ba.se  :  atfljnineal 
cohiniii  gJidirnuN  I  nl,\li<N  oxHitilud  :  iViiiL  hiiir  mi  ini<h  bmuil,  iIih  (I  to  H  ciMiioIri  not 
lioiilduj,  NoiMdwIiiil.  iip|irMMMi>d  hairy,  W  Hiioh  nr  uioro  in  diiiMi(>li<r,  iibmij.  iMiDnlliM^  lli)> 
low  (Minli'nUiiinnilUdlhn  iixh.       I'md.  Ciilir.  Anu\.  I,  I  I  .V   II. 

MnM  III  Ihi  tintlv«<  nt  \\w  Ulrthil  (if  Aimi'ii|m  nnti  now  ri^'pinnllv  I'lilltviili'il  In  IIip  roiiIIipiii  nnni' 
lln.  nl  llih  Hlitln,      ll  U  nnoily  mIIIimI  I.>  a.  ,u^,{t\>li,>  h  /./..r.ii.r.i  i.r  llin  Ciniiny  UUmU. 

I..  oi'i'iiU'.NrAl.iM,  WnUiMi,  I'liic.  Am.  Ai'itd.  xi.  Vl\,  nf  (luNdiiln|H<  UIiukI,  ISihiin;  U  n  NliniUr 
Mp..ciri.  :  11..W.TM  on  «lioil  .l-ll.'xod  p.-liclH.  with  Iiirgn  iin>l  f-llac-onH  l.incl  1,.|«  and  .w.ly Jtdnh.-N.  Him 
calyx  licconiing  1^  inclios  long  :  pcUls  2  in<liCH  long,  Hoatulato,  onmrginnte,  pur])liRli,  with  a  dark 
spot,  ill  (111!  c(Mitio,  Mio  clnwH  glabrous  nt  Imso  :  fruit  linlf  nn  inch  broad  or  more,  ]iulic.scont. 

2.   MALVA,  Linn.        Mallow. 
Involucel  3-leaved.     Petals  obcordate.     Axis  of  the  fruit  broad  but  not  project- 
ing.      Otlierwise   as    Lavafera.  —  Natives  of  the   Old  World,   but   several   of  the 
species  now  naturalized  almost  everywhere. 

1.  M.  borealis,  "Wallman.  Annual,  erect  or  somewhat  decumbent,  iiairy  or 
nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  round-cordate,  crenato,  more  or  less  strongly  5  -  7-lobed  : 
peduncles  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered,  1  to  3  lines  long  :  calyx-lobes  acute,  be- 
coming very  broad  and  enlarged  in  fruit  :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long  :  carpels  trans- 
versely reticulate-rugose. 

From  Europe,  ,i  common  weed  on  the  western  coa.st  from  Puget  Soujid  to  Mexico  ;  it  ha.s  also 
been  collected  in  New  Mexico.  It  is  readily  distingiushed  from  the  triennial  species  M.  rolundi- 
folia,  which  tikes  its  jdace  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  may  appear  in  California,  by  its  short 
l)edunclcs,  smaller  flowers,  and  rugose  carpels. 

3.    SIDALCEA,  Oray. 

Involucel  none.  Htanuneal  column  double  ;  the  fdaments  of  the  outer  series 
united  usually  into  5  sets,  opposite  the  petals.  Styles  fdiform,  stigmatic  on  the 
inner  surface.  Carpels  5  to  9,  1-ovuled,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  short  axis, 
beakless,  indehiscent.  Seed  ascending.  —  Herbs,  with  rounded  and  mostly  lobed  or 
parted  leaves ;  the  usually  purple  flowers  in  a  narrow  terminal  raceme  or  spike. 

Mainly  a  Califoniian  genus,  only  one  species  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (5.  Candida,  Gray)  not 

being  fimiid  within  the  Vmiits  of  the  State. 

'!•   Perennial. 

1.  S.  malvaeflora,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  hispid,  simple  or  bi-aTiched,  1 
to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  on  elongated  petioles,  orbicular  to  semicircular  in  outline  ;  the 
lower  more  or  less  deeply  toothed  or  cleft,  the  upi)er  more  narrowly  and  deejily 
5  —  9-lobed  or  parted  ;  the  segments  sparingly  toothed  or  divided,  often  linear  and 
ontirn  :  llowers  in  naked  often  elongated  niceme.s  ;  bractlet.M  huihII,  lanc(>olal(< ;  pedi- 
cels short,  nakcil :  calyx  oftcui  tom(Mitos(*,  the  lobes  aculi«  or  acuminat(<  :  petals 
enmrginato  :  carjiels  7  to  8,  smooth  and  glahi-ous.  —  PI.  "Wright,  i.  IG;  Watson, 
Hot.  King  J':xp.  40.  Slth  mahuvflnra,  DC.  ;  Lindl.  Pot.  Iv'eg.  t.  1030.  Cnllirrhw 
.«pirnf<t,  Kegel,  (Jart.  FI.  1872,  291-,  t.  737. 


84 


MALVACEAE.  Sidukea. 


In  meadows,  more  widely  diffused  than  any  other  species,  ranging  from  Oregon  to  Northern 
Mexico,  and  eastward  to  Colorado.  It  varies  uuuh  in  the  si/o  of  all  its  parts  ;  calyx  1  to  3  lines 
long  ;  the  petals  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  or  sonielinics  but  little  exceeding  the  calyx. 
a,  Uregana  is  u  stout  and  biimching  northern  form. 

2.  S.  huinillB,  (imy,  Mimli  rcsoinliliuK  tlio  lu«i,  l)iit  uyiuiUy  lower  ami  often 
decumbeuL  uL  base,  wiLli  snmller  luiivea,  und  eomuwliuL  luoro  liuiry  :  llowcra  lower 
and  more  genei-ally  scattered  in  the  racemes  :  calyx  larger,  3  to  G  lines  long,  with 
acuminate  lobes  :  carpels  reticulated  and  somewhat  pubescent.  —  PI.  Fendl.  20. 
Sida  delphinifoiia  &  Calif oi-nica,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  233  and  235. 

Throughout  California  in  meadows  and  on  hillsides. 

*   *   Annuals. 

3.  S.  Hartwegi,  Gray.  Slender,  1  or  2  feet  high,  more  or  less  hispitlly  pubes- 
cent, especially  the  pedicels  and  calyx  :  leaves  orbicular,  the  lowest  deeply  cleft,  the 
upper  digitately  5  -  9-parted  ;  segments  linear,  entire,  acute,  usually  exceeding  the 
petioles:  bnictlots  linear,  persistent:  flowers  nearly  sessile,  in  a  short  terminal  spike: 
calyx  3  to  G  lines  long,  the  lobes  acuminate  :  petals  ^  to  1  inch  long,  broad  and 
emarginate  :  carpels  strongly  reticulated,  shortly  cresteii,  hispid  above  on  the  inner 
side.  — PL  Fendl.  20;  Benth.  PI.  Ilartw.  300,  >S'.  delphun/olia,  Gray,  1.  c.  19, 
&  Gen.  111.  ii.  58,  t.  120,  tig.  10-12.  S.  hirsuta,  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  16;  the 
larger  and  more  hairy  form. 

In  the  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  basin.  The  species  was  foinided  ou  a  reduced  few-flowered 
sparingly  hispid  state. 

4.  S.  diploscypha,  Gray.  Pubescent  with  long  spreading  hairs,  1  or  2  feet 
high  :  leaves  deeply  5  -  9-cloft  with  lobed  segments,  the  uppermost  often  digitately 
parted;  stipules  parted:  bractlets  conspic\ious,  6 -7-parted,  hispid  :  tiowers  nearly 
sessile  in  close  3  -  5-ttowerod  clusters  :  ctdyx-lobes  acuminate  :  petals  h  to  1  inch  long, 
broad  and  emarginate  :  tilaments  of  the  outer  stamens  united  into  5  broad  mem- 
branaceous overlapping  lobes,  usually  enclosing  the  inner  anthers:  carpels  glabrous 
much  depressed,  transversely  rugose,  longitudinally  sidcate  above.  —  PI.  Fendl.  19. 

Common  in  grass-fields  and  by  roadsides  through  Central  California. 

5.  S.  malachroides,  Gray.  Stout,  hirsute,  3  to  6  feet  high,  tufted  :  leaves 
cordate,  2  to  5  iiiclies  broad,  3  -  7-angleil  witli  acutely  toothed  lobes  :  bractlets  sub- 
ulate, caducous  :  flowers  small,  white  or  purplish,  nearly  sessile  in  close  teiminal 
heads  on  the  short  leafy  branches  :  calyx-lobes  acute  :  petals  narrowly  obcordate  : 
sets  of  stamens  indistinct :  carpels  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  a  narrow  more  or 
less  distinct  ridge  down  the  back.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  332.  Malva  malachro- 
ides, Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beecliey,  326.  S.  vitifolia.  Gray,  1.  c.,  is  a  less  hispid 
form. 

From  Mendocino  County  to  Santa  Cruz. 

4.   MALVASTRUM,  Gray. 

Bractlets  1  to  3,  or  none.  Stamineal  ttibe  simple,  antheriferous  at  the  summit. 
Styles  filiform  :  stigmas  capitate.  Carpels  5  or  more,  1-ovuled,  separating  kum  the 
axis,  often  dehiscent,  sometimes  2-valved.  Seed  ascending.  —  Herbaceous  tufted 
perennials,  or  shrubby  ;  the  flowers  in  narrow  nakeil  or  leafy  subpaniculate  iiiccnjes. 
Distinguished  from  Sphoiralcea  only  by  the  solitary  ovules. 

Species  about  60,  North  and  South  American  and  S.  African. 
*    Perennials. 

1.  M.  Munroanum,  Gray.  Ikanching  from  the  base,  1  or  2  feet  high,  grayish 
or  hoary-pubescent:  leaves  broadly  ovate,  usually  cordate  at  base,  3  -  5dobed  or 
deeply  cleft,  crenately  or  acutely  toothed,  1  or  2  inches  long,  equalling  or  exceeding 


Malvastrum.  MALVACEyK.  35 

tlio  slondor  potiolo:  raceme  often  dense:  calyx-lohes  acute  or  acuiniimte,  2  to  4  lines 
long  :  petals  srarlot,  G  to  9  linos  long  :  carpels  ohlong,  2  lines  l<jng,  ronndod  or 
shortly  beaked  above,  reticulated  on  the  sides  near  the  base,  pubescent  on  the  back. 
—  PI.  Fendl.  21  ;  Watson,  iJot.  King  Exp.  47.  Malva  Munroana,  Dough;  Lindl. 
Bot.  Reg.  xvi,  t.  1306;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3537. 

From  Wnsliiiif^ton  Tcnitory  to  Nevada  and  Utah  ;  found  eaatward  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

2.  M.  Thurberi,  Gray.  Shrubby  at  ba.se,  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  wand-like 
branches,  densely  toraentose  :  leaves  thick  and  subrugose,  shortly  petioled,  the  upper 
nearly  sessile,  rounded,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  somewhat  3  -  5-Iobed,  crenate,  1 
to  1|  inches  long:  flowers  small,  nearly  sessile  in  an  interrupted  naked  spike,  or 
the  inflorescence  more  expanded  and  racemose :  calyx-lobes  short,  acute  :  fruit 
broadly  obovate,  the  carpels  1  \  lines  long,  rounded  or  subtruncate  above,  becoming 
glabrous,  not  reticulated.  —  I'l".  Thurb.  307.     Mnlva  fai^cicnlata,  Nutt.  1.  c.  225. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  of  Southern  California  ;  at  Pacheco's  Pass  (Bolander),  Santa  Barbara 
(Nultall),  San  Diego  {Parry),  and  in  Sonora  (Thurbcr).  No.  554  Brewer,  from  the  Santa  Lucia 
Mountains  above  the  Naciiniento,  is  probably  the  same,  but  with  the  flowers  fewer  and  less 
crowded,  and  tlin  leaves  roundod-rliomboidol  and  very  tomoiitose  ;  described  as  very  fragrant. 

3.  M.  splendidum,  Kellogg.  A  shrub  10  to  12  f(!et  high  or  more,  the  branches 
and  leaves  gmy-tomentose  :  leaves  shortly  petioled,  cordate-ovate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
acute  and  crenate:  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  terminal  branching  panicled  racemes,  the 
spreading  peduncles  1  to  2  inches  long  :  calyx-lobes  short,  acute  :  carpels  oblong, 
1^  lines  long,  rounded  at  each  end,  with  a  short  mucronate  beak  above,  becoming 
glabrous,  reticulated  on  the  sides  below.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  65. 

Imperfectly  described  by  Dr.  Kellogg  from  a  small  specimen  collected  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Los  Angeles  and  said  to  have  been  taken  from  a  tree  ]5  to  20  feet  high  and  a  foot  in  circumference. 
The  above  dcsciiption  is  ba.sed  upon  sj)ecimens  found  by  Prof.  Brewer  in  the  Sierra  Santa  Monica, 
which  accord  sufKciently  well  with  the  original  account.  Differing  from  the  last  mainly  in  the 
form  of  the  leaves  and  in  the  open  inflorescence. 

4.  M.  marrubioides,  Duraud  c^-  Hilgard.  Densely  pubescent,  two  feet  high  : 
leaves  thick  and  shortly  petioled,  ovate,  subcordate,  obscurely  3-lobed,  acutely  ser- 
rate :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  in  paniculate  clusters  of  3  to  5  in  a  somewhat  naked 
raceme:  calyx-lobes  long-acuminate,  little  shorter  than  the  rose-colored  jietals:  carpels 
rounded  or  oblong,  glabrous,  not  reticulated.  —  Pacif.  P.  Ixcp.  v.  6,  t.  2. 

Collected  only  near  Millorton  on  the  San  Joaquin,  Hcfrmnnu. 

5.  M.  Coulteri,  Watson.  Branches  slender,  somewhat  pubescent :  leaves  an 
inch  or  less  in  hingth,  ovate-subcordate,  3  -  5-lobed,  acutely  toothed,  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  slender  petioles  :  flowers  small,  in  a  rather  loose  raceme  :  calyx-lobes 
acuminate  :  petals  4  or  5  lines  long,  rose-color :  carpels  rounded,  less  than  a  line  in 
diameter,  with  a  thin  horizontal  oblong  projection  inward  at  base,  very  strongly 
reticulated,  pubescent  on  the  under  surface.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  125. 

Collected  by  Coulter  (n.  96)  probably  in  Southeastern  California,  and  by  Schott  in  the  Gila 
bottom  on  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey.     Well  distinguished  by  its  j>oculiar  carjx-ls. 

•  »  Avnnalt. 

6.  M.  rotundifolium,  Gray.  Bather  stout  and  sparsely  hispid  with  spreading 
hair.s,  two  feet  high  or  less  :  leaves  reniform,  obscurely  lobtMl,  coarsely  toothed,  the 
lower  long-petioled  :  flowers  loosely  clustered,  the  lower  peilicels  elongated  :  calyx 
4  or  5  lines  long,  with  acuminate  lobes  enlarging  in  fruit :  petals  broad,  ^  inch  long, 
light  purple  with  a  red  spot  at  base  :  carpels  40  or  more,  thin,  circular,  1^  lines 
broad,  glabrous,  reticulated  ;  the  axis  dilated.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  333. 

On  sand-hills  near  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper),  and  eastward  in  Arizona. 

7.  M.  exile,  Gray,  Decumbent,  the  stems  becomiiig  a  foot  long  or  more,  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  6  to  9  lines  broad,  broadly  ovate,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  deeply 
5-lobe(.l,  sparingly  toothed,  equalling  the  petioles:  flowers  mostly  solitary  and  axillary. 


gg  MALVACEAE.  Sj'hoeralcea. 

on  slender  elongated  pedicels  :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  linear  bractlets 
pei-sistent :  petals  obovato,  purple,  'J  to  5  lines  long:  fruit  2^  lines  broad;  carpels 
12  to  15,  orbicular,  glabrous,  indulii.scent,  transversitly  rugose-reticulated,  the  sides 
smot)th  and  contiguous  except  near  the  margin.  —  Hot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  8. 

Dry  iiliiiiis,  MciihkI  Cuimty,  iiiul  Houthward,  ruiij^ing  oust  to  lUuh  ;  msar  rynmiiil  I,iikc, 
Novuda  (Leminon),  and  pioUilily  along  llio  cntiro  oasloru  baso  of  tho  Sierra  Novadu. 

5.   SPH^RALCEA,  St.  liiluiie. 
Differing  from  Malvdstrum  only  in  the  2-ovuled   cells  of  the  ovary,  the  lower 
ovule  ascending,  the  ui)[ier  pendulous  and  often  abortive  in  fruit.  —  Perennials. 

Alnmt  '20  sficcio.-!  aio  rcfcrrud  to  the  ^unna,  all  Amerinui  and  S.  AlViiian. 

1.  S.  Emoryi,  Toir.  Resembling  Malvastrum  Munroanmn.  Stems  1  to  2  feet 
high :  leaves  ovate-cordate,  usually  obtusely  3  —  5-lobed,  crenate  :  iullorescence  and 
fruit  as  in  that  species,  excepting  the  2-ovuled  cells  of  the  ovary.  —  *S'.  Emoryi  & 
incana,  Torrey  in  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  23.     aS'.  Wrightii,  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  21. 

Frequent  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  fiom  Nortliern  Nevada  to  Utah  and  Mexico; 
San  Felipe  in  S.  California  (Thurber)  and  San  Diego,  Cleveland. 

S.  suu'iiuuEA,  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  125,  of  Guadalupe  lalaud,  Palmer,  is  more 
tomentose  and  lias  the  inllnrescenco  usually  much  more  paniculate  and  ditfuse  :  petals  sulphur- 
yellow,  tinged  with  pink,  villous  at  the  baso  of  the  claw,  5  to  6  lines  long:  fruit  globose. 

2.  S.  Lindheimeri,  Gmy.  Stout,  tlensely  tomentose,  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect  or 
decumbent  at  base  :  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  at  base,  obscurely  5-lobed  with 
the  lobes  rounded  and  slightly  crenate,  2  inches  long,  ecpialling  or  exceeding  the 
petioles  :  flowers  small,  in  a  narrow  raceme,  often  nearly  sessile  :  calyx  with  acumi- 
nate lobes,  usually  very  densely  tomentose  :  fruit  prominent ;  carpels  1 J  lines  long, 
rounded  above,  projecting  more  over  the  axis  than  in  the  last,  the  sides  transversely 
rugose  belo\v.  — PI.  Lindh.  162.     Malvastrum  Freniontii,  Torrey,  1.  c.  21. 

Central  California  (/VivHfxiO  ;  Corral  Hollow,  fircwcr :  tho  specimens  aro  apparently  identical 
with  tho  siiecicrt  of  tho  Uio  Oranile  Valloy  to  which  they  aro  hero  referred. 

3.  S.  angustifolia,  Spach.  Slender,  ovm-X,  2  to  4  foot  high,  hoary-pubescent : 
leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  2  inches  long,  usually  subcordato  or  rounded 
at  base.,  often  somewhat  lobed  below,  crenate  or  rather  coarsely  toothed,  on  short 
petioles  :  ilowers  small,  in  a  naked  or  often  leafy  narrow  raceme  :  calyx  2  to  3  lines 
long,  with  acute  or  acuminate  lobes  :  fruit  subglobose  with  a  central  depression, 
pubescent ;  carpels  1 1  to  2  lines  long,  oblong,  blunt  or  sometimes  sharply  beaked  at 
the  apex,  reticulate  on  the  sides  below.  —  Malva  angustifolia,  Cav.  Diss.  i.  64,  t.  20; 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  2839. 

At  Fort  Mohave  (Cooper),  and  frequent  eastward  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  in  Mexico. 

6.    SIDA,  Linn. 

Calyx  usually  without  bractlets.     Stamineal   tube  siinple,  antheriferous  at  the 

summit.     Petals  oblique.     Styles  5   or  more,  witli   capitate  stigmas.     Carpels  as 

many,  1-ovuled,  indehiscent  or  2-valved,  at  length  separating  from  the  axis.     Seed 

pendulous  or  horizontal.  —  Mostly  softly  tomentose  ;  flowers  yellow  or  whitish. 

About  80  species,  of  which  50  aro  American,  most  abundant  in  subtropical  regions.  A  few 
species  are  very  widely  distributed,  among  which  S.  rhombifnlia  and  6'.  airpinifolia  aj)proach  the 
southern  borders  of  the  State,  and  other  species  are  fri;([UeMt  in  Northern  Mexico  and  the  adjacent 
territory.  Tlie  one  Californian  species,  having  a  bracteolate  calyx,  would  belong  to  Malvastrum 
but  for  the  pendulous  ovule. 

] .  S.  hederacea,  Torr.  Stems  decumbent,  from  a  perennial  root,  leafy,  a  foot 
long  or  less  :  leaves  roniform,  about  an  inch  broad,  very  oblique,  serrate  or  crenate, 
shortly  petioled  :  Ilowers  in  short  axillary  panicles  or  solitary,  tho  pedicels  at  h'.ngth 


Hibiscus.  MALVACE^.  37 

dellexed  :  calyx  witli  one  or  two  setaceous  bractlets  at  base,  tlie  lobes  acuminate  : 
petals  yellowish,  pubescent  externally,  4  to  6  lines  long  :  fruit  short-conic<'il,  smooth, 
glabrous;  carpels  G  to  10,  triangular,  1^  lines  long,  blunt  above,  attached  by  the 
straight  ventral  edge  to  the  slender  axis.  —  Gray,  PI.  Fi'iidi.  23.  Afalva  hedrrdcfa^ 
Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  i.  107.  M.  plirata,  Nutt.;"  Torr.  <t  Gray,  Fl.  i.  227.  .Wa  (?) 
obliqua,  Nutt.  1.  c.  233. 

From  Oregon  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  ;  dry  valleys  and  hillsides. 

7.  ABUTILON,  Tonrn. 

Bractlets  none.     Seeds  or  ovules  3  to  9  in  each  cell.    Otherwise  as  Sida.  —  Herbs 

or  shrubs,  usually  soft-tomentose;  flowers  mostly  axillary,  often  yellow. 

Species  alwut  70,  in  the  warmer  region  of  both  lieniis]ilieres  ;  a  dozen  or  more  on  the  southern 
borders  of  the  United  States,  the  following  scarcely  entering  within  the  limits  of  California. 

1.  A.  crispiun,  Don.  Very  finely  tomentose:  branches  very  slender,  elongated: 
leaves  cordate,  acutish  or  acuminate,  crenate,  1  to  3  inches  long  ;  the  upper  small 
and  nearly  sessile  :  flowers  solitary,  small,  yellow,  on  slender  axillary  pedicels  aa 
long  as  the  leaves  and  jointed  near  the  top  :  carpels  about  12,  mcmliranaceous,  in- 
flated, rounded  above,  2-valved  to  the  base,  4  -  5-seeded,  at  length  half  an  inch 
long.  —  Gray,  Gen.  111.  ii.  67,  t.  126.  Sida  crispa,  Linn.;  Torr.  «k  Gray,  Fl. 
i.  235. 

Widely  distributed  through  the  tropics,  and  found  from  Florida  westwanl  across  the  continent  ; 
CaRon  Tantillaa,  below  San  Diego,  Palmer. 

2.  A.  Newbenyi,  Watson.  Somewhat  woody  at  base,  4  to  5  feet  high,  densely 
tomentose  :  branches  short  and  stout  :  leaves  thick,  oblong  lanceolate,  cordate  at 
base,  acutish,  1  to  2  inches  long,  on  short  petioles  :  pedicels  fascicled  in  the  axils, 
much  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  flowers  deep  yellow,  3  lines  long  :  carpels  about  8, 
nearly  membranaceous,  rounded  but  narrower  above,  2-valved  to  the  base,  3-seeded, 
three  lines  long. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  125.  Spkceralcea  incana,  Gray,  Bot.  lve.s 
Colorado  Exp.  8. 

In  the  same  locality  {Paliner) ;  also  on  the  Lower  Gila  {Einory),  and  at  Canebrako  Cafton  on 
the  Lower  Colorado,  Newberry. 

A.  PAl.MP.ni,  Dray,  Proc.  Am.  Acml.  viii.  280,  a  tailor  larger- (loworpd  nnd  Inrger-lcaved  sjiecios, 
of  Arizona  nnd  Honorn,  may  reach  California.  Tlio  cnlyx  Ih  ticnsoly  villous,  nearly  half  an  inch 
long;  the  deep-yellow  corolla  somewhat  longer;  carpels  also  hairy,  ncuminato  above  nnd  equal- 
ling the  calyx,  3  -  4-8ceded  ;  leaves  cordate  with  a  deep  closed  sinus. 

8.   HIBISCUS,  Linn. 
Involucel  of  numerous  bractlets.     Stamineal  column  antheriferous  much  of  it« 
length,  but  naked  at  the  summit  and  truncate  or  5-toothed.     Styles  united:  stigma-s 
5,  capitate.     J'ruit  a  5-celled  loculicidal  pod,  the  cells  several  seeded.  —  Stout  herbs 
or  often  shrubby,  Avith  large  and  showy  axillary  and  solitary  flowers. 

A  large  genus  of  alxjut  l.'iO  species,  distributed  around  the  world,  mainly  in  tropical  or  sub- 
tropical regions.  Many  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  Some  of  the  spe<'ies  of  Northern  Mexico 
probably  extend  into  Southeastern  California,  though  only  a  single  one  has  yet  been  collected. 

1.  H.  Californicus,  Kellogg.  Perennial,  erect  and  branching,  f)  to  7  feet  high, 
the  younger  loaves  and  branches  velvety  pubescent  :  loaves  oorilate,  acuminate, 
rarely  sojnewhat  3-lobod,  crenate  or  acutely  toothed,  3  to  h  inches  long,  exceeding 
the  ])etiole3  :  jieduncloa  l-floworod,  2  or  3  inches  long,  jointed  above  the  middle, 
uniteil  with  the  petiole  at  base:  calyx  9  to  12  lines  long,  cleft  to  the  middle,  the 
lobes  acute  ;  flowers  white,  with  a  purple  centre,  2  to  4  inches  long  :  c^ipsule  equal- 
ling the  calyx,  acute,  velvety-pubescent :  seeds  nearly  globose,  over  a  lino  bnmd, 
striate  and  roughened  with  small  scattomd  tubercles.  —  I'nK'.  Calif.  Acad.  iv.  292. 


88  STERCULIACEiE.  Hibiscus. 

On  an  island  in  San  Joaquin  River  at  Webb's  Landing.  This  is  probably  also  the  //.  Moscheulos, 
var.  occidental  is,  of  Toney  in  liot.  Wilkes  Exp.  25(5. 

2.  H.  denudatus,  Reuth.  Erect,  woody  at  base,  very  tomeutose,  two  feet  high, 
tlie  stems  slemler  and  lloxuous  :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  an  inch 
broad  or  less,  rounded  or  obtuse  and  dentate  alxjve,  on  sliort  jietioles:  peiluncles  \ 
to  1  inch  k»ng  r  bractlets  narrowly  linear,  very  short  or  sometimes  nearly  obsolete  : 
calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  the  lobes  lanceolate  :  petals  light  purple,  an  inch 
long  :  capsule  acute,  dehiscent  to  the  base,  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  seeds  reniforin, 
densely  silky.  —  Bot.  Sulph.  7,  t.  3. 

In  the  desert  region  of  Southeastern  California,  thence  to  New  Mexico  and  Northern  Mexico. 
This  species  belongs  to  the  section  Bombicclla,  which  is  distinguished  by  the  small  involucre  and 
silky  seeds. 

OuDEu  XXI.     STERCULIACEiE. 

A  polymorphous  order  chieliy  of  shrubs  and  trees,  nearly  all  tropical  or  of  the 
southern  hemisphere,  related  to  Malvacece  and  TUiacece,  distinguished  from  the 
former  by  the  2-celled  anthers  (the  petals  not  rarely  wanting),  and  in  our  solitary 
representative  by  the  imbricated  calyx. 

1.  PREMONTIA,  Ton-. 
Bractlets  3  to  5,  small.  Calyx  5-cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  the  lobes  imbricate  in 
the  bud,  large  and  petaloid,  bright  yellow,  pitted  at  the  base,  persistent.  Petals 
none.  Stamineal  column  5-cleft  to  the  middle,  each  of  the  divisions  bearing  above 
a  linear  adnate  curved  anther  :  staminodia  none.  Ovary  5-celled,  many-ovuled  : 
style  elongated,  the  acute  apex  stigmatic.  Capsule  4  -  5-valved,  loculicidally  dehis- 
cent; cells  2  -  3-seeded.  Seeds  ovate:  embryo  in  thick  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons 
ovate,  nearly  flat,  much  longer  than  the  radicle.  —  A  stellately  pubescent  shrub ; 
with  alternate  lobed  leaves,  and  showy  axillary  solitary  shortly  pedicelled  flowers. 

1.  F.  Californica,  Torr.  Branching,  10  to  20  feet  higli,  sometimes  a  foot 
through  at  base :  Avood  hard  :  bark  dark-colored :  leaves  thick,  usually  rusty  beneath, 
broadly  cordate  or  ovate,  3-lobed  or  rarely  entire  or  5  -  7-lobed,  ^  to  2|  inches  long, 
the  lobes  obtuse,  mucronulate ;  petioles  shorter  than  the  blade  :  flowers  numerous, 
1  to  3  inches  in  diameter  :  se])als  obovate,  often  mucronate,  pubescent  externally 
and  witli  a  rounded  hairy  pit  at  base,  the  3  inner  a  little  larger  :  capsule  ovate,  an 
inch  long,  densely  hairy,  jjcrsistent ;  the  cells  villous  within  :  seeds  ovate,  2  lines 
long  or  more,  pubescent.  —  PI.  Frera.  in  Smith.  Contrib.  vi.  G,  t.  2  ;  llook.  f.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  5591.      Cheiranthodendron  Calif  or  nicum,  Baill.  Hist.  PI.  iv.  70. 

On  diy  hills  from  Pit  River  to  San  Diego,  most  abundant  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Southern 
Sierra  Nevada.  Very  closely  allied  to  Cheimstemon  (or  Cheiranthodendron)  of  Mexico  and  Guata- 
mala,  which  differs  in  the  more  deeply  pitted  purple  calyx,  the  oblique  stamineal  tube,  and  con- 
nective produced  beyond  the  anthers.     The  stipules  in  Fremoniia  are  small  and  caducous. 

Order  XXII.     LINACEiE. 

A  small  family,  recently  enlarged  by  the  iucori)oration  of  tlireo  wholly  tropical 
tribes  of  shrubs  and  trees,  all  with  simple  and  entire  mostly  alternate  leaves ;  as  to 
the  proper  Flax  tribe  well  marked  by  the  perfectly  isomerous  regular  flowers ;  the 
sepals,  petals,  stamens  and  parts  of  the  pistil  being  each  5,  or  in  one  instance  4, 
or  sometimes  the  parts  of  the  pistil  fewer ;  the  fugacious  petals  convolute  and  the 


Linum.  LINACEyE. 


89 


persistent  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  tliese  and  the  stamens  hypogynous ;  and 
only  a  pair  of  suspended  anatropous  ovules  and  seeds  in  each  carpel.  —  Jieprcsented 
solely  by  the  genus 

1.  LINUM,  Linn.  Vlax. 
Parts  of  tiic  flower  5,  except  sometimes  in  the  pistil.  Filaments  monadelphous 
at  the  very  base,  and  commonly  with  a  little  tooth  in  each  sinus.  Styles  5,  often 
united  into  one  below,  or  in  some  of  ours  only  3  or  oven  2,  and  distinct :  stigmas 
capitate  or  oblong  :  ovary  globose,  of  as  many  true  cells  or  carpels  as  styles,  but 
each  cell  more  or  less  divided  into  two  by  a  false  partition  i)rocecding  from  tlie  dorsal 
suture.  Capsule  splitting  in  dehiscence  through  these  false  partitions,  and  some- 
times through  the  true  ones  also.  Seeds  solitary  in  each  half-cell,  flattened,  ovate, 
the  coat  mucilaginous  when  wetted  :  embryo  large  and  straight,  surrounded  by  a 
thin  coating  of  albumen  ;  the  cotyledons  flat  and  broad.  —  Herbs  ;  with  tough  fibres 
in  the  bark  (flax),  sessile  entire  leaves,  no  stipules  or  mere  glands  in  their  place,  and 
cymose  or  panicled  flowers. 

A  genus  of  80  or  more  specips,  mostly  of  temperate  or  warm  climates,  nearly  20  indigenous  to 
the  Uiiited  States,  chiefly  to  the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  ( 'tilifornian  species  (with  two 
exceptions)  are  slender  annuals,  remarkable  for  having  only  two  or  three  pistils,  and  forming  a 
peculiar  .section. 

L.  usiTATissiMUM,  Linn.,  the  common  Flax  of  cultivation,  may  sometimes  be  found  near  fields. 
It  is  an  annual,  with  linear-lanceolate  very  acute  leaves,  blue  flowers,  1 -nerved  sepals,  and  a 
globose  acuminate  capsule. 

§  1.  St)//es  of  (fie  same  ninnher  as  (lie  o(her  par(s  nf  (he  Jlawer  :  pereruiia/s  :  leaves 

nlternn(e. 

1.  L.  perenne,  Linn.  Smooth  and  glaucous,  I  to  2^  feet  high,  branching 
above,  leafy:  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  3  to  18  lines  long,  acute  ;  stipular 
glands  none  :  flowers  large,  blue,  in  few-flowered  corymbs  or  scattered  on  the  leafy 
branches,  on  slender  pedicels  :  sepals  3  -  5-nerved,  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  U  to  2^ 
lines  long:  cap.sule  globose,  acute,  exceeding  the  sepals,  at  length  dehiscent~by  ten 
valves,  tlio  prominent  false  partition  long-(Mhntn  :  fruiting  pedicels  oroct  or  dofloxod. 
—  L.  dficnrrens,  Kellogg,  Troc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  44,  lig.  11. 

Common  on  dry  soils  nearly  throughout  the  State,  the  species  mnging  from  the  Arctic  Circle, 
along  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward,  to  Northern  Mexico.  It  is  also  common  in  Europe 
and  Northern  Asia. 

2.  L.  aristatum,  Kngelm.  Smooth,  ^  to  3  feet  high  ;  branches  numerous, 
slender,  angular:  leaves  few,  linear  to  subulate,  awned,  2  to  4  lines  long;  the  upper 
and  the  bracts,  as  well  as  the  sepals,  ciliate-denticulate  on  the  scarious  margins  ; 
stipular  glands  conspicuous  :  flowers  mostly  solitary  on  the  bmnchlet.';,  sulphur- 
yellow,  an  inch  broad  :  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  aciiniinate,  3-nerved,  4  lines  long  : 
capsule  ovate,  acute,  half  as  long,  S-valved  and  10-ceIled.  the  falsi^  partitions  mem- 
branaceous: seeds  small.  —  Wisliz.  Kep.  17. 

Sandy  hills  along  the  Colorado  {Ncinh^.rry)  ■  eastward  to  New  Mexico  and  S.  Ut^h.  The  only 
other  North  American  yellow-flowered  perennial  is  L.  Kingii,  Watson,  of  the  mountAins  o'f 
Utah. 

§  2.   Sdjies  and  carpels  fewer  than  the  other  par(s  of  (he  floirer,  2  or  3 :  capsules 
•\-ceUed  or  6-celJed  :  sepals  \ -nerved  :  annuals.  —  Hi„srRnoi,iNON,  Gray. 
»  Leaves  opposite,  oblong  :  styles  2  :  petals  not  appendaged  at  base,  i/ellotc. 

3.  L.  dig3^um,  Cmy.  Glabrous,  six  inches  high,  simple,  subrymo.'«ely  branched 
at  the  ,<;nmmit :  leaves   oblong,  arutish,  3   to   6   lines   lon^  ;  stipular  glands   none: 


QQ  LlNACEJi:.  Linum. 

pedicels  very  short :  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliute-denticulate,  a  line  long  : 
petals  twice  lojigor :  capsulo  globose,  obtuse,  sliortor  than  the  calyx.  —  J 'roc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  IKM. 

Near  Yoseinito  Vulloy  on  tho  Muriiiosa  Trail,  Bolander.     A  raio  and  vory  peculiar  species. 

•  Mr  Lmvci  (((tcriiatc,  narrowli/  linear  («•  hilf  to  an  inch  Ion;/):  tti/lca  W  \  juials 
appendayed  at  base  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  and  usually  a  third  adnate  to  the 
inner  face  of  (Me  claw. 

-¥■  Flowers  yellow :  pedicels  short. 

4.  L.  Breweri,  Gray.  Smooth,  glaucous,  slender,  3  to  8  inches  high  or  more, 
few-llowered  at  the  summit  :  leaves  linear-setaceous,  6  to  8  lines  long  ;  stipular 
glands  conspicuous:  sepals  ovate,  acute,  somewhat  glandular  on  the  margin,  1^  lines 
long  :  petals  more  than  twice  as  lung,  3-appendagud  at  base  :  fruit  unknown.  — 
Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  202,  and  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  521. 

Dry  hillsides,  Contra  Costa  Co.,  at  Marsh's  ituuch,  east  of  Monte  Diablo,  Brewer.  Floweiing 
in  May  and  June. 

-H  -t-  Flowers  u'hite,    rose-colored,    or  purple:   pedicels   short   and    mostly   cymose- 

clustered. 

5.  L.  congestum,  tlray.  Kearly  smooth,  excepting  the  calyx,  a  foot  high, 
shortly  brauclied  above;  stipular  glands  very  small :  llowers  in  close  terminal  clusters  : 
sepals  pubcsscent,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  1^  lines  long,  not  glandular  :  petals  twice  as 
long,  apparently  rose  or  purple,  3-aj)i)endaged  at  base  :  capsule  globose,  shorter  than 
the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  521. 

Marin  Co.,  Bolander.  A  well-marked  species  on  account  of  its  clustered  flowers  and  pubescent 
calyx. 

6.  L.  Californicum,  r>cnth.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  paniculately  branched 
above,  G  to  18  inches  high  :  stipular  glands  conspicuous  :  llowers  in  small  cymes  or 
the  lower  solitary  :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  1^  lines  long,  acute,  slightly  glandular- 
toothed  :  petals  4  lines  long,  rose-colored  becoming  white,  3-appendaged  at  base  : 
capsule  acute,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  PL  Hartw.  2i)9  ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

Dry  soils  in  the  valleys  and  on  low  foot-hills,  in  early  spring,  from  about  San  Francisco  Bay  to 
Marysville  (Bujdow)  and  southward  to  San  Carlos  ;  especially  common  on  the  eastern  bIoi.o  of  tlie 
Monte  Diablo  liange. 

4_  ^_  +.  Flowers  white,  rose-colored,  or  purple  :  pedicels   more  elongated  and  mostly 
solitary :  stems  diffusely  paniculate  above. 

7.  L.  spergulinum,  Gray.  Glabrous,  G  to  15  inches  high  :  leaves  without 
stipular  glands  :  pedicels  3  to  G  hues  long  :  sei)als  ovate-oblong,  acute,  slightly 
glandular,  a  line  long :  peta'ls  2  to  3  lines  long,  rose-colored  or  white,  3-appendaged : 
capsule  obtuse,  rather  exceeding  the  calyx.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  333. 

Coast  Ranges,  &c.,  Marin  ami  Sonoma  counties,  Bolander,  Kellogg,  Miss  Monks. 

8.  L.  micranthum,  (hay,  1.  c.  Somewhat  puberulent,  G  to  15  inches  high  : 
stipular  glands  minute  or  none  :  jiedicels  2  to  4  lines  long  :  sepals  lanceolate,  acute, 
a  line  long,  slightly  glandular  :  jxitals  white,  a  little  longer  than  the  sei)als,  2-tuothed 
at  base  ;  capsule  obtuse,  exceeding  tho  calyx. 

In  tho  Sierra  Nevada,  at  a, 000  to  ft.OOO  feet  altitude:  Mount  Bullion  (Bolander)  ;  Sierra  and 
Plumas  counties,  Lcminon,  Mrs.  I'ulsifer  Ames. 

9.  L.  adenophyllum,  Gray.  Somewhat  pubescent,  a  foot  high  :  leaves  more 
broadly  linear,  margined  with  stipitate  glands  ;  stipular  glands  minute  or  none  : 
pedicels  1  to  6  lines  long  :  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  a  line  long  or  more,  glandidar- 
serrulate,  half  as  long  as  the  white  (yellowish  ])  petals  :  capsule  rather  shorter  than 
the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  624. 

l^eaiX  Ciiax  h^^Q,  Bolander,  Kellogg  k,  Har/ord.  ■     •  ■  :    ..    . 


Trihulus.  ZYGOrHyLLACE/E.  gi 

Order  XX HI.     ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 

Distingiiislicd  from  the  allied  orders  by  the  opposite  comj.ound  Ir.ivoR,  with  in- 
terposed stipules  and  entire  dotless  leaflets.  —  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  nearly  so, 
completely  symmetrical,  the  i)art8  in  fives  or  rarely  in  fours.  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly 
so.  Petals  hypogynous,  in  ours  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  or  more 
commonly  (in  all  ours)  twico  aa  majiy  as  the  potids  and  inserted  with  thom,  in  two 
sets  :  fihuuents  distinct,  often  appendaged  with  a  scale  on  the  inner  side.  Ovary  of 
4  or  5  carpels  (rarely  2  or  3),  but  sometimes  twice  as  many  cells,  and  terminal  style 
only  one:  stigma  5- lO-lobnd.  Ovules  anatropous,  pendulous.  Fruit  dry.  Seeds 
with  a  large  embryo,  straight  or  nearly  so,  with  flat  or  broad  cotyledons,  with  or 
without  some  albumen.  —  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  (in  Guaiacmn)  small  trees,  Avith  very 
hard  and  acrid-bitter  resinous  wood;  a  few  with  simple  leaves:  stipules  often 
spineseent:  flowers  solitary,  on  lateral  or  terminal  naked  peduncles. 

An  order  of  17  gonora  and  barely  a  luindrcd  .species,  of  tropical  and  warm-temperate  countries, 
on  this  co.ituient  clnefly  Mexican  and  South  American,  four  repre.senUtives,  belonRinK  to  thre^ 
genera,  barely  reachmg  California.  6    6        i.u  co 

J'  ?I^"\"^"    /''''^^««j^^'"!Pflypi""''ite,  6-10-foliolate.     Fruit  tuberculate.     Herbs. 

2.  Fagonia.     Leaves  3-foliolate.     Fruit  nearly  .smooth.      Herbaceous 

3.  Larrea.     Leaves  2-foliolate.     Fruit  densely  hairy.     A  he.avy-sccnt«d  shnib. 

1.  TRIBULUS,  Linn. 
Sepals  5,  mostly  per.si.stent.  Petals  5,  fugacious.  Disk  annular,  10-lobed. 
Stamens  10;  the  alternate  iilaments  a  little  shorter  and  with  a  gland  at  base  on  the 
outer  side.  Ovary  5  -  12-celled  ;  cells  1  -5-ovuJed.  Fruit  lobed,  separating  from 
tlie  persistent  axis  into  5  to  12  indehi.scent  1-seeded  tuberculate  or  winged  or 
spinose  carpels.  Seeds  without  albumen.  —  Loosely  branclied  liairy  prostrate  herbs; 
with  abruptly  pinnate  opposite  leaves  (the  alternate  ones  smaller  or  wanting),  and 
solitary  apparently  axillary  white  or  yellow  flowers. 

Species  15  or  more,  natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  botli  hemispheres.  Our  species  are 
annuals,  belonging  to  the  section  Kalhtra^mia,  having  the  outer  stame.  s  adnate  at  lie  to  th^ 
petals,  the  ovary  10 -12-celled  and  10- 12-ovuled.  A  true  Trrbulus,  Z\T^rJ.iT(^liM 
mcus,  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  125),  from  the  western  side  o  the  Oul^orCalifornTa^hL 
very  small  flowers  and  deeply  6-lobed  fruit,  the  cari>els  with  4  or  5  stout  tuWrcle.s  on  the  J^k 

1.  T  maximus,  Linn,  stems  at  length  elongated  :  leaflet^s  .T  or  4  pairs  ovate- 
oblong,  3  to  G  lines  long,  more  or  less  obli-pie:  peduncles  thickened  upward,  a  half 
to  an  inch  long  :  sepals  very  hairy,  linear,  acuminate,  two  lines  long  :  petals  a  half 
longer:  fruit  two  lines  high,  beaked  by  a  stmit  style  about  as  long     the  carpels 

roughly  tulierculate.  — /ra/A^/ro-m/a  Wif/Tjwa,  Torr.  it  f^rav    Fl    i    Tl  ■  (Jrav   (!en 
III.  ii.  117,  t.  140.  '  '  -''.'• 

MexiVraIr.Tb?w'7!'i'"  ^"t?-     ^°^'"""  ^"•*'^*'  •^•■y  """P'""  ''"'^''^'^  ♦"  T""'-'-  '^"'i  through 
Mexico  and  the  W  .  Lidics.     The  specific  name  is  in  no  respect  appropriate. 

2.  T.  grandiflorus,  P.enth.  &:  Hook.  Ilispirl  with  usuallv  longer  and  more 
spreading  hairs:  leallets  4  to  fi  pairs:  peduncles  m.-re  elnngated  •  .sepals  3  to  G 
lines  long,  the  petnls  usually  twice  hwigrp  :  fruit  nither  more  sharply  tuborrulato, 
tin  beak  3  to  f,  lines  long.  — den.  PI.  i.  2GL  Knihinrmm  qrmulffhm.  Torn  in 
Omy,  PI.  Wright,  i.  28.  ... 

In  the  Oila  Valley.  Arizona,  and  i^robably  in  Sonthcasfern  Talifornia  ;  ranging  to  Now  Mexico. 
Sonora  .Tud  I,ower  (  nhfornia.  *  iio*iiA., 


92  ZYGOPHYLLACK.E.  Fugonia. 

2.  PAQONIA,  Linn. 
Sepals  5,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  uiiguiculate.  Stnrnens  10,  on  an  obscure  disk ; 
the  filaments  naked.  Ovary  5-celled ;  cells  2-ovuled  near  the  base.  Fruit  deeply 
5-angled,  5-seeded  ;  the  smooth  carpels  at  length  separating  from  the  axis  and  dehis- 
cing on  the  inner  edge.  Seeds  witli  a  horny  albumen.  —  Branching  diU'use  or  pros 
trate  herbs;  with  opposite  1-3-foliolate  leaves,  mucrouate  leaflets,  spinescent  stip- 
ules, and  apparently  axillary  solitary  rose-colored  flowers. 

A  genus  of  hot  and  desert  regions  in  both  heniispliercs,  but  chiefly  of  tlie  Old  World.  The  2ti 
published  species  are  considercil  by  IJcntham  and  Hooker  as  reducible  to  perhaps  2  or  8,  in  some 
respects  very  variable. 

1.  F.  Californica,  ru-nth.  Perennial,  herbaceous,  glabrous:  the  stems  a  span 
long  or  more,  diU'usuly  branched,  angled  :  luullets  lanceolate,  1  to  3  lines  long  ; 
stipules  linear,  recurved-si)reading,  short :  peduncles  nearly  equalling  the  leaves  : 
petals  2  or  3  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  the  lanceolate  sepals  :  fruit  ovate  in  out- 
line, atteiuiate  above  into  the  sluiidur  style,  2  lines  long. — J>(jt.  Sulph.  10;  Torr. 
in  Pacif  11.  Itep.  v.  359,  t.  1  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  418. 

Desert  of  S.  E.  California  {'J'funnas,  Schott,  Newberrtj),  to  Arizona  and  Lower  California.  The 
species  much  resembles  F.  Chilensis. 

3.  LAHHEA,  Cuv.  Ckeosote-bush. 
Sepals  5,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Stamens  10,  on  a  small  10-lobed 
disk ;  the  filaments  winged  below  with  a  bifid  scale  on  the  inner  side.  Ovary  5- 
celled ;  the  cells  abuut  G-ovuled.  Fruit  globose,  shortly  stipitate,  densely  hairy,  the 
5  indehiscent  1 -seeded  carpels  at  length  separating  from  the  axis.  Seeds  with  horny 
albumen.  —  Evergreen  heavy-scented  shrubs  ;  with  nodose  branches,  opposite  2-folio- 
late  leaves,  small  stipules,  and  solitary  yellow  flowers. 

A  genus  of  3  or  4  species,  of  Mexico  and  extra-tropical  South  America,  the  following  species 
the  only  one  in  the  United  Slates. 

1.  L.  Mexicana,  Moricand.  Difl^usely  branched,  4  to  10  feet  high,  densely- 
leafy,  of  a  yellowish  hue  :  leaves  nearly  sessile  ;  the  thick  resinous  leaflets  inequi- 
lateral, oblong,  3  to  6  lines  long,  with  a  broad  attachment  to  the  rhachis,  some- 
what curved,  acute  :  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  silky  :  petals  bright  yellow,  3  to  4  lines 
long  :  scales  a  little  shorter  than  the  filaments,  somewhat  lacerate  :  fruit  2|  lines 
in  diameter,  beaked  by  the  slender  style;  carpels  obtuse.  —  PI.  Nouv.  Am.  71, 
t.  48 ;  Torrey  in  Emory  Pep.  137,  t.  3  ;"  Gray,  Gen.  111.  2.  120,  t.  147. 

Abundant  in  the  dry  valleys  of  Kern  Co.  and  eastward,  from  Walker's  Pass  and  Tahichipi  to 
W.  Texas,  and  southward  into  Mexico,  blooming  in  early  summer.  It  is  called  by  the  Mexi- 
cans Gobemadora  and  llidevndo.  The  leaves  are  sticky  with  a  strongly  scented  gum  or  resin,  and 
burn  with  a  black  smoke  and  rank  odor.  No  animal  of  the  country  will  eat  it.  It  has  various 
reputed  medicinal  properties,  and  miners  say  that  a  strong  decoction  "will  clean  amalgam."  It 
is  reported  that  the  Indians  make  a  glue  from  it,  with  which  they  fasten  the  heads  of  arrows  to 
the  shaft. 

Order  XXIV.     GERANIACEiE. 

An  order  difficult  to  define  by  any  certain  marks,  becoming  composed  of  several 
suborders  or  tribes,  diverse  in  habit  and  details  of  structure,  which  have  to  be 
separately  characterized.  —  Leaves  often  with  stipules,  either  toothed,  lobed,  or 
compound.  Flowers  perfect,  on  axillary  peduncles,  either  regular  or  irregular, 
but  commonly  symmetrical,  and  the  parts  in  fives,  rarely  in  threes.  Stamens 
mostly  in  two  sets,  those  alternate  with  the  petals  sometimes  sterile  :  filaments  often 


GeranimH.  GKIIANI  ACE.15.  93 

cither  dilated  or  monRdelphous  ftt  the  base.  Ovary  3-5-lobed  and  3-5-celle(l, 
with  a  central  axis.  Ovules  anatropous.  Seeds  wholly  or  nearly  filled  by  the 
embryo. 

A  rather  largo  order,  owing  to  the  size  of  a  few  leading  genera,  widely  distributed  over  the 
world,  mostly  in  wann-temperate  and  subtropical  climates  ;  many  with  handsome  (lowers  and 
cultivated  for  ornament.  Ttio  rei)resentation  m  North  America  is  small,  in  California  meagre. 
The  following  irregular-flowered  genera  may  claim  admission. 

Impatirns,  Linn.,  renrcsentod  in  gardens  by  the  IJalsam,  I.  Raij^amina,  and  in  the  Ea.stcrn 
United  States  by  the  .Icwel-wccds,  1.  kui.va  and  1.  i'Ar,l,ir)A,  wlii<;li  rango  northwestward  to 
Washington  Territory.  The  only  indieation  of  them  near  California  is  the  mention  of  an  unde- 
termineu  species  in  Dr.  C.  L.  Anderson's  list  of  Nevada  plants  (in  the  Nevada  State  Geologist's 
Report  for  1870  ?),  no  station  a.ssigned.  The  ^enus  is  familiarly  known  by  its  extremely  irregular 
handsome  flowers,  the  larger  piece  of  which  is  a  spurred  sac,  and  by  the  capsule  bursting  elaati- 
cally,  breaking  up  at  the  touch  into  five  twisting  valves  and  a  central  axis  ;  the  stems  succulent 
and  translucent. 

Trop.boi,um,  liinn.,  the  familiar  Nasturtium  of  the  gardens,  of  South  American  origin  ;  one 
sep.al  conspicuously  spurred,  and  tlio  leaves  i)oltate.  T.  MAJUS,  the  common  species,  is  likely  to 
become  spontaneous  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

Pki.aroonium,  L'Her.,  to  which  belong  the  so-called  Ceraniums  of  garden  and  house  cultiva- 
tion, natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Hero,  again,  one  sepal  has  a  spur  ;  but  it  adheres  to 
the  pedicel  so  as  to  escape  cursory  notice.  1'.  gravkoi,ens,  the  Hose  Geranium,  P.  inquinans, 
Scarlet  Geranium,  an<l  P.  zonale,  Horse-shoo  Geranium,  with  their  mixtures,  are  the  species  most 
disposed  to  escape  into  waste  grounds  near  dwellings,  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  Stat«. 

TninE  I.  GER.VNIEiE.  Sepals  imbricated  in  tlie  bud,  and  yictils  generally  so.  Carpels  5, 
2-ovnled  but  one-seeded,  separating  elastically  at  maturity  from  the  long-beaked  and  indu- 
rated central  axis  from  below  upward  ;  the  styles  fonning  long  tails  which  V)ecome  revo- 
hito  upwards  or  spirally  twisted.  Cotyledons  convoluto-i>laited  anil  incuml)ent  on  the 
ratlide.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  aroniatio  or  strong-scented  leaves,  furnishod  with 
stipules. 

1.  Qeraniura.     Fertile  stamens  10.     Tails  of  the  carnels  not  bearded.     Flower  regular. 

2.  Erodium.     Fertile  stamens  5.     Tails  of  the  carpels  beanlod  inside.     Flower  regular. 

PELAUfJONiUM  has  Stamens  about  7,  some  of  these  without  anthers,  and  flower  irregular. 

Tribe  II.  LIMNANTHE/E.  Sepals  valvato  and  pctnls  convolute  in  the  bud.  Fleshy  and 
indehiscent  carpels  distinct  (except  their  common  style)  or  soon  l>ecoming  so,  one-ovuled. 
Embryo  straight  :  cotyledons  fleshy  and  hemispherical,  filling  the  seed,  cordate  at  base, 
covering  the  short  radicle.  — Ten<ler  annuals  ;  with  alternate  dissected  leaves  and  no  stip- 
ules.    Juice  with  more  or  less  Cruciferous  pungency. 

3.  Llmnanthes.     Sepals,  petals,  and  carpels  5.      Stamens  10.     (In  Fuerkka  all  are  in  threes.) 

Tribe  III.  OXALIDEvE.  Senals  imbricated  and  petals  mo.stly  convolute  in  the  bud.  Car- 
pels combined  into  a  5-celled  and  few  -  many-ovuled  ovary  ;  the  fruit  when  a  capsule 
loculicidal  :  styles  mostly  distinct.  Embryo  straight  in  a  thin  albumen  :  cotyle<lon8 
plane. — Flowers  regular.  Leaves  mostly  compound,  with  leaflets  entire  or  notched  at 
the  end  :  stipules  rare.     Juice  acid. 

4.  Ozalis.     Sepals,  petals,  and  styles  5.     Stamens  10.     Leaves  in  ours  3-foliolatc. 

1.  GERANIUM,  Linn.  CRANKsnii.i,. 
Stamens  10  with  anthers ;  a  gland  behind  the  biv«;o  of  oach  of  the  f)  shorter  ones : 
filaments  slender,  in  onr  species  bearded  nt  base.  Ovary  r)-lobed,  5-celled  :  style  5- 
lobed  at  the  summit;  the  lobos  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face.  Carpels  at  maturity 
separating  from  the  long  beaked  axis,  borne  on  the  recurving  tails  (being  the  several 
styles  splitting  away  from  the  persistent  beak),  these  beardless  :  the  fruiting  carpels 
roundi8li-ol)long,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute  atba.se,  opening  down  the  face.  —  An- 
nual or  perennial  herbs  ;  with  enlarged  joints,  palmately  lobed  and  mostly  opposite 
leaves,  scarious  stipules,  and  1  -  3-flowerod  peduncles.  Flowers  violet  or  rose- 
coloroil  or  white. 


94  GERANIACE^E.  Oerauium. 

About  100  si)ecies  are  foun<l  dibtributeil  tliiough  the  teiupeiate  regions  of  both  hcniispheres,  of 
which  only  7  or  8  are  found  iu  North  America. 

*   Auuiud  or  bitnnial :  Jhivers  small. 

1.  G.  Carolinianum,  1-inu.  Docuiulu'iit  or  asccudin-,',  diirusoly  bnmclicd,  pu- 
hoHCDiit ;  luiivcw  1  to  ~\  iiu'.liiiH  in  (liuiiiolcr,  |iiiliimttily  r>  -  T-purtctl,  tliu  divisidiia 
cleft  into  ublong-linear  lohcs  :  pedicels  short  or  i'lecjuentiy  slentler  and  more  or  less 
elongated  :  petals  rose-colured,  equalling  the  awned  sejjals,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  carpels 
hairy,  li  to  2i  lines  long,  the  tails  a  half  to  an  inch  long. 

From  Los  Angeles  to  British  America  and  eastward  across  the  continent  ;  rather  common  in 
spring  and  early  summer. 

*  *  Perennial :  Jlowers  large  :  stems  naked  below,  dichotomously  branched  above. 

2.  Qt.  Richardsonii,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  Stems  1  or  2  feet  high  :  pubescence 
iisually  tine  and  appressed,  or  somewhat  glandular  and  spreading  upon  the  pedicels  : 
leaves  2  to  5  inches  broad,  5  -  7-cleft  nearly  to  the  base ;  the  rather  broad  lobes 
more  or  less  incisely  toothed  :  sepals  3  or  4  lines  long,  including  the  awn  :  petals 
purple  or  sometimes  white  :  carpels  and  beak  12  to  15  lines  long.  —  G.  albijlorum, 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  IIG,  t.  40,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3124  ;  not  of  Ledebour. 

Hloody  Cafton  liy  Mono  Luke,  Brewer.  Abundant  eastward  in  the  watered  cations  of  Nevada 
and  Utah,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  IJritisli  America  to  Now  Mexico. 

3.  G.  incisum,  Nutt.  (Mosoly  resembling  tiie  last,  but  more  villous  and  gland- 
ular-pubescent ;  leaves  rather  more  narrowly  and  laciniately  cut :  sepals  5  or  C  lines 
long  :  petals  usually  deei)-purple  :  carpels  with  the  beak  1 J  inches  long.  —  G.  albi- 
jlorum, var.  (?)  incisuvi,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  20G.  G.  eriantlncin,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg. 
xxviii,  t.  52,  excl.  syn. 

Yosemite  Valley  (Brewer)  ;  Sierra  Co.  (Levunmi)  ;  northward  to  the  British  boundary,  Mon- 
tana and  the  Saskatchewan.  Intcrmeiliate  forms  between  this  species  and  the  last  appear  to 
occur. 

G.  OiKSvrrosTiM,  James,  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  New  Mexico,  has  been  collected  in  Cen- 
tral Arizona  and  may  perhaps  leach  the  borders  of  California.  It  is  more  slender  and  more 
diffusely  branched,  witli  smaller  broadly  lobcd  loaves,  finely  pubescent. 

2.  ERODIUM,  L'ller. 
Characters  as  in  the  last ;  but  with  the  filaments  dilated,  the  5  opposite  to  the 
petals  sterile  and  scale-like  ;  carpels  closed,  obconical,  attenuate  to  an  acute  horny 
bearded  base ;  the  tails  long- bearded  on  the  inner  side  and  becoming  spirally 
twisted. — Leaves  commonly  pinnate  and  bipinnately  parted  or  lobed  :  peduncles 
terminal  or  lateral,  umbellately  2  -  several-flowered,  with  a  4-bracted  involucre  at 
the  base  of  the  pedicels  ;  petals  small. 

A  genus  of  perhaps  50  species,  mostly  of  the  Old  World,  very  widely  dispersed.  Ours  are 
essentially  annuals. 

*  Leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatijld,  the  divisions  lobed  or  toothed.     All  introduced  ? 

1.  E.  Cicutarium,  L'ller.  llniry,  nnich  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  pin- 
nate, the  Iciallets  laciniately  jtinimtilid  with  narrow  ac\ito  lobes  ;  stipules  mostly 
small  :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  hearing  a  4  -  8-llowered  umbel  :  sepals  1 
to  3  lines  long,  acute  :  ])etals  bright  rose-color,  a  little  longer  :  tails  of  the  carpels 
1  or  2  inches  long  :  pedicels  slender,  at  length  reflexed,  the  fruit  still  erect. 

Very  common  throughout  tlie  State,  extending  to  Britisli  Columbia,  New  Mexico,  and  Mexico; 
also  widely  distributed  in  South  America  and  the  Eastern  Continent.  It  has  been  geiicially  con- 
sidered an  introduced  species,  but  it  is  more  decidedly  and  widely  at  home  throughout  the  in- 
terior than  any  other  introduced  plant,  and  according  to  much  testimony  it  was  as  common 
throughout  California  early  in  the  present  century  as  now.     It  is  popularly  known  as  Alfilaria, 


Limnanthea.  (IKRANIACE.K.  95 

or  losa  ronimonly  a.s  Piv-rhvcr  niid  Pin-ifms^,  nnil  is  ri  vnliml)lo  nnd  nutritiouH  forngo-plant,  re- 
pwtrd  to  iin|mit  nil  oxcnllciit  llnvor  to  milk  and  butler. 

2.  E.  moschatmn,  T/lIor.  Leaves  pinnato  ;  tlio  ohlong-ovato  leaflets  unequally 
and  (loiilily  sorrate  ;  stipules  conspicuous:  pedicels  mostly  shorter  and  stouter: 
sepals  larger,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  odor  musky. 

Los  Angeles  {AntiscU)  ;  Santa  Iftez  Valley  {Brewer),  and  northward,  as  well  as  southward  in 
Mexico.     Doubtless  introduced  from  Europe. 

3.  E.  Botrys,  Bertoloni.  Leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid  ;  the  lobes  dentate,  obtuse  ; 
stipules  small :  sepals  4  lines  long  :  beaks  of  the  carpels  2  or  3  inches  long. 

Sacramento  Valley,  E.  L.  Greene.     Introduced  from  Southeni  Europe. 

*  «  Leaves  cordate  and  lobed.     A  U  native  species. 

4.  E.  macrophyllum.  Hook.  &  Am.  Pubescence  with  more  or  less  of  spread- 
ing glandular  hairs  especially  above  :  leaves  renifonn-cordate,  1  to  3  inches  broad  : 
stipules  small  :  peduncles  elongated  :  sepals  broad,  5  to  6  lines  long  :  carpels 
oblong,  with  the  stout  beak  IJ^  inches  long.  —  Bot.  Beechoy,  327  ;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  670. 

Coinnion  in  valleys  and  on  the  lower  hills  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  San  Diego  north- 
ward to  tlio  Sacramento  Valley.     Next  to  E.  ciaUarium  this  is  the  most  abundant  sjiccies. 

5.  E.  Texanum,  Gray.  Pubesconco  appressed,  not  glandular :  leaves  ovate- 
cordato,  smaller  and  more  deeply  lobed,  usually  about  an  inch  long  :  peduncles 
shorter :  sepals  narrower,  3  to  5  lines  long  :  carpels  narrow,  with  the  slender  beak 
1^  to  3  inches  long.  —  PI.  Lindh.  157  ;  Gen.  111.  ii.  130,  t.  151. 

Colorado  bottom  (A'cicbrrri/)  ;  sandy  plains  near  Fort  Moliavo  {Cnnprr),  and  eastward  to  Texas. 

3.  LIMNANTHES,  R.  Brown. 

Flowers  regular,  the  parts  in  lives  :  sepals  valvate  in  the  bud.  Glands  5,  alter- 
nating with  the  petals.  Stamens  10.  Style  5-cleft  at  the  apex.  Ovary  with  soli- 
tary ascending  ovules.  Carpels  distinct,  subglobose,  at  first  fleshy,  at  length  hard 
and  rugose,  indchiscent,  separating  from  the  short  axis.  —  Annual  low  difi'use 
herbs,  growing  near  water  ;  leaves  jiinnate,  without  stipules  ;  flowers  showy,  white, 
yellowish,  or  rose-colored,  solitary  on  axillary  peduncles.  The  following  are  the 
only  s])ecies  ;  possibly  not  distinct. 

1.  L.  Douglasii,  R.  Brown.  Glabrous  throughout,  difTusoly  branched  from  the 
base,  the  weak  and  succulent  stems  6  to  18  inches  long  :  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets 
incisely  lobed  or  parted,  with  linear  acute  lobes  :  peduncles  at  length  2  to  4  inches 
long :  sepals  lanceolate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  or  oboval«, 
emarginate  or  truncate  petals:  style  very  slender,  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Lindl.  Bot. 
Reg.  XX,  t.  1673;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3554.  L.  rosea,  llartw. ;  Benth.  PI.  Hartw. 
302.     Fl(rrha  Dovglasii,  Bail).  Hist.  PI.  v.  20,  (ig.  50-54. 

Mendocino  ("oiiiity  to  Lns  Angeles  and  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Tlie  stems  and 
foliago  are  yellowish-green  and  succulent,  the  plant  sometimes  fonniiig  dense  patches,  much  fre- 
quented by  bees.  Flowers  pale-yellow  to  nearly  white,  or  tinged  with  rose-color.  Caq>els  about 
2  lines  in  diameter. 

2.  L.  alba,  Ilartweg.  Sepals  villona  :  yiotals  usually  wliitt^  half  longer  than  the 
calyx:  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Biuith.  PI.  Hartw.  301. 

Sacramento  Valley  and  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  usually  somewhat  smaller  than  the 
last,  but  perhaps  only  a  form  of  it. 

Fl.cEiiKKA  VROSKliriNAfniriKS,  ^Villd.,  has  been  fouiul  in  Washington  Territorj-  and  N.  Utah, 
and  may  1m5  looked  for  in  Northern  California.  It  is  a  slender  aniuiRl  of  moist  localities,  with 
pinnate  leaves  and  small  flowers,  the  genus  distinguished  by  having  the  parts  of  the  flower  in 
threes.     This  is  the  only  sjwcie.s,  and  is  common  in  the  Northern  Atlantic  States. 


90  RUTACE.'E.  Oxalis. 

4.  OXALIS,  Linu.  Wood-Sorkel. 
Flowers  regular,  the  parts  in  fives  :  sepals  inibricated.  Stamens  10 ;  the  filaments 
somewhat  dilated  and  united  below.  Glands  none.  Capsule  columnar  or  ovoid, 
beaked  with  the  short  style,  5-celled,  loculicidal ;  the  valves  remaining  attached  by 
the  partitions  to  the  axis.  Seeds  two  to  several  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  the  outer 
fieshy  aril-like  coat  at  length  splitting  and  elastically  recurved  upon  the  rhaphe.  — 
Low,  often  acaulescent,  with  a  sour  watery  juice  ;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  digitate- 
trilbliolate  (leallets  obcordate),  rarely  stipulate  ;  peduncles  unibellately  or  cymosely 
few-many-llowered. 

A  genus  of  jjciluips  '200  species,  cliieliy  natives  of  siib-tro}tical  Ameriea  and  S.  Africa,  witli  a 
few  in  tenipcrato  regions.  Of  the  10  species  of  tlio  United  Slates  only  one  is  peculiar  to  the 
Paeiiic  Coast. 

1.  O.  Oregana,  Nutt.  Acaulescent,  mitre  or  less  rusty-villous  ;  rootstock  creep- 
ing :  leaflets  broadly  oljcordate,  1  to  1^  inches  broad;  petioles  2  to  8  inches  long: 
scapes  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  2-bracted  near  the  U)[),  mostly  1-llowered: 
petals  oblong-obovate,  U  to  12  lines  long,  white  or  rose-colored,  often  veined  with 
purple :  capsule  linear,  9  lines  long ;  cells  about  6-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Oray,  FI.  i. 
211.      0.  Acetosella,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  118,  in  part. 

Shady  woods  near  the  coast,  from  Santa  Cruz  to  Washington  Territoiy.  With  the  habit  of 
0.  Jceiosella,  of  the  Eastein  States  and  the  Old  World,  which  however  is  a  smaller  plant,  with 
smaller  flowers,  and  an  ovoid  few-.'ieeded  capsule. 

2.  O.  corniculata,  Linn.  Annual,  or  perennial  by  running  rootstocks,  usually 
more  or  less  villous  :  stems  slender,  branching,  erect  or  ascending,  3  inches  to  3  feet 
high  :  leaflets  usually  deeply  obcordate,  very  variable  in  size ;  petioles  slender,  with 
small  villous  stipules:  peduncles  with  two  or  more  flowers,  elongated:  petals  yellow, 
4  to  6  lines  long  :  cai)sule  erect  in  fruit,  linear,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  many- 
seeded. 

Dry  places,  Oregon  to  Mexico,  most  common  south  of  Santa  Barbara.  The  Hjjocies  is  widely 
distributed  round  the  world,  everywhere  very  variable,  and  has  received  numerous  names.  The 
common  species  in  the  Atlantic  States,  without  stipules  (O.  slricta,  Linn.),  is  now  generally 
considered  a  mere  variety. 

Order  XXV.     RUTACEJE. 

Pellucid  or  glandular-dotted  aromatic  leaves,  along  with  definite  hypogynous 
stamens  and  definite  usually  few  seeds,  ilistinguish  this  order  ;  although  some  of  the 
Orange-tribe  have  numerous  stamens.  —  Flowers  generally  regular  and  symmetrical. 
Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals,  distinct,  inserted  outside  of  a  hypogynous  disk.  Seeds  ana- 
tropous  or  amphitropous,  with  a  little  or  no  albumen.  Leaves  either  simple  or 
compound  ;  stipules  none. 

A  large  order  of  trees,  .shrubs,  or  herbs  ;  the  latter  not  very  numerous  and  mainly  of  the  warm- 
temperate  parts  of  the  northern  hemispheie  and  in  the  Old  World  ;  the  great  bulk  of  the  rest  of 
the  orilor  South  African  and  Australian,  a  moderate  nmnber  American,  the  Orange  tribe  mauily 
Asiatic.  The  glands  or  dots  in  the  foliage,  &c.,  contain  ari)malic  volatile  oil,  whi.h  ni  Hue, 
Prickly  Ash,  and  the  like,  is  very  pungent  or  acrid.  Oranges,  lemons,  citrons,  hmes,  &c.,  are 
the  most  important  products.  One  of  our  genera,  Cneoridium,  peculiar  to  the  State,  is  referred 
to  the  Simarulacece,  a  related  order  not  otlierwise  represented  in  California.  But,  having  dotted 
leaves,  it  may  as  well  be  kejit  here.  The  two  other  plants  represent  dilferent  tribes  of  the 
order. 

1.  Ptelea.     Leaves  3-foliolate.     Fniit  orbicular,  indehiscent,  broadly  wing.nl.     Stamens  4  or  5. 

2.  Thamnosma.     Leaves  simple,  alternate.     Fruit  a  2-lobed  coriaceous  capsule.     Stamens  8. 

3.  Cueoridium.     Leaves  simple,  opposite.     Fruit  a  fleshy  globular  drupe.     Stamens  4  or  8. 


Cneoridium. 


RUTACEif:. 


1.  PTELEA,  Linn.         Iloi 


li7 


I  owers  polygauioM.s.  Sq.als,  pntals,  and  stamens  4  or  5.  Ovary  with  a  short 
thick  stipe,  2-celled  ;  cell..  2-ovulcd,  the  lower  ovule  abortive  :  style  short.  Fruit  a 
broadly  winged  orbicular  samara,  2-ceHed  and  2-seeded  ;  the  wing  embracing  a  slen- 
der Btipo.  So,.,l8  oblong.  Kinbryo  straight,  with  ovato-oblong  cotyledons  _ 
Shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  mostly  trifoliolate,  with  sessile  leallets ;  llowers  small, 
groenish-whito,  in  terminal  cymes  or  compound  corymbs. 

A  genus  of  linlfa  dozon  species,  confined  to  the  United  States  un.l  Mexico. 

n„!l;f^;?^.''^*l^°.^f'^T;^''  Ashn,b5  to  25  feet  high,  with  chestnut-colored 
punctate  bark  :  leallcts  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  rhomboidal,  1  to  2h  inches 
ong,  usually  acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  sparingly  pubescent,  l)ecoming  smooth  and 
t^T'^.''f\'  9^''\r'''^  ""'"^^""'Y  "'  compound  corymbs,  pubescent:  sepals 
small  :  petals  2  or  3  hues  long,  spreading  :  fruit  6  to  8  lines  broad,  emarginat^  at 

rCir"4  ^  ^^'^'^  "''"''''''  ^  ^°  ^  ^""''  long.— J>1.  Ilartw.  9;  Gray,  PI. 

on.  /    tyifohntaon\xe  Atlantic  SUtes  in  its  narrower  nnd  sn.nller  l.-avcs,  larRer  flowers   morl 

.IThf  ;rb  "?    ['■"?  ;"^"''g*'"^te  at  base,  an.l  sliorter  narrower  sti,.o.     Is  olor   nometimS 

^.n^'bilLt'ofcrlhed:^""  ''"""■"^'  ^""'^^^'"^^  unpleasantly  ra.lk.  most  frag,.nt  when  tlS 

2.  THAMNOSMA,  Ton. 
Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  erect.  Stamens  8,  at  the  ],ase  of  a  cup-shupod  crenate  or 
lobed  disk.  Ovary  stipitate,  2-lobcd  and  2-colled,  with  5  or  G  ovules  in  each  cell  • 
sty  e  elongated.  Capsule  didymous,  coriaceous,  dehiscent  down  the  inner  edye  of 
each  lobe.  Seeds  4  to  G  in  each  cell,  reniform.  Embryo  curved,  terete. -Low 
glandular  desert  shrubs,  strongly  scented;  leaves  simple  and  linear,  alternate- 
flowers  purple  or  yellow,  solitary.     The  following  are  the  only  species. 

1.  T.  montaiium,  Torr.  A  smooth  diffusely  and  stiniy  branched  shrub  son.fi- 
wha  sp.nose,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  yellowish-green  bark  :  ]e"es  c  tt^red  4  tt 
12  n..s  long,  soon  deciduous:  pe-luncles  axillary,  1  t,.  4  lines  long,  with  several 
snial  bracts:  calyx  short:  petals  4  or  5  lines  h.ng,  nearly  closed,  a^.tlv 
purple  :  capsule  yellow,  of  two  sul)globose  nearly  disiiuct  cells,  three  liif^  on^ 
stipo  about  a  line  long. -Frem.  Pej..  313;  J>acif  P.  Pep  iv  7.3  t  3 
UtSj'mthermr  """''"  "'•''"  ''^^^'  '™"'  ^'"'^  ^^"•''^  ^o  Fort  Mol.av;  and  eastward  to  S. 
T.  TEXANU.M,   Torr.     (Rulosma,   Tcxanum,  Gray    Gen    111    ii    144    t    in<;\     w    ^         ,       . 

3.   CNEORIDIUM,    Monk.  f. 
Sepal.s,  petals,  and   stanx-ns  4,  or  .stamens  sometimes  8,  the  alternate  one^  much 
shorter.     Disk  annular,  obtu.sely  8-angle.l.     Ovary  globo.se,  .sessile,  of  a  single 


r4ir- 


pel  l-celled,  2-ovule.l  :  style  latend,  curve.l,  short.  Fruit  "  dru,,aceous,"  1-2- 
see<led.  Seed  globo.se,  with  fleshy  albumen  :  embryo  curved.  -  A  low  smooth 
shrub;  leaves  opposite,  linear-spatulate,  entire;  flowers  small,  axillary  an.l  solitary 
or  somewhat  corymbose,  on  short  bracted  peduncle.s.     A  single  species. 

1.   C.dumosum^^Hook    f      Heavy-scented,  much-branrh.-d.   2  to  4   feet  high, 
leafy:  leaves  often  fnscicled.  h   in   I A   inches  long,   namnv  :  iL.wers  white,  2  t^  3 


98  CELASTRACE.i^l  h'unnytuns. 

lines  in  diameter,  solitary  or  2  to  4  together,  exceeding  the  pedicels  :  petals  twice 
longer  than  the  ovate  sepals  :  fruit  3  lines  in  diameter  ;  the  outer  integument  thin 
and  crustaceous  when  dry  :  seed-coat  dark  brown,  hard  and  tliickened.  —  Benth.  & 
Hook.  Gen.  PI.  i.  312.  Pitavia  dumosa,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &l  Gray,  H.  i.  215  \  Torr. 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  43. 
About  Saa  Diego  aud  S;ui  Pascual  ;  ttoweriug  in  February.     Leaves  pungeut  to  the  taste. 

Order  XXVI.     CELASTRACE^. 

Shrubs,  with  simple  anil  undivided  leaves,  no  stipules  or  hardly  any,  and  small 
dull-colored  or  white  chielly  perfect  regular  flowers,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  inserted  on  the  surface  or  margin  of  a  Ijroad  perigyuous  disk,  —  distin- 
guished from  the  following  order  (with  which  only  comparison  need  be  made)  by 
the  imbricated  calyx  and  corolla,  stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  and  the  arillate 
seeds,  these  oftener  two  or  more  in  each  cell  and  sometimes  pendulous. 

A  rather  large  order  widely  spread  over  the  world,  feebly  represented  in  North  America,  espe- 
cially on  the  western  side  ol  the  continent. 

1.  Euonymua.     Flowei-s  rather  consi)icuous.     Ovary  3  -  6-celled.     Fruit  colored,     Seeds  in  a 

briglit  led  aril.     Deciduous  sliruba. 

2.  Fachystima.     Flowers  very  small.     Ovary  2-celled.     Fruit  small,  not  colored.     Evergreen 

uudersluubs. 

Cela.stkus  ourusATUs,  Presl,  Bot.  Bemerk.  34,  from  Monterey,  is  doubtless  Simniondsia  Cali- 
fm-nica,  Nutt. 

1.   EUONYMUS,  Tourn.        Spindle-tree.     Bukning-bush. 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  widely  spreading.     Stamens  as  many,  very  short,  on  a 

broad  angled  disk.     Ovary  immersed  in  the  disk,  3  -5-celled  :  style  short  or  none. 

Capsule  3  -  5-lobed  and  3  -  5-valved,  loculicidal,  coriaceous,  colored,  often  warty. 

Seeds  1  to  4  in  each  coll,  covered  with  a  lloshy  red  aril.  —  Shrubs,  with  4-anglod 

branches,  opposite  petioled  serrate  glabrous  leaves,  and  llowers  in  loose  cymes  on 

axillary  peduncles. 

A  genus  of  about  40  .species,  chiefly  of  Asia  and  Europe  ;  two  or  three  in  tiie  Atlantic  States, 
and  one  in  Califyriiia. 

1.  E.  occidentalis,  Nutt.  A  shrub  7  to  15  feet  high,  with  slender  upright 
greenish  brandies  :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  on  short  petioles:  [leduncles  slender,  1  -  4-llowered :  llowers  dark 
brown,  4  to  6  lines  in  diameter,  the  parts  in  fives  :  fruit  smooth,  deeply  lobed.  — 
Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  74.      E.  atropurpureus  (?),  Hook.  Fl.  i.  119. 

From  Tomales  Bay  (Bu/elmv)  northward  to  the  Columbia  River.  Resembling  E.  atropurpureus, 
Jacq.,  of  the  Atlantic  States,  whicli  has  more  numerous  and  smaller  4-merous  flowers. 

2.  PACHYSTIMA,  Kaf. 

Calyx  with  a  short  oboonical  tube,  and  4  rounded  lobes.      Petals  4.     Stamens  4, 

short,  inserted  at  the  edge  of  the  broad  ilisk  which  lines  the  calyx-tube.     Ovary 

free,  2-celled  :  style  very  short.     Capsule  small,  oblong,  coriaceous,  2-valved,  1-2- 

seeded,   at  length  loculicidally   dehiscent.     Seeds  enclosed  in  a  white   many-cleft 

membranaceous  aril.  —  Low  evergreen  shrubs  ;  leaves  smooth,  opposite,  very  shortly 

petioled,  serrulate;  llowers  small,  green,  in  one  -  few-flowered  axillary  cymes. 

A  genus  of  two  species,  the  second  {F.  Canhiji,  Gray)  known  from  a  single  locality  in  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  in  Virginia. 


Zizijphus.  HHAMNACK.E.  99 

1.  P.  Myrsinites,  Kuf.  Much  hmnohod,  a  foot  or  two  high,  leafy:  leaves 
ovate  to  ohloiii,'  or  ohlauceolate,  J  to  1  ^  inc-hes  long,  cuncate  at  baso,  scrnito  or  ser- 
rulate, obtuse  or  acutish  :  flowers  a  line  in  diameter,  on  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long  : 
fruit  2  lines  long,  smooth.  —  Ilex  (I)  Myrsinites,  Pursli.  Mi/ginda  myrlifolia,  Nutt.  ; 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  120,  t.  41.      Oreophila  myrtifolia,  Kutt.  ;  Torr.  k.  Gray,  Fl.  i.  25'J. 

Hillsides  on  the  South  Yuba  {Bigdow)  ;  Mt.  Shasta,  at  4,000  to  5,000  feet  {Brewer)  ;  north- 
ward in  the  mouiitainH  to  British  Columbia,  and  in  the  Kocky  Mountains  ranging  south  to  New 
Mexico. 

Order  XXVII.     RHAMNACE^. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  undivided  leaves,  small  and  often  caducous 

stipules,  and  small  regular  flowers  ;  well  distinguished  from  the  related  orders  by 

the  valvate  aestivation  of  the  calyx,  and  the  perigynous  stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes 

and  alternate  with  them  ;  the  ovules  solitary  (rarely  in  pairs)  nnd  erect  in  the  2  to 

4  cells  of  the  ovary.  —  Flowers  sometimes  polygamo-dioccious,  often  apctalous.     A 

con.spicuous  disk  adnate  to  or  lining  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx.     Petals  often 

unguiculate,  mostly  involute  each  around  a  stamen  in   the  bud.     Ovary  either  free 

or  adnate  by  the  disk  to  the  tube  or  base  of  the  calyx  :  style  or  stigma  2  -  4-lobed. 

Seeds  solitary   in   the  cells,   anatropous,  with  a  large  straight   embryo   in  sparing 

fleshy  albumen  :  cotyledons  flat  or  plano-convex  :  radicle  short. 

A  widely  distributed  order,  of  between  30  nnd  40  genera  ami  four  or  five  hundred  speeies,  of 
wliich  (^ranotliHs  is  the  only  extensive  North  American  genus.  The  herbage  has  some  bitternes.s 
and  astringeney,  and  the  fruit  when  fleshy  or  juicy  is  commonly  mawkish  or  nauseous,  but  edible 
in  Ziz]i)>hiis,  one  species  of  which  furnishes  the  basis  of  .Injube  paste. 

*   Fiuit  with  a  single  1  -  3-cellcd  hard  stone. 

1.  Zizyphus.     Cells  1-ovule.d.     Leaves  alternate,  not  punctate.     Spiny  .shnibs. 

2.  Karwinksia.     Cells  2-ovuled.     Leaves  opposite,  pellucid-punctate.     Unarmed. 

*  *  Fruit  berry-like  or  dry,  containing  2  to  4  separating  seed-like  nutlets. 

3.  RhamnuB.     Caly.x  and  disk  free  from  the  ovary;  calyx-lobes  erect  or  spreading.      Petals 

smdll,  short-claweil,  or  none.     Filaments  very  short.     Fruit  l)crry-liko,  with  2  to  4  mostly 
iiideliiscnnt  nutlets.      Leaves  niternato. 

4.  Adolphia,     Disk   coveriuw   the  calyx-tube,    free   from  the   ovary  ;    calyx-lolws   spreading. 

Petals  short-spntulate,  liooiled.      Fniit  dry,  with  3  dehiscent  nutlets.      Spinose  :  leaves 
opposite  and  very  small,  or  none. 

5.  Ceanothus.     Calyx  and  disk  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  calyx-lobes  connivent.    Petals 

long-elawed,  hooded.      Filaments  exsertcd.     Fniit  dry,  with  3  dehi.scent  nutlets. 

1.  ZIZYPHUS,  luss. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  with  acute  spreading  lobes;  the  disk  filling  the  broadly  turbinate 
tube.  Petals  5,  hoodtnl,  deflexod.  Ovary  connate  with  the  disk  at  biw,  2-celled  or 
rarely  3-4-colled;  cells  1-ovuled:  styles  2  to  4,  free  or  united.  Hrupe  fleshy, 
with  a  woody  2  -  3-celled  nut.  —  Spiny  shrubs  or  trees  ;  with  thick  alternate  leaves, 
mostly  3-r)-nerved;  stipides  small  and  deciduous  or  spinulescent  ;  flowers  small, 
greenish,  in  axillary  cymas  ;  fruit  often  edibh-. 

About  50  species,  chiefly  of  Fgypt  an<l  Southern  Asia.  Three  species  are  found  in  the  region 
between  the  (!ulf  of  Mexico  nnd  tiie  Pmific,  wjlii  the  hiibit  rnllicrof  the  American  goiius  Cnu- 
ihiliif,  iiutl  with  characters  which  tend  to  the  union  of  the  two  genera.  Another  scarcely  distinct 
genus  is  MirrorhnTiinn.i,  Gray  (referred  to  CoiuUtlia  by  Haillun),  of  n  single  8|>c«.'ies,  inhabiting 
Arizona  ami  New  Mexico. 

1.  Z.  Parryi,  Torrey.  Much  branched,  4  to  If)  feet  high,  glabrous;  the  smooth 
flexnous  bninclif's  armed  with  stmight  leafy  sjiincs:  Ir.ives  obovate.  obtuse  i>r  refuse, 


100  EUAAINACEJi.  KurwinsUu. 

entire,  G  to  10  lines  lung,  iiltenuuto  into  a  slioit  sleiulcr  petiole,  coriuceuua,  jienni- 
nerved ;  stipules  minute,  deeiduoua  :  peduncles  1  -  3  Uowored,  recurved  in  I'ruit  : 
fruit  nearly  dry,  ovate,  upiculate,  IVoe  iVuiu  the  disk,  6  to  8  lines  long,  lemon-yellow ; 
peduncle  half  an  inch  long:  nut  very  thick  and  hard,  1  -  3-celled,  l-3seeded: 
seed  narnjwly  oblong,  without  albumen:  embryo  green.  —  liot.  Mex.  liountl.  4G. 

Freijueut  in  gravelly  nniiius  near  San  Felipe,  San  Diego  Co.  {J'arrij,  '2'hurber)  ;  Kock  Ilouao 
Suuunit,  in  same  region  {Dunn,  Palmer)  ;  east  of  San  Bernardino,  Parry. 

2.   KARWINSKIA,  Zuccarini. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  acute  lobes  carinate  or  spurred  within  near  the  apex.  Petals 
5,  hooded,  with  short  claws.  Disk  covering  the  calyx-tube.  Ovary  subglobose,  not 
adnate  to  the  disk,  2  -  3-celled  :  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  collateral :  style  2  -  3-lobed 
at  the  apex.  Drupe  surrounded  at  base  by  tlie  calyx,  apiculate  :  nut  thin,  1-2- 
celled  ;  the  cells  1-seeded.  Seed  obovate,  with  thin  albumen.  —  Unarmed  shrubs  ; 
with  somewhat  opposite  entire  petioled  leaves,  penninerved  and  pellucid  punctate  ; 
stipules  membranaceous,  deciduous ;  flowers  small,  in  axillary  cymes. 

A  genus  of  only  2  or  3  aiiccies,  Mexican  unil  in  the  adjacent  region  on  tlie  north. 

*  1.  K.  Humboldtiana,  Zucc.  More  or  less  pubescent,  2  to  G  le(!t  high  or 
more,  with  straight  brownish  glandular  branches  :  leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  ^  to  2 
inches  long,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute,  shortly  petioled,  rather  thick, 
more  or  less  ferruginous  :  peduncles  short,  several-ilowered,  mostly  1 -fruited  :  ma- 
ture fruit  ovoid,  fleshy,  3  to  4  lines  long,  1  -  3-seeded. 

Throughout  nortlieni  Mexico,  in  W.  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  Lower  California,  and  probably 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State. 

3.  RHAMNUS,  Linn.  Bucktuoun. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-diuicious.  Calyx  4 -5-cleft,  with  erect  or  spreading 
lobes,  the  campanulato  tube  lined  with  the  disk  and  persistent.  Petals  4  or  5,  or 
none,  on  the  margin  of  the  disk  ;  claws  short.  Stamens  4  or  5  :  hlaments  very 
short.  Ovary  ovoid,  free,  2-4-celled:  style  short,  3-4-cleft.  Drupe  baccate, 
containing  2  to  4  bony  or  cartilaginous  1-seeded  luitlets,  mostly  indeluscent.  Seed 
obovate.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees  ;  with  alternate  petioled  pinnately  veined  leaves, 
small  deciduous  stipules,  and  axillary  cymose  or  racemose  small  greenish  flowers. 

About  60  species,  most  frucjuent  in  the  temperate  regions  of  Europe  and  Asia.  The  N.  Ameri- 
can species  are  six,  divided  e(pially  between  tht;  eastern  and  western  coasts. 

§  1.  Seeds  and  nutlets  deeply  sulcate  or  concave  on  the  back,  the  rhaphe  in  the  hollow  : 
cotyledons  foliaceous,  with  recurved  margins  :  fioivers  mostly  dioecious,  solitary 
or  fascicled  in  the  axils.  —  Rhamnus  proper. 

1.  R.  alnifolia,  L'ller.  A  shrub,  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  deciduous,  ovate- 
oblong,  acute  at  each  end  or  acuminate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  crenately  serrate,  the 
slender  petioles  slightly  pubendent:  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  stamens  5:  i^itals  want- 
ing :  fruit  black,  obovate,  3-lobed,  three  lines  long,  equalling  the  pedicels.  —  liook. 
Fh  i.  122,  t.  42. 

Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon.     Washington  Territory,  and  eastward  to  Canada  and  New  England. 

2.  R.  crocea,  Nutt.  Much  branched,  3  to  15  feet  high,  the  young  branches 
pubescent :  leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  oblong  or  obovate  to  orbicular,  obtuse  or 
retuse  or  acute,  equally  variable  at  base,  3  to  18  lines  long,  acutely  and  often  glan- 
dularly  denticulate,  glabrous,  usually  more  or  less  yellowish  brown  or  cojjper-colored 
beneath ;  petioles  a  lino  long  or  less  :  flowers  tetramerous,  apetalous  :  fruit  about 


Adolphia.  RHAMNACE^..  IQI 

three  lines  long,  obovoid,  2  -  41obed  and  2  -  4-seeded,  bright  red.  — Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  261.     R.  ilicifolius,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  36. 

Hillsides  and  mountains,  from  San  Diego  northward  to  Clear  Lake,  Yosemite  Valley,  and  the 
Upper  Sacramento  and  eastward  into  Arizona.  Wood  yellow  or  dark-colored,  very  fine-grained 
and  heavy  ;  the  foliage  very  variable.  The  ripe  berries  are  much  used  by  the  Indians  for 
food,  and  their  veins  are  said  to  become  tinged  by  a  deposition  of  the  red  coloring  matter. 

§  2.   Seeds  and  nutlets  convex  on  the  hack,  the  rhaphe  lateral :  cotyledons  fleshy,  flat : 
flowers  mostly  perfect,  in  pedunculate  cymes. —  KiiANdUiiA,  {Fratif/nla,  JJi'oiign.) 

3.  R.  Californlca,  ICHchflcholtz.  A  sproadiug  HJinili,  4  to  18  loot  higli ;  young 
branclioa  soinovvliat  toinontoso  :  leaves  ovato-oblong  to  olliptiiml,  1  to  4  inches  long, 
^  to  1  ^  wide,  acute  or  obtuse,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  denticulate  or  nearly  entire, 
evergreen  :  peduncles  with  numerous  mostly  abortive  flowers  in  subumbellate  fas- 
cicles :  calyx  usually  5-cloft :  petals  very  small,  broadly  ovate,  emarginate  :  fruit  black- 
ish purple,  with  thin  pulp,  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter,  2-  3-lobed  and  2  -  3-seeded.  — 
B.  oleifolius,  Ilook.  Fl.  i.  123,  t.  44.     Fran.gula  Californica,  Gray,  Gen.  111.  ii.  178, 

Var.  tomentella.  Densely  white-tomentose,  especially  on  the  lower  side  of  the 
leaves.  —  Ii.  tomentelltts,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  303.  Frangula  Californica,  var.  tomen- 
tella. Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  28. 

Throughout  California  from  the  Upper  Sacramento  and  Klamath  Lake  to  Santa  Barbara  and 
Fort  Tejon.  The  variety  extends  to  the  southern  boundary  and  eastward  through  Arizona  to  New 
Mexico. 

4.  R.  Furshiana,  DC.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  20  feet  high  ;  young 
branches  tomentose  :  leaves  elliptic,  2  to  7  inches  long,  1  to  3  wide,  mostly  acute, 
obtuse  at  base,  denticidate,  decidiious,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath  :  flowers  rather 
large,  in  a  somewhat  umbellate  cyme:  sepals  5 ;  petals  minute,  cucullate,  bifid  at  the 
apex  :  fruit  black,  broadly  obovoid,  4  lines  long,  3-lobcd  and  3-seodod.  —  Hook. 
Fl.  i.  123,  t.  43;  Torr.  k  Gray,  Fl.  i.  262. 

Mendocino  County,  and  northward  to  the  British  Boundary. 

4.   ADOLPHIA,  Meisner. 

Calyx  hemispherical,  with  spreading  lobes ;  the  tube  lined  with  the  thin  disk. 
Petals  5,  sjiatulate,  hooded,  covering  the  anthers,  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the 
throat  of  the  calyx,  equalling  the  sepals.  Ovary  subglobose,  free,  smooth,  3-celled  : 
style  slender,  jointed  near  the  base  and  at  length  deciduoiis  :  stigma  3-lobed.  Fruit 
coriaceous,  surrounded  nearly  to  the  middle  by  the  free  calyx  ;  the  3  cells  dehiscent 
on  the  inner  angle.  Seed  convex  on  the  back  :  cotyledons  rounded.  —  Shrubs  with 
numerous  opposite  spinose  branches ;  leaves  small  (or  none),  opposite,  entire  ;  stip- 
ules small,  brown,  rigid  and  subpersistent ;  flowers  small,  in  axillary  fascicles. 
Only  the  following  species  are  known. 

1.  A.  Californica,  "Watson.  In  large  dense  clumps  two  feet  high  :  branches 
terete,  with  spreading  spiny  branchlets,  puberulent :  leaves  orbicular  to  oblong- 
ovate,  often  retuse,  a  line  or  two  long,  abruptly  attenuate  to  a  slender  petiole  : 
flowers  greenish,  two  lines  broad,  on  pedicels  as  long  as  the  leaves  :  petals  rather 
broadly  hooded  :  fruit  two  lines  in  diameter ;  the  short  styles  jointed  at  the  very 
base.— Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  126.    A.  infesta,  Torr.  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  45,  in  part. 

At  Solcdnd  and  in  Cliollns  Valley,  near  Snn  Diogo  {Pnrry,  Cleveland,  Palmer) ;  also  at  Mon- 
terey, Piirry. 

A.  TNFERTA,  Moisuer.  Resembling  the  last  :  three  to  four  foot  high  :  loaves  linear  to  oblong- 
lanccolato,  mucroniito,  attenuate  to  a  short  poHole,  2  to  6  linos  long  :  ]>otnl8  narrowly  hooded : 
stylo  a  line  long,  ji)iiitcd  above  the  base  and  leaving  the  capsule  apiculato.  —  Mexico,  ranging 
into  New  Mexico  ami  Arizona. 


102  RHAAliNACJ^.i^).  Ceanothus. 

5.  CEANOTHUS,  Lian. 
Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  acute,  connivent ;  disk  thick,  adnate  to  the  turbinate  or 
hemispherical  tube  ami  to  the  ovary.  Petals  on  lung  claws,  hooded.  Stamens  5  ; 
iilaments  lilii'orni,  long-exserted.  Ovary  3  lobod  :  style  short,  3-clelt.  Drupe  sub- 
globose,  3dol)ed,  surrouuilcd  at  base  by  the  adnate  calyx-tube,  soon  dry  ;  the  3 
crustaceons  nutlets  at  length  separating  and  dehiscing  on  the  inner  edge.  Seed 
obovate,  convex  on  the  back  :  cotyledons  oval  or  obovate.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees, 
sometLines  spinescent ;  with  petioled  leaves,  and  showy  thyrsoid  or  cymose  flowers. 
—  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  333. 

Species  28,  of  which  Uirco  aro  Moxinin  luul  lour  in  Wm-  Atlantic  States,  tlie  oUicrs  lu-longinj; 
to  the  region  between  tlic  Kocky  Wonntains  and  the  I'acilic. 

§  1.   Leaves  all  alternate,  3-nerved  or  pimiafr/f/  veined,  ylandular-toothed  or  entire: 
fruit  not  crested.  — ('kanutiids  pnjper. 

*   Leaves  three- nerved  J'rotii  the  base. 

-{-  Erect,  the  branches  not  riijidly  divaricate  nor  spiny :  inflorescence  thyrsoid :  leaves 

usually  large,  (/land ular-sa-rul ate  {except  in  No.  3). 

1.  C.  thyrsiflorus,  Llschscholtz.  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  (5  to  16  feet  high, 
nearly  glabnuis ;  branches  strongly  augled  :  leaves  rather  thick,  oblong  to  oblong- 
ovate,  1  to  lA  inches  long,  usually  smooth  and  shining  above,  canescent  beneath: 
flowers  bright  blue,  in  dense  compound  racemes,  terminating  the  u.sually  elon- 
gated and  somewhat  leafy  ])eduncles.  —  Lindl.  l5ot.  Peg.  xxx,  t.  38;  jS'utt.  Sylva, 
ii.  44,  t.  57. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  tVoni  Monterey  to  Humboldt  County.  Known  as  "California  Lilac"  and 
often  cultivated. 

2.  C.  velutinus,  Dougl.  A  stout  diflusely  branching  shrub,  2  or  3  feet  high, 
usually  glabrous  :  leaves  thick,  broadly  ovate  or  elliptical,  1^  to  3  inches  long,  resi- 
nous and  shining  above,  sometimes  velvety  beneath  ;  pet'oles  stout,  half  an  inch 
long:  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  thyrse:  peduncles  usually  short.  —  Ilook.  PI.  i.  125, 
t.  45,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5 165. 

From  Northern  California  to  the  Columbia,  and  very  frefjuent  eastward  to  Colorado. 

3.  C.  integerrimus,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  more  slenderly  branched  shrub,  2  to  6 
feet  high,  glabrous  or  soon  becoming  so,  rarely  pubescent ;  branches  terete,  usually 
warty  :  leaves  thin,  bright  green,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long,  entire 
or  very  rarely  slightly  glandular-serrulate,  on  slender  petioles  2  io  0  lines  long  : 
thyrse  often  large  and  open,  terminating  the  slender  branches  or  axillary  and  rather 
shortly  peduncled,  mostly  white-flowered.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  329.  C.  Californicus, 
Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  55.      O.  Neuadensis,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  ii.  152,  lig.  45. 

Var.  (1)  parvifolius,  Watson.  Of  very  slender  habit,  wholly  glabrous  :  leaves 
much  smaller,  about  half  an  inch  lung,  shortly  petioled  :  flowers  light  blue,  in 
rather  short  simple  racemes.  —  Proc.  Am.   Acad.  x.   334. 

Frequent  in  the  mountains  I'rom  Central  California  to  the  Columbia.  The  variety,  seeming 
to  run  into  the  typical  form,  is  confined  to  the  Siena  Nevada,  from  Yosemite  Valley  northward. 

-«-  +-  Lotv,  the  branches  not  rigidly  divaricate  nor  spiny :  flowers  blue,  in  short  simple 
racemes  or  pedunculate  clusters  :  leaves  small,  glandular-serrate. 

4.  C,  dentatus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Erect,  hirsutely  pubescent  or  rarely  nearly  gla- 
brous :  leaves  |  to  1  inch  long,  usually  small  and  fascicled,  obovate  to  oblong-elliptic 
or  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  the  margin  becoming  strongly 
undulate  or  revolute  ;  the  smaller  leaves  apparently  pinnate-veined  and  often  more 
or  less  resinous  :  flowers  in  small  roundish  clusters,  on  naked  terminal  peduncles 


Ceanothm.  RHAMNACE^.  JQ3 

about  an  inch  long.  —  FI.  i.  2G8  ;  T<nT.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  46,  t.  10.     C.  Lohbi- 
amis,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4810.     C.  diversif alius,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  i.  58  ik  65  1 

On  dry  hills  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Santa  Barbara  (Miss  S.  A.  riummcr)  to  Mendocino  Co. 

5.  C.  decumbens,  Watson,  1.  c.  Slender,  trailing,  hirsutely  pubescent  with 
spreading  jiairs  :  leaves  rather  thin,  not  undulate,  ^  to  1^  inches  long,  elliptic- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  somewhat  cuneate  at  base,  the  greenish  glands  upon  the 
teeth  usually  stipitato  :  flowers  in  short  dense  shortly  j)eduncled  racemes,  which  are 
about  half  an  inch  long  or  loss.  —  C.  soreJiatus,  var.,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  74. 

Frequent  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  the  Mariposa  Grove  northward. 

-«-   -t-  -{-  Erect,  with  usuaUy  rigid  divaricate  or  spinose  branches :  flowers  in  simple 

racemes  or  clusters :  leaves  rather  small. 

++  Barely  or  never  spinose  :  leaves  glandular-serrate :  flowers  blue,  racemose. 

6.  C.  hirsutUS,  Nutt.  Silky-pubescent  with  soft  subappressed  or  spreading 
hairs,  or  sometimes  hirsute ;  the  branches  rather  rigid  and  said  to  be  sometimes 
spinose  :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  usually  subcordate  or  rounded  at  base  and 
acute  at  the  apex,  |  to  1 1  inches  long,  not  smooth  above  :  flowers  in  simple  axillary 
and  terminal  racemes,  1  to  3  inches  long,  or  rarely  thyrsoid.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i 
266.     C.  oliganthus,  Nutt.  in  same. 

About  Santa  Barbara,  and  in  the  Santa  Susanna  Mountains,  Nuttall,  Wallace,  Brewer. 

7.  C.  SOrediatus,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Branches  nearly  glabrous,  the  inflorescence 
pubescent :  leaves  smooth  above,  more  or  less  tomentose  beneatli  or  rarely  nearly 
glabro>is,  silky  on  the  nerves,  oblong-ovato,  ^  to  li^  inchos  long,  Rubcordato  or 
rounded  or  ol'tnn  acutish  at  base,  acut(?  or  obtuse  at  the  npex  :  11o\V(M\s  in  shortly 
podunclod  8imi)lo  racemes,  |  to  2  inches  long.  —  Jiot.  Ik^echey,  328.  C.  nitidus, 
Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  75.     C.  azureus,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  i.  55. 

From  San  Diego  to  the  Sacramento. 
++  ++  Branches  mostly  spinose,  grayish :  leaves  usually  entire,  somewhat  coriaceous : 
floivers  mostly  white,  racemose. 

8.  C.  divaricatus, 'Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-ovate  or 
ovate,  J  to  I^  inches  long,  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  obtuse  above,  not  tomentose 
beneath  :  flowers  light  blue  or  white,  in  nearly  simple  often  elongated  racemes,  1  to 
4  inches  long :  fruit  resinous,  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  266. 

From  San  Diego  northward  to  Oregon.     The  spines  often  wholly  wanting,  and  branches  green. 

9.  C.  incanus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  hoary  beneath  with  a  very  minute 
tomentum,  broadly  ovate  to  elliptic,  |  to  2  inches  long,  cuneate  to  cordate  at  base, 
acutish  or  obtuse  at  apex  :  flowers  in  short  racemes  :  fruit  resinously  warty,  over 
two  lines  in  diameter.  —  Fl.  i.  265  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  328. 

From  Santa  Cruz  to  Lake  County  ;  a  large  straggling  shrub  on  the  banks  of  creeks. 

10.  C.  COrdulatUB,  Kellogg.  Hirsutely  pubescent  with  short  erect  or  spread- 
ing hairs  :  loaves  (ival-olliptic,  |  to  1^  inches  long,  cuneate  to  subcordate  at  base, 
usually  rounded  and  sometimes  serrate  at  the  apex,  theserraturos  scarcely  glandular  : 
flowers  white,  in  short  simple  racemes,  an  inch  long  or  loss  :  fruit  smaller,  not  resin- 
ously dotted.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  124,  flg.  39.  C.  divaricatus,  var.  eglandulosus, 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  51. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Yosemite  northward.  Low,  flat-topped,  and  much  spreading  ; 
known  as  "Snowbush." 

*  *  Leaves  pinnately  veined:  flowers  blue.     (Small-leaved  forms  of  C.  dentatus  may 
be  referred  here.) 

11.  C.  spinosus,  Nutt.l.  c.  Becoming  a  small  tree,  20  to  30  feet  high,  with  rigid 
and  somewhat  spiny  branchlets,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  somewhat  coriaceous, 


104 


KHAMNACE^.  Ceanothus. 


entire,  oblong,  9  to  15  lines  long,  obtuse  or  retuse,  somewhat  cuneate  at  base,  on 
slender  petioles  2  to  4  lines  long :  ilowers  deep  blue,  in  a  tliyrse  or  in  simple  ra- 
cemes, very  liagrunt :  iVuit  resinously  coated,  2i  to  '6  lines  in  iliameter. 

From  Santa  Harlinia  to  Los  Aiij,'ulos,  A'ullall,  Parnj,  Jircwer.  Conniioiily  known  in  UkiI 
region  us  "  luiilwood,"  IVoni  tlio  color  ol'  lim  linilHir,  wliidi  is  of  aullicicut  hi/.o  to  liu  of  viiluo. 

lli.  C.  papillosus,  Torr.  Si  (jiuy.  More  or  less  hiapidly  villous  or  tomentose, 
4  to  6  feet  higli  :  leaves  glandular-serrulate,  and  the  upper  surface  glandular- papillose, 
narrowly  oblong,  1  to  2  inches  long,  obtuse  at  each  end,  on  slender  petioles  :  flowers 
in  close  clusters  or  short  racemes,  terminating  slender  naked  pedun(;les  :  fruit  I  ^ 
lines  broad,  not  resinous.  —  la  i.  2G8 ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  272  ;  Bot.  ]\Iag.  t.  4815. 

Ill  the  Coast  Kuii^'cs  honi  Monterey  to  San  Francisco,  Douglas,  Bolander,  Gray. 

13.  C.  floribundus,  Hook.  Pilose-scabrous:  leaves  small,  W  to  4  lines  long, 
oblong,  acute,  ghuKlularly  denticulate  anil  undulate,  shortly  petioled  :  flowers  in 
globose  clusters  sessile  at  the  ends  of  the  short  branchlets.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4806. 

This  species  is  as  yet  known  only  hoin  the  liguro  and  orij^inal  ilescriiition  drawn  from  culti- 
vated specimens.      IJut  for  the  peculiar  inlloiescence  it  miglit  be  a  form  of  C.  dcnlalua. 

14.  C.  Veitchianus,  Hook.  Glabrous  nearly  throughout:  leaves  thick,  obo- 
vate-cuneate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  glandular-serrate,  smooth  and  shining  above, 
minutely  tomentose  beneath  between  the  veinlets,  0  to  9  lines  long,  on  short  stout 
petioles  :  flowers  bright  blue,  in  dense  crowdetl  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  leafy 
bmnchcs.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5127. 

Also  unknown  from  wild  specimens.     Raised  from  seeds  sent  by  T,  Bridges. 

§  2.  Leaves  small,  often  opposite,  very  thick,  vrith  numerous  straight  lateral  veins, 
sjmioselt/  toothed  or  entire :  stipules  mostli/  larye  and  xoarty:  Jlowei's  in  sessile  or 
shortly  peduncled  axillary  clusters :  fruit  larger,  xolth  three  horn-like  oi'  warty 
prominences  below  the  summit :  rigidly  branched  or  rarely  spiny  shrubs.  — 
CEiiAaTi^a,  Watson. 

15.  C.  crassifolius,  Torr.  Krect,  4  to  12  feet  high,  the  young  branchlets 
white  with  a  villous  tonn^itum  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  \  to  1  inch  long,  obtu.se  or 
retuse,  more  or  less  tomentose  beneath,  rarely  entire  and  revolutely  margined  ;  peti- 
oles stout :  flowers  light  blue  or  white,  in  dense  very  shortly  peduncled  clusters.  — 
Pacif.  R  Hep.  iv.  75\fe  Mex.  Bound.  4G,  t.  11. 

lu  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Mendocino  County  to  San  Diego  ;  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer. 

16.  C.  cuneatus,  Nutt.  Erect,  3  to  12  feet  high,  less  tomentose  or  nearly 
smooth  :  leaves  cuneate-obovate  or  -oblong,  rounded  or  retuse  above,  on  rather  slen- 
der petioles,  entire  or  very  rarely  few-toothed  :  flowers  white  or  occasionally  light 
blue,  in  rather  loose  clusters. — lorr.  &  Oray,  Fl.  i.  267.  C.  verrucosus,  Nutt.  1.  c.  ; 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  46G0.  C.  macrocarpus,  Nutt.  1.  c,  and  C.  megacarpus,  Nutt. 
Sylva,  ii.  46. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  Santa  Barbara  ;  CJuadalupe  Island,  Paluier. 

17.  C.  rigidus,  Nutt.  Erect,  5  feet  high,  the  branchlets  tomentose  :  leaves  2  to 
5  lines  long,  cuneate-oblong  or  usually  very  broadly  nbovate,  often  emarginate,  few- 
toothed  above,  very  shortly  petioled  :  flowers  bright  blue,  in  sessile  clusters.  — Torr. 
Sl  (Jray,  Kl.  i.  268  ;  Hook.  Hot.  Mag.  t.  4664;  Torrey,  Hot.  Mex.  Bound.  45,  t.  9. 

About  Monloroy,  ami  rcporlod  also  from  Oakland. 

18.  C.  prostratus,  Benth.  Prostrate,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  3  to  12  lines 
long,  obovate  or  usually  oblong-cuneate,  mostly  spinose  only  near  the  apex,  on  short 
slender  petioles  :  flowers  bright  blue,  tlie  clusters  loose,  on  stout  peduncles.  —  PI. 
Ilartw.  302.     C.  cuneatus,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  55  ] 

Frequent  in  the  mountains,  on  shaded  slopes,  from  Humboldt  County  and  the  Upper  Sacra- 
mento to  Mariposa  County,  and  also  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 


Vitis,  SAPINDACE^.  105 


Order  XXVIII.    VITACE^. 

Woody  plants,  mostly  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  a  watery  more  or  less  acid  juice, 
branchlets  articulated  and  often  thickened  at  the  nodes,  usually  palniately  veined  or 
lobed  or  compound  alternate  leaves,  panicled  cymose  or  thyrsoid  inflorescence,  small 
greenish  or  whitish  flowers,  and  a  baccate  fruit ;  distinguisljed  from  the  related 
orders  by  a  minute  trnncato  or  4  -  5-toothcd  calyx,  caducous  or  early  deciduous 
petals  valvate  in  the  btul,  and  tlie  stamens  (as  in  Rhamnacejr)  of  the  same  number 
as  these  (4  or  5)  and  opposite  them.  —  Flowers  very  commonly  polygamous  or  dioe- 
cious. Style  short  or  conical :  stigma  depressed,  hardly  lobed.  Ovules  in  pairs  or 
solitary  in  the  cells  of  the  ovary,  erect,  anatropous.  Seeds  with  a  thick  and  bony 
coat.     Embryo  minute  in  cartilaginous  albumen.     Stipules  sometimes  manifest. 

About  250  species,  in  3  or  4  genera,  the  principal  one  being  the  typical  genus. 

1.   VITIS,  Tourn.        Guape. 

Calyx  very  short  or  small;  the  border  often  obsolete,  and  the  tube  filled  with  the 
fleshy  disk,  which  bears  the  4  or  5  thick  caducous  petals  and  the  distinct  stamens, 
and  in  which  the  base  of  the  ovary  is  commonly  immersed.  Ovary  2-celled  :  ovules 
and  usually  the  seeds  a  pair  in  each  cell.  —  Tendrils  and  flower-clusters  opposite  the 
leaA'es ;  the  former  almost  always  at  least  once  forked. 

In  true  Grapes  tlie  Eastern  United  States  arc  richer  in  species  than  any  otlicr  part  of  the  world, 
having  7  or  8  species,  four  of  which  have  given  rise  to  vaUia])le  or  promising  cultivated  varieties. 
The  Californian  species  is  unpromising. 

V.  yiNiFERA,  Linn.,  the  Vine  of  the  Old  World,  however,  flourishes  in  California  much  better 
than  in  any  other  of  the  United  States,  and  some  varieties  have  long  been  in  cultivation. 

1.  V.  Californica,  Benth.  Leaves  tomentose  or  canescent,  especially  beneath, 
about  3  inches  in  diameter,  round-cordate  with  a  deep  and  narrow  sinus,  obtuse, 
rather  coarsely  serrate  and  often  somewhat  3-lobed  :  fruit  4  lines  in  diameter,  in 
rather  large  clusters,  purple,  covered  with  bloom:  seed  broad. — Bot.  Sulph.  10; 
Engolm.  in  Am.  Naturalist,  i.  321  k\^  ix.  201). 

Ahmg  fltronms,  from  San  Diego  nortl\wnrd  to  Rnssian  IMvcr  and  llio  Sacramento  Valley.  Tho 
flavor  or  the  fruit  is  rather  pleasant ;  its  value  for  cnltivation  lias  not  been  tested.  Tho  Indians 
of  tlio  Sacramento  Valley  call  it  Vavmee. 

V.  Arizonica,  Engelm.,  Am.  Naturalist,  ix.  269,  is  an  allied  species  of  Arizona  and  S.  Utah, 
and  may  be  looked  for  in  San  Bernardino  Co.  The  leaves  are  smaller,  floccose-tomentose  at  first, 
at  length  glabrous  and  shining,  the  sinus  broader,  the  lobes  and  teeth  much  more  acute  ;  fruit 
small,  in  small  clusters,  said  to  be  quite  luscious.     It  should  be  tested  under  cultivation. 

Order  XXIX.    SAPINDACEiE. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  sometimes  herbs,  mostly  with  compound  or  lobed  leaves,  usu- 
ally with  unsymmetrical  or  irregular  flowers  and  ovules  few  but  seldom  solitary ; 
the  order  (mainly  tropical)  nearly  impossible  to  define  as  a  whole,  and  of  which  our 
few  representatives  belong  to  almost  as  many  suborders  as  genera  :  these  more  use- 
fully characterized  under  the  suborders. 

SuDonDER  I.     SAPINDACEyE  proper. 

Flowers  polygamous,  irregular  or  unsymmetrical ;  tho  stamens  more  numerous 
than  the  petals,  seldom  twice  as  many.     Seeds  without  albumen.     Stipules  none. 


106  SAPINDACE.ii:.  JEsculus. 

Cardiospermum  is  represented  in  Lower  Californin  by  a  single  species  (C.  toi-luosum,  Benth. 
Bot.  Sulph.  9,  t.  6),  and  in  cultivation  by  the  Balloon  Vine  (C.  Hulicacabum,  Linn.),  which  is 
native  iVoni  Texas  tliroudi  Tropical  America.  The  .species  are  climbers,  with  bituniatc  leaves, 
and  bladdery  inllated  3-lobcd  and  3-celled  capsules. 

1.  2jSCu1us.     Leaves  opposite,  palmately  5-9-foliolate.     Calyx  tubular.     Petals  4  or  5,  with 

claws.     Ovules  (5,  a  pair  in  eacli  cell  of  the  ovary,  only  one  or  two  maturing  into  the  large 
chestnut-like  seed. 

Suborder  II.     ACERINEiE. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  regular,  often  without  petals.  Ovary  2-lobed 
and  2-celled  ;  the  celb  2-ovuled  but  only  1 -seeded,  each  producing  a  wing  and  be- 
coming a  samara.  Seed  without  albumen  ;  llu'  embryo  coiled  or  folded.  Leaves 
opposite,  without  stipules. 

2.  Acer.     Leaves  palmately  lobeil  or  rarely  divided.     Flowers  polygamous. 
'6.  Negundo.     Leaves  pinnate.     Flowers  dioecious,  apetalous. 

Suborder  III.     STAPHYLEACILE. 

Flowers  perfect,  regular,  and  symmetrical  excei)t  the  pistil.  Fruit  capsular, 
mostly  several-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  bony  coat,  and  a  straight  embryo  with  broad 
flat  cotyledons,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

4.  Staphylea.     Erect  and  unguiculnte  petals  and  stamens  5.     Styles  and  lobes  of  the  bladdery 

several-seeded  capsule  3.     Leaves  opposite  and  compound,  stipulate  and  stipellate. 

Anomalous  Genus. 

5.  QloSBopetalon.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  and  the  slender  spreading  petals  5.    Stamens  10.    Pistil 

a  single  2-ovuled  carpel,  in  fruit  a  cartilaginous  follicle  :  style  hardly  any.     Leaves  alter- 
nate, simple  and  entire,  with  small  adnate  stipules. 

1.  iESCULUS,  Linn.        Huksk-chestnut.     Buckeye. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  tubular,  unequally  5-toothed.  Petals  4  or  5,  un- 
equal, with  claws.  Stamens  5  to  8,  exserted  and  often  unequal.  Ovary  3-celled  : 
ovules  2  in  each  cell,  one  or  both  abortive  :  style  elongated.  Fruit  a  large  leathery 
loculicidally  3-valved  pod.  Seed  without  albumen ;  its  coat  thick  and  shining, 
showing  a  large  round  scar.  Cotyledons  large  and  fleshy,  somewhat  coherent.  — 
Trees  or  shrubs  ;  leaves  opposite,  digitate,  without  stipules ;  leaflets  serrate,  pin- 
nately  veined ;  flowers  showy,  on  jointed  ])odicels,  in  a  large  terminal  tliyrse  or 
panicle,  mostly  sterile. 

A  genus  of  about  15  species,  nearly  half  North  American,  two  in  the  mountains  of  Central 
America,  the  rest  in  Asia.  Tiie  Horse-chestnut,  ^E.  HippocasUnmm,  Linn.,  originally  from  Asia, 
is  often  seen  in  cultivation,  and  grows  to  be  a  large  tree.  The  seeds  are  farinaceous  but  un- 
palatable and  unwholesome  ;  those  of  the  Californian  species  are  said  to  be  eaten  by  the  Indians. 

1.  JB.  Califomica,  Nutt.  Leaflets  4  to  7,  usually  5,  smooth,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute,  obtuse  at  base,  slenderly  potiolulate,  serrulate,  3  to  5  inches  long : 
flowers  in  a  close  finely  pubescent  thyrse  which  is  6  to  12  inches  long  :  calyx  2- 
lobed,  the  lobes  scarcely  toothed  :  petals  slightly  unequal,  white  or  pale  rose,  half 
an  inch  long  or  more  :  stamens  5  to  7  ;  anthers  orange-colored  :  ovary  densely 
pubescent:  fruit  unarmed,  usually  1 -seeded  :  seed  an  incli  in  diameter. — Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  251  ;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  69,  t.  64  ;  Newberry,  Pacif.  E.  Pep.  vi.  20,  fig. 
1  ;  Hook.  Bot.  :Mag.  t.  5077. 

From  San  Luis  Obispo  to  Mendocino  Co.  and  Mt.  Shasta,  and  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,     It  is  usually  a  shrub  10  to  15  feet  high,  but  sometimes  in  the  valleys,  particularly 


Acer.  SAriNDACR/E. 


107 


between  Monterey  and  Clear  Lake,  it  is  a  widely  branched  tree,  the  base  much  expanded  and  oc- 
casionally 6  feet  in  diameter,  the  trunk  half  as  large  and  brandling  low,  the  main  branches  1  to 
2  feet  thick,  the  whole  forming  a  dense  head  25  to  40  feet  high  and  of  still  greater  breadth.  In 
Way,  when  in  full  flower,  it  is  a  beautiful  tree,  but  the  leaves  often  fall  before  midsummer,  so 
that  for  much  of  the  year  it  is  bare.  Usually  only  two  or  three  flowers  in  each  thyrse  perfect 
their  fruit,  often  but  one.     The  wood  is  soft  and  brittle. 

2.  ACER,  Tourn.  Mapi.k. 
Flowors  polygaiuo-direcious.  Calyx  colored,  usually  5-lohe(l.  Petals  as  many  or 
none.  Stamens  3  to  12,  usually  8,  inserted  with  the  ])ctals  upon  a  lobed  disk- 
Ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled  :  ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell :  styles  2,  elongated.  Fruit  a 
double  samara  or  key,  divaricately  2-winged  above,  separable  at  maturity,  each 
1 -seeded.  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  large  and  thin,  variously  coiled  or  folded. 
—  Trees  or  shrubs ;  leaves  opposite,  palmately  lobed  (in  American  species),  without 
stijiules ;  flowers  small,  in  terminal  racemes,  umbel-like  corymbs,  or  fascicles,  the 
pedicels  not  jointed. 

About  50  species,  mostly  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Of  the  9  species  of  the  United  States 
5  are  confined  to  the  Atlantic  States,  some  of  them  valuable  forest  trees  and  extensively  planted 
for  shade  and  ornament.  The  other  species  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward  are  of  far  less 
importance.  The  wood  in  general  is  hard  and  close-grained,  and  sugar  is  made  from  the  sap  of 
several  species. 

*   Flowers  in  racemes :  body  of  the  fruit  hispid. 

1.  A.  macrophyllum,  Pursh.  A  tree,  50  to  90  feet  high,  2  or  3  feet  in  diam- 
eter :  leaves  G  to  10  inches  broad  or  more,  pubescent  when  young,  becoming  gla- 
brate,  cordate  with  a  deep  narrow  sinus,  deeply  3-5-clcft;  the  segments  sinuate  with 
2  or  3  acute  lobes  :  flowers  large,  iniincrous,  fragrant,  yellow,  in  crowded  pendulous 
racemes  3  to  6  inches  long,  appearing  after  the  leaves  :  calyx  2  or  3  lines  long  : 
petals  oblong  :  stamens  9  or  10,  with  hairy  filaments  :  fruit  densely  hairy,  the 
glabrous  wings  15  to  20  lines  long  and  more  or  less  divergent.  —Hook.  Fl.  i.  112, 
t.  38;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  77,  t.  67;  Newberry,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  21. 

In  mountain  ravines  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Fraser  River  ;  in  California  mostly  confined  to  the 
ranges  along  the  coast  and  not  so  large  as  in  Oregon,  where  it  is  sometimes  found  five  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  valuable  for  its  timber.  Tlie  wood  is  white,  hard,  and  takes  a  fine  polish.  The  bark  of 
the  trunk  is  light  gray,  on  the  younger  branches  green  with  stripes  of  lighter  color. 

*  *  Flowers  in  loose  umhel-like  corymbs  :  fruit  smooth. 

2.  A.  circinatum,  Pnrsh.  (Vinb-Maplic.)  A  shrub  or  small  tree  :  leaves  3  to 
5  inches  broad,  shortly  petioled,  somewhat  villous,  at  length  glabrous,  with  usually 
a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base,  rounded-cordate  with  a  broad  and  often  shallow  sinus, 

7  -  9-lobed  nearly  to  the  middle ;  the  lobes  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  :  corymbs 
loosely  10-20-flowered,  terminal  on  slender  2-leaved  branchlets^:  sepals  red  or  pur- 
ple, villous,  2  or  3  lines  long,  much  exceeding  the  greenish-white  petals  :  stamens 

8  ;  filaments  villous  at  base  :  fruit  10  to  14  lines  long,  the  wing.s  spreading  at  right 
angles  to  the  peduncle.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  112,  t.  39  ;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  80,  t.  68;  New- 
berry, Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  21. 

Northern  California,  in  pine  forests,  and  northward  to  British  Columbia  ;  in  this  State  a  mere 
shrub,  in  Oregon  sometimes  a  tree  30  or  40  feet  high.  In  moist  places  and  on  rich  alluvial  soils 
It  often  takes  complete  possession,  the  vine-like  steins  growing  in  clusters  from  the  same  root,  and 
themselves  striking  root  wherever  they  touch  the  ground  and  sending  out  numerous  offshoots. 
Thus  iutcrlnced  and  fastened  togetlier  tliny  form  dense  dark  thickets  almost  iniponetrable.  The 
wood  is  heavier  and  doser-grninod  than  in  the  last  sjmcie.s. 

3.  A.  glabrum,  Tnrr.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  :  leaves  glabrous,  2  to  4  inches 
broad,  rouudcd-cordato  in  outline  with  a  shallow  sinus,  laciniately  3-5-lobed,  more 
f»r  less  deeply  or  soraotimcs  completely  3-parted  ;  the  lobes  doubly-sorrate  with  very 


"I^Qg  SAPINDACE^.  Necjundo. 

acute  teetli  :  flowers  corymbose  on  sliort  2-leaved  branchlets :  sepals  and  petals 
greenish-yoUow,  linear,  2  to  3  lines  long  :  lilaments  naked  :  fruit  with  broail  erect 
or  spreading  wings,  an  inch  long  or  less.  —Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  172  ;  Torr.  k  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  247  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  52.  A.  Dow/tasu,  Hook,  in  Lond.  Jour.  Bot. 
vi.  77,  t.  ().     A.  trijxiiiituin,  Null,  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c,  and  Sylva,  ii.  85,  t.  71. 

In  tlio  Sicira  Ncviula  IVoiu  Yoscniito  Valley  northward,  ranging  to  Vancouver  Ibland,  and 
eastward  to  Coloi-udo  and  New  Mexico.  Usually  a  shrub,  but  sometimes  a  small  tree  80  or  40 
feet  high  ;  not  abundant  nor  large  enough  in  this  State  to  be  of  nmch  importance.  Oregon 
specimens  rarely  show  the  leaves  as  deeply  lobed  or  parted  as  is  usual  in  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

3.   NEGUNDO,  Mcench.        Box-Elder. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  ruinute,  4  -  5-cleft  or  parted.  Petals  and  disk  none. 
Stamens  4  or  5,  hypogyuous.  Ovary  and  fruit  as  in  Acer.  — Trees  ;  leaves  jiinnate  ; 
sterile  flowers  on  clustered  capillary  pedicels,  the  fertile  in  drooping  racemes. 

A  genus  of  only  four  species,  of  the  Atlantic  Slates,  California,  Mexico,  and  Japan,  each  region 
having  its  peculiar  form. 

1.  N.  Californicum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Usually  a  small  tree,  sometimes  reaching 
a  height  of  70  feet :  leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate,  more  or  less  villous-pubescent, 
densely  so  when  young  ;  leaflets  ovate,  or  the  lateral  ones  oblong,  acute,  3  or  4 
inches  long,  the  terminal  largest  and  3-r)-l(d)ed  or  very  coarsely  serrate;  the  lat- 
eral ones  coarsely  serrate  or  somewhat  lobed  on  one  side  and  much  more  shortly 
petiolulate  :  fertile  racemes  slender,  at  length  4  to  G  inches  long  :  fruit  pubescent, 
15  to  18  lines  long,  including  the  slightly  spreading  Avings.  — Fl.  i.  250  &  684; 
Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  327,  t.  77  ;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  90,  t.  72.  N.  aceroides, 
Torr.  in  Pacif.  Ii.  Rep.  iv.  74  &  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  259. 

Common  along  streams  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  San  Luis  Obispo  northward.  It  closely 
lesembles  N.  aceroides,  Mancli,  which  ranges  from  British  America  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
Utah,  and  is  distinguished  by  its  3  to  5  smaller  and  narrower  leaflets,  which  are  coarsely  toothed, 
but  less  distinctly  lobed. 

4.  STAPHYLEA,  Linn.        Bladder-Nut. 

Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Sepals  and  petals  5,  equal,  erect,  whitish.  Stamens  5, 
alternate  with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  a  thick  disk  lining  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
Ovary  2  -  3-parted  to  the  base  or  to  the  axis ;  the  lobes  or  carpels  several-ovuled  : 
styles  elongated,  lightly  coherent.  Fruit  large  and  bladdery,  dehiscent  at  the  sum- 
mit. Seeds  1  to  4  in  eacli  cell,  globose,  bony  :  albumen  thin.  Embryo  straight, 
with  broad  thin  cotyledons.  —  Erect  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  stipulate,  pinnately 
3  -  5-foliolate  and  the  leaflets  stipellate;  flowers  in  drooping  terminal  racemose  or 
cymose  panicles. 

The  five  species  are  natives  of  as  many  regions  in  the  northern  temperate  zone,  viz.  Europe,  the 
Himalayas,  Japan,  California,  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

1.  S.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Leaflets  3,  glabrous,  broadly  oval  or  orbicular,  1  to 
2  inches  long,  abruptly  acute,  serrulate  :  sepals  3  lines  long  :  petals  a  little  longer  : 
style  and  stamens  much  exserted.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  69. 

On  McCloud's  Fork,  Shasta  Co.,  Bolander.  Fruit  unknown,  and  size  of  the  shrub  not  indi- 
cated. 

5.   GLOSSOPETALON,  Gray. 
Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  deeply  4  -  5-cleft,  persistent ;  the  lobes  ovate  or  trian- 
gular;   its  flat  base  within  fllled  by  an  8-10-lobed  depressed   perigynous  disk. 
Petals  4  or  5,  spatulate,  becoming  linear-ligidate,  inserted  on  the  margin  or  under 


^^««-  ANACARDIACE.E.  inn 

tlie  edge  of  the  disk,  somewhat  withering- persistent.  Stamens  8  or  10,  inserted  at 
the  sinuses  of  the  disk,  shorter  than  the  calyx :  fdaments  subulate,  persistent  : 
anthers  didymous.  Ovary  one-celled,  of  a  single  ovoid  carr)e],  with  style  extremely 
short  or  none,  and  a  depressed  entire  or  obscurely  2-Iobcd  stigma.  Ovules  2,  col- 
lateral or  nearly  so,  inserted  on  the  ventral  suture  barely  above  the  base  of  the  cell, 
ascending,  obovate,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  firm-coriaceous  follicle,  ovoid,  oblique^ 
acute,  many-striate,  opening  down  tlie  ventral  suture,  1  -  2-seeded.  Seed  obovate,' 
compressed,  with  a  smooth  crustaceous  testa,  in  whicli  on  both  sides  is  a  small 
bulging  empty  cavity ;  a  small  arillus  or  caruncle  at  the  hilum.  Embryo  or  oven 
well-fillod  nucleus  not  seen.  —  Low  and  rigid  shrubs  {of  the  interior  arid  region) ; 
with  slender  spinescent  branches,  and  small  alternate  simple  and  entire  leaves,  which 
separate  in  age  by  an  indistinct  articulation  from  a  dilated  scale-like  minutely 
2-stipulate  base  ;  the  stipules  adnate  to  the  scale  and  setaceous-subulate ;  flowers 
small,  solitary,  terminating  short  axillary  branches  or  spur-like  fascicles:  petals 
white,  —  n.  Wright,  ii.  29,  t.  12,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  73. 

1.  G.  Nevadense,  Gray,  1.  c.  Two  or  three  feet  high,  much  branched,  pale  or 
slightly  hoary  with  almost  imperceptible  pubescence  :  leaves  oval,  half  an  inch  or 
less  in  length,  with  short  petiole  abruptly  terminating  in  the  retuse  broad  stipulifer- 
ous  scale  :  calyx- lobes  and  petals  4  :  stamens  8. 

Dry  hills,  Washoe  Co,  Nevada,  Lcmmon  and  Case,  1875.     An  interesting  acquisition. 

G.  sriNESCENS,  Gray,  the  only  other  species,  of  New  Mexico  and  Southern  Utah,  is  smooth, 
has  smaller  and  narrower  leaves  and  mostly  5-merous  flowers. 

Order  XXX.    ANACARDIACE^. 

^  Shrubs  or  trees  (largely  tropical  or  subtropical),  with  a  resinous  and  usually  acrid 
juice,  alternate  leaves  (either  simple  or  compound)  without  stipules  and  almost 
always  not  pellucid-punctate,  and  small  regular  flowers  commonly  polygamous  or 
dioecious  ;  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  ;  the  free  ovary  in 
the  genuine  representatives  of  the  order  1 -colled  and  1-ovulod,  but  the  stylos  often 
3  ;  the  fruit  drupaceous  ;  and  the  seed  without  albumen. 

iT.^f^^T.  °/'^^''  ""f  "^""11  ^?  ge"e''a>/n^  450  species,  represented  in  California,  as  in  the  Atlantic 
United  States,  only  by  the  large  and  polymorphous  genus  Rhus. 

rpn^orllfw  r^^r ''''''''•  "^^-J^^  ^^'}^'^^  ^l*'^>"^°'  '■«"?i"g  *«  ^^^  Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  is 
reported  by  Dr.  Cooper  as  from  San  Diego.  It  is  a  smafl  tree,  with  pinnate  leaves  ;  leaflets  5  to 
10  pairs  on  a  somewhat  winged  rhachis,  oblong-obovate  or  cuneate,  glabrate,  half  an  inch  long  ; 
flowers  dicEcious,  without  petals,  in  axillary  or  paniculate  spikes  ;  stamens  5  ;  fruit  smooth,  2 
lines  in  diameter,  somewhat  compressed. 

ScniNUS  Moi,i.E,  Linn.,  a  native  of  Mexico  and  South  America,  is  common  as  a  cultivated 
ornamental  .shrub  in  (ho  southern  part  of  the  State,  under  tlio  name  of  Pepper-tree  or  Chili 
repper      It  is  an  eyern;reen  tree  of  moderate  size,  and  very  graceful  liabit ;  leaves  with  20  or  more 


and  10  starnetis;  drupes  numerous,  as  large  as  a  small  pen," strongly  puugenr;  sml  suspended 
above  the  middle  of  the  cell,  instead  of  from  a  basal  stalk  as  in  most  genera.     The  apparently 
of  the  leaves  when  placed  in  water  are  due  to  the  bursting  of  the  resinif- 


r>^;'..=  „f  1  rV  ~i  -f^-"'  ;;■--  "■  — '"'<-><ii-c  =>i.cc,  .mu  very  graceful  habit ;  leaves  with  20  or  more 

pai  s  of  lanceolate  leaflets  ;  flowers  small  and  dicEcious,  in  large  panicles,  having  5  greenish  petals 

and  10  stamens;  drupcr  --  ' "  ■         ■  "     t>    .  r   -    . 

above  the  middle  of  the 

spontaneous  movements  ot  the  leaves  when  placed  in  water  are  due  to  the  bursting 

erous  glands  with  which  they  abound. 

1.   RHUS,  T,inn. 
Sepals  and  petals  (4  to  9)  usually  5.     Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many,  with 
subulate  filaments,  inserted  under  the  edge  of  a  disk  lining  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
Fruit  a  small  dry  drupe.     Seed  pendulous  upon  a  slender  seed-stalk  arising  from 


110 


ANACARDIACE.E.  AV/((,s 


the  base  of  the  cell.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees ;  leaves  simple  or  pinnate  ;  llowers 
small,  polygamous  or  polygamo-(lia;cit)US,  in  axillary  and  terminal  bracteute  pan- 
icles, or  sometimes  in  racemes  ur  spikes. 

A  widely  Jistiiluited  ^aMuis  of  iit  Iwust  120  species,  natives  of  tlie  warmer  oxtra-tropicnl  regions 
of  bolli  lioiiiibiilieie.s,  ino.^t  ntinnToiis  ill  S.  Afiini.  Tlieio  un;  14  speciua  in  llio  Unile.l  yiulos, 
(tillering  coiisiilemlily  in  tlioir  characters  and  so  distril>iiled  into  live  sections.  Tho  astringent 
leaves  of  some  species  of  the  section  Sumac  (not  represented  in  California)  are  e.xtensively  used  in 
tanning,  and  the  resinous  jnice  of  others  in  Japan  yiehls  the  peculiar  well-known  lac4uer  of  that 
country,  and  the  fruit  a  useful  vegetable  wax  or  tallow. 

§  1.  Flowers  polygamous  or  di(jecious,  in  loose  axillary  panicles:  fruit  glabrous  and 
whitish;  nut  striate:  leaves  3-/uliolate  :  juice  and  effluviu7n  poisonous. --~To\i- 

CODENUUO.N'. 

1.  R.  diversiloba,  Torr.  &  (iray.  (Poison  Oak.  Ykah.\.)  Usually  soiuewliat 
puberuleut,  the  slemler  shrubby  stem  erect,  or  stouter  and  climbing  by  rootlets,  3 
to  8  feet  liigh :  leaflets  ovate,  obovate,  or  elliptical,  1  to  3  inches  long,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  3-lobed  or  coarsely-toothed  or  sometimes  entire,  the  lobes  and  teetli  obtuse  : 
I)anicles  peduncled  :  llowers  \vhiti.sh,  U  huts  long  :  IVuit  2  to  3  lines  in  diameter, 
somewhat  compressed.  —  Fl.  i.  L'18;  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  xxxi,  t.  38.  /.'.  lobata, 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  127,  t.  40. 

Fnmi  Southern  California  to  British  Cohnnbiu,  in  this  State  most  abundant  in  llio  Coast 
Kanges.  It  resembles  It.  Toxicodciulnm,  binn.,  of  tlio  Atlantic  States,  which  ditrers,  liowever, 
in  its  acuminate  leatlcls,  sharply  toothed  or  entire,  nnd  nearly  sessile  panicles,  usually  more  dense 
in  fruit.  The  species  are  alike  very  poisonous,  causing  a  severe  cutaneous  eruption  accompanied 
by  intense  smarting  and  itching.  The  rejmted  remedies  are  more  numerous  than  efficacious  ; 
prominent  among  those  in  popular  use  is  said  to  be  the  bruised  leaves  or  a  decoction  of  the  leaves 
of  Grinddia  ox  "Gum-plant." 

§  2.  Floivers  polygamodicecious,  in  short  sessile  scaly-bracted  spikes,  preceding  the 
leaves:  fruit  globose,  villous,  light  red;  nut  smooth:  leaves  Sfoliolate. — 
LOBADIUM,  Eaf. 

2.  R.  aromatica,  Ait.,  var.  trilobata,  CJray.  A  shrub,  2  to  5  feet  high,  dif- 
fusely branched,  strongly  scented,  more  or  less  ])idjescent,  at  length  nearly  glabrous: 
leaflets  sessile,  cuneate-'obovate  or  rhomboidal,  1  or  2  inches  long,  exceeding  the 
petiole,  coarsely  toothed  above  and  often  3-lobed,  the  segments  obtuse  :  spikes  half 
an  inch  long  or  less,  approxinmte  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  :  flowers  yellowish,  a 
line  long  :  fruit  somewhat  viscid,  2  or  3  lines  in  dianjeter.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  53.     H.  trilobata,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  219. 

Throughout  the  State,  ranging  to  Washington  Territory  and  eastward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  Texas.  The  typical  form  of  the  Atlantic  Stales  has  the  leaves  ordinarily  larger  and  less 
lobed,  and  the  odor  of  the  plant  is  perhaps  more  aromatic.  The  fruit  is  said  to  be  pleasantly  acid, 
and  is  eaten  by  the  Indians  :  the  slender  twigs  are  used  in  their  choicest  basket-work. 

§  3.  Flowers  polygamous,  on  bracted  pedicels  in  numerous  short  dense  racemes  closely 
paniculate  at  the  ends  of  the  branches:  sepals  orbicidar,  concave,  colored:  fruit 
densely  pubescent  and  very  viscid,  dark  red :  leaves  simple,  coriaceous.  — 
Styphonia,  Benth.  &  Hook.     (Styphonia,  Nutt.) 

3.  R.  integrifolia,  r>entli.  &  Hook.  A  dilfusely  branched  stout  evergreen 
shrub,  5  to  10  i'eet  high  :  leavcis  pubendcnt  when  young,  Hoon  glabrous,  broadly 
ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  usually  entire  but  .sonu'times  si)inosely  toothed,  1 .1  to  3 
inches  long,  on  short  stout  pcitioles  :  llowers  mse  colored,  in  close  panicles  I  to  3 
inches  long  :  petals  rounded,  ciliate,  exceeding  the  sepals,  H  lines  long:  fruit  ovate, 
3  lines  long.  —  Gen.  PI.  i.  411).  Styphonia  integrifolia,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  220  &  Sylva,  iii.  4,  t.  82  ;  Torrey,  Paeif.  li.  Pep.  vii.  9,  t.  2.  aS*.  serrata, 
Nutt. ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  1.  220. 

From  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  mostly  on  the  coast  ;  western  Arizona,  Palmer,  Wheeler. 
Along  the  clifTs  near  the  sea  it  forms  close  thickets,  sometimes  on  the  seaward  side  presenting  iJ 


Rhvx.  LEGUMINOS.E. 


Ill 


suifaco  of  dense  foliage  ns  smooth  and  uniform  as  that  of  the  best  trained  hedge.  According  to 
Nuttall  the  smooth  ^rny  bark  exudes  in  small  (|uaiitities  a  very  astringent  gum-resin.  Tiie  fresh 
red  berries  are  descnlwd  liy  I'aimrr  as  coated  witii  an  iey-lool<ing  white  substance,  wliich  is  pleas- 
antly acid  and  used  by  the  Indians  to  make  a  cooling  drink. 

§  4.  Flowers  ■perfect  or  polygamous,  in  ample  terminal  or  axillary  compound  jyanicles  : 
fruit  small,  glabrous :  leaves  simple,  coriaceous.  —  Lithrsa,  I3entb.  &  Hook. 
(Lithrcea,  !Miers.      lihus  §  Malosma,  Nutt.) 

4.  R.  laurina,  Nutt.  A  largo  evergreen  much-hranclied  aiui  very  leafy  shrub, 
exhaling  an  aromatic  odor,  glabrous  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  mucronate,  rounded 
at  ])ase,  glaucous,  entire,  2  or  3  inches  long,  on  slender  petioles  :  panicles  dense,  2 
to  4  inches  long :  flowers  yellowish,  a  line  long,  or  less  :  fruit  whitish  (?),  ovate,  li 
lines  long,  beaked  by  the  stout  styles. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i,  219.  Lithrcea  laurina, 
Walp.  ;  iorrey,  Pacif.  H.  Rep.  iv.  73,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  44,  t.  7. 

From  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  in  the  valleys  ;  Guadalupe  Island,  Palvicr.  According  to 
Dr.  Torrcy  "the  thin  pulp  of  the  dry  fruit  consists  chiefly  of  a  white  waxy  material,  soluble  in 
strong  alcohol,  which  seems  to  be  almost  entirely  cerine."  The  seeds  are  said  to  yield  a  pungent 
oil. 

Order  XXXI.    LEGUMINOS^. 

The  single  and  simple  free  pistil,  becoming  a  legume  in  fruit,  and  the  alternate 
leaves  with  stipules  (to  which  in  the  proper  Pulse  family  are  added  the  papiliona- 
ceous corolla  and  10  diadelphous  or  nionadelphous  or  rarely  distinct  stamens)  mark 
this  order,  one  of  the  largest  and  ne.vt  to  Grnminar.  the  moat  important  of  the  vege- 
table kingdom.     It  comprises  the  following  suborders. 

Suborder  I.     PAPILIONACE^. 

Flower  irregular.  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  the  tube  or  cup  extending 
beyond  the  perigynous  disk  Avhich  lines  its  bottom  and  bears  the  petals  and  sta- 
mens. Corolla  of  5  petals  (rarely  fewer),  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  one  (the  standard) 
superior  (next  the  axis  of  inflorescence),  larger  and  always  external,  covering  in  the 
bud  the  two  lateral  ones  (wings),  and  these  covering  the  inferior  pair,  which  to- 
gether form  the  keel,  being  commonly  united  or  at  least  coherent  by  their  lower 
edges ;  the  claws  of  all  five  usually  distinct.  Stamens  and  pistil  enclosed  in  the 
keel.  Filaments  10,  seldom  5,  rarely  separate  around  the  pistil,  commonly  united 
from  the  base  upward  into  a  sheath  enclosing  the  ovary,  which  is  either  entire 
(nionadelphous)  or  open  on  the  upper  side,  the  10th  or  upper  stamen  being  free 
from  the  others  or  becoming  so  (diadelplious)  :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  with  sev- 
eral, few,  or  rarely  solitary  amphitropoua  or  flomctimoa  anatropous  ovules  on  the 
single  parietal  placenta  :  stylo  generally  inflexed  or  incurved  :  stigma  simple,  ter- 
minal or  nearly  .so.  Legume  normally  one-celled  and  two-valved,  sometimes  falsely 
2-celled  or  divided  lengthwi.so  hy  an  intrusion  of  the  dor.'^al  suture,  or  else  several- 
celled  transversely  by  constrictions  or  articulations,  not  rarely  indehiscent.  Seed 
destitute  of  albumen,  or  orcnsionally  with  a  layer  of  it.  Embryo  otherwise  filling 
the  seed  :  cotyledons  broad,  thick  or  thickish  :  radicle  almost  always  accumbently 
inflexed.  Leaves  simple  or  simply  compound  ;  the  earliest  pair  or  pairs  often  oppo- 
site ;  the  others  almost  always  alternate.     Leaflets  mostly  entire,  sometimes  den- 


112 


LEGUMINOS.E. 


ticulate.     Flowers  peifuct,  sulitiiry,  uv  several  in  a  raceme,  spike,  head,  or  soiuetiines 
panicle. 

Our  16  genera  rei.rcbciil  idmosl  half  as  many  tribes,  corresi^nding  to  llio  inincipal  divisions  of 
the  I'oliowing  key.  . 

1.    Stamens  distinct. 

*   Leaves  digitalely  a-t'oliolale. 

1.  Thermopsia.     Herbs,  with  consjiicuous  stipules,  and  yellow  Howers  in  racemes. 

2.  Pickeriugia.     Shrub,  with  minute  stipules  or  none,  und  purple  solitary  Howers. 

♦  ♦  Leaves  uneiiually  pinnate  :  shrubby. 

3.  Sophora.     Tod  thick,  largo,  .several-seeded,  often  transversely  constricted  :  leaves  coriaceous. 
lo!  Amorpha.     Tod  small,  I  -  2-seeded.     Petal  one  1     Stamens  monudeliihous  at  the  very  buso. 

IL    Stamens  inonadelphous,  or  diadelphous  (9  nnd  1). 

♦  Anthers  of  two  forms  :  lilaments  strictly  monadelphous  :  loaves  digitate,  of  more  than  3  quite 

entire  leallets. 

4.  Lupinus.     Calyx  dee^ily  bilabiate.     Stundaid  with  recurved  sides  :  keel  falcate.     Pod  large, 

straight. 

*  ♦  Anthers  uniform. 

+-  Leaflets  3,  or  rarely  digitately  5  to  7,  denticulate  or  sernilate  :  stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly 
so  :  pods  small  and  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  or  curved  or  coiled. 

5.  Trifolium.     Flowers  capitate.     Corolla  persistent,  uniteil  with  the  filaments.     Pod  small, 

mostly  in  the  calyx.  ,      ^     ,    <•         ,     • ,  o.  , 

6.  Melilotus.     Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  spikes,  small.     Petals  tree,  deciduous,     tstyle 

filiform.     Pod  small,  wrinkled,  globular. 

7.  Medicago.     Flowers  nearly  of  Melilolus.     Pod  spirally  coiled  or  curved.     Style  subulate. 

H-  -1-  Leaves  unequally  pinnate  (very  rarely  digitete  or  simple)  ;  leaflets  entire  :  no  tendril. 
++  Flowers  umbellate  or  solitary,  on  an  axillary  peduncle. 
8    Hosackia.     Herbaceous  or  shrubby.     Corolla  yellow  or  i)artly  white,  or  turnin"  reddish  : 
claw  of  the  slaudanl  usually  remote  from  the  others.     Pod  linear,  sevural-.sceded. 

■»(■+»•  Flowers  in  spikes,  racenuis,  or  houds,  never  umbellate. 
-^  llorbago  glandular-dotted  :  stamens  mostly  monadeli)hou3. 
9.  Pfloralea.     Herbs,  with  3-foliolato  leaves  and  axillary  spikes.     Stamens  mostly  monadel- 
phous.    Pod  indehiscent,  one-seeded.     Ovule  solitary. 

10  Amorpha.     Shrubs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  terminal  or  pamcled  racemes.     A\  ings  and  kee 

of  the  corolla  wanting.     Stamens  monadelphous  only  at  base,  otherwise  distinct.     Pod 
nearly  indehiscent,  1  -  2-ovuled,  1  -  '2-seeded.  .     ,      .,  ,      , 

11  Dalea.     Shrubby  or  herbaceous,  with  pinnate  or  simple  leaves  and  terminal  spikes  or  heads 

Wings  and  keel  inserted  on  and  articulated  with  the  monadelphous  stamen-tube.     Pod 
indehiscent,  2  -  6-ovuled,  mostly  one-seeded. 
=  =  Herbage  glandular  or  glutinous  and  more  or  less  punctate  :  leaves  unequally  pinnate  :  sta- 
°    °  mens  diadelphous  ;  anthers  confluently  1-celled. 

12.  Glycyrrhiza.     Flowers,  &c.,  of  Astnujalus.     Pod  prickly  or  muricate,  short,  1-celled. 

=  ^  =  Herbage  neither  glandular  nor  dotted  :  stamens  diadelphous  ;  anthers  2-celled  :  leaves 

pinnate. 

13.  Astragalus.     Herbs,  unarmed.     Pods  mostly  bladdery  or  turgid,  or  more  or  less  2-celled  by 

intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture.  ,    i    -,     o 

14.  Olneya.     Tree,  spinescent,  nearly  destitute  of  stipules.    Pod  2-valved,  several-ovuied,  1-2- 

seeded  ;  valves  very  thick  und  lirm. 
-1-  -1-  -H  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  terminated  by  a  tendril  or  bristle  (occasionally  by  an  imperfect 
leaflet)  :  stamens  diadelphous  :   peduncles  axillary  :  pod  2-valved  :  seed-stalks  broad  or 
expanded  at  the  hilum  :  herbs. 

15.  Vicia.     Stamen-tubo  obli(iue  at  the  summit.     Style  lilifona,  hairy  around  and  below  the 

16.  Lathyrus.     Stamen-tubo  nearly  truncate.     Style  dorsally  flattened  toward  the  apex,  hairy 

ou  the  inner  side,  usually  twisted  half  round. 


Thermojms.  LEGUMINOSiE.  ^13 

SunoRDER  II.     C/ESALPINE^. 

Flower  luoro  or  less  iiiegular.  Perigynous  disk  lining  the  tube  or  base  of  the 
calyx.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  superior  one  (answering  to  the  standard) 
within  the  lateral  ones.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  distinct.  Seeds  sometimes  with 
albumen.     Eadicle  not  incurved. 

*  Corolla  seemingly  papilionaceous. 

17.  Cercls.     Trcoa  or  shrubs,  with  simple  rounded  leaves,  and  lateral  fascicles  of  rose-purple 

flowers.     Calyx  barely  6-toothed. 

♦  »  Corolla  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  yellow.     Calyx  5-parted.     Seeds  with  albumen. 

18.  Cassia.     Herbs  or  sometimes  .shrubs,  with  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate  leaves.     Anthers 

fixed  by  the  biuse,  mostly  opening  by  terminal  pores,  either  10  and  une(jual  or  some  of 
the  upper  ones  imperfect,  abortive,  or  wanting.     Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

19.  Parkinsonia.     Somewhat  spinescent  shrubs  or  trees,  with  twice  pinnate  (or  apparently  only 

pinnate)  leaves  :  leaflets  small.     Anthers  10,  fixed  by  the  middle,  openuig  lengthwise. 
Calyx  valvate. 

Suborder  III.     MIMOSILl^.. 

Flow'ors  regular,  small,  and  numerous  in  spikes  or  heads.  No  perigynous  disk. 
Calyx  and  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud,  4  -  5-merous.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
juany  as  the  petals,  or  numerous,  hypogynous.  Seeds  mostly  without  albumen, 
lladicle  not  incurved.     Leaves  usually  twice  pinnate. 

20.  Prosopis.    Stamens  10.    Petals  distinct  or  becoming  so.    More  or  less  spiny  shrubs  or  trees. 

Flowers  greenish. 

21.  Acacia.     Stamens  indefinitely  numerous.     Petals  united  below.     Flowers  yellow. 

1.  THERMOPSIS,  R.  Brown. 
Caly.x  canipanulate,  cleft  to  the  middle;  teeth  equal  or  the  two  upper  ones  united. 
Standard  roundish,  shorter  than  the  oblong  wings,  the  sides  reflexed  :  keel  nearly 
straight,  obtuse,  its  petals  somewhat  united,  equalling  the  wings.  Stamens  distinct. 
Style  sliglilly  incurved  :  Htigtna  luinuto.  I'od  linoar  to  obloiig-linoar,  much  com- 
profta(«l,  low  -  nuiny-fleo(l(\d,  Hhorily  Hlipitato  or  nearly  rchhIIc*,  Hlniiglil.  or  incurved. 
—  Stout  perennial  herbs,  with  erect  clustered  stems;  leaves  digitately  3-foliolate, 
with  free  foliacoous  stipules,  shortly  petioled  ;  leaflets  entire  ;  flowers  large,  yellow, 
in  terminal  racemes,  with  persistent  herbaceous  bracts  ;  pedicels  short,  mostly  soli- 
tary, naked. 

Alwut  a  dozen  species,  half  belonging  to  Asia,  and  the  rest  to  North  America.  Three  of  these 
are  confincil  to  the  Atlantic  States  and  one  to  the  Rocky  Jlount<ains. 

1.  T.  macrophylla,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Villous  with  long  spreading  hairs  :  stipules 
large,  ovate  ;  leaflets  oblong-elliptical,  acute  at  each  end,  three  inches  long,  glabrous 
above,  tomentose  and  villous  beneath  :  calyx-teeth  acuminate;  :  stamens  somewhat 
persistent  :  pod  villous,  shortly  stipitate,  oblong-linear,  nearly  2  inches  long  and  4 
lines  broad,  straight,  erect,  4-5-seeded.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  329;  Torr.  &.  Gray,  Fl. 
i.  388. 

Collected  by  Dmtglas  in  Cnlifoniia,  but  the  locality  unknown.  All  the  specimens  from  other 
collections  that  have  been  referred  to  the  species,  seem  to  belong  to  the  next. 

2.  T.  Califomica,  Watson.  Woolly-tomentose  throughout :  stipules  lanceo- 
late ;  leaflets  obovate  to  oblanceolnte,  an  inch  or  two  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  equally 
tomentose  on  both  sides  :  bracts  broad  at  base,  mostly  ovate  :  pod  very  pubescent, 


J]^^-  LEGUMINOS^.  Thermolysis. 

on  a  short  glabrous  stipe,  6-8-ovuled  ;  mature  fruit  not  known. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xi.  126.  T.  macrojjhi/lla,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  K.  Kep.  iv.  81.  T. /abacea,  Torr.  in  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  58. 

From  Mai  ill  ami  Napa  counties  southward. 

3.  T.  montana,  Nutt.  More  yluhrous,  soniewlmt  silky-villous  especially  above: 
stipules  ovate  tu  lanceolate  ;  leaflets  oblong-obovate  to  oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  sparingly  villous  beneath,  smooth  above  :  bracts  mostly  lanceo- 
late: pod  pubescent,  on  a  rather  slender  stipe  about  equalling  the  calyx-tnbe,  linear, 
2  or  3  inches  long,  straight,  erect,  10-  12-seeded.  —  Torr.  <k  Gray,  Fl.  i.  388.  T. 
/abacea,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  128;  But.  Mag.  t.  3G11  ;  Lindl.  But.  Beg.  xv.  t.  1272  ;  nut 
DC.  7'.  macrophi/l/ii,  var.  /3.,  Turr.  &  Clray,  1.  c.  T.  f abacea,  var.  montana,  (Jray; 
"Watson,  But.  King  K.\p.  OiJ. 

From  WusliiiigUm  'I'ciiitoiy  uiul  Oregon,  in  thu  iiiountiiiiiH,  tlirougli  tlio  interior  to  Colimiilo 
and  New  Mexi('o  ;  i)iol)al)ly  in  Northern  Calit'orniu.  The  ty])ical  form,  more  eommon  eastwiird, 
has  narrowly  oblong  leaves.  The  T.  fabacca  of  Eastern  Asia,  to  which  this  sjtecies  lias  been  usu- 
ally referred,  has  more  si)reading  pods,  with  larger  and  broader  more  compressed  seeds.  The  only 
other  western  species  is  T.  jmiombifoi.ia,  Richardson,  confined  to  the  Uocky  Mountains,  and  dis- 
tinguished by  its  recurved  many-seeded  pods. 

2.  PICKERINGIA,  Nutt. 
Calyx  campanulate,  turbinate  at  base,  repandly  4-tuuthed.  Petals  equal:  standard 
orbicular,  the  sides  rellexed  :  wings  oblong  :  keel-petals  oblong,  distinct,  straight, 
obtuse.  Stamens  distinct.  Style  slightly  incurved  :  stigma  minute.  Pud  membra- 
naceous, linear,  compressed,  stipitate,  several-seeded,  straight.  —  A  low  stout  much- 
branched  spinose  shrub;  leaves  evergreen,  small,  nearly  sessile,  digitately  1-3-folio- 
late,  without  stipules ;  flowers  large,  purple,  axillary,  solitary,  nearly  sessile. 

1.  P.  montana,  Nutt.  Widely  spreading,  densely  branched,  4  to  7  feet  high, 
more  or  less  silky-tomentose  or  glabrate,  leafy,  the  branchlets  becoming  spinose  : 
leaflets  oblanceolate  or  cuneate-oblong,  3  to  9  lines  long,  acute  or  obtuse  :  flowers 
near  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  on  very  short  minutely  2-bracteolate  peduncles, 
from  light  cinnamon-red  to  purple,  7  to  9  lines  long:  stamens  persistent:  pod  about 
two  inches  long,  G-10-seeded  (or  fewer  by  abortion),  somewhat  constricted  between 
the  seeds,  pubescent ;  stipe  exserted  :  seeds  oblong,  slightly  compressed,  dark-colored. 
—  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  389;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  51,  t.  14,  &  Bot.  Wilkes  Fxp. 
282. 

Frequent  on  dry  lulls  from  bake  County  to  San  Diego.  The  characters  of  the  i)od  disLinguish 
the  genua  clearly  from  Avayyris. 

3.  SOPHORA,  Linn. 
Calyx-tube  campanulate  ;  teeth  short.  Petals  nearly  equal  :  standard  broad. 
Stamens  distinct ;  anthers  uniform,  versatile.  Style  incurved  :  stigma  minute.  Pod 
stipitate,  terete  or  somewhat  compressed,  thick  or  coriaceous,  mostly  indehiscent, 
several-seeded,  constricted  between  the  obovoid  or  subglobose  seeds  and  usually 
necklace-like.  —  Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs;  leaves  unevenly  pinnate,  with  few  or  many 
entire  often  coriaceous  leaflets  ;  stipules  small  or  obsolete  ;  mcemes  terminal. 

A  genus  of  about  25  species,  of  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe.  Two  low  herbaceous  species 
are  found  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  2  or  3  evergreen  shrubs  in  Te.xas  and  Northeastern 
Mexico,  besides  a  similar  West  Indian  species  in  Florida.  The  following  is  the  only  species  occur- 
ring near  the  limits  of  California. 

1.  S.  Arizonica,  Watson.  An  evergreen  shrub,  somewhat  canescent  with  short 
appressed  silky  hairs  :  leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  narrowly  oblong,  acutish,  an  inch  lung  ; 


Lupinm. 


LEGUMINOS/^]. 


IL 


coriaceous,  compresso.l,  reticulated  and  with  ncrveU   o  Tua   dn     sTr  7i?S.ori       ' 
82  ;  uot  Benth.  '  ^^■'-     '^-  '^''''^^«'  -^«"-  ^^  i'^^^f-  ii-  ^iep.  iv. 

tl.o  gonuM.  n„a  tl.o  rchI  ,noro  oblo.fg.  ^  '"  '  '"^  '"°''°  ^°'"Pres.sed  than  is  usimi  in 


4.  LUPINUS,  I, 


I/l'l'INK. 


Cabx  deeply  bdab.ate   bibracteolate.     Standard  broad,  the  sides  retlexed :  win^s 

Zliu  :r:r'  ''^ """'''  '^■^•^^^  '^^'-  ^^-^^-^^^  ^-^^^  -t  deft ;  a; 

thers  alternately  oblong  and  rounded.     Stign.a  bearded.     Pod  2-valved,  compre  sed 
coruaceous,   2 -12-seeded.  -  Annuals  or  perennials,   herbaceous,  or  a  f  ^^ 

axi  trv  :  ''  '"""'^  """"^'  ^^^"^^"^^^«  -  --t^--»  (-ntary  and 

axillary  in  a  single  species),  bracteate.  -  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  517 

Atlantic  States,  two  of  which  a  "  i.eonHar   n^^^^^^^^^  '7"^  ^'''  <'"!"  ^'^'f  ^  ^lozen  in  th; 

in  Alaska  and  British  Colnn^MX^io  o    n  or  "are  na   v's  I'f  ^^^^^  Two  species  are  found 

rc«.on  wnst  of  the  J?oc-ky  Mountains,  a  dZ    arMox^ra^am    iH '9'!i  TT'  '"^^  ')'  '"^^"°^ 
Ours  are  of  little  value  cconou.indlvlmt  ratL^Tho  en,  H^/v  ^       ''°"^  *"  ^''°  ^^"^o^- 

grain-nelds  as  to  be  injurious.    Ma.;/  npclos  a'  /sho^^v   InT;     "^^^  '"  abundantly  in  our 

oinantrnt.  ,  "*  ^  ^''^^  ""  '''i"''>''  '^"'^  several  have  long  been  cultivated  for 

♦  Annuals. 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary  :  ovules  2  :  thvarf 
Flowers  racemose  :  ovules.2  :  bracts  persistent. 

leather  stout :  flowers  in  whorls  :  peduncles  elouffited 
Leaves  approximate  ;  petioles  long. 
Long-villous  :  flowers  mostly  purple 
Smoother:  flowers  yellow  to  white 
Leave.s  scattered  ;  petioles  short  :  pui.csconce  short 
Low  or  dwarf  :  flowers  s.rattered.  '' 

Hirsute  :  leaflets  .5  :  racemes  flcarly  .sessile 
Vdlous  or  subglabrous  :  leaflets  7  :'  peduncles  lone 
Mowers  racemose  :  ovules  .several  mcies  long. 

I- lowers  in  whorls  :  bracts  deciduous 

Puberulent:  leaflets  broad,  smoother  above  •   l,racts  short 
Villous  :  leaflets  narrow,  pubescent  both  flldcs 

short  '    ^'"'    "'''•'•■    '""'^''    •^'""•l^'-  ■■    l^'-i'^ts 

I'uborulcnt  leaflets  5  to  7,  truncate  :  bracts  short 
itSu^'inV^";'^^  \r'''  ■■  ""-"  1-ge     tracts  short. 

Very  hispid  :  flowers  purple 

I-ow,  villous:  leaflets  bron.ier :  flowers  small:  bracfs  short  ,.er 
sistont.  Mioii,  pn 


iippres.sed. 


4L    L.  UNCI  ALLS. 


•"^3.     L.   MIUIlOCAItPUS. 

40.  L.   DKNSIFLOIIUS. 

41.  L.   I.UTEOLU.S. 

42.  L.  rusiLLU.^. 

4.*?.    L.    BUEVICAUUS. 


29.     L.   AFFINLS. 


30.  L.   NANUS. 

31.  L.    MICllANTIIUS. 


32.  L.  McnopiiYM.us. 

33.  L.   Sl'AUSIFLOKUS. 

34.  L.   TIIUNCATUS. 


3.'-..    L.  SrivKKi. 

3(5.     L.    IIIKSUTI.SSIMUS. 


37.  L.  coNciNNir.s. 

38.  L.   OKACIUS. 


116 


LEGUMINOSJi.  Lupinus. 


roreiiniula,  tlwurf  iiiul  ccsi»ito3o.  —  In  tlio  Siurni  Nevada. 


Stems  conipletoly  hcibaccouH,  witli  nitliur  hm^  iuternodoa. 

LooMoly  villoim  willi  lon^^  Imiin.  2fi.  L.  AUinUK. 

ApproHsed-silky,  tlio  li.iiiH  NliorUw.  2(5.  L.  MINIMUB. 
StoiuB  leafy,  I'rom  a  Npruailiiij,'  wou.ly  ciiudux  :  aiipiessed-silky. 

Loutlots  7  to  1(1.  oliliiHo  :  iHulimcloM  hIihiI  :  Ktaiidard  orhinilar.  '27.  I-.  MiticwKUi. 

Loallola  5  to  (i,  aculibh  :  i)uduiicle3  cloiigatod  :  standard  olUi)tical.  U.  L.  Lyallii. 

♦  ♦  •  Perennials,  more  or  less  shrubby  at  base,  tall  and  leafy,  silky-pubescent  :  petioles  mostly 

short :  flowers  large  :  ovules  6  to  12. 

Pubescence  not  dense  :   leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate  :    flowers  yellow  : 

ovules  10  to  12.  .  1-   L.  akbokeus. 

Pubescence  dense  :    leaflets  broader,   obtuse  :    flowers   blue  to  white  : 

ovules  6  to  8.  2.  L.  Chami.ssoni.s. 

Pubescence  short,  mostly  tomentoso  :  leaflets  oblanceolate  :  bracts  long : 

flowers  blue  :  ovules  8  or  9.  3.   L.  Dougla.sii. 

•  ♦  ♦  ♦  Perennials,  herbaceous,  mostly  tall  :  flowers  large  :  ovules  6  or  more,  excepting  L.  Sit- 

yredvii  and  L.  OraijL 

Leaflets  smooth  above,  oblanceolate  :  flowers  not  yellow. 

Petioles  elongated  :  stem  somewhat  succulent :  bracts  short  and  decid- 
uous.    Sparingly  villous  :   leaflets  10  to   16,   large  :   stipules 

broad  :  ovules  9.  4.   L.  rOLYPHYLLU.s. 

Petioles  scarcely  exceeding  the  (5  to  10)  leaflets:  bracts  mostly  long. 

Nearly  glabrous,  erect  :  stinulos  narrow  :  ovules  8  to  10.  5.   L.  uivULARia. 

Calyx  subvillous  :  stipules  laoadcr  ;  bracts  nu)re  huiry,  subporsist- 

ent  :  lower  i>etioles  elongated  :  pedicels  short.  (J.   L.  BURKEI. 

More  pubescent  or  villous,  subdecumbent,  leafy  ;  leaflets  5  to  8, 

smaller  :  keel  ciliate  :  ovules  10  to  12.  7.  L.  LlTTORAUS. 

Puberulent  and  subvillous  :  bracts  short :  ovules  5.  10.  L.  Sitgheavesii. 

Leaflets  pubescent  both  sides,  as  long  as  the  petioles  :  ovules  6  to  8. 

Flowers  yellow  :  keel  ciliate  :  bracts  long.  8.   L.  Sabinii, 

Flowers  not  yellow  :  bracts  short  :  leaflets  5  to  9. 

Erect,  tall  :  pubescence  often  scanty  :  keel  narrow,  strongly  falcate, 

nakcil  ;  standard  naked.  9.   L.  ALBICAULIS. 

Subdecumbent,  appressed-silky  :  standard  silky  ;  keel  ciliate.  11.   L.  ornatus. 

Hoary-tomenlose,  a  si)au  high  :  standard  naked  ;  keel  ciliate.  14.   L.  Guayi. 

»  ♦  •  ♦  ♦  Perennials,  herbaceous,  mostly  rather  low  :  flowers  smaller  :  ovules  6  or  less. 

Leaflets  glabrous  aljovo, 

Mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles  :  standard  naked. 

Tall,   scantily  puberulent  :    keel  usually  naked  :    pod  small,   2  - 

4-seeded.  19.   L.  parviflorus. 

A  sT)an  high  or  less,  sparingly  villous  :  keel  strongly  ciliate  :  pod 

broad,  G-ovuled.  17.    L.  ONUSlD.s. 

Eiiualling  the  i)etiolca  :  appressed-silky  :  iwlals  naked  or  nearly  so  : 

pod  short,  3-5-ovuled.  22.   L.  argenteus. 

Leaflets  pubescent  on  both  sides. 

Leaves  distant ;  lower  petioles  elongated. 

Pubescence  villous,  spreading:  bracts  deciduous,  often  long:  stand- 
ard hairy  :  keel  ciliate.  12.   L.  SERICEUS. 
Densely  silky-tomentoso,  stout:  pedicels  very  short:  bracts  subper- 

sistent  :  standard  very  hairy  :   keel  subciliate.  13.   L.  LEUCOl'llYLLUS. 

Densely  appressed  silky-villous,  often  low  :  bracts  deciduous  :  stand- 
ard naked.  l."'.   I-  leviuus. 
Silky-villous  :  raceme  dense  :  bracts  persistent  :  standard  oblong, 

linked.  ItJ-    I-"-  GONFERTUa. 

Stems  leafy  :  petioles  short. 

Standard  and  keel  naked  :  calyx  not  spurred. 

Puberulent,  much  branched,  slender.  18.    L.  Andersonh. 

Densely  silky-tomentose  :  flowers  very  small.  24.    L.  MEIONANTHUS. 

Standard  and  keel  more  or  less  hairy  :  calyx  spurred. 

Finely  appressed-silky  :  calyx  strongly  spurred  :  standard  longest.   20.   L.  calcaratus. 
Appressed-puberulent  :  leaflets  narrower  :  petals  eiiual.  21.   L.  laxiklorus. 

Close  silvery-silky  :  calyx  slightly  spurred.  23.   L.   holosericeus. 


^^"^''^"*-  LEGUMINOS^.  -.-.K 

§  1.  Flowers  interjnmal  racernes :    sides  of  the  standard  rejlexed :   ovrdes  seva-al : 

cotyledons  petioled  m  germination.  —  Lupinus  proper. 

*  Perennials,  not  dwarf :  sterna  somewhat  ivood,/  in  Nos.  1  to  3   the  rest  wholh,  h^ 

haceons,  and  Nos.  4  to  7  mostly  succulent  andfistulous :  ^oc/Zoi^X     Spec.1  i  2^ 

•4-  Flowers  large:  ovides  6  to  12. 

+4.  More  o^'less  tvoody  at  base,  tall,  leafy,  with  short  petioles :  pubescence  silh,  mostlv 

keel  sIsl,Hyc,liate:  pod  pubeseent,  usually  10-12.see<lod,  U  to  3    nehes  1„1' 

Mag.  t.  682;  I.mdl.  Bot.  Keg.  xxiv,  t.  32 ;  Watson,  1.  c.  523    L.  rivtUaris  AcaX 
Synopsis,  24.     L.  macrocarp,^.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Boechey   138  '  ^        ' 

to  ta  sometime,  b.„e  „,  pu^pHs...     uid  >«..^!'^^^l'';^.SSS::|^„il'l^Z^^^^" 

applL^Sj^?-j?b,^^nLte':i::S[:\^,\tVrJnJ;ft;^ 

cromdate  or  acutish,  very  silky  on  both  sides:  bmctrianc  ok^ibort  r  tban  ^lle 
cleft,  bractlets  small,  sctacoons :  kool  usuaMy  slightly  oili.ate  •  ovules  6  to  8    nnd 

li  .bt'cdl'"l   ™  ""«■*,-?-'«*'' ^  -"'»  broader,™  JowhatnatCl  21  ines  loC 
iif^lit-colored  and  mottled. —  Mem.  Acad    Pptr    y    9ftR      r    ^// v    ^  t>    .,     P' 

Hort.  Soc.  Tmns.  n,  ,  410;  LMl  'Bof Keg.?i642; tt™'  1^""'523'' 

L.  sermm.  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey   138  watson,  I.  c.   823 

Var.  longifollns,  Watson.  Seareely  woody  at  base  :  stems  less  leafv  ind  net; 
oles  more  elongated  :  keel  pnbeseent  near  tbo  m.ar-in  ^    ^  P* 

Var.  (1)  longebracteatns,  Watson.  Stem  ami  branebes  more  or  less  villon,  ■ 
bracts  mueb  exceeding  the  cdyx.  _/..  ,„crocarp,.,  Torr.  in  Pacif  R  Rep.  iv  81  ' 

t.^-o^?f»its^i^^^^^^^^ 

purple:  calyx  with  long  setaceous  bractlets,  the  upper  lip  nearly  2-par ted     kee 
cdiate  :  ovules  8  to  9  :  pod  tmknown.  -  Synopsis,  34;  AVatson,  l.^c.  524        ' 
Fron.  above  San  Francisco  to  Monterey  and  Los  Angeles. 

'^2tf'7ZT^^r'r'^f  a^c/><„^.,..  leaflets  glabrous  above,  ohlon,  to  oblance- 

4.  L.  polyphyllus,  Lindl.  Stout,  erect,  2  to  5  foot  1,1-11.  siiarin-ly  villous  the 
sub'uhtrt:;  '"•;?  r';"r^  loavos  silkypubcscont:  sti,;.i;s  Vrgo?  [ri^  ;i^^^^^^^^ 
subulate:  leaves  distant,  long-pet.oled  ;  leaflets  10  to  IG  or  often  8  to  10  in  the 
upper  leaves   2  to  6  inches  long  :   racemes  frequently  a  foot  or  ? wo  Ion.     brae     ol^ 

oTtX:f'h,'^'"""1  °'  ^'r'"'  '^'^"  ''^'-'^'y---  ««--  nici;i;'s;att  r   1,  on 
long  pedicels,  blue,  purple,  or  white  :  calyx-lips  nearly  equal,  entire /bractlets  often 


in 


WQ  LEGUMINOS-ciil.  Lupinus. 

wanting:  keel  naketl  :  pod  1  to  li  inches  long,  3  to  4  lines  broad,  7-9-seeded. — 
Bot.  Ifeg.  t.  lODG  &  t.  1377;  Watson,  1.  c.  52-1.  L.  macrophyllus,  Benth.  ;  Sweet, 
Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  2  ser.  t.  35G.     L.  yiandijlunis,  Lindl. 

From  Wiibliiii'^'ton  Territory  to  Klumath  Valloy  luiil  Sua  iMuncisco. 

5.  L.  rivularis,  Dougl.  JStmit,  on-ct,  2  to  G  i'oet  high,  nearly  ghiKrous,  I  he 
short  and  silky  pubescence  closely  appressed,  or  very  rarely  spreading  on  llie  calyx 
and  pedicels  :  stipules  subulate  or  setaceous ;  leatlets  7  to  10,  about  equalling  the 
petioles,  i  to  5  inches  long,  oblanceolate,  acute  or  the  lower  ones  obtuse  :  raceme 
long-peduncled,  often  1  to  2  feet  long;  bracts  setaceous,  exceeding  the  calyx:  flowtrs 
scattered  or  subverticillate,  purjile  or  sometimes  white  :  bracllets  caducous ;  upper 
calyx-lip  sometimes  (uitire  :  keel  slightly  ciliate  :  pod  large,  8-10-seeded.  —  Lindl. 
Bot.  Beg.  t.  ir)li5  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  525.      L.  ci/lisoidtx,  Agardh,  Synopsis,  IS. 

Var.  latifolius,  Watson.  Lealli;ts  5  to  7,  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  oliluse  and 
nuicronulate  or  the  ujiper  acute  :  the  jiubcscence  upon  the  calyx  more  frequently 
spreading.  —  I'roc,  Am.  Acad.  viii.  025.  L.  latij'vlius,  A^nvdh,  Syn.  16;  Lindl. 
Bot.  Keg.  t.  1891. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  Southern  falifornia,  common  ;  tlie  typical  form  frecpient  in  the 
Siena  Nevada  ;  the  variety  more  common  nearer  the  sea. 

6.  L.  Burkei,  Watson.  Besembling  L.  rivularis,  but  distinguished  by  broader 
stipules,  and  the  lower  leaves  long-petioled  :  raceme  usually  short  and  dense,  the 
pedicels  mostly  only  1  or  2  lines  long  ;  bracts  villous  and  often  persistent  :  the 
pubescence  of  the  calyx  somewhat  villous  and  more  or  less  spreading:  pod  8-seeded. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  525.     L.  polyphyllus,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  55. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Northern  Nevada  to  Montana,  and  proLably  to  be 
found  in  Northeastern  California. 

7.  L.  littoralis,  Dougl.  Stems  slender,  decumbent  or  ascending,  1  or  2  feet 
long,  often  not  succulent,  leafy  :  pubescence  silky,  rather  thin,  short  and  ajipresseil, 
or  villous  and  si)reading  especially  about  the  axils  :  leaflets  5  to  8,  oblanceolate  or 
cuneate-oblong,  acute,  a  half  to  au  inch  long,  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  petioles  : 
mcemes  sliort ;  bracts  setaceous,  cxceeiling  the  calyx  :  ilowers  blue  or  violet,  with  some 
yellow,  verticillate  or  scattered,  on  ratlier  short  jiedicels  :  calyx  large,  with  small 
bractlets  :  keel  ciliate:  ovules  and  seeds  10  to  12.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1198; 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2952  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  526.  L.  versicolor,  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg. 
t.   1979.     L.  Nulkatensis,  var.  fruticosus,  Bot.   Mag.  t.   2136. 

Near  the  coast,  from  Vancouver  Island  to  San  Francisco.  The  taper  root  is  saiil  to  be  known 
in  Washington  Territoiy  as  "  Ciiinook  Linuorice." 

++  ++  ++  Leafi/  and  hrancluncf ;  the  petinles  not  loiKjer  t/ian  the  leajU-ts :  jlutcers  sub- 
verticillate, yellow  ill  L.  Sabinii :  bracts  deciduous,  shorter  than  the  calyx:  ovules 
6  or  7,  rarely  8,  only  5  in  L.  Sitf/reavii :  mostly  erect  or  ascending,  1  or  2  feet  hiyh. 

8.  L.  Sabinii,  Dougl.  Stout,  erect :  pubescence  short,  ajjpressed,  silky  :  stipules 
long,  setaceous;  leaflets  8  to  11,  oblanceolate,  acuminate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  silky 
on  both  sides  :  raceme  6  to  10  inches  long,  rather  dense  and  long-peduncleil  ;  ])racLs 
exceeding  the  (^alyx,  linear-setaceous  :  flowers  bright  yellow  :  upper  calyx-lip  short, 
nearly  entire,  the  lowcsr  niirrow  :  standard  emarginate,  imked  ;  keel  ciliate  :  pod  un- 
known.—Hook.  I'l.  i.  16G;  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1135;  Watson,  I.  c.  527. 

This  has  been  collected  only  by  Douqias  and  Kevins,  in  tlio  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon,  but  may 
occur  in  Northern  California  ;  distinguished  by  its  long  racemes  of  yellow  Ilowers. 

9.  li.  albicaulis,  Dougl.  Pubescence  short  auil  appressed,  or  more  or  less  vil- 
lous and  spreading,  often  scanty  :  leaflets  5  to  9,  oblanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long, 
acute,  pubescent  on  both  sides  or  glabrous  above  :  raceme  mostly  short-peduncled  ; 
bracts  subulate  :  calyx  long,  with  nearly  equal  lips,  the  upper  narrowed  and  shortly 
toothed  :  petals  blue,  verging  to  white  ;  the  standard  naked,  acute,  with  the  marginf; 


^mn^is.  LEGUMINOS^. 


119 


wtf  "''''  ^T?  T\\  ^!^^  "fT  ^''^  ''''■y  't^""g'^  f^l^^te,  naked  :  pod  1  to  2 
inches  lonpr.  _  Hook.  M.  i.  1G5  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  527. 

Var.  Bridgesil,  Watson,  1.  c.     The  more  villous  form,  Avith  very  large  flowers 
•    and  dense  raciiinos  :  seeds  nearly  4  lines  long.  '"jwtra 

Frnnucnt  from  the  Colu.nJ.ia  River  to  San  Diego,  throughout  tlie  State  ;  variable  but  well 
marked  by  the  characters  of  the  (lower.     The  mature  fruit  of^the  ordinary  forn.s  is  not  known 

10.  L.  Sitgreavesii,  Watson,  1.  c.  Puberulcnt  and  somewhat  silky-viUous  with 
spreading  hairs:  stipules  setaceous;  leaflets  7  to  9,  oblanceolate,  acute,  1  to  3  inches 
long,  usually  glabrous  above  :  raceme  open,  shortly  pedu.u.led;  pedicels  slender- 
calyx  appressed^silky,  .short ;  the  upper  lip  rather  broad,  shortly  toothed  or  nearly 
entire  :  standard  rounded,  naked ;  keel  ciliate  or  naked  :  ovules  5. 

Found  on  the  San  Francisco  Mountains  in  Arizona  and  eastward,  an.l  also  what  anneais  to  b« 
a  more  glabrous  form  (2012  Brcivcr)  at  Ebbetfs  Pass  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  ^^ 

«ill'v*  ^'  °™^*"«'.^^';"8>-  ^  T>ocu.ubnnh  or  ascending  :  pubescence  usually  short, 
silky,  approssed  :  stipules  setaceous ;  leaflets  5  to  7,  oblanceolate,  1  to  2  inches  Ion" 
acute  or  acutish  :  raceme  loose,  usually  shortly  peduncled  ;  bracts  subulate  :  calyx- 
lips  nearly  equal,  the  upper  rather  shortly  toothed  or  bifid  :  petals  blue  :  the  stand- 
ard acutish,  somewhat  silky  on  the  back,  often  paler  especially  in  the  centre  :  the 
keel  cihate:  pod  1^  inches  long:  seed  white,  nearly  orbicular,  compressed  24 
WaLn"f  Tsos  °*   ^'   ^^^^^   ^''''^'    ^"'^   ^'^-  ^'"^^-   ^  ^er.   t.   212; 

(/ro%'l':at JT  Wyo'StVLt  '"'  '''  ''"'^'  ^'  '''''  ''  ''•'''  '--'  '''''^'' 

-f-  -I-  Flowers  mn//a;  except  in  L.  Oraj/i,  vever  yellow :  ovules  3  (o  O. 

^*  Leaves  distant;  lower  petioles  elongated  ;  leaflets  not  smooth  above :  racemes  mostly 
dense  :  ovules  \  to  (S. 

12.  L  sericeus,  Pursh.     Rather  stout,  1  to  2  feet  high:  pubescence  of  coarse 

rto"2'rinche:  1  ^  '""1"°  ^'r^  S^^^"?'  '  '^  ''  '^^^'y  'O'  — ^^^  oblanceoMe 
1  to  2|  inches  long  acute:  peduncles  short:  bracts  deciduous,  often  much  exceed- 
ing the  calyx  :  pedicels  slender,  2  or  3  lines  long:  calyx  strongly  gibbous  densely 
ft  "^f'nd"'!  ^'  "^-  ^-l-^^I'.Jhe  "PPer  slightly  toothed  :  petd^s  blue  or  whiS^ 
i  4Gt  wlo^^^^^  r'sst  "'"''=  ^"'  '^""^^  ''^'"'^  ''  ^"^^  long. -Flora; 
eas^erc'^airrnia."  ^"'''''■"  ^'"'^^'^'   ^^'^'^'  '^"^  Montana,  and  doubtless  to  be  found  in  North- 

13.  L.leucophyUus  Dougl.     Stout,   2  or  3  feet  high,  leafy,   densely  silky- 
tomentose  throughout  and  somewhat  villous  :  leaflets  7  to  10,  oblanceolate  or  cune- 

tlo.'ZTr  1  '  '"'i  '  ^^^"'  ^"*"'  ^^'^  "PI^^''  Petioles  about  equalling  the  leaves: 
racemes  sessile  or  nearly  so,  densely  flowered  and  usually  elongated  :  bracts  subulate 
or  linear,  subpersistent  or  deciduous:  pedicels  stout,  a  line  long  or  less:  upper 
calyx-hp  rather  deeply  cleft  :  petals  blue  or  pink  ;  the  standanl  densely  villous,  the 

l)lr  T  ',,'  ;f^TT^™"-Jl^^-  ^^'S-  t.  112.1;  Watson,  1.  c.  529.  L.  plumosus, 
JJougl.  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1217. 

^iTd^robXtorSaJn:  l^ZlT.  ^"'  ^^^  '''''^  '  ^'^^  '^^^  ^^^^  (^"^- 

„=no1i  ^-.^^ayi,  Watson.  A  span  high,  rather  stout,  densely  hoary-toraentosc, 
usually  with  some  silky  hairs  :  leaflets  5  to  9,  cuneate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse 
or  acutish  |  to  U  inches  long,  shorter  than  the  petioles  :  racemes  pe.luncle.l,  short 
and  loosely  flowered  ;  bracts  subulate,  equalling  the  calyx  ;  pe.licels  more  slender,  1 
or  2  lines  long  :  flowers  subverticillate,  light  blue,  G  to  7  lines  long,  with  broad 
wings  and  broad  naked  standard:  keel  ciliate:  pod  an  inch  long  or  more,  6- G- 
seeded.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  1 26. 


220  LEGUMINOS.E.  Lupinus. 

In  tho  Sien-a  Nevada  from  Mariposa  Co.,  near  Clark's  {A.  Gray),  to  Indian  Valley,  Plumas  Co., 
Mrs.  M.  E.  P.  Ames. 

L.  Palmkui,  Watson,  1.  e.  viii.  f>;{0,  from  the  San  Franciseo  Mts.,  Arizona,  is  densely  i)ube.s- 
cent  with  rather  ri{?id  stniigiit  mon-  or  le.ss  spreiiding  hairs  ;  leallets  small,  acute  ;  llowers  small, 
in  a  narrow  pcduneled  raceme,  with  short  dociiluous  bracts  ;  corolla  deep  blue  ;  standard  some- 
what hairy  ;  keel  naked. 

I..  N1VKU.S,  Watson,  1.  e.  .\i.  Vl(\,  is  another  allied  species,  from  Guadalupe  Island  {J'alincr), 
densely  white-tomentose,  not  villous  ;  tho  deep  blue  rather  small  llowers  on  slender  petlicels  ; 
petals  all  naked. 

15.  L.  lepidus,  Douj^l.  ISlender,  often  low,  a  span  to  two  feet  high,  leafy  at 
base,  densely  appressed  silky-villous  :  leallets  7  to  I),  narrowly  oblanceolato,  ^  to  U 
inehes  long,  acute,  on  elongated  petioles  :  bracts  not  exceeding  tho  calyx,  deciihiona  : 
llowers  verticillate  or  scattered,  on  sliort  }K-dicels,  in  an  elongated  long-ped uncled 
racoiuo  :  ujjpor  calyx  lip  toothed  or  deeply  cleft  :  jaitals  violet,  tho  standanl  nakitd 
and  koel  ciliate  :  pod  an  inch  long.  —  Liudl.  Bot.  lu-g.  t.  lU'J  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  viii. 
530. 

From  Puget  Sound  to  Klamath  Lakes,  and  collected  by  Boluiulcr  in  Bear  Valley  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  ;  near  Cai-son  City,  Nevada,  on  foot-hills,  Bluumcr,   IFatsait,. 

16.  L.  ConfertUB,  Kellogg.  Erect  or  ascending,  a  foot  high  or  more:  pubes- 
cence silky-villous,  appressed  or  spreading  :  leallets  5  to  8,  cuneate-oblong  to  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate,  |  to  If  inches  long,  acute  :  raceme  usually  dense,  rather  long- 
peduncled  ;  bracts  persistent,  setaceous,  about  etpialling  the  calyx  :  llowers  verticillate, 
nearly  sessile,  blue  or  rose-colored  :  upi)er  calyx-lip  2-cleft  :  standard  naked,  rather 
narrow  ;  the  keel  ciliate  :  pod  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  2  -  4-seeded  :  seeds  nearly 
round,  white.  — Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  192,  fig.  59  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  L.  Torreyi,  Gray; 
Watson,  r»ot.  King  Exp.  58.     L.  sellulus,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  36. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Yosemite  Valley  to  Washoe  Lake  and  Donner  Pass.  Well  marked 
by  its  consj)i(;uou3  persistent  bracts. 

17.  L.  onustus,  Watson.  Low,  a  span  high  or  less,  with  a  deciunbont  sonie- 
wliat  woody  base,  rather  sparingly  silky-villous  :  leallets  5  to  8,  oblanceolate,  acuto 
or  acutish,  glabrous  aliove,  about  an  inch  long;  the  petioles  two  or  three  times 
longer:  llowers  deep  blue,  small,  scattered  in  a  loose  short  and  shortly  peduncled 
raceme  :  bracts  short,  deciduous :  pedicels  slender :  standard  naked  ;  keel  strongly 
ciliate  :  pod  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  half  an  inch  broad,  6-ovuled  :  seeds  large,  over 
three  lines  broad.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  127. 

Indian  Valley,  Plumas  Co.  {Mrs.  M.  E.  Pulsifcr  Ames) ;  Sieri-a  Co.,  Lemmoii.  Somewhat 
resembling  L.  parviflorus  on  a  reduced  scale,  but  the  fruit  very  distinct. 

++  ++  Stevis  leafy :  petioles  and  peduncles  mostly  short :  bracts  deciduous,  usually 
short :  ovides  3  to  5. 

18.  L.  Anderson!,  Watson.  Slender,  about  a  foAt  high,  much  branched  and 
leafy,  finely  appressed  pubescent :  leallets  7  to  9,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute  or 
obtuse,  pubescent  both  sides,  about  an  inch  long,  eciualling  the  petioles  :  racemes 
short  and  shortly  peduncled  ;  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long  :  calyx  not  saccate,  the  lips 
nearly  equal :  petals  blue  or  pinkish  ;  standard  and  keel  naked  :  pod  \\  inches  long  : 
seed  light-colored,  3  lines  long.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  58,  and  1.  c.  viii.  531. 

Var.  C?)  Grayi,  Watson,  1.  c.  Leaflets  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  6  to 
9  lines  long ;  the  whole  plant  densely  appressed-hairy. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Carson  City  {Anderson);  the  variety,  a  very  doubtful  fonn,  near 
Clark's  Ranch  in  Mariposa  Co.,  A.  Gray.  Scanty  specimens  of  another  allied  form,  densely  hairy- 
tomentose,  with  narrowly  oblanceolate  leaflets,  have  been  collected  by  lltdhrock  on  the  North 
Fork  of  Kern  River,  at  8,500  feet  altitude. 

19.  L.  parviflorus,  Nutt.  Stems  mostly  solitary,  strict,  erect,  slender,  2  or 
3  feet  high,  at  length  .somewhat  branched  :  pubescence  scanty,  short,  appressed,  tho 
calyx  and  pedicels  silky  :  leaves  rather  distant;  leaflets  5  to   11,  oblanceolate  to 


Lupinns.  LEGUMINOS^.  jOl 

obovate,  1  or  2  inches  long  acute  or  obtuse,  glabrous  above,  the  lower  leaves  shorter 

t"  wV'  r'  \  TT  ^  ^  ^  ^°'  ^^"^'  '^''''^'^>  ^^^'^  linear-subulate,  equamn' 
the  calyx;  pedicels  slender,  1  to  2  lines  long:  calyx-lips  nearly  equal  •  petal,  liX" 
blue  ;  the  stan.  anl  naked  ;  the  keel  naked  or  cili.ito,  :  ^od  f  ^^:  2^!  4    eedcd 

33gT  Watsonri    ''531"         '  '""  ''""  "  ''""^''^^-  ~  ^^"''-  "^  '^"'''^'-  ^-"'-y.' 
In  the  mountains  from  the  Coh,mhia  Kiver  to  Yosemite  Valley,  and  eastward  to  the  Wahsatch 

rather  ^;nt^l^^';"f^^'/-T«    ^,^'™'   '^"'^''^'''   "^   "^   '"^^'^^   ^•^^^""i^I   ^P^ci^'S 
lather  stout,    1   to  2  feet  high,  finely  appressed-silky  :  leaflets  G  to   12,  usually  9 

Ob  ancoolnte,  1  or  2  inches  long,  acute,  more  or  less  silky  on  both  sides,  at  least 

S"  T^S  IhT  "'"^  ";"'"";?  ''  ^  ''"'"^  ^'"«'  ''''''''  «"l->lato; pedicels 
slender,   1  to  3  lines  long  :  calyx  sdky,  conspicuously  spurred,  the  lips  unequal  • 
peta  s  wh.  e  or  blue;  the  pubescent  standard  six  lines  long,  exce;ding  the  wings  and" 
ci ha  e  kee  :  pod  an  jnch  long  :  seeds  light-colored,  nearly^  three  linel  long.  -Pro 
Calif.  Acad.  11.  195,  fig.  60;  Watson,  1.  c.  531. 
On  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  eastward  in  Northern  Nevada. 

21.  L  laxiflorus,  Dougl.  Slender,  1  to  2  feet  high:  pubosccnco  short,  silky 
appressed  :  leaflets  6  to  8,  narrowly  oblanceolato,  acute,  silky  on  both  sides,  ;t  least 
half  as  long  as  the  petioles :  racemes  loose  and  slender ;  pedicels  2  to  3  lines  lone  • 
6  lbr..Tnnr'  ^"^^f  ^'^f «  f  base,  the  upper  lip  shortly  toothed  :  petals  blue,  3  to 
IZh^nt"^  i'  f  """^"'^  somewhat  pubescent  and  keel  ciliate :  pod  less  than 
an  inch  long  :  seeds  two  lines  in  dian.eter.  -  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1140  -Watson  1  c 

Sh.  i;Jt  198,^;;:^:  '^"''- ""'' ''-- '  ''''■  '  -"^^-  ^^"^S'i:: 
u!:zlTZil:l::!Zl^^^^^^^^  ^^"^^  -^-'^  ^°""^^  ^-'  -'^  -^t-«'  ^o  ti.  wahsatch 

22.  L  argenteus,  Pursh.  Slender,  1  or  2  feet  high,  hoary  with  short  silkv 
sToo^:^"''"""'^^=  ^^^^t  '  "^  '-  l"--l--olate,^f'to  11  hiche    long  a  uS 

but  not  ,11^''.)''  h'^  '^'"'^T-'  T^'^^y  ^^^"^^•-  '^^y^  campanulate,  gibbous 
colored  TZir  T'  ^''  I'^^r  'P  ^'"''^^^  •'^"'^  '^'^^bed:  petals  blue  ^r  cream- 
colored,  3  or  4  lines  long  ;  standard  very  broad,  naked  or  slightly  hairy  •  the  keel 
naked  or  subcdiate  :  pod  short :  ovules  3  to  5.  -  Flora,  i.  408^;  mj^yj  7^3^^ 

Plains  ol  the  Cohunl.ia  and  Snake  Rivers,  and  eastward  ;  prohal.Iy  in  Norlho^slorn  Californin. 
«iiw"  ^-^^^los^^ceus  Nutt.  Slender,  1  to  1|  foot  high:  pubosconco  silvory- 
at  W.f tl  ^  oppressed  :  leaflets  6  to  8,  narrowly  oblanceolato,  |  to  U  inches  long, 

ses  fe  3  !  T  '  V"  ""^  ^'''  ^f'^'''  "'"^^'  ^^^^  ''^^^  ^"  ^oth  sides  :  racemes  nearly 
sessle    3  to  6  inches  long ;  flowers  verticillate  ;  pedicels  short,  rather  stout :  calyx 

S/^  '^Tf  k  \  T  ''^'''^y  ^'1"^^'  ^^'^  "PP^^  broad  an.l  shortly  toothed  :  petals 
flesh-co  or   2  to  5  lines  long;  the  standard  very  broad,  pubescent  on  the  back  ;  the 

WatsolI'''l   c  532  """  '"    '  ^""^  '  ''"''  '^^^'''  large.  -  Torr.  .S,  Gray,  Flom  i.  380  ; 

East  of  the  Sien-a  Nevada  from  the  Columbia  River  to  Southern  Nevada, 
d.ni  ^- °^f  ion^*h«S,  Gray.  Low,  branched  and  leafy,  a  foot  high  :  pubescence 
dense,  sdky-tomentose  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  I  to  1  inch 
long  acut.sb,  sdky  both  sides,  about  equalling  the  petiole:  racemes  short  and 
small,  nearly  sessile;  bracts  ovate;  flowers  subvertioillate  or  sr.attere.l,  blue  on 
I)0<licel3  ^  to  1  line  long:  calyx  campanulate,  not  spurred,  .densely  tomentose  : 
peta  3  two  lines  long,  scarcely  exceeding  the  mlyx  ;  the  standard  very  broad,  naked  : 
the  keel  .s  ,ght|y  cliate  :  pod  half  an  inch  long  :  seeds  white,  two  lines  in  diameter. 
—  J  roc.  Am.  Acarl.  vi,  622  ;  Watson,  1.  c  533. 

Polleoted  only  by /)r.  ^ndr.r^on  nearCnrfion  Pity.  proKibly  in  the  Sirrra  Nevada. 


222  LEGUMINOS^.  Lupinus. 

*  *  Dxvarf  perennials,  mostly  cespitose :  racemes  usually  short  and  dense  ;  bracts 
somew/uU  persistent;  flowers  suhverticillate,  on  sliort  pedicels:  upper  calyx-lip  2-cle/t 
('l-tootlu'd  ill  L.  (iridus),  the  loiver  3-toothed :  keel  dilate:  ovules  3  to  ii  :  pud  hairy, 
oblong,  3  -  ^-seeded. 

25.  L.  aridus,  Dougl.  Stems  cespitose,  2  or  3  inches  long  :  pubescenco  villous, 
both  loose  uud  appicssed  :  leallets  5  to  7,  obhinceokte,  an  inch  long  or  less,  acute, 
the  petioles  3  or  4  times  longer  :  raceme  ilense,  2  or  3  inches  long  ;  jieduncle 
shorter  tlian  the  leaves  ;  bracts  nearly  equalling  the  calyx  :  petals  purple,  5  lines 
long ;  the  elliptical  standard  usually  shorter  :  pod  5  lines  long.  —  Lindl.  l!ot.  Reg. 
t.  1242  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  533. 

Var.  Lobbii,  Watson,  1.  c.  Leaflets  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  half  an  inch  long, 
the  petioles  2  or  3  times  longiT  :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves  :  calyx-lips  more 
strongly  toothed  :  standard  bn)ader. 

Washington  Territory  and  Oregon  :  the  variety  in  the  liigher  Sici  ni  Nevathi  {Lo1>h)  ;  above 
Ebbett  and  iSonora  Passes,  at  8,500  and  12,000  I'eet  altitude,  Brewer. 

26.  L.  minimus,  Dougl.  Appressed  silky-villous :  stems  3  to  G  inches  high  : 
leallets  5  to  7,  uhuvate  or  oblanceolate,  3  to  8  lines  long,  mostly  acutish,  the  peti- 
oles 3  or  4  times  longer :  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  :  bracts  linear  : 
upper  calyx-lip  deeply  bilid :  petals  purple,  4  or  5  lines  long;  the  standard  orbicular. 
—  Hook.  Fl.  i.  1G3;  Watson,  1.  c.  534. 

Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  to  Northwestern  Wyoming  (Parry),  and  in  the  high  Sierra 
Nevada  ;  above  L'isco  (Kdluijij)  ;  Sunnnit  Station,  in  shade,  Greene. 

27.  L.  Breweri,  Gmy.  .  Stems  G  inches  long  or  less,  from  a  spreading  branched 
woody  caudex,  very  leafy:  pubescence  dense,  silky,  appressed:  leaflets  7  to  10, 
obovate,  obtuse,  4  to  G  lines  long,  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  petiole  :  racemes  very 
short,  the  peduncle  equalling  the  leaves ;  bracts  short :  calyx-lips  nearly  equal ;  the 
upper  deeply  bilid,  the  lower  shortly  and  equally  toothed  :  petals  blue,  equal,  3  to 
4  lines  long  ;  the  standard  orbicular.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  334  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  fVo7ii  Mt.  Pines  and  the  North  P'ork  of  the  Kern  River,  from  8,000  to 
12,000  feet  altitude  (Rothrock)  and  Yoseniile  Valley,  at  (i.OOO  to  8,000  feet  altitude  (Brewer, 
Gray),  to  Sierra  Co.,  Lcinmoii.     Stems  sometimes  very  short  and  densely  matted. 

28.  L.  Lyallii,  Gray.  Stems  leafy,  from  a  spreading  woody  caudex  :  pubes- 
cence dense,  villous,  appressed  :  leaflets  5  or  6,  obovate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  acutish, 
the  petioles  much  longer  :  racemes  very  short,  the  peduncles  much  exceeding  the 
leaves  ;  bracts  short :  calyx-lips  nearly  cijual :  petals  purple,  five  lines  long,  nearly 
equal;  the  standard  (illiptical.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  334  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

Var.  Danaus,  Watson,  1.  c.  Stems  less  leafy  :  pubescenco  less  abundant :  flowers 
nearly  white;  the  keel  tipi)ed  with  tlark-purple.  —  L.  Danaus,  (Jray,  1.  c. 

Alpine  ;  summits  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Wasliin^ton  Territory  (Lyalf) ;  the  variety  on  Mt. 
Dana,  at  12,500  feet  altitude  (Bolander),  and  on  the  North  Fork  of  Kern  River,  at  8,000  feet, 
Eothrock. 

*   *   *   Annuals:  leaflets  mostly  6  to  1  {in  L.  leptophyllus,  &  to  10)  :  upper  calyx-lip 
2-parted  or  bifid :  pod  linear,  4  -  8-seeded. 

+-  Floivers  vei-ticillate :  bracts  deciduous. 

29.  L.  aiRnis,  Agardh.  Stem  a  foot  high,  rather  stout  :  pubescence  very  short, 
more  or  less  spreading  :  leallets  broadly  wedge-obovate,  an  iindi  long  or  more, 
emarginate  or  oljttise,  smoother  above;  tlio  petioles  twice  longer:  peduncles  long; 
bracts  short :  petals  5  lines  long ;  the  keel  usually  naked  :  ovules  5  to  7.  —  Sy- 
nopsis, 20,  in  part;  Watson,  1.  c.  535.  L.  cervinus?  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii. 
229,  fig.  73. 

From  San  Francisco  and  Bear  Valley  (Kcllorig)  to  San  Diego  ;  in  early  sjiring.  Distingiushed 
from  the  larger- flowered  forms  of  tlie  next  species  by  its  short  pubescence,  broader  and  obtuser 


Lupinus.  LEGUMIN0SJ5.  223 

leaflets,  usually  smooth  ahove,  and  its  short  brarts.     Dr.  Kcllogg's  L.  crrvinux  appears  to  be  a 
stout  form,  with  laige  leaves  and  short  pedicels. 

30.  L.  nanus,  Dougl.  Slender,  ^  to  1  foot  high,  often  brandling  from  the  base, 
villous  or  linely  pubescent  :  leallets  linear  to  oblanceolate,  lialf  to  an  inch  long, 
usually  acute,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  the  })etioles  1  to  3  times  longer  :  racemes 
loose  ;  bracts  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  ])edicels  slender  :  upper  calyx-lip  2-cleft  :  petals 
usually  5  or  6  lines  long,  very  broad,  bluish-pur])lo  or  at  lirst  nearly  white ;  the 
standard  sliortcr  and  usually  marked  with  dark-purplo  lines  :  ovules  G  to  8  :  pod  ^ 
to  1^  inches  long.  —  JJciitli.  in  Jlort.  'J'rana.  n.  sor.  i.  401),  t.  M;  Watson,  1.  c. 

From  Siicramcnto  Valley  to  Southern  California,  fic<iiient.  Flowering  in  curly  spring  and 
rather  variable. 

31.  L.  micranthus,  Dougl.  Slender,  3  to  12  inches  high,  villous  :  leaflets 
linear,  \  to  1  incii  long  :  racemes  short,  often  rather  dense  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
calyx  ;  pedicels  a  lino  long  or  less  :  calyx-lips  broad,  the  upper  with  short  triangu- 
lar lobes  :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long  ;  the  wings  and  standard  very  narrow.  —  Lindl. 
liot.  Reg.  t.  1251  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

Var.  microphyllus,  Watson,  1.  c.  The  lower  and  moni  liirsuto  form,  with  tlie 
leaflets  but  3  to  G  lines  long. 

Var.  bicolor,  Watson,  1.  c.  Flowers  a  little  larger,  witli  the  petals  somewhat 
broader,  and  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long.  —  L.  bicolor,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1109. 

Var.  trifidus,  Watson,  1.  c.     Very  hairy  ;  lower  lij)  of  the  calyx  3-parted. 

From  Pnget  Sound  to  Soiithcrn  California,  very  frequent ;  the  var.  frjfidiis  near  San  Francisco, 
remarkable  lor  the  division  of  the  calyx.  The  var.  bicolor  approaches  forms  of  L.  lunucs,  and 
tends  to  unite  the  two  species. 

-(-  -{-  Flowers  scattered:  bracts  more  or  less  persistent,  except  in  L.  leptophyllus  and 
L.  Stiveri :  ovules  4  to  6,  or  8  in  L.  trimcatus. 

32.  L.  leptophyllus,  Henth,  Slender,  rarely  branched,  1  or  2  feet  liigh,  vil- 
lous :  stipules  linear-setaceous:  leadots  8  to  10,  narrowly  linear,  1  to  1^  inches 
long,  glabrous  above ;  the  very  slender  petioles  2  or  3  times  longer  :  racemes  3  to  10 
inches  long ;  bracts  setaceous,  much  exceeding  the  calyx  :  upper  calyx-lip  narrow, 
deeply  cleft :  petals  5  or  6  lines  long,  bluish-lilac,  with  a  deep-crimson  spot  upon 
the  standard.  —  Hort.  Trans,  n.  ser.  i.  409  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  530. 

Sacrnmento  Valley  and  southward,  on  hills  and  in  rocky  places.  A  form  occurs  with  rather 
broader  leaves. 

33.  L.  sparsiflorus,  Benth.  Very  slender,  sparingly  branched,  1  to  1^  feet 
high,  villous  with  spreading  hairs  :  upper  leaves  much  reduced  :  leaflets  5  to  9, 
linear,  ;J  to  1  inch  long ;  the  narrow  petioles  2  to  4  times  longer  :  bracts  linear- 
setaceous,  .shorter  than  the  calyx,  subpersistent ;  pedicels  short  :  upjier  calyx-lip 
2-parted  :  petals  violet,  5  lines  long;  the  standard  shorter:  pod  a  half  to  an  incli 
long.  —  PI.  Hartweg.  303  ;  AVatson,  1.  c. 

From  the  Sacramento  Valley  to  Southern  California. 

34.  L.  truncatUS,  Nutt.  Rather  stout,  sparingly  branched,  I  to  2  feet  high, 
finely  i)ubesc,ent,  becoming  nearly  glabrous:  stipules  sliort,  subidate ;  leaflets  5  to  7, 
linear,  narrowed  from  tlie  truncate  or  somewhat  3-toothed  apex  to  the  base,  smooth 
above,  |  to  1^  inches  long,  nearly  equalling  the  petiole:  bracts  short,  subpersistent: 
pedicels  ^  to  2  lines  long  :  upper  calyx-lip  2-cleft  :  petals  deep-purple,  4  or  5  lines 
long ;  the  standard  shorter  :  pod  \\  inches  long. —  Hook.  Sc  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  336; 
Watson,  1.  c. 

From  San  I'Vancisco  to  San  Diogo. 

35.  L.  Stiver!,  Kellogg.  Diffusely  branched,  about  a  foot  high,  finely  and 
rather  sparingly  pubescent :  leaflets  5  to  7,  broadly  cuneate-obovate,  ^  to  1^  inches 
long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  raucronulato,  scarcely  more  glabrous  above,  nearly  equalling 


"1^24  LEGUMINOSJi.  Lupinus. 

tho  petioles:  moenuvs  2  or  3  inches  long,  5-  10  llowcreil,  raUior  long-peilnnelod  ; 
bmcts  Hhort;  luHliuol.s  1  or  2  lines  long:  uppur  ciilyx-lip  2-piirtctl  with  broml  iicuto 
lobes  :  petals  0  or  7  linos  long ;  the  yellow  Htandanl  shorter  than  tho  rose-colored 
wings:  pod  an  inch  long,  nearly  glabrous.  —  I'roc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  192,  lig.  58  ; 
Watson,  1.  c.  537. 

In  tho  Sierni  Neviulii  from  Nevada  Co.  to  Mariposa  Co.  A  peculiarly  haiulsonie  and  well 
marked  species. 

36.  L.  hirsutissimus,  Benth.  Stout,  a  foot  high  or  more,  very  hispid  Avith 
spreading  straight  and  viscid  stinging  hairs  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  broadly  cuneate-obo- 
vate,  obtuse  or  retuse  or  sometimes  acute,  mucronulate,  |  to  1|  inches  long,  half  as 
long  as  the  petioles  :  racemes  loose,  3  to  8  inches  long  ;  bracts  short,  subulate,  usu- 
ally deciduous ;  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long  :  calyx  large,  the  broad  upper  lip  deeply 
cleft :  petals  six  lines  long,  nearly  equal,  reildisli-purple  :  pod  hirsute,  an  inch  long. 
—  Hort.  Trans,  n.  ser.  i.  409  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

In  dry  places,  from  tho  Sacramento  to  Soutlioru  California. 

37.  L.  concinnus,  Agardh.  Low,  4  to  6  inches  high,  densely  villous  or  hir- 
sute :  leaflets  5  to  8,  oblanceolate,  4  to  10  lines  long,  obtuse;  the  slender  petioles  2 
to  4  times  longer  :  iiiceme  short,  often  nearly  sessih; ;  bracts  short,  linear-setaceous, 
persistent ;  pedicels  very  short :  upper  calyx-lip  2-i)artod,  the  lower  rather  deeply 
trifid  :  petals  4  lines  long,  violet ;  tho  standard  shorter,  with  a  yellow  spot  in  tho 
coiitro :  i)oil  4-soeded.  —  yynoi)sis,  (5,  t.  1  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

Var.  ArizoniCUS,  Watson,  1.  c.  leather  stout,  a  span  high,  more  sparingly  hir- 
sute :  leaflets  oblanceolate  to  linear,  obtuse  or  acute :  raceme  more  elongated :  petals 
3  or  4  lines  long,  equal,  ochroleucous  or  tipped  with  violet :  pod  half  an  inch  long, 
3-5-seeded. 

From  Monterey  to  Sonora,  rarely  collected  ;  the  variety  in  Southeastern  California  and  Arizona. 

38.  L.  gracilis,  Agardh.  Slender,  3  to  6  inches  high,  very  hairy  :  leaflets  5  to 
7,  cuneate-obovate,  3  to  6  lines  long,  the  slender  petioles  2  or  3  times  longer: 
raceme  short,  loose,  flexuous  ;  bracts  short ;  pedicels  less  than  a  line  long  :  petals 
blue  and  white,  2  or  3  lines  long,  narrow;  the  standard  slightly  shorter;  the 
flowers  nearly  as  in  L.  micranthus :  pod  half  an  inch  long  :  seeds  a  line  in  diam- 
eter. —  Synopsis,  15,  t.  1  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

From  Monterey  to  Southern  California  ;  rarely  collected. 
§  2.   Floivers  as  in  §  1  :  ovules  2  :  cotyledons  broad  and  clasping  after  gei-mination, 
nsually  I'mrf'-peisisterU.      Erect  annuals:  leajhts  cimeate-oblom/  or  -ohovate  : 
bracts  persistent :  pod  ovate.  —  ri-ATYOARPOS,  Watson. 

*   Flowers  verticillate  :  stents  tall,  with  elongated  peduncles. 

39.  L.  microcarpus,  Sims.  Villous  with  long  hairs,  |  to  1 1  feet  high  :  stip- 
ules long,  setaceous  ;  leaves  mostly  approximate,  on  elongated  petioles  ;  leaflets 
usually  9,  cuneate-oblong,  1  to  2  inches  long,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  sometnnes  acut- 
ish,  smooth  above:  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long:  bracts  subulate-setaceous,  equalling  the 
calyx  or  shorter :  calyx  densely  villous,  large  ;  lips  toothed,  the  upper  very  short 
and  subscarious  ;  bractlets  often  wanting  :  i)etals  purple  to  white,  G  or  7  lines  long, 
equal;  tho  keel  slightly  ciliate  :  pods  villous,  8  lint-s  long.  —  liot.  Mag.  t.  2413; 
Watson,  1.  c.  538.  L.  palustris  &  lacteus,  Kellogg,  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  16 
&  37. 

Frequent  from  the  Columbia  lUver  to  Southern  California  ;  also  a  native  of  Chili. 

40.  L.  densiflorus,  Benth.  Much  resembling  the  last :  more  sparingly  villous 
with  shorter  hairs  :  bracts  usually  much  shorter  than  the  calyx,  which  is  smooth  or 
finely  pubescent ;  the  upjier  lip  often  entire  :  petals  yellow  or  ochroleucous,  rarely- 
white  or  pink. —Hort.  Trans,  n.  ser.  i.  409;  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1689;  Watson, 


I^ifoli^irn.  LEGUMINOS^.  jor 

1.  c  — Z.  Memieui,  Agarclh,  Synopsis,  2;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5019.     L  Memiesu 
var.  aurea,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  v.  16.  b  w.     ^.  Memiesu, 

From  the  Sacramento  Valley  southward  ;  frequent. 

41.  L  luteolus  Kellogg.  Rather  slender,  1  or  2  feet  high  :  pubescence  short 
appressed,  ra  her  silky,  the  bracts  and  pod  villous  :  stipules  short/  leaves  scatLred' 
on  short  petioles;  leaflets  usually  7,  cuneate-oblong,  an  inch  long  obtuse  or 
acute,  sometimes  smooth  above  :  bracts  linear-setaceous,  exceeding  the  cayx  flowers 
as  m  Uio  last;  the  petals  pa  o-yellow,  six  lines  long.  -  Proc. 'calif.  Acad,  v  38 
L.  /Sridf/em,  Gray ;  Watson,  1.  c.  638. 
Sacramento  Valley  (BHdjcs)  ■  Nnpa  Valley  {Greene) ;  Mcndocir.o  Co.,  Bolander,  Kellogg. 

*  *  Low :  flotvers  scattered  in  the  racemes :  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
42  L-pusiUus,  Pursh.  Rather  stout,  3  to  10  inches  high,  hirsute  ^yith  long 
spreading  hairs  :  leaflets  mostly  5,  cuneate-oblong  or -oblanceokte,  4  to  ll  inch  J 
long,  acute  or  obtuse  nearly  smootli  above,  about  half  as  long  as  the  petioli  r? 
ceme.  2  or  3  inches  long,  nearly  sessile ;  pedicels  2  or  3  lines  long :  upper  caWx-lTn 
2-cleft :  petals  purple  or  rose-color,  four  lines  long  :  pod  half  an  inch  long  or  more 
seed  nearly  two  lines  broad.  -  Flora,  i.  468  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  538.  ^  ' 

From  the  Missouri  to  the  Columl.ia  and  southward,  cast  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Arizon,.  «nH 
New  Mexico  ;  doubtless  occurrhig  in  Northeastern  California.  '  ^"*  ''"^ 

43^  L.  brevicaulis,  Watson.  Less  hairy,  or  villous  with  soft  spreading  haiis 
1  to  6  inches  high  :  stems  often  short  or  nearly  wanting  :  leaflets  usually  7   cunS 

obovate  or  oblanceolate,  5  to  8  lines  long,  obtuse:  racemes  dense,  1  or'2  iufh^ 
It    ll  I^«;!""'^^«^«^"■^"•"g  7  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  pc<licols  a  line  or  two  long 

upper  calyx-hp  scarious,  very  short  or  truncate:  petals  light  or  dark  blue  3  to^' 
inos  long :  pod  3  to  5  lines  long  :  seed  about  a  line  broad.  - 1  ot  King  Exp  53 

t.  7,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  539.  ^       P"  ^'^' 

size  of  the  flowers,  &c.     A  slender  and  caulescent  vi  11  on,  for!!  1     u     '  ^'"^""^of  pubescence, 
son.  .  S.  Utah  and  S.  Colorado,  which  ^^^^^^^Jl^ ^^^^^^^ 

§  3.  Flowers  axillary    solitary :  sides  of  the  standard  scarcely  reflexed :  keel  nearly 

straight :  pod  ovate  :  ovules  2.— Lupinellus,  Watson. 

**i  ^/  "'l.f/alis  Watson.     Annual,  less  than  an  inch  high,  din"usely  branched 

very  leafy,  villous:  leaflets  5,  cuneate-oblong,  2  lines  long,  obk,  e:  peduLlTequai: 

hng  the  leaves  or  shorter:  calyx  not  bracteolate,  the  upper  lip  deeply  deft     pS 

reSTbTuse.^'rtw'^f-'    ^^  ^"'^"'^P^'  ^''^''^'^  oUvate,^cutrf  thekeern 
beaked,  obtuse:   pod  two  hues  long.  — Bot.  King  Exp.  54,  t    7    &  1    c 

On  rocky  hillsides  near  the  Big  Bend  of  the  Truckee  in  Northwestern  Nevada.' 

6.  TRIFOLIUM,  Linn.  Clover. 
Calyx  5-cIeft,  with  nearly  equal  teeth,  persistent.  Corolla  withering  and  persist- 
ent; claws  all  more  or  less  adnata  to  the  stamineal  tube,  or  the  oblong  or  ovate 
standard  sometimes  free  :  wings  narrow ;  keel  short,  obtuse.  Stamens  usually  dia- 
dephous ;  anthers  uniform.  Style  filiform.  Pod  small  and  usually  enclosed  in  the 
calyx,  membranaceous,  indehiscent,  or  dehiscent  at  the  ventral  suture,  1  -  6-seeded 
-Herbs;  loaves  palmatoly  compoun.l,  witli  3  or  mroly  5  to  7  usually  toothed 
eaflets;  stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole;  flowoi-s  in  capitate  racemes,  spikes  or  um- 
bels, rarely  few  or  solitary  ;  peduncles  axillary  or  only  apparently  terminal.  - 
Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.   127. 


126 

A 
nor 


LEGUMINOSyE. 


TrifoU 


V  "■emis  of  perhaps  200  or  more  species,  in  temperate  ami  subtropical  regions,  chielly  oi  the 
„u. thorn  heniisi.hcre.  In  North  America  it  is  most  largely  represented  on  the  western  suic,  only 
live  species  being  native  iu  the  Atlantic  States,  while  40  or  n.ore  are  iound  in  the  region  west  ot 
the  Uocky  Mountains,  incUuUug  a  se.aion  with  invohicrato  heads  peculiar  to  the  western  i.arts  ol 
North  uiid  South  America.      Most  of  the  si.ccics  of  the  Coast  iJanges  and  interior  valleys  are 


•2.  T. 
3.  T. 


Andeksonii. 
Lemmum. 


4.    T.    KKIOCKl'HALUM. 


PHIMOSUM. 
LONGU'ES. 


7.    T.  ALTISSIMUM. 


KiNGII. 

Beckwithii. 


bolanderi. 
Maciij;i. 


normally  "  winter  animals,"  the  perennials  belonging  chielly  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  cooler  ju..- 
tioiisof  the  State.  I'Vw  of  thorn  are  Hullicienlly  abundant  to  yield  any  important  amount  ol 
forage,  and  none  are  e.iual  iu  this  respect  to  the  commonly  cultivated  Euroi.ean  species. 

♦  Heads  not  involucrate  :  leallets  5  to  7  :  Bowers  sessile  :  calyx-teeth  fdiform,  plumose  :  perennial. 
Stout,  somewhat  villous  :  flowers  spicate,  very  large.  1.  T.  megacephai.um. 

Dwarf,  den.sely  villous  :  flowers  umbellate,  half  an  inch  long  :  leaflets 

nearly  entire.  ,,     i     n  ^ 

Dwarf,  alpine,  somewhat  iiubescent  :  flowers  spicate,  very  small  :  leallets 

coarsely  toothed. 

♦  »  Heads  not  involucrate  :  leaves  3-foliolate. 

Perennial  or  biennial  :  heads  terminal  :  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
More  or  less  pubescent  :  calyx-teeth  very  narrow,  much  longer  than 
the  tube,  plumose  or  hairy. 
Teeth  liliform,  curved,    very   plumose  :    usually   pubescent  :    heads 

ovate. 
Teeth  straicrht,  plumose  :  pubescent  :  heads  ovate  to  oblong  :  leal- 
lets long  and  narrow. 
Teeth  straight,  hairy  :  stem  usually  smooth  :  heads  ovate. 
Glabrous,  stout  :  teeth  subulate,  twisted,  twice  longer  than  the  tube  : 

heads  ovate  to  oblong. 
Glabrous  :  teeth  scarcely  exceeding  the  tube. 

Slender  :  heads  rather  small  :  leaflets  usually  narrow  and  acuminate, 

coarsely  veined  and  toothed.  ^• 

Stouter  :  heads  large  :  leaflets  usually  broader  and  obtuse.  8. 

Low  and  cesi>itose  :  heads  very  small  :  leaflets  small,  broad  and  ob- 
tuse, linely  reticulated  and  scarcely  toothed.  10. 
Annual,  pubescent  :  lauds  mostly  terminal  :  flowers  sessile  :  calyx-teeth 

long-filiform,  very  plumose.  ■,.    „, 

Annuals,  mostly  glabrous  :  heads  axillary  :  flowers  shortly  pedicellate  : 
calyx-teeth  subulate,  not  plumose. 
Glabrous  ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,   rigid,  the  scanous  margin   rough- 

ciliate.  ,  ,  n         ..i 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  calyx  campanulate,   the  teeth  eiiuuUing  the 
petals  :  heads  rather  dense. 
Leaflets  not  notched.  • 

Leaflets  deeply  notched  or  2-clcft.  .,        ,,         , 

Subpubescent  throughout  :  calyx  narrow  ;  teeth  shorter  than  the  pet- 
als :  heads  very  loose.  ^^• 
Glabrous  :  flowers  sessile  :  calyx  short  :  corolla  inflated.  -&• 

♦  ♦  ♦   Heads  subtended  by  an  involucre  :  annual. 
Corolla  not  becoming  inflated  :  involucre  not  membranaceous,  deeply 
lobed,  the  lobes  laciniately  toothed. 
Glabrous  :  heads  many-flowered  :  calyx-teeth  thin,  long  and  narrow, 

gradually  attenuate,  entire  or  setosely  cleft  :  ovules  several. 
Glabrous  or  glandular-puberulent  :  heads  many-llowered  :  calyx-teeth 
rigid,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  from  a  broad  base  into  the 
smnulose  apex,  entire  or  shortly  toothed  :  ovules  2. 
Glabrous,   very  slender  :   heads  small  :   flowers  little  exceedin, 

calyx  :  teeth  rigid,  setosely  acuminate,  entire. 
Often  villou.s,  small,  very  slender  :  flowers  1  to  4,  very  much  longer 
than  the  calyx  :  teeth  thin,  shortly  acuminate. 
Corolla  not  inflated  :  involucre  membranaceous,  at  least  at  base,  less 
deeply  lobed  ;  lobes  entire  or  serrate. 
Villous:  lobes  of  involucre  entire:  calyx-teeth  subulate,  with  broad 

scarious  margin. 
Villous  :  lobes  3-toothed  :  calyx-teeth  triangular,  acute  ;  margin  nar- 
row, seiTulate. 
Smooth  :   involucre  very  broad  ;   lobes  serrate  :   calyx-teeth  setosely 
many-branched. 


T.  CILIATUM. 


GKACILENTUM. 
BIFIDUM. 


Bkeweki. 

DEl'AUl'EKATUM. 


16.    T.   INVOUICUATUM. 


the 


17. 


19. 


TRIDEiNTATUM. 
I'AUCIiLORUM. 
MONANTllUM. 

MICROCEPHALUM. 
MICRODON. 
CYATUIFERUM. 


Trifolium.  LEG  UMINOSvE. 


127 


Corolla  becoming  conspicuously  inflated. 

More  or  less  villous  :    involucre   broad,   setaceously  many-tootbed  : 

calyx-teeth  fililbrni,  plumose.  23.   T   barbigekum 

Smooth,  stout  :  flowers  largo  :  involucre  })road.  deeply  lobed  or  parted  • 

lobes  entire  :  teeth  narrowly  subulate.  '  24.  T.  fucatum 

Smooth,   low  and  slender  :  ilowers  lew,  small  :  calyx-teeth  narrowly 
subulate. 
Involucre  with  oblong  entire  obtuse  lobes,  equalling  the  calyx.  26    T   amplectens 

Involucre  nearly  wanting,  merely  a  toothed  or  entire  disk.  25.  T.  depauperatum. 

§  1.  Heads  not  involucrate,  dense:  leajlets  5  to  7,  rarely  3,  thick :  Jloivers  sessile:, 
calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  filifonn,  plnmose:  perennial. 

1.  T.  megacephalum,  Nutt.  Stout,  a  span  hif,'h  or  less,  somewliat  villous- 
stipules  large,  ovate-oblong,  serrate;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse" 
mucronate,  an  inch  long  or  less,  toothed  :  heads  mostly  terminal,  pedunculate  larcre  '• 
flowers  spicate,  an  inch  long,  purplish  :  calyx  half  as  long,  the  teeth  very  much 
longer  than  the  tube:  pod  stipitate,  6-ovuled,  smooth. —Gen.  ii.  105;  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  315.    Lupinaster  macrocephalns,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii,  479   t.  23. 

Sierra  Valley,  Sierra  ('o  {Lemvion)  ;  Diamond  Mts.,  N.  Nevada  ( /F/Le/er) ;  northwanl  in  the 
mountains  to  the  British  boundary  {Lyall)  :  rather  rare. 

2.  T.  Andersonii,  Gray.  Dwarf,  cespitose,  densely  silky-villous,  leafy:  stip- 
ules lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire ;  leaflets  (Uineate-oblong,  half  an  inch  lon^^,  acute 
nearly  entire  :  peduncles  mostly  axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  flowers °half  an 
inch  long,  purplish,  umbellate ;  the  outer  bracts  forming  a  rudimentary  involucre  : 
calyx-teeth  a  little  shorter  than  the  petals  :  pod  tomentose,  about  5-ovuled  1  -  2- 
seeded.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  522.  ' 

Sierra  Valley  [Lcmmm)  ;  Carson  Valley,  Nevada,  AndtrHon.  Growing  in  dense  tufts  or  mats 
3  or  4  inches  high,  the  stout  bases  of  the  stems  almost  woody.  "  The  roots  grow  very  deep  and 
80  strong  arc  the  fibres  that  an  ordinary  breaking  plough  with  two  yokes  of  oxen  can  scarcolv  tear 
them  u]i.  ■' 

3.  T,  Lemmoni,  Watson.  Dwarf,  cespitose,  alpine,  sparingly  appressed-pubes- 
cent :  stems  rather  slender,  from  a  thick  root  :  stipules  ovate,  acuminate  coarsely 
toothed  ;  leaflets  obovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  toothed,  half  an  inch  long  or  less  •  pedun- 
cles mostly  terminal,  equalling  the  leaves  :  heads  small,  the  rhachis  only  two  lines 
long :  flowers  numerous,  spicate,  very  small  (so  far  as  known)  :  calyx  villous,  two 
lines  long,  exceeding  the  purplish  petals:  stamlard  strongly  hooded:  ovary  smooth 
2-ovuled.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  127.  ' 

Lassen's  Peak,  Lemmon.  Tlie  few  specimens  are  imperfect,  only  a  few  perhaps  undeveloped 
flowers  remaining  upon  the  receptacle.  j  1         r  v^^ 

§  2.   Heads  not  involucrate,  terminal  or  apparently  so,  pedunculate :  leajlets  3  :  flowers 
sessile  or  nearly  so  :  biennial  or  perennial. 

*  More  or  kss  pubescent :  calyx-teeth  very  narroiv,  longer  than  the  tube,  plumose  or 
hairy:  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

4.  T.  eriocephalum,  Nutt.  Erect,  a  span  high  or  more,  villous  with  spread- 
ing hairs,  or  the  stem  and  leaves  rarely  glabrous  :  stipules  long,  nearly  entire  ;  leaf- 
lets narrowly  oblong  or  sometimes  broader,  1  to  1.^  inches  long,  serrulate:  flowers 
in  dense  ovate  spikes,  at  length  reflexed,  4  to  G  lines  long,  ochroleucous  :  calyx- 
teeth  very  villous,  filiform,  lax,  nearly  e(iualling  the  petals:  ovary  hairy,  2-4- 
ovuled.  —  Torr.  &  (Jray,  Fl.  i.  313. 

Mendocino  Co.  (Bolnndnr),  and  frequent  in  Oregon  aii<l  Idaho,  on  moist  .soils. 

5.  T.  plumosum,  Dougl.  Erect  or  ascending,  a  foot  high  or  more,  stout,  some- 
what appressed-villoiis  :  stipules  long,  entire  or  toothed  ;  leailets  narrowly  oblong  to 
linear,  2  to  4  inches  long,  serrulate  :  flowei-s  in  dense  oblong  or  ovate  spikes,  not 


128  LEGUMINOS.'E.  Trijolium. 

leilexed,  half  an  inch  long,  "white":  calyx  very  villous;  its  teeth  straight  and 
equalling  the  corolla:  ovary  smooth,   4-ovuleil.  —  Hook.   FI.  i.   130,  t.   41). 

In  Oregon  uiul  Contial  Idaho  {Duiujlan,  NuUall,  i)jJutUintj),  but  not  yot  detected  in  Culifornia. 

0.  T.  longipes,  Nutt.  Erect  or  ascending,  slender,  uhout  a  span  high  :  stem 
usimlly  gluhroiiH,  tlie  Icallcts  uuti  calyx  rti»ariugly  villous  :  stipules  laosily  narrow, 
entire  or  toothed  ;  leallets  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  usually  very  acute,  about  an 
inch  long,  serrulate  :  flowers  spicute  or  very  shortly  pedicellate  in  smaller  and  less 
dense  ovate  heads,  at  length  usually  retlexed,  5  or  G  lines  long,  ochroleucous  or 
tinged  with  purple  :  calyx-teeth  straight,  more  or  less  hairy,  shorter  than  the  corolla  : 
ovules  2  to  4.  — Torr.  (fe  Gray,  Fl.  i.  314. 

Var.  latifolium,  Hook.  Leaflets  broader :  Howers  obviously  pedicellate,  in 
loose  heads  ;  stems  otl(!n  low.  —  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  vi.  209.  Var.  pyyvutum,  (hay, 
liot.  Ives  Colorado  Fxp.  U. 

Moist  meadows  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Yosemite  Valley  and  above  Mono  Lake  to  the  Brit- 
ish boundary,  and  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  variety  sometimes  takes  on  the  aspect  of 
T.  rejjeuis,  but  the  calyx  is  always  hairy  and  the  teeth  slender. 

T.  PKATENSE,  Linn.  (Kicu  Clovku.)  Steins  ascending,  somewhat  hairy  :  stipules  bristle- 
pointed  ;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate  :  heads  large,  ovate,  sessile  :  calyx-teeth 
lax,  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  ovules  2.  —  Native  of  the  Old  World,  extensively  cultivated,  and 
perhaps  the  must  valuable  species  of  the  genus.  It  belongs  to  a  cooler  and  moister  climate  than 
ours,  but  is  cultivateil  in  some  parts  of  the  State.  Tliero  are  several  varieties,  dilieiing  chiefly  in 
size  and  time  of  liowering. 

*  *   Glabrous  throughout :  calyx-teeth  subulate,  rigid,  contorted,  twice  longer  tlian  the 

tube  :  Jlowers  sessile  :  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

7.  T.  altissimiiiu,  Dougl.  Erect,  stout,  a  foot  high  or  more  :  stipules  very 
long,  toothed ;  leaflets  narrowly  oblanceolato,  very  acute,  two  inches  long,  strongly 
veined,  the  veins  excurrent :  flowers  in  dense  oblong  or  ovate  spikes,  at  length 
somewhat  rellexed,  G  to  8  lines  long,  red  :  lower  calyx-tooth  straight,  the  rest  curved 
or  twisted  downward  :  ovary  smootli,  2-ovuled.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  130,  t.  48. 

Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Central  Idaho  ;  to  be  looked  for  in  Northern  California. 

*  *  *   Glabrous  throughout :  calyx-teeth  scarcely  longer  than  the  tube :  stipules  mostly 

ovate,  acute,  entire :  Jlowers  on  very  short  pedicels,  at  length  rejlexed. 

8.  T.  Beck'withii,  IJrewer.  Stems  stout,  ascending,  a  foot  high  or  more  :  stip- 
ules lanceolate  to  ovate  ;  leaflets  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  serrate,  1 
or  2  inches  long  :  floAvers  on  very  short  })edicels,  7  to  9  lines  long,  in  large  dense 
globose  heads,  red  :  calyx-teeth  linear-subulate,  straight,  equalling  the  tube  :  ovary- 
smooth,  2-G-ovuled.  — Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  128.  2\  altissimum,  Torr.  & 
Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Pep.  ii.  120. 

In  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada  {Bcckwith)  ;  Sierra  Co.  {Lcmmon)  ;  Humboldt  Valley,  Nevada 
{Gray)  ;  Snake  Country,  Burke.     Perhaps  a  large  and  stout  form  of  the  next. 

9.  T.  Kingii,  Watson.  Pesembling  the  last,  but  smaller  and  more  slender,  with 
smaller  heads,  and  usually  acuter  leaflets  :  rhachis  often  producetl  above  the  head, 
with  a  few  8i)ine3cent  bracts  :  flowers  4  to  7  lines  long,  rose-colored  or  purplish  :  lower 
loaves  (as  in  other  species)  often  rounded  or  obovate.  —  Pot.  King  Exp.  59.  'J'.  Hay- 
deni,  I'orter  in  llayden  b'ep.  1871,  480. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Summit  (BoluiuLr)  and  Sierra  I'o.  {Lemiimn),  and  in  the  mountains 
eastward  to  Montana  and  Utah. 

10.  T.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Cespitose,  small,  the  short  stems  decumbent :  leaflets 
obcordate  to  cuneate-oblong,  half  an  inch  long  or  less,  very  finely  reticulated,  slightly 
serrulate :  peduncles  slender,  elongated,  occasionally  axillary  :  heads  small ;  the 
purplish  flowers  few,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  scarcely  equalling 
the  tube  :  ovary  smooth,  2-ovuled. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  335. 


Trifolium.  LEGUMINOS.E.  129 

Moist  or  wet  ground,  nl)ove  Yosemite  Valley,  at  Wcstfall's  Meadows,  and  Peregoy's,  at  8,000 
leot  uUitudo,  Bolandcr,  Gray. 

T.  UEi'ENs,  Linn.  (White  or  Diircn  Clovkk.)  May  Vw  mentioned  licro  tlioiigh  separated 
from  the  group  by  its  wliolly  axillary  i)eduncles.  Stem  slender  and  creeping  :  leadets  rounded  or 
obcordate  :  flowers  small,  white,  in  loose  globose  heads.  —  Native  of  Europe,  probably  not  in- 
digenous in  America,  thongii  very  widely  naturalized  and  often  cultivated  aa  a  valuable  forago 
plant.     Introduced  into  the  cooler  parts  of  the  State  ;  more  common  northward. 

§  3.  J  lends  not.  involiicrate,  pedunculate:  leaflets  3:  ovules  2:  annuals. 
*  Heads  mnsth/  terminal :  floivers  sessile,  not  reflexed:  calyx-teeth  filiform,  pltcmdse. 

11.  T.  Macraei,  Hook.  &  Am.  Somewhat  villous  with  appressed  or  spreading 
hairs,  erect,  slender,  a  half  to  a  foot  high  :  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate ;  leaflets 
obovate  to  uarrovvly  oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse,  serrulate,  about  half  an  inch  long : 
flowers  (lark  purple,  3  lines  long,  in  dense  ovate  long-peduncled  heads :  calyx  very 
villous ;  the  straight  teeth  as  long  as  the  petals,  often  tinged  with  purple  :  pod 
1-seeded.  —  Uot.  Misc.  iii.  179;  Bet.  Beechey,  330,  T.  alhopurpureum,  Tott.  & 
Gray,  Vl  i.  313. 

Var.  dichotomum,  lirowor.  A  taHor  and  stouter  form,  with  larger  flowers  in 
heads  nearly  an  inch  long  :  corolla  more  conspicuous,  tipped  with  white.  —  T. 
dichotomum,  Hook.  &  Am.  liot.  Beechey,  330;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  GOO. 

On  dry  hillsides  in  early  spring,  chiefly  in  the  Coa.st  Ranges,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  the  Co- 
lumbia River  ;  also  in  Chili.  The  Chilian  form  appears  to  have  nearly  sessile  heads  and  stouter 
calyx-teeth. 

*   *   Heads  axillary,  small :  floivers  on  .short  pedicels,  at  length  reflexed :  calyx-teeth 
sid)Hlate :  mostly  glabrous. 

12.  T.  ciliatum,  Nutt.  Glabrou,"^,  erect,  often  1  to  2  feet  high  :  stipules  usually 
narrow,  acuminate ;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  to  obovate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  ob- 
tuse or  retuse,  serrulate  :  corolla  wliite  or  purplish,  little  exserted,  3  lines  long  : 
calyx-tube  campanulate  ;  teeth  lanceolate,  very  acute,  rigid,  the  scarious  margin 
rigidly  ciliolate.  —  PI.  Gambel.  152.      T.  ciliolatum,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  304. 

On  dry  hillsides  from  Los  Angeles  to  the  Columbia  ;  readily  distinguished  by  the  calyx. 

13.  T,  gracilentum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Erect,  slender,  glabrous  (the  peduncles 
and  calyx  rarely  somewhat  villous),  a  foot  high  or  less  :  stipules  lanceolate;  leaflets 
cuneate-oblong  to  obovate  or  obcordate,  retuse,  about  half  an  inch  long,  serrulate  : 
flowers  p.alo  roso-color  or  ])urplisl),  2^  to  3  linos  long,  in  rather  close  heads,  on  pedi- 
cels a  litin  long  or  less  :  calyx-tube  campanulate,  the  subidate  teeth  nearly  equalling 
the  corolla. —  Fl.  i.  316.      T.  denndatum,  Nutt.  PI.  Gambel.  152,  t.  24. 

On  low  hills  and  in  the  valleys  from  Los  Angeles  to  the  Columbia  River. 

14.  T.  bifidum,  Gray.  Exactly  like  the  last,  but  the  leaflets  narrow,  the  sides 
sparingly  toothed  or  entire,  and  all  dee]dy  notched  or  cleft  at  the  apex  :  very  slen- 
der. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  522. 

Marsh's  Ranch,  near  Mt.  Diablo  (^rc?wr)  ;  New  Almadcn  (Torrnf) ;  near  Ukiah  (/?oZrt7trfer) ; 
Osegon,  Hall. 

15.  T.  Breweri,  Watson.  Somewhat  pubescent  throughout,  very  slender  and 
difl"use,  a  span  higli  or  more  :  stipules  lanceolate  ;  leaflets  obcordate  to  oblong, 
mostly  retuse,  toothed  or  serrulate,  3  to  9  lines  long  :  flowers  few,  in  very  loose 
heads,  nearly  white,  2  to  4  lines  long,  on  slender  pedicels  often  half  as  long  :  calyx 
very  narrow,  the  slender  teeth  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xi.  131. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  Sierra  Co. 

T.  Palmrri,  Watson,  of  Gtindalupe  Island  {Palmer),  is  a  smooth  diffuse  .species,  witli  lanceo- 
late long-anuminate  stipules  and  narrowly  oblong  leaflets,  acute  at  each  end,  half  an  inch  long  : 
flowers  purplish,  3  lines  long,  in  rather  clo-se  heads  ;  teeth  subulate,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla. 


]^30  LEGUMINOS.E.  Tri/uliiun. 

§  4.  Heads  short,  suhteuded  bi/  an  involucre,  ivluch  is  usuallij  many-cleft :  leajlcts  3  : 
pedanclts  manifestly  auillary:  Jhwers  mostly  small,  in  whorls,  sessile  ur  nearly 
so,  not  rejiexed :  annuals. 

*  Involucre  not  membranaceous,  deeply  lobed,  and  the  lobes  laciniately  and  sharply 
toothed:  corolla  not  becoming  mjlated. 

16.  T.  involucratum,  Willd.  Glabrous  :  stems  ascending,  often  a  span  high 
or  more  :  stipules  lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire  or  usually  lacerately  toothed  ;  leailets 
mostly  oblaneeolate  and  acute  at  each  end,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  :  involucre  many- 
cleft  into  narrow  laciniate  teeth  :  ilowers  half  an  inch  long,  in  close  heads,  purple 
or  rose-colored  :  calyx-teeth  narrow,  thin,  gradually  attenuate  from  the  base,  ex- 
ceeding the  tube,  all  entire  :  ovules  mostly  5  or  G.  —  T.  Wormskioldii,  J.ehm.  Iiul. 
Sem.  llort.  llamb.  iH^f),  17.  T.  funbriatum,  Lindl.  ]}ot.  J{eg.  t.  1U70.  7'.  spinu- 
losum,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  i.  133. 

Var.  heterodon,  Watson.  Heads  mostly  somewhat  larger  and  leailets  usually 
broader:  some  of  the  calyx-teeth  setaceously  cleft.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  130.  T. 
heterodon,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  318. 

Of  wide  range,  from  the  Britisli  boumlary  to  Mexico,  and  from  the  coast  to  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico  ;  and  ([uite  variable.  Tlie  variety,  from  Washington  Territory  to  California.  Though 
the  original  species  of  Willdenow  is  of  unci-rtain  habitat  and  has  been  known  only  from  culti- 
vated specimens,  yet  there  a])pears  to  be  no  snfiicient  reason  for  distinguishing  from  it  the  better 
known  T.jiinbnatuin  of  Lindley.  The  Californian  form  is  not  distinct  from  the  Mexican  and  New 
Mexican  plant  ordinarily  referred  to  T.  involucratum,  and  Kunth's  figure  of  Humboldt's  Mex- 
ican specimen,  which  was  compared  by  lam  with  a  garden  specimen  of  Willdenow's  species  and 
believed  to  dilfer  only  in  its  smaller  size,  represents  fairly  a  low  decumbent  form  of  the  present 
species. 

17.  T.  tridentatum,  Lindl.  Glabrous  or  sometimes  glandular-puberulent, 
slender  and  usually  erect,  a  half  to  two  feet  high  :  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate- 
acuminate,  laciniately  toothed;  leaflets  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate: 
heads  rather  largo ;  involucre  many-cleft :  Ilowers  6  to  8  lines  long,  in  close  heads, 
purple,  often  tijjpcd  with  wliito  :  calyx  strongly  nerved  ;  the  rigid  teeth  usually 
shorter  than  the  tube,  broad  at  base  and  rather  abrujjtly  narrowed  into  the  spinulose 
apex,  often  with  a  stout  tooth  on  each  side  :  ovules  usually  two.  —  Bot.  Keg.  xiii, 
under  t.  1070.  T.  involucratum,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  318,  not  Willd.  T.  aciculare 
&  polyphyllxm,  Ts^utt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Var.  obtlisifloi'um,  Watsun,  1.  c.  Stouter  and  often  glandular-puberulent,  with 
usually  broader  (dblong  oblaneeolate)  leailets  and  large  heads  of  Ilowers  :  calyx-teeth 
mih'e.  —  T.obtitsljlnrum,  Honk.  Ic.  Tl.  t.  281. 

Var.  melananthum,  Watson,  1.  c  Smooth,  slemler,  often  low  :  heads  snudler; 
the  dark  purple  Ilowers  4  or  5  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth  entire  or  toi)thtMl  :  leaflets 
narrowly  oblaneeolate  or  the  lower  obcordate.  —  2\  melananthum,  Hook.  &  Arn. 
Bot.  Beechey,  331.     T.  variegatum,  var.  /?.,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  317  &  GUI. 

A  common  and  very  variable  species,  from  the  British  boundary  to  Southern  California,  mostly 
confined  to  the  Coast  Hangcs  ;  the  varieties  froui  Middle  California,  the  latter  ranging  southward 
and  into  Arizona,  Palmer.  Forms  of  this  .species  and  of  the  last  sometimes  approach  each  other 
so  closely  as  not  to  be  readily  distinguished. 

18.  T.  pauciflorum,  Nutt.  Glabrous,  very  .slender:  stems  usually  ascending 
or  decumbent :  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate,  laciniate  ;  leaflets  obovate  to  oblaneeo- 
late or  sometimes  linear,  usually  obtuse  or  retuse,  half  an  inch  long  or  less,  serrulate: 
heads  rather  few-flowered  ;  involucre  small  :  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long,  not  greatly 
exceeding  the  calyx,  deep  purple  or  light  rose-colored  :  calyx-teeth  rigid,  subulate 
and  setosely  acuminate,  exceeding  the  tube,  entire  :  pod  2-seeded. — Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  319.      2\  varieyatum,  Nutt.  1.  c.      T.  oliganthum,  Steudel. 

Common,  usually  in  moist  ground,  from  Washington  Territory  and  Montana  to  Southern  Cali- 
fornia and  Utah,  both  in  the  valleys  and  mountains  ;  Yosemite  Valley  {Bolander,  Torrey,  &c.)  ; 
Souora  Pass,  Brewer. 


TrijhUum.  LEGUMINOS^.  231 

19.  T.  monanthum,  Gray.  Still  more  slender,  one  to  four  inches  liigli,  usually 
sparingly  villous  witli  long  scattered  hairs,  decumbent :  stipules  lanceolate,  entire  or 
nearly  so  ;  leaflets  obcordate  to  oblanceolate,  one  to  four  lines  long,  mostly  retuse, 
sparingly  toothed  :  heads  1  -  4-llowered  ;  involucre  very  small,  2-3-parted  and  usu- 
ally unilateral  :  flowers  4  to  G  lines  long,  white  or  purplish,  much  exceeding  the 
short  calyx  :  calyx-teeth  subulate,  shortly  acuminate,  thin.  —  Proc.  Aiu.  Acad.  vi. 
523.      7'.  paucijlorum,  var.  (?)  parvum,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad,  v,  54. 

On  moist  sunny  slopes  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  on  tlie  Upper  Tuoliunnc,  at  8,900  fcot  altitudp, 
and  at  tho  head  of  the  South  Kork  of  King's  Hiver  {Brewer)  ;  Yoscniile  VaUcy  (Oray) ;  at  Cisco 
(Kellogg) ;  Lassen's  Peak,  Lemmoii.     Also  in  tlie  mountains  of  Nevada,  IVIiccler. 

*  *    Involucre  membranaceous,  at   least   at   base,  less  deepli/  lobed ;   the  lobes  entire 

or  toothed:  corolla  not  becoming  inflated. 

20.  T.  microcephalum,  Pursh.  Villous  with  soft  hairs,  slender,  erect  or 
decumbent :  stems  often  a  foot  or  two  long  :  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
mostly  entire ;  leaflets  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  usually  retuse,  serrulate  :  heads 
small,  dense  ;  involucre  about  9-lobed,  tho  lobes  acuminate,  3-nerved,  entire  :  calyx 
hairy  ;  its  teeth  subulato,  with  a  broad  scariously  margined  sometimes  toothed  base, 
attenuate  to  a  long  spinulose  apex,  nearly  equalling  the  white  or  light  rose-colored 
corolla:  ovules  two  :  pod  globose,  1 -seeded. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  317. 

Common  on  hillsides  and  the  sandy  beds  of  dry  creeks,  chiefly  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Puget 
Sound  to  Sontliem  California  ;  Guadalupe  Island  (Palmer) ;  Northern  Nevada,  Watson. 

21.  T.  microdon,  Hook.  l<c  Arn.  Pesembling  the  last:  involucre  broader, 
nearly  enclosing  the  head  ;  its  lobes  about  3-toothed  :  calyx  smooth,  angled  ;  the 
teeth  rigid,  broadly  triangular,  acute,  with  a  narrow  scarious  serrulate  margin. — 
Bot.  Beechcy,  330,  t.  79  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  691. 

From  about  San  Francisro  northward  ;  Washington  Territory,  Lyall,  Hall.     Also  Chilian. 

22.  T.  cyathiferum,  Lindl.  Smooth  :  stems  erect  or  ascending,  a  foot  high 
or  less  :  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate,  laciniately  toothed  ;  leaflets  oblanceolate  to 
obovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  :  heads  larger ;  involucre  conspic- 
uous, very  broad  and  membranaceous,  with  short  many-nerved  and  toothed  lobes  : 
calyx  .strongly  5-nerved,  membranaceous  and  somewhat  inflated  ;  the  nerves  excur- 
rent  above  and  setaceously  branched,  equalling  the  short  rose-colored  corolla  :  ])od 
2-,soeded.  —  Hot.  Reg.  xiii,  under  t.  1070;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  133,  I..  50. 

Hi(MTa  Valley,  Sierra  Co.  (Lrvmwii)  ;  Nortli((rn  NevH<la  (Andrrsmi,  U'ntson)  ;  and  northward  to 
the  Columbia  River.     A  remarkable  sjteiues. 

*  *   *   Standard  becoming  conspicuovsly  inflated  and  enclosing  the  rest  of  the  flower  : 

involucre  nearly  obsolete  in,  T.  depauperatum. 
+■  Heads  mostly  large  :  involucre  conspicuous. 

23.  T.  barbigerum,  Torr.  Somewhat  pubescent  :  stems  rather  stout,  decum- 
bent or  ascending,  a  span  high  or  less  :  stipules  scarious,  broadly  ovate,  laciniate  ; 
leaflets  obovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtu.se  or  retuse,  half  an  inch  long  or  less  :  invo- 
lucre as  broad  as  the  beads  (4  to  8  lines  wide),  shortly  lobed  and  setaceously  many- 
tootlied  :  calyx-tube  short,  membranaceous  ;  its  teeth  .setaceou.sly  awned,  plumose, 
the  lower  usually  exceeding  the  purple  corolla,  sometimes  2-3-parted:  pod  2-seeded. 
—  Pacif  P.  Pep.  iv.  79. 

Vai\  Andre'Wsii,  (iray,     A  stout  villous  form  ;  the  heads  larger,  sometimes  an 
inch  broad  :  calyx-tccth  very  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Aend.  vii.  335. 
Near  tho  coast  from  Monterey  to  Mendocino  County  ;  very  variable. 

24.  T.  fucatum,  Litidl.  Smooth  :  stems  stout  and  succulent,  a  foot  or  two 
liigii  or  mow.  :  stijudcs  hirge  and  scarious,  usually  very  broad  and  entire ;  leaflets 
obovate,  often  largo  (J   to   1^   inches  long),  obtuse  :  heads  large;  involucre  broad, 


X32  LEGUMINOSJ!).  IVifolium. 


deeply  cleft  or  parted  into  entire  acuminate  lobes  :  llowers  often  an  inch  long,  pale 
rose-color  or  jjiirplish  ;  calyx-tube  very  short,  uiombrunaceous ;  the  teeth  tliiu,  nar- 
rowly subulate,  entire  or  uccasionuily  2  -  3-cleft :  pod  2  -  G-aceded.  —  But.  Keg.  t. 
1883.  1\  physopetalum,  Fischer  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sein.  Petrop.  iii.  47.  T.  Gambtiii, 
Nutt.  PI.  Gainbel,  161. 

A  coiDinou  sjHicies  iu  the  Coast  Ranges  and  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Siena  Nevada,  through  the 
length  of  the  State  ;  in  some  places  very  abundant  and  affording  good  pasturage. 

-I-  +■  Heads  small,  few-Jlowered :  involucre  small  or  ivanting. 

25.  T.  depauperatum,  Desvaux.  Smooth,  low  and  slender,  decumbent  or 
ascending  :  stipules  small,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire ;  leaflets  obcordate  to  linear 
and  acute,  half  an  inch  long  or  usually  less:  heads  3  -  10- flowered  ;  involucre 
reduced  to  a  very  small  toothed  or  truncate  often  minute  and  scarious  ring  :  flowers 
white  or  purple,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  calyx  short ;  the  teeth  narrowly  subulate  : 
ovules  2  to  6  :  pod  usually  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Jour.  Bot.  iv.  69,  t.  32  ;  dray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  523.      T.  stenopkyllum,  Nutt.  PI.  Gambel.  151. 

Hillsides  and  valleys  from  Southern  California  to  Sonoma  and  Placer  counties.  It  is  also 
Chilian. 

26.  T.  amplectens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Like  the  last:  involucre  shorter  than  the 
llowers,  4-5-parLetl  or  cleft;  the  segments  oblong,  usually  obtuse,  entire  or  ob- 
scurely toothed.  —  Fl.  i.  319  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  But.  Beechey,  330,  t.  78  ;  Gray,  1.  c 
T.  diversifolium,  NutL.  1.  c.  152. 

In  similar  or  the  same  localities  ;  also  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer.  Probably  only  a  variety  of 
T.  depauperattcm. 

6.   MELILOTUS,  Tourn.        Sweet  Clover. 

Flowers  as  in  Trifolium,  except  that  the  petals  are  free  from  the  stamens  and 
deciduous.  Pod  small  but  longer  than  the  calyx,  ovoid  or  subglobose,  scarcely 
dehiscent,  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Annual  or  biennial  herbs  ;  leaves  piunately  3-foliolate, 
the  leaflets  usually  serrulate,  and  stipules  annate  to  the  petiole  ;  flowers  small,  yel- 
low or  white,  in  slender  axillary  pedunculate  racemes. 

An  Old  World  genus  of  about  10  species,  several  of  which  are  often  cultivated  for  forage  pur- 
poses, and  readily  run  wild  in  waste  places.     The  herbage  is  fragrant  in  drying. 

1.  M.  parviflora,  Desf.  Annual,  smooth,  erect,  often  2  or  3  feet  high,  branch- 
ing :  leaflets  mostly  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate,  an  inch  long  or  less :  flowers 
yellow,  a  lino  long,  nearly  siissilo.  —  M.  oaudeiUalis,  NutL.  in  Toir.  &  (Jray,  Fl. 
i.  321. 

Native  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  now  widely  naturalized  in  warm  countries,  and  common 
in  California.     Cattle  are  fond  of  it. 

M.  OFFICINALIS,  Willd.,  with  yellow  flowers  twice  as  large  and  on  slender  pedicels,  and 

M.  ALBA,  Lam.,  with  white  flowers,  the  standard  longer  than  the  other  petals,  are  the  other 
species  most  likely  to  occur  in  the  State. 

7.  MEDICAGO,  Linn. 
Charactora  nearly  as  in  the  last :   stylo  subulate  :   pod  compressed,  falcate,  in- 
curved or  spirally  coiled  :  seeds  one  or  several.  —  Mostly  herbs,  annual  to  peren- 
nial ;  stipules  often  laciniate  ;  flowers  yellow  or  violet. 

Like  the  la-st  wholly  from  the  Old  World,  wIumc  there  arc  about  40  8i)ecie8. 
1.  M.  sativa,  Linn,     (Lucerne.     Alfalfa.)     Stems  erect,   2  to  4  feet  high, 
from  a  deep  perennial  tap-root,  glabrous  :  Iciiflets  cuneate-oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
toothed  above  :  flowers  comparatively  large,  purple,  racemed  :  pods  numerous,  spi- 
rally twisted,  finely  veined,  not  armed. 


^^'«'^^*'«-  LEGUMINOS^. 

year,.     Tl,o  he.bi^e  i,  very  „„trili„™.  Td  »  deep  wil°  iltj  „±;  ""'■  .""^  ?"<lu,e  for  m,„y 

pod,  .„  e„,c„  with  g„at  avidity  by  cattle  fnd  .beep,  Xl'^^U  ..S'h^iintr-I^i;;''  "" 

form,  l-se«le,l,  not  armed,  black  wl.en  rip™       '  '^    ''  '  ■'°'''  """"■  ^'"- 

Sparingly  introduced. 

8.  HOSACKIA,  Dougta. 
Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  usually  shorter  than  the  tube.     Petals  free  from  the 
s  amen.,,  nearly  equal :  standard  ovate  or  roundish,  the  elaw  often  remote  from  the 

acutely  beaked.     Stamens  diadelphous ;  anthe,.  uniform.      Style  incurved      Pod 

'heT;or"'Trb  "'  »""""'"",'"*■  ""''^'  — l-do'l.  P-titioned  between 
the  eecls.- Herbaceous  or  rarely  suffrutesoent ;  leaves  pinnate,  2  -  many-foliolate  • 

rstr34;v^z:t:rinn7:r"^"--"-  ^--  ^-  ™'- 

i.  490,  with  apparently  ioSreJon     Th« "^tf       ^^  ''  referred  by  Bentham  &  Hooker,  Gen.  PI. 

stipules  large  and  foliaceous  :  perennials. 

Stinules  scario'us,  mostly  snmU     perennials     '  "'"'''''  '""""'•  2.  H.  stipclahis. 

Stout,  J^-lyjW>,.us  :  leaflets  9  to  15.  thickish  :  bract  below  tl.o  urn- 

Dei     calyx-teeth  shot  t :  pod  thick.  <?    u   „ 

f^^"±;t::i^:d^^^:^s:,iS^^^^^  ■ "     ■ 

''^^^^;:tets';u^rpiitr "  ^'^^  "'"^^'  --^"^  ^-^-^^^^^^^ = «---     ""'"• 

Silky-pubescent^:Jract  at  the  umbel,   usually  l-foliolate  :  keel   and     ^"   "'  ''^^^"'^^"^ 
Sti^Milos  red  need  to  bjaekish  glands.  ^"   ^-  Torrkyi, 

lerennial.s  nnprewl-pubascont  :  flowers  1  to  8,  rather  larce. 

Inbrous  '^°"*  '  ■■'  ^  ^^  ^  '  ''""'''''  '^'o-'S'^tetf:  pod  long. 

uScent'"'"'^  ^  ^'^  ^  '  '"^'*''*'^"'  "^"'"^  '"■  °°"^  =  ^^  '^°'''''"' 


glnbrou.s.  '  " ' ""«'     „     „ 

More  slender  :  leaflets  3  to  R  ■  rl,.M,;=  .i....^ ,    .     .         ^-  "•  oRandiflora. 

H.  rigida. 


134 


LEGUMINOS^.  Jlomckia. 


Anmmb,  low  :  flowers  smaller.  ,  „  , , 

Uiuliels '2-5-llowi!ii;<l  :  sttiiulanl  rciiioto  from  tlic  wings  :  leaflets  5.  10.  11.  maiiitima. 
Flowers  mo.slly  solitary  :  ]iutaU  uiii.io.\iiiiiuo;  keel  obtuse  ;  stiuuliinl 

ulti'.mmlo  hclow  :  Icullots  U  to  1).  H-  H-  sti!1.;(.ma. 
Klowors  very  siimll,  soliliiry  :  k>nl  lu-ulo  :  Mmlt)  of  tlui  Htiuitliml  cor- 

(Ulu  :  KiiillolH  :Uo  ()  :  imii  5-7-Hcmlca  :  uuiirly  glul.roiiH.  VI.  II.  i-auvikioua. 

*  ♦   I'otl  shortly  iicut(s  'i  -  T-seoiliHl,  strai<'lit  :  flowers  small,  mostly  solitary  :  keel  narrowed  into 

an  acute  Leak  :  stipules  gland-like  :  annuals,  more  or  less  villous. 

Flowers  peduncled  :  corolla  scarcely  e.xceeding  the  calyx  :  leaves  nearly 

sessile,  1  -  3-foliolatc.  13.    H.  PtiUSHlANA. 

Flowei-s  nearly  sessile,    not  bracteate  :  corolla  longer  :    leaves   i)etiolcd, 
3  -5-foliolate  :  low. 
Calyx-teeth  about  wiuailing  the  tube  :  j.od  (i  to  9  lines  long,  5-seeded.      14.   II.  suui'INNATA. 
Teeth  much  longer  than  the  tube  :  pod  3  to  4  lines  long,  2  -  4-seeded.     15.   H.  unACiiYCAiU'A. 

♦  ♦  »  Pod  long-attenuate  upward,  subterete,  incurved,  imbescent  :  stipules  gland-like  :  leaflets  3 

to  7  :  seeds  1  or  2,  terete  :  peduncles  short  or  none  :  flowers  and  fruit  reflexed. 

Glabrous  or  simringly  juibcscent  :  jxkI  slightly  pubescent,  elongated  and 
much  cxserted  lH;yond  the  calyx  :  calyx-teeth  much  shorter  than 
the  tube. 
Somewhat  woody  :  nearly  glabrous  :  stems  angled  :  leaflets  mostly  3. 

Leaflets  oljlong  to  linear  :  umbels  sessile  ;  tci-th  narrow,  erect.  16.   II.  oi.abka. 

Leaflets  oblong  to  linear  :  peduncles  short  or  nearly  wanting  :  teeth 

attenuate,  usually  recurved.  17.   H.  cytisoides. 

Leaflets  obovuto  to  oblong  :  peduncles  very  short  :  teeth  short  and 

blunt.  18.   H.  JUNCEA. 

Herbaceous,  sparingly  pubescent  :  stems  very  slender,  terete  :  leaflets 
usually  5  to  7  :  calyx-teeth  short. 
Peduncles  slender  :  llowei-s  2  or  3  lines  long  :  style  glabrous.  19.   H.  prostrata. 

Peduncles  very  short  :  flowers  very  small  :  style  pubescent.  20.  H.  micrantha. 

Very  silky-pubescent  or  tomeutose  :  stems  herbaceous,  terete  :  pod  pulies- 
cent,  shorter. 
Pubescence  appressed. 

Densely  white-silky  :  leaflets  mostly  3,  narrow  :  umbels  loosely  lew- 
flowered,  often  sessile  :  flowers  3  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth  short.   21.   H.  SERICKA. 
Leaflets  5  to  7  :  iimliels  peduncled  :  flowers  usually  larger  :  calyx- 
teeth  nearly  eipndlmg  the  tube. 
More  or  less  silky  ;  umbels  close,  capitate  :  calyx  very  silky.  22.   H.  argophylla. 

Villous  and  subtomentose  :  umbels  less  dense  :  calyx  less  hairy.       23.  H.  decumbens. 
Pubescence  more  or  less  spreading  :  pod  very  short  :  umbels  mostly 
on  short  peduncles  :  leaflets  5  to  7  :  calyx-teeth  filiform,  equal- 
ling the  tube. 
Very  pubescent  throughout :  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long.  24.  H.  tomentosa. 

Less  pubescent  ;  stem  glabrous  :  flowers  smaller.  25.   H.  Heehmanm. 

§  1.  Pod  acute  above,  linear,  straight  or  nearli/  so,  terete  or  somewhat  compressed, 
manij-  (5  -  •2Q-)seeded,  glabrous  except  in  H.  rigida :  seeds  mostly  compressed, 
suborhicular :  keel  broad  above,  mostly  very  obtuse :  flowers  and  fruit  ascend- 
ing or  erect.  —  Euhosackia,  Benth. 

*  Stipules  scarious  or  foliaceous :  leaflets  5  /o  21,  upon  a  more  or  less  elongated  rha- 
chis  :  umbels  pedunculate,  few  -  many-flnivered :  flowers  rather  targe  :  j>trmnials. 

+-  Stipules  broad  and  foliaceous :  bract  of  several  leaflets,  below  the  top  of  the  peduncle. 

1.  H.  incana,  Ton-.  Low,  stout,  erect,  densely  silky-villous  throughout :  leaflets 
9-15,  ohovale-oblonj,',  acute,  nearly  half  an  inch  long;  stipules  ovate:  [)e(luncle3 
shorter  than  the  leaf  (half  an  inch  long),  6  -  9-liowered  :  bract  near  the  top,  5-folio- 
late :  calyx  3  lines  long  ;  the  subulate  teeth  half  the  length  of  the  tube.  —  Tacif.  R. 
Eep.  iv.  79,  t.  4. 

On  dry  hills  near  South  Yuba,  Bigeloio. 

2.  H.  stipularis,  Benth.  Rather  tall,  stout,  two  feet  high  or  more,  less  densely 
villous  with  spreading  liairs,  glandidar,  tlie  leaves  smoother:  leaflets  usually  15  to  21, 


as 


Hosackia.  LEGUMINOS^.  235 

obovate-oblong,  acute  and  mucronate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long ;  stipules  lar^e,  ovate  • 

peduncles  an  inch  or  two  long,  4  -  8-flowered  :   bract  near  the  middle" leaf-like 

3  -  9-foliolate  :  calyx  two  lines  long;  teeth  subulate,  short:  pod  straight,  1  to  u' 

inches  long.  — Trans.  J.inn.  Soc.  xvii.  3G5.     //.  viacrophylla,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif 

Acad.  ii.  123.     H.  hahamifera,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  125,  fig.  40. 

From  the  Contra  Costa  Hills  to  Monterey.  Plant  often  more  or  less  viscid  with  a  fracrant 
glanilular  secretion.  * 

+■  -t-  Stipules  scnrioiis,  month/  $mnU. 

■++  (Hnhrous  throiujhnnt  or  hecomimj  nearly  so:  brnd  pdlnlal  or  wanliiig. 

3.  H.  crassifolia,  r.enth.  1.  c.  Stout,  erect,  often  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaflets  9 
to  1.5,  nnnutely  pubescent  or  somewhat  villous  but  soon  glabrate,  thickish,  obovate 
or  oblong,  usually  obtuse  and  niucronulate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long:  peduncles  nearly 
equalling  the  leaves,  usually  niany-Howered  :  bract  below  the  umbel,  1  -  3-foliolate  : 
flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  greenisli  yellow  or  purplish  :  calyx-teeth  short,  trian- 
guhir:  pods  thick,  about  2  inches  long.  —  //,  stolonifera,  Lindl.  Bot.  lieg.  t  1977 
//.  plnti/carpa,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  323. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  the  Sacramento  and  common  in  the  foot-bills  of  tlie  Sierra  Nevada 
fls  far  south  as  the  Merced  River. 

4.  H.  bicolor,  Dougl.  Glabrous  throughout,  erect,  rather  tall  and  usually  stout  • 
leaflets  5  to  9,  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  a  half  to  an  inch  long;  stipules 
rather  large  :  peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves,  3  -  7-flowered,  naked  or 
sometimes  with  a  small  scarious  or  1  -  3-foliolate  bract  at  the  summit  :  flowei-s 
nearly  sessile,  yellow,  the  wings  often  white  :  calyx-teeth  triangular,  only  half  as 
long  as  the  tube:  pod  slender,  nearly  2  inches  long.  — JJeiith.  in  Lindl.  Hot.  Keg, 
t.  1257.     Lotus  pinnatus,  Hook.  ]5ot.  Mag.  t.  2913. 

A  .showy  species,  in  low  grounds,  from  Washington  Territory  to  San  Francisco  Bay. 

5.  H.  gracilis,  Benth.  Much  like  the  last :  usually  low  and  slender,  the  weak 
stems  a  span  high  or  more  :  umbel  with  a  petioled  1  -  3-foliolate  bract  :  flowers 
yellow,  the  keel  and  wings  purplish  :  calyx-teeth  nearly  equalling  the  tube  :  pod 
shorter.  —  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  365  ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  54,  t.  15. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  Monterey. 

-^-^  -t-t-  Pubescent  or  puherulent :  hrnct  nearly  sessile  at  the  top  of  the  peduncle. 

6.  H.  oblongifoUa,  Benth.  father  slender,  erect,  minutely  appressed-pubes- 
cent  or  base  of  the  stem  glabrous  :  leaflets  7  to  1 1,  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
about  an  inch  long,  acute  :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  5  -  7-flowered ;  bract 
nearly  sessile,    1  -  3  foliolate,   subtending  the   umbel,   usually   of  a  single   leaflet : 

lowers  yellow  and  purplish,  the  standard  orange,  turning  brown  :  calyx-teeth  subu- 
late about  equalling  the  tube  :  pod  slender,  about  2  inches  long  :  seeds  turgid.  — 
V\.  Hartw.  305. 

Var.  angustifolia,  Watson.  Slender,  a  span  high  :  leaflets  5  to  7.  linoar-lance- 
olato:  umbels  1  -  5-flowered.  — //.  lathyroides,  Durand  (^  Ililgard,  Pacif.  R  Pen. 

V,  6,  t.    3.  n        '  I 

Mainly  in  Southern  California:  Monterey  (Coulter);  Fort  Tcjon  (//a,-,,);  mountains  east  of 
han  Uiego  {Parry,  Palmer)-  the  vaiiety  at  Fort  Miller  on  the  San  Joaouin  (Hecrmann)  and 
Los  Angeles,   JFallace.     Coulter's  locality  is  very  uncertain. 

7.  H.  Torreyi,  Gray,  Resembling  the  last :  more  or  less  silky-pubescent,  often 
g  abrous  below,  slender,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  lennr<ts  obovate  to  narrowly 
oblanccolato  '■-••••- 
keel 


•lanceolate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  obtuse  or  acute  :  standard  yellow  ;  wings  ani 
;el  white.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  (125. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  niong  shaded  8tream-l>aiiks,   from  the  head  of  Kern  River  to  Donner 
l-akc  ;  near  Fort  Tejon,  Jlothrork. 


136 


LEGUMINOS^E.  Ilosackia. 


*  *  Stipules  gland-like,  dark-colored :  leaflets  3  <o  9  ;  rhachis  mostly  elongated :  pe- 
duncles I  -  several-flowered,  bracteate  at  the  summit  or  sometimes  naked :  claws  of 
the  petals  not  exserted  from  the  calyx. 

+-  Perennials :  floweis  rathei-  large  :  umbels  3  -  8-floivei-ed, 

8.  H.  grandiflora,  Uuiitli.  Mostly  tall  uml  atout,  1  to  f)  fuel  liigh,  iiioro  ur 
less  apprcbsed  bilky-pubusccnt :  Icailuts  5  to  7,  on  an  elongateil  rhachis,  oliovate  to 
oblanceolate,  6  to  I)  hnes  long,  acutish  :  peduncles  elongated  :  umbel  3  -  S-liowered, 
usually  subteutltid  by  a  single  leaflet :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  6  to  1 1  lines  long, 
yellowish  or  greenish  white,  often  tinged  with  purple  :  calyx  half  as  long,  tlie  subu- 
late teeth  nearly  equalling  the  tube  :  pod  slender,  elongated,  glabrous.  —  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  3GG.     //.  ochroleuca,  Nutt.  iu  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i,  323. 

From  Mendocino  Co.  und  the  luoulh  of  the  Yuba  to  Suuta  Barbara;  Gimdahipe  Island,  I'ldnwr. 

9.  H.  rigida,  Bcuth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high  or  more,  more  or  less  appressed 
silky-pubescent ;  leaflets  3  to  5  on  a  very  short  petiole,  or  palmately  crowded  and 
sessile,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  acutish,  3  to  8  lines  long  :  peduncles  usually  ex- 
ceeding the  leaves,  1  -  5-flowered,  with  a  sessile  1  -  3-foliolate  bract  or  naked  : 
flowers  lialf  an  incli  long,  yellow  turning  to  brown  :  calyx-teeth  half  as  long  as  tlie 
tube  or  nearly  ecpialling  it :  pod  an  inch  long,  rather  broad,  pubescent :  seeds  sub- 

3.— ri.  Ilartw.  305. 


Arizona,  Sononi,  and  laslward,  and  probably  to  be  found  within  the  aoutheastcrn  limits  of  tlio 
State;  Tantillas  MIh.,  below  San  Diogu,  I'almcr.  Coulter's  original  simciniens  were  refened  to 
Monterey,  doubtless  through  mistake.  11.  puhenUa,  Henth.,  with  linear  or  oblanceolate  leaflets 
upon  a  more  developed  rhachis,  and  //.  IFHghtii,  Gray,  with  flowers  on  shorter  peduncles  or 
sessile,  are  apparently  but  forms  of  H.  rigida,  and  may  likewise  occur  in  California. 

Dr.  Palmer  collected  at  the  13ig  Cafion  of  the  Tantillas  Mts.  a  very  sindlar  plant,  but  with  the 
pod  broader  and  (piite  glabrous.  The  same  was  found  by  Newberry  at  Sitgreaves  Pass  in  Arizona, 
and  perhaps  also  by  IMgelow  on  Bill  Williams  Ilivcr.     It  may  bo  distinct. 

-t-  -k-  Annuals:  rhachis  of  the  leaf  somewhat  dilated:  flowers  smaller. 

-n-  Peduncles  mostly  2  -  5-flowered :  standard  remote  from  the  vnngs. 

10.  H.  maritima,  Nutt.  A  span  high,  mimitely  strigose-puberulent  or  nearly 
glabrous  :  leaflets  mostly  5,  succulent,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  4  to  6  lines  long  : 
peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves  :  umbel  usually  subtended  by  a  1  -  3-foliolate 
bract  :  flowers  yellow,  4  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth  linear-sul)ulate,  about  equalling  the 
tube  :  pod  an  inch  long,  narrow,  10-  12-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  32G. 

Near  the  sea,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Los  Angeles. 

++  ++  Peduncles  \-2-floivered,  about  equalling  the  leaves :  petals  all  approximate. 

11.  H.  Strigosa,  Nutt.  Strigosely  pubescent,  small,  diffusely  spreading,  pros- 
trate or  ascending:  leaflets  5  to  9,  obovate  or  usually  linear-oblong,  1  to  5  lines  long: 
bract  1  -  5-foli(^late  or  wanting  :  flowers  liglit  yellow,  3  to  5  lines  long  or  less  :  keel 
very  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  wings  ;  standard  attenuate  into  the  claw  :  calyx-teeth 
subulate,  shorter  than  tlie  tube  :  pod  narrow,  an  inch  long,  10-  12-seeded.  — Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  326.     //.  microphylla,  nudiflora  &  rubella,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Frequent  through  the  lower  i»art  of  the  State,  from  Monterey  and  Calaveras  Co.  to  the  Colo- 
rado River.     Very  variable. 

12.  H.  parviflora,  nentli.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  very  slender,  uscentl- 
ing,  a  span  high  or  less  :  leaflets  3  to  5,  obovate  and  very  small  to  narrowly  oblong 
and  6  to  8  lines  in  length  :  bract  1- 3-foliolate  :  flowers  very  small  (about  two  lines 
long),  yellow  :  keel  with  a  sharp  incurved  apex,  nearly  equalling  the  wings  ;  blade 
of  the  standard  cordate  :  pod  6  to  12  lines  long,  5  -  7-seeded,  compressed  and  often 
contracted  between  the  seeds.  —  Bot.  Keg.  xv,  under  t.  1257.  Lotus  micranthiis, 
Benth.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  367. 

From  Monterey  and  Sacramento  northward  to  the  British  boundary.     Very  variable. 


Hosackia.  LEGUMINOS.E.  137 

§  2.  Pod  as  in  Euiiosackia,  umaUy  somewhat  compressed,  ^  —  1 -seeded,  glabrous: 
seeds  broadly  oblong  to  orbindar :  keel  narrowed  above  into  a  rather  sliort 
mostly  acute  incurved  beak,  e(fnaUing  or  exceeding  the  wings:  claws  equally 
approximate  to  each  other,  included  in  the  calyx :  Jtoivers  small,  mostly  soli- 
tary, ascending:  leajlets  I  to  5,  on.  a  more. or  less  dilated  rhachis ;  stipiiles 
gland-like :  annuals.  —  Microlotus,  15enth. 

*  Flowers  solitary,  peduncled,  usually  hracteate  with  a  single  leaflet :  corolla  scarcely 

exceeding  the  calyx :  leaves  nearly  sessile,  1  -  Z/oliolate. 

13.  H.  Furshiana,  Benth.  More  or  less  silky-villous  or  soniotimes  glabrous, 
erect  or  ascending,  often  a  foot  high  or  more  :  leaflets  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late, 3  to  9  lines  long  :  peduncles  usually  exceeding  the  loaves  :  flowers  2  or  3  lines 
long  :  calyx-teeth  linear,  much  longer  tlian  tlie  tube,  about  equalling  the  corolla  ; 
pod  narrow,  linear,  glabrous,  about  an  inch  long,  5  -  7-seeded  :  seeds  oblong.  — 
Bot.  Reg.  XV,  under  t.  1257.  //.  elata,  floribtinda,  jnlosa,  &  mollis,  Nutt.  in  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  327. 

A  very  variable  species  and  of  wide  range,  extonduig  from  Washington  Territory  to  Northern 
Mexico,  and  eastward  to  the  Upper  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  even  NorUi  CaroHna. 

*  *  Flotoers  nearly  sessile  and  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  not  bracteate :  corolla  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx :  leaflets  3  to  5,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  scattered  on  a  somew/uit 
dilated  rhachis :  loio  and  much  branclied. 

14.  H.  subpinnata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Villous  or  glabrate,  decumbent  or  ascend- 
ing, a  span  high  or  less:  leaflets  half  an  inch  long  or  less:  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long  ; 
calyx  flcarcoly  half  as  long,  the  aubulnto  teotli  about  equalling  the  tube  :  pod  linear- 
oblong,  compressed,  G  to  9  lines  long,  about  r)-scedotl.  —  Fl.  i.  32G.  Lotus  subpin- 
natus.  Lag.  ;  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  17,  t.  8. 

Frequent  near  the  coast  from  Wa.s}iington  Territory  to  Santa  Barbara,  and  more  rare  eastward 
in  the  interior  to  S.  Utah,  Parry.     Also  in  Cliili. 

15.  H.  brachycarpa,  Benth.  Bcsembling  the  last :  softly  villous  :  calyx  longer, 
the  teeth  linear  and  very  much  longer  than  the  tube  :  pod  3  or  4  lines  long,  oblong 
or  linear-oblong,  villous,  2  -  4-seeded.  —  PI.  Hnrtw.  306. 

From  the  upper  Sacramento  River  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  also  near  the 
coast,  to  Southern  California. 

§  3.  Pod  long -attenuate  njnvard,  incurved,  somewhat  terete,  1  -  2-seeded :  seeds  terete, 
linear  or  oblong :  keel  broad  above  and  mostly  obtuse ;  claw  of  the  standard 
remote  from  the  rest :  stigma  minute,  glabrous  :  umbels  few-flowered,  sessile  or 
pedunculate  ;  flowers  and  fruit  reflexed  :  stipules  minute  dark-colored  glands  : 
leaflets  3  to  7  :  mostly  perennial.  — Syrmatium,  Gray.     (Syrmatium,  Vogel.) 

*  Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent :  stems  slender  and  virgately  branched :  body  of  the 
pod  elongated  and  much  exserted  beyond  the  calyx,  only  slightly  pubescent :  seed^  2, 
straight,  1  J  lines  long  :  ralyx-terth  much  shorter  than  the  tube. 

+-  Somewhat  woody  at  the  base  and  nearly  glabrous :  .items  angled :  leaflets  thick  and 
approximate,  usually  3. 

16.  H.  glabra,  Torrey.  Very  nearly  glabrous,  tlie  calyx  and  young  leaves  often 
somewhat  appre.ssed-silky  :  stems  woody  at  base,  2  to  8  feet  high,  erect  with  weak 
straggling  branches  or  sometimes  decumbent  :  leaflots  oblong  to  linear-oblong,  3  to 
6  lines  long,  obtuse  or  acute  :  umbels  numemus,  sessile  :  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long  : 
calyx  1^  to  2,^  lines  long;  the  teeth  narrowly  subulate,  erect,  a  half  to  one  fourth 
as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  274.  Syrmatium.  glabrum,  Vogel  in 
Linnaja,  x.  591.  H.  scoparia,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  FI.  i.  325  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  346. 
//.  crassifolia,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Common  in  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Lake  (^o.  ( Torrcrf)  to  San  Diego. 


|3g  LEGUMINOS^.  Hosuckia. 

17.  H.  cytisoides,  Benth.  Kesembling  the  last :  calyx-teeth  attenuate,  mostly 
recurved  :  peduncles  eciualling  or  exceeiling  the  leaves,  or  soiuetiiues  very  short, 
usually  with  a  1  -  3-lbliulute  bract  at  the  ti)p.— Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  3GG. 

From  near  San  Francisco  to  Monterey  und  southward  ;  SuUnas  Valley,  Antisell. 

18.  H.  juncea,  licnth.  1.  c.  Very  m-arly  glabrous,  sonuuvhat  sluiibby,  erect: 
leallets  ubovate  Lu  oblong,  2  to  4  lines  long  :  umbels  on  very  short  lUHluncles  or 
sessile  :  tlowers  about  3  lines  long  :  calyx  2  lines  long  or  less  ;  teeth  short  and  blunt. 

Alontercy  to  Sun  r)i(>gi)  {ihnujlas,  NiUlall,  Brewrr,  Goodalc) ;  Colorado  Desert  (Schott) ;  and 
rei»oileii  also  I'roni  near  San  Francisco. 

+-  +-  Herbaceous  and  sparincjly  pubescent:  stems  terete:  leaflets  usualli/  5  to  7,  and 
less  approxiiiuUe. 

19.  H.  prostrata,  Nutt.  Slightly  appressed-silky  :  stems  very  slender,  dilluse, 
2  or  3  feet  long  :  leallets  cuncate-oblong  to  obovate,  2  or  3  lines  long,  acutish  :  um- 
bels on  slender  peduncles,  often  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  naked  or  with  a  1-3-foliolate 
bract:  flowers  two  or  three  lines  long:  style  glabrous:  calyx  a  line  long  ;  its  teeth 
short,  triangular,  acute. — Torr.  Sc  (iray,  VI  i.  325.  //.  decumbens,  var.  (jlabriuscula. 
Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beeehey,  137. 

Santa  Barbara  and  San  Diego,  near  the  sea,  Nuttall,  Palmer,  &c. 

20.  H.  micrantha,  Nutt.  "  Ditfusely  procumbent  from  an  apparently  annual 
root,"  very  slender :  leallets  obovate-oblong,  1  \  to  3  lines  long  :  umbels  on  very 
short  naked  peduncles  :  Uowers  very  small  (not  two  lines  long) :  style  covenid  with 
short  straight  ascending  hairs  :  calyx-teeth  short,  acute. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  324. 

Monterey  {Nultall)  ;  Catalina  Island,  Gambel  probably.  No  good  specimens  of  this  apparently 
good  species  have  been  collected. 

*  «    Very  silky-pubescent  or  tomentose,  herbaceous  :  stems  terete :  body  of  the  pod  less 
elonr/ated,  often  scarcely  lonyer  than  the  calyx,  pubescent,  usually  much  curved :  seed 
often  solitary,  somewhat  curved :  leajlets  3  to  7,  not  approximate. 
+■  Pubescence  appressed. 

21.  H.  sericea,  Benth.  1.  c.  Densely  white-silky,  mucli  branched,  ascending,  a 
foot  or  two  high  :  leaflets  usually  3,  cuneate-oblong  to  linear,  3  to  6  lines  long  : 
umbels  loosely  few-flowered,  sessile  or  often  on  short  peduncles  :  flowers  three  lines 
long  :  calyx  half  as  long,  with  short  slender  teeth. 

Rare  :  collected  by  Domjlas,  probably  at  Monterey,  and  in  Salinas  Valley  by  Brewer. 

22.  H.  argophylla,  Cray.  INIore  or  less  densely  silky,  often  silvery  :  stems 
decumbent  or  ascending  :  leallets  usually  5  or  7,  from  obovate  and  rounded  to 
oblong  and  acute  at  both  ends,  2  to  7  lines  long  :  umbels  mostly  dense  and  capitate, 
on  short  simply  bracted  peduncles,  sometimes  nearly  equalling  the  leaves:  flowers  4 
or  5  lines  long  :  calyx  half  as  long  ;  its  teeth  conspicuous,  filiform  and  silky,  usually 
nearly  ecjualling  the  tube.  —  PI.  Thurb.  31G.  II.  aryentea,  Kellogg,  Broc.  Calif. 
Acad.  iii.  38,  fig.  8. 

In  tlie  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Merced  River  {Gray)  .soutliward,  and  through 
the  southern  jiart  of  the  Statu  ;  Guadalupe  island,  Palmer.  Variable  in  pubescence,  length  of 
calyx-teeth,  &c. 

23.  H.  decumbens,  Benth.  1.  c  Villous-pubescent  and  somewhat  tomentoso, 
perennial :  stems  ascending  or  ilill'usely  procumbent,  a  foot  long  or  more  :  leallets  5 
to  7,  cuneate-obovate  to  -oblong,  mostly  acute,  3  to  C  lines  long  :  umbels  less  dense, 
on  short  peduncles,  with  a  1-3-foliolate  bract :  flowers  2  to  5  lines  long:  calyx  less 
silky  ;  its  teeth  slender,  often  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube. 

Var.  (I)  Nevadensis,  Watson.  Low  and  apparently  annual  :  flowers  somewhat 
smaller  :  calyx-teeth  half  as  long  as  tlie  tube.  —  //.  Ileennanni,  Anderson,  Cat.  PL 
Nevada,  119  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  63,  in  part, 


Pi^ornhn.  LEGUMINOBiE.  139 

Tho  typical  form  is  frequent  in  Washington  Territory,  Oregon,  and  Idaho,  hut  seems  not  to  have 
been  found  in  California.  The  variety  is  common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Yosemite  to 
Siena  Co.,  Lcmmon. 

+-  +-  Pubescen-ce  somewhat  tnmentose  and  ifwre  or  less  spreading :  pod  very  short,  the 
bodi/  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. 

24.  H.  tomentosa,  Hook.  Sz,  Am.  Very  pubescent :  the  stem  covered  with 
spreading  liairs,  weak  and  llexuoius,  prostrate  or  ascending,  a  foot  long  or  more  :  leaf- 
lets f)  to  7,  cuncatn-oblong  to  obovato,  acute,  3  to  G  lines  long  :  umbels  on  short 
bractoolato  peduncles,  or  the  uppermost  sessile  :  llowors  3  or  4  lines  long  :  cnlyx 
half  as  long  or  more,  very  villous;  the  teeth  lax,  liliform,  as  long  as  tho  tube. — 
Bot.  Beechey,  137;  Torr.  <fe  Gray,  Fl.  i.  324.  Syrmatium  tomentosum,  Yogel  in 
Linnrea,  x.  591. 

In  dry  places  near  the  coast,  from  San  Francisco  to  Monterey. 

25.  H.  Heermanni,  iHirand  &  Hilgard.  Less  densely  pubescent :  the  stem 
nearly  glabrous,  much  branched  and  spreading  :  leaflets  smaller,  2  to  4  lines  long  : 
umbels  on  short  peduncles  or  often  sessile  :  (lowers  smaller,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  calyx 
loss  villous,  lialf  as  long;  the  liliform  teeth  about  o(iualling  tho  tube.  —  Paoif.  R. 
Kep.  V.  G,  t,  4. 

Sand-hills  near  San  Francisco  (Fitch)  and  southward  to  San  Diego. 

9.  PSORALEA,  binn. 

Calyx-lobes  nearly  equal,  or  the  lower  one  larger ;  the  two  upper  often  connate. 
Keel  broad  and  obtuse  above,  united  with  the  \vings.  Stamens  diadelphous  or 
sometimes  monadelphous :  anthers  uniform.  Pod  ovate,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded, 
thick  and  often  wrinkled,  sessile.  —  Perennial  herbs  (our  species),  punctate  with 
dark  glandular  dots;  leaves  digitate  or  pinnate,  mostly  3  -  5-f()liolate,  the  leaflets 
entire  ;  stipules  not  adnate  to  the  petiole  ;  flowers  white  or  purplish,  in  axillary 
pedunculate  spikes  or  racemes,  with  mostly  membranaceous  and  deciduous  bracts. 

A  genus  of  about  100  .species,  found  in  all  temperate  and  tropical  regions,  but  most  numerously 
in  North  America  and  Southern  Africa.  Of  the  30  North  American  species,  most  are  confined  to 
the  eastern  and  southern  portions  of  the  United  States. 

»   Leaves  pinnaiely  ?t-folio[.atc. 
"♦-  Stemi^ prostrate,  creeping:  leaves  Inrge,  orbicular. 

1.  P.  orbicularis,  Lindl.  Finely  pubescent,  tho  inflorescence  villous  ;  hairs  on 
the  calyx  mixed  with  short  pedicellate  glands  :  petioles  one  half  to  a  foot  long  ;  the 
leaflets  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter,  somewhat  cuneate  at  base  :  peduncles  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  leaves  (1  to  3  feet  high),  bearing  a  close  villous  spike  of  large  flowers  ; 
bracts  large,  deciduous  :  calyx  5  to  9  lines  long,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base  ;  the  lower 
tooth  much  tho  longe.st  and  about  equalling  tho  purplish  corolla  :  standard  oblong, 
exceeding  tho  narrow  wings  and  keel  :  stamens  diadel]>lious  :  pods  ovate,  acute, 
compressed,  3  lines  long.  —  Bot.   Reg.  t.  1971  ;  Torr.  in   Dot.  Wilkes  Exp.  269. 

Usually  in  moist  places,  from  Plumas  Co.  {Mrs.  Anics)  and  Bolinas  Bay  {Kellogg)  to  San  Diego 
Co.,  Palmer. 

-«-   +-  Stems  erect. 

2.  P.  Strobilina,  ITook.  <^  Am.  Two  or  three  feet  high,  more  or  less  villous 
and  pubescent  throughout ;  the  stem,  peduncles,  and  petioles  glandular  :  petioles  3 
or  4  inches  long ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  softly  pubescent  beneath,  more  glabrous 
above,  about  2  inches  long  ;  stipules  large,  membranaceous,  acuminate  :  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves  :  flowers  in  short  oblong  spikes  ;  bracts  very  large,  decidu- 
ous :  calyx  half  an  inch   long  or  more  ;  lower  tooth  much  the  longe.st  and  at  least 


j^Q  LEGUMINOS^.  Psoralea. 

equalling   the    i)uri)lo   corolla :   stamens   monadelphous :   ovary    pubescent.  —  Bot. 
Beechey,  332,  t.  80 ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  689,  excl.  vur. 

In  the  liilla  from  Contra  C'osU  County  to  SanUi  Cruz.  Ditlering  from  tho  next  in  its  greater 
pubescence,  mther  larger  loaves,  larger  stipules,^  short  peduncles,  and  larger  bracts  and  llowera. 

3.  P.  macrostachya,  1  )C.  Thiuo  to  six  (or  aoiuctimca  10  or  12)  l\ct  high, 
puberulout  or  nwuly  glabrous,  rarely  somewhat  tomeutose  :  petioles  shorter  ;  stipules 
small,  lanceolate  ;  leallets  ovate-lanceolate,  often  aeutish  at  base,  an  inch  or  two  long 
or  more  :  peduncles  nmeh  exccciling  the  leaves:  spikes  cylindrical,  silky-villous,  tho 
liairs  often  blackish  ;  bracts  broad,  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  flowers  :  calyx  3  or  5 
lines  long ;  the  lower  tooth  a  little  longest,  scarcely  equalling  the  purple  petals :  tenth 
stamen  nearly  free  :  poil  villous,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  compressed,  3  or  4  lines  long. 
—  Prodr.  ii.  220  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1709  ;  'Jorr.  &,  Gray,  Fl.  i.  G89.  J'.  stroU- 
lina,  /3.,  Torr.  <fc  (Jray,  1.  c. 

Through  nearly  the  length  of  the  SUte  :  Rag  Cafion,  near  Shasta  (Brewer),  and  frequent  in  the 
foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Arroyo  Seco,  Santa  Lucia  Mts.  {Brewer)  ;  San  Felipe  Cahou,  San 
Diego  Co.,  Palmer. 

4.  P.  physodes,  Dougl.  A  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  glabrous,  slender  :  petioles 
short  and  slender ;  stipules  snudl,  lance.olate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  mostly  acute,  about  an 
inch  long  :  peduncles  about  eciualling  or  sometimes  exceeding  the  loaves  :  ilowers  in 
sliort  close  racemes  ;  bracts  small  :  calyx  somewhat  villous  with  usually  dark  hairs, 
half  as  long  as  tho  corolla,  at  length  mucli  enlarged  and  inflated,  becoming  4  or  5 
lines  long ;  its  teeth  short,  nearly  equal :  petals  half  an  inch  long  or  less,  white  or 
purplish  :  stamens  monadelphous  :  pod  rounded,  compressed,  3  lines  long.  —  Hook. 
F^l.  i.  13G;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  304. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Monterey  northward,  extending  to  Puget  Sound. 
*  *  Leaves  digitately  Z-foliolate. 

5.  P.  lanceolata,  Pursh.  Erect,  a  span  or  two  high,  glabrous  or  with  a  few 
scattered  hairs  :  petioles  short  ;  stipules  linear-lanceolate  ;  leaflets  linear  to  oblong- 
obovate,  acute,  about  an  inch  long  :  peduncles  aljout  equalling  the  leaves  :  flowera 
small  (2  or  3  lines  long),  bluish-white,  in  short  spikes  ;  bracts  small :  calyx  very 
small ;  its  teeth  short,  obtuse,  nearly  equal  :  stamens  diadelphous  :  ovary  very  silky  : 
pod  compressed,  very  glandular,  2  lines  in  diameter.  —  Hook.  Fl,  i.  135,  t.  51. 

Frequent  in  the  interior  from  Washington  Territory  to  Northern  Arizona  and  eastward  to  the 
Saskatchewan  and  Nebraska.     Probably  to  be  found  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State. 

P.  FI.OKIBUNKA,  Niitt.,  a  similar  species,  ranges  from  Texas  to  Western  Arizona  and  may  enter 
S.  E.  California.  It  is  more  or  less  canescent  with  short  white  hairs,  the  peduncles  exceeding  the 
leaves,  and  the  flowers  on  short  slender  pedicels  ;  petioles  mostly  very  short. 

10.   AMORPHA,  Linn. 

Calyx  obconical,  nearly  equally  5-toothed.  Wings  and  keel  wanting :  standard 
erect,  folded  together.  Stamens  slightly  united  at  base,  exserted  :  anthers  uniform. 
Pod  oblong,  exceeding  tho  calyx,  indehiscent,  sessile,  1  -  2-seeded.  — Shrubs,  glan- 
dular-punctate ;  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  the  leaflets  usually  stipellato ;  stipules 
small ;  flowers  purple  or  violet,  small,  in  dense  clustered  terminal  sj)ikes. 
Half  a  dozen  species,  peculiar  to  the  United  States,  chiefly  southern. 

1.  A.  Californica,  Nutt.  Three  to  eight  feet  high,  puberulent,  the  young 
leaves  silky-jjubesceiit :  branches  often  beset  with  stout  projecting  glands  :  leaflets  5 
to  7  pairs,  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse,  mucronulate,  shortly  petiolulate,  an  inch  long  : 
stipules  and  bracts  small,  lanceolate,  deciduous  :  spikes  1  to  3,  and  2  to  6  inches 
long  :  flowers  purple,  2\  lines  long  :  calyx  half  as  long  ;  the  teeth  silky,  triangular, 
acute  :  pod  pubescent,  half-obcordate,  3  lines  long.  —  Torr.  k  Gray,  Fl.  i.  30G.  A. 
fruticosa,  Torr.  Bot.  JVIex.  Bound.  53. 


Dalea.  LEGUMINOS^E. 


141 


In  the  Coast  Ranges,  near  the  sea,  from  Marin  Co.  (Bolander)  to  San  Diego  Co.  It  closely 
resembles  A.  frxUicosa  of  the  Atlantic  States,  but  iliffers  in  the  shape  and  pubescence  of  the  pod, 
the  more  acute  calyx-teeth,  and  the  almost  spinescent  glands.  These  last,  however,  are  some- 
times entirely  wanting.  Some  of  the  specimens  from  Marin  Co.  are  remarkable  for  conspicuous 
stipules  and  larger  bmcts. 

11.  BALEA,  Linn. 
Calyx  nearly  equally  5-cleft  or  toothed.  Standard  cordate,  its  claw  free  :  wings 
and  keel  usually  longer ;  their  claws  adnato  to  and  jointed  upon  the  cleft  stamineal 
tube.  Stamens  10  (sometimes  9),  monadelphous ;  anthers  uniform.  Ovary  2- 
(rarely  4  -  6-)  ovuled.  Pod  ovate,  compressed,  usually  indehiscent,  included  in  the 
calyx,  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  glandular-punctate  ;  leaves  unequally  pin- 
nate, very  rarely  digitately  3-foliolate  or  simple ;  leaflets  small,  entire,  sometimes 
stipellate ;  stipules  small,  subulate ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  terminal  pedunculate 
spikes  or  rarely  solitary. 

An  American  genus  of  nearly  100  species,  a  dozen  natives  of  South  America,  50  Mexican,  and 
the  rest  belonging  to  the  warmer  portions  of  the  United  States.  The  Californian  species  are  con- 
fined to  the  southeastern  desert  region. 

Petalcstemon,  Michx.,  is  a  similar  genus,  differing  in  having  only  five  stamens,  the  flowers 
always  in  dense  bracteate  cylindrical  spikes.  There  are  over  20  species,  confined  to  the  United 
State-s,  several  as  far  westward  as  Central  Arizona,  Utah,  and  tlie  basins  of  the  Snake  River  and 
Columbia,  but  none  have  been  found  near  the  borders  of  California. 

§  1.   Claws  of  the  wings  and  keel  adnate  to  the  stamen-tiibe  nearly  to  their  middle : 
ovules  a  single  pair.  —  Dalra  proper. 

*  Herbaceous:  flowers  erect  or  ascending,  in  dense  spikes,  with  conspicuous  bracts: 

calyx  very  villous,  with  long  slender  teeth :  leaflets  several  or  many. 

No  species  of  this  group  of  the  genus  have  l>cen  collected  in  California,  but  the  following 
approach  it  and  some  of  them  may  yet  be  Ibund. 

p.  BRACHY8TACHYS,  Gray.  A  low  glabrous  annual  :  flowers  yellow,  in  globose  or  oblong 
spikes  :  bracts  villous-ciliate,  somewhat  persistent :  leaflets  about  '5  pairs.  —  §.  Arizona  to  New 
Mexico. 

p.  ALOPECUROIDES,  Willd.  A  rather  tall  glabrous  annual  :  flowers  light  rose-color,  in  cylin- 
drical spikes  :  bracts  pubescent,  scariously  margined,  deciduous  :  leaflets  10  to  20  pairs.  —  From 
Southern  Arizona  eastward  to  the  Mississippi. 

D.  L^.vjGATA,  Gray.  A  tall  glabrous  jwronnial :  flowers  yellow  or  white,  in  cylindrical  spikes  : 
bracts  very  silky,  somewhat  jiersistont  :  leaflets  many  pairs,  very  small.  —  From  Southern  and 
Central  Arizona  to  New  Mexico. 

D.  ALFIFLORA,  Gray.  A  tall  pubescent  perennial  :  flowers  white,  in  cylindrical  spikes  ;  bracts 
narrow,  very  silky,  deciduous  :  leaflets  8  to  16  pairs,  small.  —  From  Central  and  Southern  Arizona 
to  New  Mexico. 

D.  NANA,  Torr.  A  low  silky  biennial  or  perennial  :  flowers  yellow,  in  short  thick  spikes ; 
bracts  very  silky,  deciduous  :  leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse.  --  From  Central  and  Southern 
Arizona  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

*  *  Herbaceous  or  someivhat  woody  at  base :  flomrs  spreading  or  deflexed,  in  rather 
loose  spikes:  bracts  narrow,  deciduous:  calyx  villous  or  pubescent,  with  mostly  slender 
teeth. 

1.  D.  mollis,  Bcnth.  Herbaceous,  branching  from  a  biennial  or  perennial  root, 
low  (3  to  G  inches  high),  silky-vilJous  with  more  or  less  spreading  hairs  :  leaflets 
3  to  7  pairs,  obovato  to  cuneate-oblong,  1  to  4  linos  long  :  flowers  crowded  in  oblong 
flhortly  iindunculate  heads,  white  or  rose  colored  :  l>rac.tfl  Innreolato,  ncumiiiato,  vil- 
lous :  calyx  very  villous,  2  or  3  linos  long  ;  Mio  liliforni  plumose  teeth  much  longer 
than  tlie  tube  and  exceeding  the  corolla.  —  PI.  Hartw.  30()  ;  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  47. 

At  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper)  ;  on  the  Colorado  (Newberry)  ;  and  eastward  to  New  Mexico.  First 
collected  by  Coulter,  probably  in  S.  Arizona. 


242  LEGUMINOS.lv  Uuhu. 

2.  D.  calycosa,  Oiay.  Ileibaceons  from  a  biennial  or  perhaps  sonietinies  per- 
ennial rout,  cauescent  \\\i\\  a  silky  puberulence,  tlilluse  and  decuiubent,  slender, 
about  G  inches  liigh  :  leatlets  5  to  \\\  pairs,  ublong-ubovate,  a  line  or  two  long,  ob- 
tuse, glabrous  above  :  llowers  3  lines  long,  in  short  loose  spikes  :  peduneles  slender  : 
bracts  linear  :  calyx  silky  ;  its  teotli  narrowly  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  tube,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  purple  ami  white  {letals.  —  I'l;  Wrigiit.  i.  10. 

On  the  San  Pedro,  S.  Arizona  {Thurbcr)  ;  entrance  of  the  Great  Canon  of  the  Tantillas  Mis.,  be- 
low San  Diego,  Palmer. 

3.  D.  Panyi,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Herbaceous,  very  slender,  puberulent  or  glabrate  : 
leallets  G  to  lU  pairs,  obovate  to  oblong,  a  line  or  two  long,  obtuse  :  llowers  4  lines 
long,  bright  purple,  in  loose  elongated  long-peduncled  spikes  :  calyx  not  half  the 
length  of  the  corolla,  canescent  with  short  silky  hairs  ;  its  teeth  broadly  ovate, 
acute,  about  equalling  the  tube:  pod  suiooth.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  397. 
D.  divaricata,  var.  clntrta,  Gray,  1.  c.  335. 

Gravelly  hills  near  Fort  Moln'.ve  {Cooper)  ;  also  on  the  Colorado  in  W.  Arizona,  near  the  mouth 
of  bill  Williams  liiver. 

D.  WisLiZENi,  Gray.  Somewhat  woody  at  base,  erect,  slender,  a  foot  high,  silky-villous  : 
leaflets  7  to  i)  pairs,  oblong,  obtusish,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  spikes  short,  rather  dense  :  flowers  rose- 
colored,  4  lines  long,  showy,  twice  longer  than  the  slender  very  villous  calyx-teeth.  —  Santa  Cruz, 
S.  Arizona  {Tharbcr)  ;  Chihuahua  {iVidizcims) ;  New  Mexico,  Wriijht. 

§  2.  More  or  less  woodi/  ond  shrubhi/ :  claws  of  the  petals  aduate  to  the  stamen-tube 
onli/  at  the  very  base:  ovules  2,  rareli/  4  or  G  :  jlowers  spreadiaj  or  rejlexed, 
mostly  in  loose  spikes  or  racemes.  —  Xylodalea,  Watson. 
*   Calyx  very  pubescent ;  its  teeth  slender. 

4.  D.  Emoryi,  Gray.  Shrubby,  much  branched,  2  to  5  feet  high,  hoary-toraen- 
tose  throughout  with  a  very  line  pubescence  :  leaflets  1  to  3  pairs,  narrowly  oblong 
to  obovate,  2  to  4  lines  long,  tiio  terminal  leaflet  much  longer  :  spikes  very  short, 
pedunculate  :  llowers  2  or  3  lines  long,  purple  :  calyx-teeth  as  long  as  the  tube,  a 
little  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  ovary  pubescent.  —  PI.  Thurb.  315  ;  Torr.  Pacif.  R. 
Kep.  v.  3G0,  t.  11. 

In  sandy  soils  on  the  Colorado  and  Gila  ;  desert  east  of  San  Bernardino,  Parry. 

5.  D.  arborescens,  'J'orr.  "  A  small  tree,"  much  branched,  somewhat  si^inose, 
the  younger  branches,  leaves,  and  calyx  densely  hoary-tomentose  :  leaflets  1  to  3 
pairs,  obovate,  approximate,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  flowers  in  short  nearly  sessile  rather 
close  spikes,  purple,  4  or  5  lines  long  :  calyx  large,  but  shorter  than  the  corolla,  the 
broader  oblong  or  narrowly  lanceolate  teeth  nearly  equallijig  the  tube.  —  Gray,  PI. 
Thurb.  316. 

Collected  only  by  Fremont  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  San  Fernando  Mountains. 

6.  D.  polyadenia,  Torr.  A  stout  divaricately  branched  shrub,  2  to  5  feet  high, 
somewhat  spinose,  canescent  with  a  fine  retrorse  pubescence,  and  sprinkled  with 
numerous  reddish  glands  ;  the  leaflets  more  hairy  and  the  calyx  densely  villous  : 
leaflets  3  to  6  pairs,  obovate,  a  line  or  two  long  :  flowers  in  short  nearly  sessile 
spikes,  violet,  3  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth  narrow,  alxjut  equalling  the  tube,  slnater 
than  the  corolla:  pod  scarcely  exceeding  tiie  calyx,  pubescent.  —  Watson,  liot.  King 
Exp.  G4,  t.  9. 

In  Truckeo  and  Carson  Deserts,  Northwestern  Nevada. 

*   *    Calyx  slightly  pubescent ;  its  teeth  broad. 
+-   Leaves  pinnate  :  Jlowers  in  loose  spikes. 

7.  D.  Californica,  Watson.  Shrubby,  canescent  with  a  line  appressed  })ubes- 
cence,  sparingly  glandular;  the  glands  upon  the  peduncles  sometimes  prominent 
and  prickle  like  :  leaflets   1   or  2  pairs,  decurrent  upon  the  rhachis,  1   to   1  ^   lines 


Glycyrrhha.  LEGUAflNOSyE.  243 

long,  linear-oblong:  flowers  pnrplo,   4  lines  long,  on  short  pedicels:  calyx  half  as 
long,  the  ovate  acute  teeth  shorter  tlian  tlio  tube.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad    xi    IS*? 

ul:^::iVri:s:.:v:2 ''""""  '^""^^^'^'  '^'  ^^-^^  ^°  ^^^  ^^■^^^•^^  ^^  *''^ «-  ^-''^-d'- 

^;  P'J'f®^®"*"'^'''''-  Shrubby,  much  branched,  silky-puberulent  or  pubes- 
cent: leaflets  1  to  3  pairs,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  2  or  3  lines 'long  :  flowers  purple  4 
ines  long,  very  nearly  sessile  :  calyx  half  as  long,  somewhat  pubescent ;  the  teeth 
triangular,  acute,  nearly  equalling  the  tube  :  pod  4  to  G  lines  long.  —  Gray  PI 
ihurb.  310;  Watson,  Jk)t.  King  Kxp.  05.  ^       ' 

On  rocks  near  Muddy  River,  S.  Nevada  (Pirmonl) ;  also  l>y  Lieut.  Whcdcr  in  the  same  region. 

9.  D.  Kingii,  Watson.  Low,  somewhat  shrubby,  diffusely  branched,  sparingly 
appressed  silky,  the  lax  spinulose  branches  and  foliage  yellowish-green  :  leailets  1  to 
4  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  2  or  3  lines  long;  the  terminal  longer,  linear-oblong  :  flowers 
scattered  upon  the  branchlets,  nearly  sessile,  purple,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  calyx  flnely 
pubescent;  the  shortly  acuminate  teeth  equalling  the  tube,  shorter  than  the  corolla- 
pod  small,  pubescent.  — Bot.  King  Exp.  64,  t.  10. 

On  drifting  sand  in  the  Hot  Spring  Mountains,  Nortliwcstern  Nevada,   Walson. 
-f-    -J-   Leaves  simple. 

10  D.  Schottii,  Torr.  Shrubby,  slender,  nearly  glabrous,  somewhat  spinose, 
the  branches  nearly  glandless :  leaves  scattered,  narrowly  linear,  an  inch  long  • 
llowers  few,  on  short  slender  pedicels  in  an  open  raceme,  sometimes  solitary,  purple 
4  hues  long :  calyx  half  as  long,  obscurely  glandular ;  the  teeth  very  short,  acutish  • 
ovary  pubescent,  2-ovuled  :  pod  4  lines  long,  with  a  single  large  seed.  —  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  53. 

Banks  of  the  Colorado,  near  Fort  Yuma  {Schott)  ;  Colorado  Desert,  Palnicr. 
11.  D.  spinosa,  Gray.  A  shrub,  much  branched  and  very  spinose,  4  to  15  feet 
Jiigh,  iioary  with  a  minute  appressed  pubescence  :  leaves  scattered,  cuneate- oblong 
or  nearly  linear,  obtuse,  nearly  sessile,  4  to  8  lines  long,  very  deci.luous  :  flowere 
nearly  sessile,  in  a  loose  spike,  purple,  5  lines  long  :  calyx  half  as  long,  marked  by 
a  row  of  conspicuous  glands,  the  broadly  ovate  obtusish  teeth  much  shorter  than  the 
tube:  ovules  6:  pod  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  1-seedod.  —  Ph  Tliurb  315- 
lorrey,  I  ucil.  ]{.  Rep.  vii.  !),  t.  3.     Asaprwa  spinosa,  Baillon,  A.lansonia,  ix.  232.    ' 

a  d^slincf'ppnnThVn  1r"^'  "•  V'°  ^"\"'"l'°  ^''''^  (Thurbcr),  and  ra^twanl  on  the  Gila.    Made 
a  distinct  genus  by  Baillon,  mainly  on  the  larger  number  of  ovules  and  the  simple  leaves. 

12.   GLYCYRRHIZA,  Linn.        Liquorice. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Astragalus.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  :  anther- 
cells  confluent  at  the  top,  the  alternate  anthers  smaller.  Ovary  sessile,  2-many- 
ovuled  :  style  short  ami  rigid,  curved  at  the  tip.  Pod  ovate  or  oblong-linear,  com- 
pressed and  often  curved,  scarcely  dehiscent,  few-seeded,  glandular  or  somewhat 
prickly.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs,  glandular-viscid  ;  leaves  unequally  pinnate  ;  stip- 
ules deciduous  ;  flowers  in  dense  axillary  pedunculate  spikes,  with  caducous  bracts ; 
root  large  and  sweet. 

About  a  dozen  species,  found  in  all  quarters  of  the  globe  btit  Africa  ;  only  one  North  American. 

1.  Cx.  lepidota,  Nutt.  Tall  and  stout  (2  or  3  feet  high),  somewhat  glanrhilar- 
puh.M-ulcnt.  ur  the  younger  leaves  sliglitly  silky  :  leaflets  punctafe,  0  to  8  pairs,  oblong- 
Janceolate,  mucronate  and  often  acuminate,  usually  an  incli  or  two  lout: :  spikes 
short:  flowers  ocliroleucous,  nearly  6  lines  long:  '.-alyx  half  as  long;  tlTo  shuider 
teeth  much  longer  than  the  tube  :  pod  tl.i.-kly  b.-s.-t  with  hooked  prickles,  oblong, 
0  lines  long,  2  -  0-seeded.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2150  ;  Torr.  &  Grav,  Fl.  i.  298 


244  LEGUMINOSJi.  Aslruijulas. 

Var.  glutinosa,  Watson.  More  or  less  covered  witli  stout  spreading  glandular 
hairs,  eapecially  the  pinluncles,  wliich  are  shorter  than  the  spikes  :  calyx  very 
glandular. — G.  (jlutinusa,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  iV.  Gray,  Fl.  i.  21)8. 

The  tyi)iciil  form  of  tlid  ,s|)C(io8  niiif^os  from  AVasliinj,'tini  'IVnitory  to  Hiulson's  15ay  aiul  soutli- 
wiinl  to  ArkiiimuH,  Ntnv  Mnxi.n,  uikI  NoviuIu,  uikI  may  \w  fouiul  on  Hlnnm-liankH  in  NorlliiiM«tcrii 
Culifornia.  Tlio  rarer  varioly  lius  I'ooii  collccti'il  iu  "Waslilngtoii  Torrltory  {Nuttall,  Lyti/l),  und 
in  Corral  Hollow,  Alameda  "Co.,  Brewer.  It  is  described  as  having  the  wings  and  keel  tinned 
with  purple  ;  the  fruit  is  not  known.  The  leaves  in  both  forms  are  often  sprinkled  beneath  with 
minute  resinous  globules. 

13.  ASTRAGALUS,  Touru.  Rattle-weed.  (By  A.  Gkay.) 
Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  and  its  slender-clawed  petals  usually  narrow  :  keel  not 
pointed.  Stamens  diadelplious.  Stigiua  terminal  and  minute.  Legume  (pod) 
very  various,  commonly  turgid  or  intlated,  one  or  both  sutures  usually  projecting 
inward  more  or  less,  the  dorsal  one  fre(iuently  so  much  as  to  divide  the  cell  into 
two.  Seeds  few  or  many,  on  slender  stalks,  generally  small  for  the  size  of  the  pod. 
—  Herbs,  or  a  few  Avoody  at  base;  witli  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  rather  small 
flowers,  chiefly  in  simple  spikes  or  racemes  from  the  axils  ;  the  peduncle  commonly 
elongated.  —  Gray,  Ivev.  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  188  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  435. 

A  vast  gonus,  of  five  or  six  huudre<l  species,  mainly  of  the  northern  liemisplicro  and  the  tem- 
perate or  frigid  zones,  most  numerous  in  Asia,  and  next  in  North  America  between  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  Pacific.  In  California  they  have  the  rejjutation  of  being  poisonous  to  sheep,  which 
would  be  most  unexpected  were  it  not  that  several  Papilionacece  of  Australia  are  known  to  be  so. 
The  fruit  is  needed  for  the  determination  of  the  species.  To  aid  in  this  rather  difficult  matter 
an  artificial  key  is  here  given.  Besides  the  following,  several  other  of  the  almost  150  North 
American  species  now  known  may  reach  California  or  its  borders  ;  but  it  is  impossible  to  indicate 
them  beforehand. 

OxYTROi'is,  DC,  a  genus  which  is  distinguished  from  AstrMjalus  by  a  subulate  beak  at  the 
tip  of  the  keel,  might  be  expected  nt  alpine  elevations  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  least  in  the 
northern  portion,     but  no  rei)resentativo  has  been  met  with  within  or  near  the  State. 

♦  Leaflets  not  prickly-pointed, 
-i-  Root  annual. 
Pod  wrinkled,  didymous,  2-seeded. 
Pod  not  wrinkled,  several  -  many-seeded, 

Narrowly  oblong,  5  -  10-seeded  :  flowers  5  to  9  in  a  head. 
Ovate-oblong,  4  -  6-seeded  :  flowers  as  the  last. 
Linear,  falcate  :  flowei-s  few  and  crowded,  very  small. 
Ovate,  inflated,  acute  or  iiointed. 
Thin-bladdery,  incmvcd,  1 -colled. 
Chartaceous  and  bladdery,  2-celled. 
Firm-chartaceous,  canescent,  1-celled. 

+-  Root  perennial. 

++  Pod  bladdery-inflated,  thin-membranaceous,  ample 

Pod  2-celled,  ovate,  often  piu'plish-mottlcd. 

Plant  slightly  or  very  ])ubescent  :  stems  6  to  18  inclies  long. 
Plant  silvery-silky,  nearly  stemh^ss. 
Pod  1-celled,  the  dorsal  suture  not  intruded, 
Stipitate  in  or  raised  out  of  the  calyx. 
Stems  a  span  high  :  pod  very  obtu.se, 
Obovate,  1  or  2  inches  long. 
Oval,  an  inch  or  less  long. 
Stems  a  foot  or  more  high. 

Stipe  little  if  at  all  exceeding  the  calyx. 
Pod  ovate,  acute,  not  oblique. 

Pod  clavate-obovate,  oblique,  pointed  at  both  ends,  pendulous.   13. 
Pod  semi-ovate,  acntish,  on  a  recurved  rigid  stipe.  14. 

Stipe  filiform,  an  inch  long,  almost  equalling  the  oval  pod.  15.  A.  leucophyllus. 


1. 

A. 

DIDYMOCARPUS. 

2. 
8. 
4. 

A. 
A. 
A. 

tener. 
Breweki. 

NuiTALLIANUa 

5. 
6. 
7. 

A. 
A. 
A. 

Oeyeki. 
Cowlteri. 

ARIDUS. 

8. 
9. 

A. 
A. 

lentiqinosus. 
platytkopis. 

10. 
11. 

A. 
A. 

Hookerianus. 
Wuitneyi. 

12. 
13. 
14. 

A. 
A. 
A. 

OOPHORUS. 

oxyphysus. 

CURTIPES. 

Astragalus. 


LEGUMINOS^. 


145 


Stipo  lialf  sliortcr  :  pod  acute  at  base. 
Stipo  a  (piartor  of  an  inch  long,  half  tho  lpt)gtli  of  the  pod. 
Scsailo  in  tho  calyx,  bladdery,  an  inch  or  two  long,  niany-socdcd. 
Corolla  palo  yellow,  short  and  broad  :  stipuk-s  herbaceous. 
Corolla  white  or  whitisli,  narrow,  an  inch  long  :  stipules  scarious. 
Stipules  distinct  :  pod  rather  firm-walled. 
Stipules  united  opposite  the  petiole  :  pod  thin-bladdery. 
Corolla  yellowish-white  or  cream-color,  4  lines  long,  hardly  twice 
the  length  of  the  caly.x. 
llcrliMgn  vilTou.4  when  young  :  rniyx-tocth  as  long  m  \\\i\  tiibn. 
llerbago  puborulont  when  young  :  calyx-tccth  sliortcr  than  tul)e. 
Sessile  in  the  calyx,  hnlf  an  incli  long  :  Jlower  a  (luartcr-inch  long. 
Nearly  glabrous  :  pods  capitate,  ovnte,  acuminate,  10- 16-seedod. 
Villous:  pods  few,  ovnte-incurved,  3-8-seeded. 

+  +  ++  Pod  coiiaceoiis  or  cartilaginous,  or  chartaceous,  not  bladdery-inflated, 

—  liong-woolly  or  long-hairy,  sessile  in  tho  calyx,  nmjiy-seeded. 

Plant  white  with  soft  wool,  very  low  :  pod  densely  woolly.  25.   A.  PuRSHll 

Plant  and  pods  long-hairy,  taller. 

Plant  and  pods  downy  with  short  hairs,  slender. 


16. 
17. 

A. 

A. 

LEUCOPSIS. 
TUICIIOPIIYLLUS. 

18. 

A. 

00CAUPU8. 

19. 
20. 

A. 

A. 

CROTALARIiE. 

Menziesii. 

21. 
22. 

A. 
A. 

MAdROOON. 
DOUOLAHII. 

23. 
24. 

A. 
A. 

llORNII. 
PULSIFERiK. 

26.  A.   MALACUS. 

27.  A.  Andersonii. 


28. 

A. 

CYRTOIDES. 

29. 

A. 

8PEIR0CARPUS. 

30. 

A. 

FII.tPKS. 

31. 

A. 

Antisei.u. 

32. 

A. 

rORRKCTtfS. 

33. 

A. 

ARRECTIIS. 

34. 

A. 

Bolanderi. 

40. 

A. 

ATRATUS. 

3.5. 

A. 

NUDUS. 

36. 

A. 

PTEROCARPUS. 

=  —  Pod  glabrous  or  pubescent  with  short  hairs. 

Pod  conspicuously  stipitate,  the  stipe  eipialling  or  surpassing  the  calyx, 
One-celled,  both  sutures  prominent  externally. 

Calyx  very  obliquely  attached  to  the  pedicel  and  recurved  on  it  : 
pod  curved  or  coiled,  rigid. 
Herbage  soft-downy  :  pod  pubescent. 
Herbage  minutely  jmbescent :  iiod  glabrous. 
Calyx  not  oblicpio  ;  ])()d  straight,  tliinner-walled,  linonr-oblong. 
Almost  glabrous  :  pod  obtuse  nt  Itaso  ;  stijxi  half  an  inch  long. 
Hoary-puboscent  :  nod  tapering  into  a  stipo  a  (piarter-inc.h  long. 
Olabrous  :  stipe  2  lines  long. 
Two-colled  by  intrusion  of  the  uorsnl  suture,  turgid. 
Narrowly  oblong,  straight,  erect. 
Ovate,  incurved,  reflexed  on  the  stipe. 
Pod  very  short-stipitate  in  the  calyx,  i)eiidulous,  oblong-linear,  straight. 
Pod  sessile  in  the  calyx  or  nearly  so,  and  exceeding  it. 
Stems  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high. 

Flowers  an  inch  long,  few  :  pod  oval,  1 -celled. 
Flowers  one  third  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long. 
Few  or  scattered  in  the  spike. 

Pod  flattened  fore  and  aft,  wing-margined. 
Pod  more  or  less  flattened  or  narrower  lore  and  aft,  marginless, 
curved  at  maturity. 
Leaflets  5  to  15,  linear,  scattered,  hoary-pubescent. 
Leaflets  11  to  21,  crowded, 

Olwvate    or    roundish,    loosely    pubescent    or  glabrous  : 

flowers  jnirple. 
Oblong  or  obovate,  minutely  silvery-silky  :  flowers  white. 
Potl  terete  with  a  groove  on  the  back,  narrow,  straight, 
Short-stipitate  in  the  calyx,  not  erect. 
Not  at  all  stipitate,  erect. 
Many  flowers  and  pods  crowded  in  a  dense  spike. 
Pods  oblong,  obtuse,  2-collpd,  many-seeded. 
Pods  ovate,  ncute,  lenticular,  1 -colled,  2  -  fi-sccded. 
Flowers  and  few-seeded  2-celled  pods  only  2  or  3  lines  long. 
Herbage  and  turgid  pods  minutely  pubescent  ;  the  latter  grooved 

on  the  back. 
Herbage  and  latei-ally  flatfish  pods  very  pubescent. 
Stems  or  rootstocks  not  rising  from  I  ho  ground  :  loallols  few  :  Hcii|)n 
few-flowered  ;  pod  sniiill. 
Pod  sessile  in  mid  shorter  than  the  calyx,  few-seeded. 

*  *   Leaflets  prickly  pointed  and  rigid,  persistent. 
Peduncles  very  short,  1  -  3-flowered  :  pod  very  small,  1  -  4-seeded.  48.   A.  Kentrophyta. 


37.  A.  Casei. 


38. 
39. 

A. 
A. 

lODANTHUS. 

Webberi. 

40. 
41. 

A. 
A. 

ATRATUS. 

onscuRUS. 

42. 
43. 

A. 
A. 

Morton  I. 

PVCNOSTACIIYUS. 

44. 
4.'). 

A. 
A. 

Lemmoni. 

l.ENTIFORMI.S. 

46. 
47. 

A. 
A. 

('M,Y(M>SliS. 

Austin.*;. 

-,  .^  LEGUMINOS.^.  Astruyulus. 

I.     Species  with  mi  annual  root,  all  low,  mostly  small. 
§  1.   Pod  stronyly  transversely  wrinkled,  didijmous,  1-seeded. 

1  A  didymocarpus,  Hook.  &  Am.  .Sleiuler,  from  3  inches  to  a  foot  high, 
pub'esceiit  with  soiiio  lino  ami  mthai-  «catt,cml  liuira.  those  of  the  po(hindo  iuhI 
calyx  blackiah:  lotillHs  i)  to  If),  imnowly  obh.ii-^  to  lijioiii'  and  more  or  Icsy  ciinc- 
ate,  deeply  notched  at  the  apex:  spike  an  inch  or  much  less  in  lenyth,  close: 
flowers  U  to  2i  lines  long  :  curulla  white  and  violet,  its  keel  mtlexed  at  tip  :  pod 
not  over  two  lines  long,  short-oval  and  deeply  2-lobed  lengthwise  so  as  to  be 
divided  into  two  cells,  each  nearly  liUed  by  the  single  proportionally  largo  seed.  — 
Bot.  Beechey,  33-i,  t.  81.     A.  Catalinensis  &  .-1.  niyrescens,  Nutt.  PI.  Gaiub.  152. 

Low  "rounds  and  slopes,  oonimou  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  from  Marin  Co.  south- 
ward, flowering  in  spring.     Like  most  annuals  varying  greatly  in  size  and  robustness. 

§  2.   Fod  not  zvrinkled,  feio  -  many-seeded. 
*   Calyx  blackish-hairy,  much  shorter  than  the  violet  or  white  and  violet-tipped  corolla: 
pod  not  iujlated,  hdween  ohlomj  and  linear :  Jioivtrs  few  and  nearly  sessile,  croivded 
in  a  small  head  ivhich  does  not  lengthen  in  fruit. 

2.  A.  tener,  Gray.  Slender,  a  span  or  so  in  height,  sparsely  and  minutely 
pubescent :  leallets  9  to  15,  linear  or  cuneate-linear,  ^vith  or  without  a  retuse  or 
notched  apex:  head  5  -  9-flowered  :  i.od  between  coriaceous  and  cartilaginous, 
about  half  an  hich  long,  2-celled,  5  -  10-seeded.  —  l^roc.  Am.  Acad  vi.  2UG. 
Phaca  astragalina,  var.,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  334.  Astragalus  llypoglottis, 
var.  strigosa,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  115,  lig.  37. 

Moist  grounds,  common  around  San  Francisco  Bay,  &c.  Corolla  4  or  5  lines  long,  often  bright 
violet,  sometimes  pale  and  violet-tipped. 

3.  A.  Breweri,  Gray,  1.  c  Much  like  the  preceding:  leaflets  broader,  oblong- 
obcorilate  :  h)rining  i)oil' more  ovate,  G-ovuled,  and  1-colled  or  nearly  so. 

Sonoma  Valley,  common  in  lields.  lircircr.  Not  since  mot  with  ;  the  fruit  unknown.  Per- 
haps not  distinct  from  the  preceding. 

*  .*   Calyx  ivhitish-haired  or  nearly  so :  pod  linear :  Jloivers  few  and  croiuded  at  the 
apex  of  the  peduncle. 

4  A  Nuttallianus,  DC.  T^fore  or  less  pubescent  or  hoary  with  white  ap- 
pressed  liairs,  soon  dill'usely  branched  from  the  base:  leaflets  11  or  13,  oblong  or 
broadly  linear  and  mostly  notched  at  the  end  :  calyx-teeth  slender  and  as  1.  ng  as 
the  tube:  corolla  whitish  and  purple,  about  3  lines  long;  the  keel  with  the  inilexed 
tip  narrowed  :  pod  over  half  an  inch  long,  laterally  flattish,  slightly  scytheshapod, 
the  incurvation  mostly  near  the  base,  deeply  grooved  on  the  back,  acutish  on  the 
other  edge,  2-celled,  severahseeded;  the  surface  minutely  reticulated,  either  glabrous 
or  with  minute  appressed  hairs. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State  (on  the  Uio  Colorado,  Newberry),  and  east  to  Texas  and 
Arkansas. 
*   «   *    Calyx  white-pubescent  or  canescent :  pod  ovate  and  inflated  :  flowers  racemose. 

5.  A.  Qeyeri,  Gray.  Sirigo.sfly  somewliut  hoary,  branching  from  the  base,  a 
spun  hi'-h:  Icallers  7  u\  1  1,  linear,  less  than  hairiin  inch  long;  raceme  3-7  flowered: 
corolla  "yellowish-whiU^  3  lines  long:  ].od  Ihin-hladdcry,  half  an  inch  long,  very 
oblique  and  the  acute  tip  incurved,  minutely  lu^ary-pubescent,  1 -celled,  many-seeded. 
—  Phaca  annua,  Geyer. 

W.  Nevada,  not  far  from  the  boundary  ( JFatson)  ;  thence  east  to  Wyoming,  Gei/er,  Parry. 

6.  A.  Coulteri,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  stouter,  tomentose-canesceut  or 
the  leaves  silvery-silky  :  leaflets  9  to  19,  obovate  or  oblong,  sometimes  emarginate, 
3  to  5.  lines  long:  raceme  or  spike  loosely  10- 20-flowered  :  calyx-teeth  shorter 


AMragalm.  MOQUMINOS.IC. 

barely  twice  the  lengtl,  of  tl,»  calyx,  l,„r.lly  over  2  (in         ,f  ■'-?"°"™'.-  ^f""" 

Soutliern  borders  of  ti.e  State,  between  Colorado  and  San  Diego,  Thurbcr. 

II.  Species  with  perennial  roots:  leafiets  and  stipules  not  spinescent 

§  1.   Pod  hladdery-infiated  {the  walls  thin  and  membranous),  several  -  many-seeded 

*    Tv^oeelM  bythetnrninp  in  of  both  sutures  till  they  meet  or  nearh,  so  more  or 

fess  dtdymovs,  bernr,  grooved  externally  down  both  sides,  sessile  il  the  calyf 

•Mutti.->v™,,"^„r,i,„,u,,'zj/r,»r".;wii:'sJ'^^  ''""""  •'  °""  °'  "■"  '•"'»"»'" 

.t't'2;;,S;'?r^n.'°"""  ^''"'  ^^  ''•'''  '-"'  ^'•^-'•-    ^^-  ^"-'-''It  Monntams,  Nevada, 

^.v    *    One-celled  jmd,  with  no  turnin,/  in  of  the  dorsal  suture^ 

^   Sfi/ntnte,  i.  e    the  pod  raised  more  or  less  on  a  stall-  of  its  own  above  the  calvx 

..  Sten^s  low  and  tufted     pod  obovate  or  oval  and  very  obtuse:  U'cl^l^dly 

crceedinr,  the  leaf  rather  few  and  densely  flmoered. 

10     A.  Hookerianus,  Didr.       SiIky-vilIo,is  or  pubesoonf.    difruselv  t.iflorl    a 

span  lu.l.  :  leafh-ts  ]  3  to  19,  oblon.  or  lin.nr,  2  or  3  lines  Ion,     flre^^very  ^1  ort 

pechcdled:  corolla  M-hile  or  whitish  :  pod  obovate  and  not  "in  the  leastToSted, 


148  LEGUMINOS.K.  Aslrayalus. 

thin-bladdery,  one  or  two  inches  long,  glabrous;  its  stipe  slightly  exceeding  the 
short-campanulate  calyx.  —  Phaca  Hookeriana,  Torr.  &  Ciray. 

Mountains  in  the  interior  of  Oregon  {Douglas),  and  \V.  Nevada  {Anderson,  Watson),  extend- 
ing into  Nevada  and  Sierra  counties,  Bolandcr,  Lemmon. 

11.  A.  Whitneyi,  Gray.  Minutely  apj)ressed-pubescent ;  stonis  erect:  leallets 
11  to  ly,  linear-oblong,  3  lines  long  :  lluwers  shovt-pedicelled  :  corolla  "  red- violet," 
in  the  specimen  seemingly  only  purplish  :  immature  pods  smaller  than  in  the  fore- 
going, oval,  and  narrowed  at  base  into  a  more  slender  stipe  which  becomes  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  oblong-campauulate  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  620. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  Souora  Pass,  at  10,000  feet,  Brewer. 

++  ++  Stems  very  short  dad  tuj'itd  on  the  routstocks :  pod  ovate  and  acute,  lotnjer  than 
the  J'ew-jlowtrcd  common  ptduncU,  short-stipitate  within  the  calyx. 

A.  MEOACAUi'ts,  dray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  215  {Phaca,  Nutt.),  is  here  mentioned  to  com- 
plete the  series,  and  because  its  var.  Paiiuvi,  Gray,  with  narrower  pods  and  leaflets,  found  in 
Southwestern  Utah,  may  approach  tlie  eastern  bordei-s  of  California. 

-^+  -^+  -^-^  Stems  a  foot  or  more  hiyh  and  mostly  erect. 

=  Stipe  of  the  'more  or  less  acute  pod  equalling  or  little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

12.  A.  oophonis,  Watson.  Glabrous  throughout :  sterna  lax  or  decumbent,  a 
foot  or  two  long  :  leailets  9  to  13,  oblong,  obtuse,  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  incli 
long  :  peduncles  equalling  the  leaf,  raceiuosely  several-flowered  :  calyx-teeth  seta- 
ceous from  a  dilated  base,  as  long  as  the  broadly  canipanulate  tube  :  corolla  yel- 
lowish-white, sometimes  violet-tipped,  half  an  inch  long  :  bladdery  pod  ovate,  not 
oblique,  acute,  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  pendulous  on  a  stipe  which  barely  exceeds 
the  calyx-tube.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  73. 

Shoshone  ilountains  at  Reese  River  Pass,  Nevada,  JFutson.     The  only  station  yet  Icnown. 

13.  A.  oxyphysus,  Gray.  Canescent  with  very  soft  silky  pubescence:  stem 
erect,  2  or  3  feet  high:  leaflets  9  to  21,  oblong,  an  inch  or  less  in  length:  peduncles 
much  exceciling  the  leaves  :  ra(H)ino  elongated,  rather  densely  ilowined  :  culyx-teetli 
subulate,  barely  half  tlie  length  of  the  oblong  tulje  :  corolla  greenish-white,  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  long  :  bladdery  pod  clavate-obovate,  oblique,  acuminate  at  both 
ends,  and  especially  tapering  into  the  recurved  stipe  (which  exceeds  the  calyx), 
almost  glabrous,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  218. 

Dry  liills  in  tiie  Monte  Diablo  range,  Arroyo  del  Puerto,  Breivcr.     A  striking  species. 

14.  A.  curtipes,  Gray,  1.  c.  (,'inereous  with  a  minute  apiiressed  puljescenco, 
or  green  with  age  :  stem  a  foot  or  two  liigh  :  stipules  mostly  united  opposite  tiie 
petiole  :  leaflets  13  to  33,  oblong  or  almost  linear,  retuse,  half  to  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long  :  peduncles  in  fruit  longer  than  the  leaf :  raceme  short  and  rather  dense  : 
calyx-teeth  setaceous-subulate,  little  shorter  than  the  broadly  canq)anulate  tuije  : 
corolla  not  seen  :  bladdery  pod  semi-ovate  or  oval,  acutish,  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
glabrous,  pendulous  on  a  recurved  rigid  stijie  which  hardly  exceeds  the  calyx-tube. 

Dry  hills  at  San  Luis  Obispo,  Brewer.     Near  Ojai,  Prof.  G.  L.  Goodalc.     In  fruit  only. 

=  =  Stipe  of  the  slightly  pointed  or  obtuse  glabrous  pod  filiform,  much  exceeding  the 
calyx:  stem  erect :  raceme  or  spike  densely  foivered  and  long  peduncled. 

15.  A.  leucophyllus,  Torr.  &  Gxay.  Canescent  with  fine  and  soft  silky  pubes- 
cence when  young,  when  older  rather  greenish  :  stem  rather  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high: 
leaflets  in  many  pairs,  broadly  linear,  ofteit  an  inch  long  :  flowers  fully  half  an  inch 
long  :  calyx-teeth  subulate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  tube  :  corolla  yel- 
lowish-white :  thin-bladdery  pod  oval,  unequal-sided,  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  on  a 
filiform. pubescent  stipe  of  almost  equal  length!  —  I'haca  leucophylla,  Hook.  &  Arn. 

Lower  part  of  the  Sacramento  to  Monterey  ?    Not  well  named  ;  when  full-grown  hardly  hoary. 


Astragalus.  LEQUMINOS^.  -,,^ 

149 

16.  A.  leucopsls,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Tomenhilose-canescent,  a  foot  high  •  leaflets 
Z^"^  P'-^'^^'^rcn  broadly  oblong  to  al.nost  linear,  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length 
spike-  ko  raceme  mostly  short  (an  inch  or  two  long,  rarely  longer)-  olUtee  h 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  campanulate  tube":  flow/r  otirer  vise  nearly  a 
in  the  foregoing  :  the  pod  similar,  but  somewhat  tapering  at  base  il  a  nearly 
g  abrous  stipe  of  half  an  inch  or  less  in  length  and  oily  twice  or  thrice  the  iTng  h 

:;:::  S'ta;:Fi:  •.  s  ^"""'- ''' '  ''■ ''-  — ^  ^^^^-  ^-  ^- 

Dry  liills,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego  Co. 
I  ^^-  -^Z  *^chopodus,  Gray.      Strigulose-puberulent  or  at  first  hoary    in   aee 

nZ'  1^  br"';'''"'^ ';^^"'  '^^^*  '"^y^^^  high:  leaflets  in  manyplir  from 
narrowly  oblong  to  nearly  linear,  about  half  an  inch  long:  raceme  short  flolers^ 
velfnw")  7^/  calyx-teeth  very  much  shorter  than  the  campanulate  tube  orolla 
yellowish  white  :  pod  oyal,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  oyer  half  an  inch  in  lel^th   W 

InU  a'oTlrf"  ""\^r  '•''^''^7  "^'-^^  ^"^  '''''''  ^'  ""^^  subdiyisbiTit  sie 
only  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long.  —  Pkaca  trickopoda,  Nutt.  ^ 

Dry  lulls,  common  in  and  near  Santa  Barbara  Co. 

4-  +-  Pod  sessile  in  the  calyx  {not  at  all  stipitate), 
.^  Large  ana  veryhladderj,  over  an  inch  and  sometimes  two  inches  long,  many 

seeded :  leaflets  viosth,  m  many  pairs :  spike  or  raceme  many-flowered. 
=  Stipules  {at  least  the  upper  ones)  herbaceous  and  rigidly  dcflexed :  corolla  anvar 
eMypale  yelloro  or  cream-color,  short  and  hroad' iJurr.l :   steZ  ftoTfet 
long,  straggling  or  decumbent  and  branching.  ^ 

18.  A.  oocarpus,  Gray.  Glabrous,  or  young  parts  minutely  pubescent  •  stems 
flexuous  and  with  spreading  branches:  leaflets  from  oblong  to  broadCfinear "ob^^^^^^^ 

from  half  to  an  inch  long),  bright  green  and  of  thickislf  firm  texture  pedZcL 
sometimes  exceeding  the  leayes  :  flowers  loose  in  the  raceme,  4  or  5  line     onl^ 

itw 3"wi.h  r',"''  r-'  '''''\  ^-"Snlar-subulate  tooili  :  corolla  cLpal-' 
oval  „nd  I '  T  Yi  '""-'^^  ."""'"''^  """^  '^""'''^^''^  ^"^"'^'J  1'"c'<  =  P*^'!  oyato  or 
oyal  and  short-pointed,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  lialf  long,  of  parchment-like  tex 

are  ;  the  -d-beanng  suture  somewhat  projecting  into  the'^ell.  L^o"  ^IfA^d. 
VI.  Z13.     A.  Crotalariw,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  56,  t.  17   excl   syn 

^e^sZl^:  """"T-;   '"''^''  ^traightish  aM  narrow,  fully  half  an  inch  lonl 
yetlowish-whtte  or  white,  or  sometimes  the  tips  dusky-purplish.      ' 

19.  A.  Crotalariae,  Gray,  I.  c.     Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  or  the  vonna 

qimrtertlf,^^^^  ""'  ^^'^htly  obcordate.'thickish  (from  a 

Et   nir  fi?nV.  ^;    Tf^  1'^':^''  triangular  an.l  distinct:  calyx-teeth  subulate, 
about  Inil    tlo  length  of  the  slwrt-campanulate  tube  :  corolla  whi  ,. :  p.,d  of  ratho  • 

inTn  b7^^         '    "T  a^^V^''  '""■'"  subulate:  racemes  yirgate  and  loose.  4  to 
10  inches  long  :  calyx-toeth  subulatn-sotaceoufl  and  longer. 


]^5Q  LEGUMINOS^.  Astragalus. 

Hills  and  plains,  from  around  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Santa  Barbara  Co.  ;  the  variety  about  San 
Francisco  Hny,  iiiulijcs,  Kcllixjij  or  JJuldr.r.  If  J'/uuut  CroOdaritc,  i.  e.  tiio  H)>C(inieu  of  roullor, 
was  really  collected  ''  ii.-ar  Monterey,"  it  is  most  pmhuhly  a  |iuli(isi'cnl  and  icwer-llowerod  form 
of  this,  with  broad  and  less  numerous  leaflets.  But  .several  ol  Coulter's  [liauta  said  to  come  fmm 
Monterey  nmst  have  been  gathered  on  llio  way  thither  in  the  southeastciu  part  of  the  Stole,  or  in 
Arizona. 

20.  A.  Menziesii,  I uay,  1.  o.  Villous  witli  whitish  hair.s,  or  soon  green  and 
almost  glabrous  :  steins  erect  or  decumbent,  1  to  4  feet  high  :  stipules  broader  and 
less  pointed,  all  but  the  uppermost  united  on  the  side  ot"  the  stem  away  from  the 
leaf:  leaflets  and  dense  spicate  raceme  as  well  as  flowers  nearly  as  in  the  preceding: 
pod  similar,  but  larger  (an  inch  and  a  half  or  more  long)  ami  more  bladdery,  the 
walls  thin-membranaceous.  —  Phaca  densifolia,  Smith;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  282,  excl. 
syn.  Nutt.     P.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  c"t  CJray,  Fl. 

Meadows  and  sandy  tields,  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Santa  Barbara  near  the  coast. 

==  =  ==  Stipules  scarious  or  thin-membranaceous,  mostly  suhuhite :  peduncles  shoiier 
thxin  the  leaves  and  rather  few-Jloiuered :  corolla  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx 
(about  4  lines  long),  yellowish-ivhite  or  cream-color. 

21.  A.  macrodon,  Oray,  1.  c.  Villous-canescent,  at  least  when  young:  stems 
a  foot  or  two  high  :  U'alluts  in  numerous  pairs  and  mostly  crowded,  obloug-lineur 
(from  a  third  to  an  ini.li  long)  :  llowers  crowiled,  soon  rellexed  ;  calyx-teeth  slonder- 
Kubulate,  as  long  a.i  the  campanulate  tube,  little  shorter  than  the  corolhi  :  niatun^ 
poll  not  seen.  —  Phaca  macrodon,  Hook.  <k  Arn. 

Near  San  Franscisco  or  more  probably  Monterey,  Douglas.     More  specimens  are  needed. 

22.  A.  Douglasii,  Clroy,  1.  c.  Cinereous-puberulent,  almost  glabrous  in  age  : 
stems  ascending,  a  foot  or  so  in  height  :  leaflets  in  rather  numerous  pairs,  linear  or 
linear-oblong  (a  third  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long)  :  spike  (half  an  inch  to  an 
inch  long)  10  -  20-flowf,red  :  (udyx-teeth  subulate,  from  half  to  three  fourths  the 
length  of  the  campanulate  tube:  ])od  thin-])laddery,  gibbous-ovoid,  H  to  2  inclu.'s 
long.  —  Phaca  Douglasii,  Torr.  &  Uray,  V\.  3iG. 

Gravelly  beds  of  streams  near  the  coast,  San  Francisco  to  San  Luis  Obispo. 

-h+  ++  Smaller  pods  {((boat  half  an  inch  long),  fetv  -  several-seeded :  stems  low  or  spread- 
iitg  :  jlower  only  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long. 

23.  A.  Hornii,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent  :  stems  slender,  ascend- 
ing :  leaflets  about  21,  narrowly  oblong  (4  to  7  lines  long):  peduncle  surpassing 
the  leaves  :  flowers  numerous  in  a  dense  head  or  short  sj)ike,  which  is  equally  dense 
in  fruit  :  calyx-teeth  subulate,  about  the  length  of  the  canq)anulate  tulie  :  corolla 
yellowish-white,  slraigiitish  :  pods  ovate  from  a  broad  base  and  gradually  acumi- 
iiate,  straight,  villous-pubescent,  10  -  15-see(led. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  398. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Owen's  Valley  {Dr.  Horn),  and  at  Bakerbtield,  to  S. 
Utah.     Said  to  be  one  of  the  sheep-poisons. 

24.  A.  Pulsiferee,  Gray.  Whitish-villous  :  stems  numerous  in  a  tuft  and  })ro- 
cumbent,  slender,  branching:  stipules  slender-subulate:  leaflets  5  to  ll,obovate- 
cuneate,  mostly  retuse,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  peduncles  not  longer  than  the  leaf,  rather 
loosely  3  -  5-flowered  :  flowers  pedicelled  :  calyx-teeth  linear-filiform,  twice  the 
length  of  the  campanulate  tube,  about  the  length  of  the  keel  of  the  incurved  white 
and  purple-tinged  corolla  :  the  narrow  wings  and  especially  the  standanl  (notched 
at  the  apex)  much  longer:  pod  ovate-inflated  and  incurved,  villous-pubescent,  3-8- 
seeded.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  69. 

Gravelly  hills  and  hanks.  Sierra  and  Plumas  counties,  ^frs.  Pulsifc.r  Aracs,  Lemmon.  The  pods, 
although  small  (barely  half  an  inch  long),  as  in  the  inflated-fmited  section  ;  but  otherwise,  in 
aspect,  mode  of  growth  and  size,  wholly  dilfoent. 

A.  PUBiCNTissiMUS,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  209,  is  nearly  related  to  the  preceding,  and  is 
probably  perennial  ;   but  it  has   short  stems,    much  broader  stipules,  leaflets  hardly  narrowed 


Astragalus.  LEGUMINOSJ^].  \^\ 

downwards,  more  numerous  and  rather  larger  flowers,  slender  calyx-lobes  not  so  long  in  propor- 
tion to  the  tube,  and  the  more  hairy  pod  strongly  inflcxcd. 

§  2.   Pod  not  rtiejnhranaceous-inflrited,  coriaceous  ov  cartilaginous,  densely  long-ivoolly 
or  long  hairy,  commonly  turgid,  incurved,  many-seeded,  sessile  in  the  calyx. 

*  Cespitose  and  depressed,  the  stems  very  short  or  spreading  on  the  ground :  foliage 
canescently  ivoolly  or  silky-villous  :  flnnters  long  and  narrow,  often  an  inch  in 
length  :  tube  of  the  calyx  cylindrical :  filiform  claws  of  the  petals  much  longer  than 
(he  blades  :  pods  very  densely  woolly,  ovate-incurve</. 

25.  A,  Purshli,  Dougl.  ]?arcly  a  span  liigli,  in  inntXo<l  tufts,  caiicscontly  silky- 
villous  rathor  tliun  tntnnntnso  :  Ic'aflcta  9  to  19,  o1)louj,'  (3  to  5  lincis  long)  :  pedun- 
cles sliortor  than  tlio  leaves,  bearing  5  or  G  erowdiMl  Jlowers  :  calyx-teetli  slender- 
subulate  :  corolla  dull  white  with  purple  tip  to  the  keel  and  sometimes  to  the  other 
petals  :  pod  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  very  densely  clothed  with  long  white  or  yel- 
lowish hairs,  so  as  to  appear  like  pellets  of  wool,  at  length  much  incurved,  of  rather 
cartilaginous  texture,  one-celled,  but  at  maturity  the  dorsal  suture  sometimes  inward 
so  as  nearly  to  meet  the  ventral,  but  not  strictly  forming  a  partition.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i. 
152  ;  Gray,  1.  c.     Phaca  mollissima,  Nutt. 

Eastern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Anderson,  Brewer,  ko..),  and  through  the  dry  interior  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  borders  of  British  Columbia.  Also  on  Mt.  San  Carlos,  at  3,500  to 
4,000  Ceet,  on  a  very  dry  slope,  Brewer.  The  Californian  forms  are  comparatively  small-flowered, 
and  have  the  corolla  purple  at  tip.  —  Of  tlie  annexed  nearly  related  species  none  have  yet  been 
collected  in  the  State,  but  most  of  them  may  prol)ably  be  found. 

A.  Utahensir,  Torr.  &  Gray.  {Phaca  wollissima,  var.  Utah-cn^is,  Torr.  in  Stansbiiry  Rep. 
385,  t.  2.)  Tins  belongs  to  the  Salt  Lake  district,  but  appears  to  have  been  found  by  Watson 
oven  in  the  western  part  of  Nevada.  It  is  distinguished  from  A.  Pin-.thii  only  or  mainly  by 
rounder  leaflets,  clothed  with  truly  tomentose  wliite  wool,  and  longer  peduncles. 

A.  Thompson^,  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  345,  found  in  S.  Utah  by  Mrs.  Thompson  and 
Captain  Bishop,  is  between  the  two  preceding  in  the  shape  of  the  leaflets  and  the  woolliiicss,  but 
has  flowers  little  over  half  an  inch  long,  shorter  calyx-teeth,  and  a  pod  (abont  the  .same  length) 
with  shorter  wool,  so  that  its  shape  is  visible,  with  a  conspicuous  groove  on  both  sides,  the  dorsal 
one  forming  a  partition  which  divides  the  cell,  except  near  the  acute  apex. 

A.  KniocAiU'us,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  71  (not  of  Parry's  S.  Utah  collection,  No.  44,  which  is 
A.  Purshli),  of  the  foot-hills  in  W.  Nevada.  Tliis  is  apparently  more  stcmless  tlian  the  pre- 
ceding, has  oval  or  obovate  leaflets  over  half  an  inch  in  length,  a  thinner  and  longer  silky 
pubescence,  whi(;h  is  spai-se  and  rather  hirsute  on  the  elongated  naked  scape,  a  dnrk-haired  calyx 
with  niiform  teefii  more  than  half  tin*  length  of  the  tul>e,  deep-pnrplo  corolla  over  an  inch  long 
and  nearly  twice  tlio  length  of  tlie  calyx,  and  an  oblong  inflexed  curveil  jiod,  clothed  with  shorter 
and  coarser  liirsnte  wool,  tlie  sutures  intruding  below,  but  not  dividing  the  cell.  This  in  some 
respects  ajiproaches  the  more  northern  and  still  imperfectly  known  A.  iuJJcxiis,  Dougl,  which  is 
decidedly  caulescent,  more  villous,  with  lighter  nnrpio  corolla  little  longer  than  the  long  filiform 
calyx-teeth,  the  bracts  and  stipules  mostly  subulate-setaceous. 

*  *   Stems  ascending   or  erect,  a  font  or  so  high :  pods  falcate,   laterally  compressed, 

2-celled:  stipules  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petiole. 

2G.  A.  malacus,  Gray.  Villous-birsutc  with  long  spreading  hairs,  rather  stout : 
leaflets  11  to  17,  obovate,  retu.so,  4  to  8  lines  long:  peduncles  surpassing  the 
leaves,  bearing  a  rather  close  spike  of  several  or  many  flowers  ;  these  two  thirds 
of  an  inch  long  :  calyx  cylindrical,  dark-hairy ;  the  slender  teeth  much  shorter 
than  the  tube,  not  very  much  shorter  than  the  usually  deep  purple  corolla; 
the  claws  of  the  latter  long  and  slender:  pods  pendulous  or  spreading,  lunate- 
lanceolate,  an  inch  long,  3  or  4  lines  wide,  densely  long-hairy,  turgid  and  grooved 
on  the  back,  sharp-edged  ventrally,  many-seeded.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  336. 

Eastern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  the  Virginia  Mountains,  kc.  (Aiiffrrsmt,  Watson),  to 
Owen's  Valley,  Dr.  Jfm-n. 

27.  A.  Andersonii,  (Jray.  Cnnescont  with  dense  somewhat  silky  pubescence, 
rather  slender:  leaflets  13  to  25,  oblong  or  oval,  rarely  obovate,  mucronate,  3  to  6 
lines  long  :  peduncles  surpassing  the  leaves  :  flowers  numerous  and  crowded  in  an 


252  LEGUMlNOSJi:.  Astragalus. 

oblong  or  cylindrical  spike  :  calyx-teeth  subulate-setaceous,  nearly  tlie  length  of  the 
campanulate  whitish-villous  tube,  much  shorter  than  the  curved  yolluwibh-whito 
corolla  ;  this  lialf  an  incii  long,  and  the  broad  claws  shorter  than  the  blades  :  pod.s 
pendulous,  linear-oblong,  falcate  or  sickle-shaped,  half  to  tliree  fourths  of  an  inch 
long,  2  lines  wide,  abiiijitly  pointed,  soft-downy,  10  -  20-seeded.  —  I'loc.  iVm.  Acad. 
vi.  624. 

Eustern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Sierra  Co.  to  Washoe  Co.,  Nevada,  Anderson,  Torrcij, 
Lemman,  kc. 

§  3.  Pod  neither  membranaceous  and  bladder i/-ivjlated,  nor  long-hair//  or  looolly, 

*   Conspicuously  stipitate  in  the  calyx  (stipe  equalling  or  much  exceeding  the  latter). 

+■  One-celled  pod  with  both  sutures  prominent  externally  and  not  ivithin,  narroiv. 

++  Calyx  very  oblujuely  attached  to  the  pedicel  and  soon  rectirved  on  it :  corolla  yel- 
lowish-white :  pod  curved,  cartilaginous  or  rigid,  not  cimpressed,  the  cross  section 
obovate :  stems  afoot  or  two  long,  mostly  spreading  or  decumbent :  stipules  small, 
distinct. 

28.  A.  C3nrtoideB,  Cray.  iSoft-pubescent  throughout  and  mostly  hoary,  rather 
stout :  leaflets  11  to  21,  from  obovate-oblong  and  retuse  to  obcordate,  becoming 
smoother  above  :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves  :  flowers  numerous  in  a  dense 
spike-like  raceme  :  calyx  downy  ;  the  teeth  not  half  the  length  of  the  oblung-cara- 
panulato  tube  :  pod  oblong-linear,  [tubescent,  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  on  an 
ascending  slender  stipe  of  half  an  inch  or  more,  either  falcate  or  at  lengtli  curved 
into  a  ring  ;  the  thick  cartilaginous  valves  very  turgid  at  maturity,  obscurely  retic- 
ulated. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  201  ii,  525;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  75. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Placer  to  Sierra  Co.  and  eastward  {Anderson,  Lcmmon), 
and  W.   Idalio,  Spalding.     Corolla  half  an  inch  long. 

29.  A.  speirocarpus,  C.!ray.  Minutely  cinereous-pubescent  :  stems  rather 
slender:  leaflets  I)  to  17,  obovato  and  oblong,  emarginato  :  flowers  less  numerous 
and  crowded   than  in   the  preceding  :   calyx  barely  p\iberulent ;   the  teeth  not  a 

•  (piartor  of  the  length  of  thii  cyliudracoous  tube  :  pod  glubi-ous,  tapering  at  Imsti 
into  a  stipo  only  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  coiled  nearly  into  one  turn  or  at 
length  into  a  Hat  hpira!  ;  the  valvr.s  thinmir  and  Ichh  indumted  than  in  tin-  pn-red- 
ing,  more  vt-iny,  and  Ii-hm  (uigid.  -      I'me.  /\ni.  Ai-ail.  vi.  'J'Jft  ;  Walftnii,  I.  e, 

Vur,  fttlolfonnlK,  (irav.  Sll|(i>  lllllonit.  half  lo  Ihroo  fouilhn  of  an  lii.'h  I.«iih. 
nimily  tlm  l<<ngth  of  ihe  liiinnorwalliMl  and  Ii«mn  turgid  lulralo  nr  nuMi'ly  liooKnd  p(Hl. 

HlxiliiCii  (/I'fiKMKit)  Olid  inlJiK'Kiil  iihiiiiiliiliitt  III  Ni'Viidil  ( // ii^i'ii)  i  llit>  iiliKiiiiil  i>i>lli'i|tid  hy 
/,»/.»//  nil  III.' U|i|M«rC.iliiiiil.lii.  hi  I'liiit  tiiily.    I''liiwi'i'«  nnrrowi'niiid  nilliiT  Uu\^\'V  lliiiii  In  IIik  Uiw 

Hll|ll«,    Wlllcil   HdllH'   lullllH  ll|>|>l<llll'll 

■¥+  ++  Calyx  equal-mled  and  centrally  attached  to  the  pedicel :  pod  nlraighl,  linear- 
oblong,  compressed;  the  valves  thin  and  parchment-like:  stems  erect  or  somewhat 
spreiuling. 

30.  A.  filipes,  Torr.  Minutely  puberulent  or  glabrous  :  stems  slender,  branch- 
ing, 2  feet  high  :  stipides  small  and  subulate  :  leailets  9  to  17,  rather  scattered, 
linear  (one  third  to  two  tliirds  of  an  inch  long) :  racemes  virgate,  long-peduncled, 
loosely-flowered  :  iiedit-els  soon  8i)reading  or  pendulous  :  calyx-teeth  not  half  tho 
length  of  tho  campanulate  tube  :  corolla  yellowish-white  (half  an  inch  long)  :  pod 
an  inch  or  less  in  length  and  2  or  3  lines  broad,  abruptly  contra(aed  at  base  into  a 
filiform  stipe  of  about  half  an  inch  in  length.  —  Cray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  22G. 

N.  W.  Nevada  ( IVatsmi,  Lemvwn),  extending  towards  and  probably  within  the  State,  and  in 
the  dry  interior  country  to  Washington  Territory. 

31.  A.  Antiselli,  Oray.  Cinereous-pubescent,  a  foot  or  so  in  height:  leaflets 
21   to  29,  linear-oblong,  crowded,   2  to  4  lines  long,  hoary  beneath  but  glabrous 


Astragalus.  LKGUMINOS.'E.  J  53 

above  :  raceme  loosoly  few-floworcd  :  calyx-tcctli  about  half  the  longth  of  the  cam- 
pamilate  tube  (corolla  small  and  white?):  pod  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  2  lines 
wide  above  the  middle,  thence  tapering  gradually  into  the  stipe,  which  is  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  long  and  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Ilomalobus  multifiorus,  Torr. 
in  Pacif.  11.  Rep.  vii.  10,  not  of  Torr.  <^  Gray,  Fl. 

Hillsides,  Santa  Barhara  ("o.  ;  Santa  Iflcz  {Dr.  Antvidl),  Ojai,  Dr.  G.  L.  Gnodalc. 

A.  MiTt/riFi/)ltU8,  Gray  (tlin  Jfnnialnhn.i  disjmr  k  ni'grrscnvs,  Ntitt.,  k  If.  viuUiJlorus,  'I'orr.  k 
Oray,  Fl.),  is  not  known  west  of  the  E.  Htnnboldt  Mountnins,  Nevada,  nor  .south  of  Oregon.  It 
has  wliite  flowers  not  over  2  lines  long,  and  pods  half  an  incli  Ion;;,  on  a  stipo  not  exceeding 
tlie  ralyx. 

32.  A.  porrectUS,  Watson.  Almost  glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  stipules 
rather  large,  nearly  scarious,  the  lower  united  :  leaflets  7  to  11,  thickish,  broadly 
obovate,  about  half  an  inch  long  :  racemes  virgate,  long-peduncled,  loosely  many- 
flowered  :  pedicels  very  short,  spreading  :  calyx-teeth  slender-subulate,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  campanulate  tube  :  corolla  "  yellow "  (apparently  cream-color), 
narrow,  half  an  inch  long  :  pod  half  an  inch  or  so  in  length,  2  lines  wide,  dorsally 
convex  and  ventrally  almost  straight,  nearly  erect  upon  an  ascending  pedicel ;  the 
stipe  2  lines  long  and  barely  exceeding  the  calyx-toeth.  — l)0t.  King  Exp.  75. 

Trinity  Mountains,  N.  "W.  Nevada,  at  5,000  feot,  Watson.  Prohahly  to  he  found  witliin  the 
borders  of  the  State. 

-t-  -»-  Pod  two-celled  {hij  fttronfj  intrusion,  of  the  dorsal   snture),   turgid ;    the  cross 
section  broadly  ohcordately  2-lobed,  coriaceous,  glabrous:  leaflets  7  to  12  pairs. 

33.  A.  arrectUS,  (Jray.  A  foot  or  more  high,  minutely  pubescent  or  glabrate  : 
stipules  distinct :  leaflets  from  linear  to  oblong,  retuse  (a  third  to  two  thirds  of  an 
incii  long)  :  peduncles  usuidly  elongated,  racemosely  9  -  20  flowered  :  calyx-teeth 
much  shorter  than  the  tube  :  corolla  yellowish-white  :  pod  narrowly  oblong, 
straight,  rather  acute  at  both  ends,  upright  on  the  ascending  stipe  which  is  fully 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  289  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  69. 

Foot-liills  of  Nevada  (Battle  Mountain,  Watson),  and  from  S.  Utah  to  Idaho.  Not  yet  found 
very  near  the  borders  of  California,  but  to  be  expected.  Flowers  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long.  Pod 
from  that  to  an  inch  in  length. 

34.  A.  Bolanderi,  Cray.  A  span  or  two  high  :  stipules  scarious  and  united 
on  the  aide  of  the  stem  ()pi)osito  the  pr>(iole:  Icaliots  oblong-linoar  or  narrowly  ob- 
long, grayish  with  soft  i)ubo3conco  (a  third  to  half  an  inch  long) :  peduncles  not 
exceeding  the  leaf,  almost  capitately  G- 12- flowered  :  calyx-teeth  slender-subulate, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  tube  :  corolla  white  with  a  tinge  of  purple  :  pod  ovate,  in- 
curved, transversely  veiny,  less  than  an  inch  long,  abruptly  recurved  or  reflexed  on 
the  conspicuous  ascending  stipe.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  337. 

Gravelly  soil,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  6,000  feet  and  upwards,  Mariposa  Co.  {Bolavdcr,  Bridgc^i, 
&c.),  to  Sierra  Co.,  Lemvion.     Flowers  half  an  inch  long. 

*   *   Pod  sessile  in  the  calyx  {or  sometimes  on  a  short  inclndnl  stipe)  and  in  size  viuch 
exceeding  it,  except  in  the  last  species. 

+-  Stems  elongated,  at  least  a  span  or  two  in  length. 

■¥+  Flowers  about  an  inch  long,  feto  and  loose. 

35.  A.  nudus,  Watson.  A  foot  or  two  high,  cinereous  with  minute  appressed 
pubescence  or  glabrate  :  stems  branching  and  flexuous,  slender  :  petioles  and  angled 
or  flattish  rhachis  rigid,  elongated,  benring  n  few  .scnttered  linear  leaflets  (varying 
from  4  to  8  lines  long)  ;  peduncles  elongated,  5  -  8-flowere(l  :  calyx  cylindrnceous, 
dark-pubescent;  th^  lanceolate  teeth  not  half  the  length  of  the  tube  :  corolla  violet- 
purple,  narrow  :  pod  turgid-oval,  glabrous,  ascending,  rather  fleshy,  when  mature 


2"^  LEGUMlNOSJi.  Astragalus. 

cartilaginous  and  thick-walled,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  abruptly  pointed  with  the  per- 
sisteiit^base  of  the  style,  one-celled,  both  sutures  strong  and  prominent  externally  : 
seeds  numerous.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  74. 

West  Humboldt  Mouiitiiins,  Nevada,  IValson.  Allied  to  A.  pedinaim  but  very  distinct. 
Leallcts  not  rigid  an<l  luTsistciit  as  in  that  speries  and  the  next.  Pods  three  fourths  of  uu  inrh 
long  and  three  eighths  in  diameter,  the  eross  section  ohlalo-oval. 

++  ++  Flowers  smaller,  from  one  third  to  half  or  rarely  two  thirds  of  an  inch  luny, 

=  Few  or  not  very  mimerous  in  the  spike:  pods  not  densely  spiked. 

a.   Flattened  more  or  less  fore  and  aft,  i.   e.   contrary  to  the  sutures,  and  with  no 
proper  partition. 

3G.  A.  pterocarpus,  Watson.  A  foot  or  two  high,  but  soon  declined  or  de- 
cumbent, cJuereous-])uliirulent  or  glubrate.  loosely  branched  :  leailets  linear-acerose, 
3  to  9  on  the  rigid  lililorm  rhachis,  i)ersistent  and  eipially  rigid,  of  about  tiie  same 
breadth  (an  inch  or  so  in  length)  :  peduncles  7  - 'J-liowered  :  llowers  (hardly  known) 
about  half  an  inch  long  :  pod  pendulous,  glabrous,  ovate  or  oval  (an  inch  long)  cori- 
aceous, except  the  acute  tip  strongly  ilattened  contrary  to  the  sutures  and  margined 
witli  a  narrow  rigid  wing,  one-celled,  the  sutures  narrow  and  not  intruded  :  seeds 
numerous.  — Bot.  King  Exp.  71,  t.  Vl. 

N.  W.  Nevada,  in  alkaline  soil  at  the  Junction  of  tlio  Keese  River  with  the  Humboldt.  Prob- 
ably not  Califoruian  :  most  remarkable  for  the  winged  margins  of  the  strongly  obcompressed 
legumes. 

37.  A.  Casei,  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high,  cinereous  with  minute  appres.sed 
pubescence  :  stems  and  branches  eiluse,  nearly  liliform,  rigid  :  leaflets  5  to  15,  scat- 
tered, linear,  very  obtuse,  small  (2  to  4  lines  long,  half  a  line  or  less  wide),  decid- 
uous; the  rhachis  and  petiole  elongated  and  tiliform :  peduncles  loosely  few-flowered: 
flowers  half  an  inch  long,  narrow  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  hardly  one  third 
tiie  length  of  the  cylindraceous  or  oblong  tube  :  corolla  apparently  pale  purple  ; 
pod  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  about  an  inch  long  and  4 
lines  wide,  puberulent,  sometimes  brownish-mottled,  cartilaginous,  arcuate-incurved, 
strongly  flattened  contrary  to  the  sutures,  both  of  which  are  narrow  and  externally 
prominent,  one-celled,  the  cross  section  transversely  narrow-oblong  :  seeds  rather 
numerous. 

High  plateau  near  Pyramid  Lake,  N.  W.  Nevada,  Levimon  and  E.  L.  Case. 

38.  A.  iodanthus,  Watson.  A  span  or  two  long,  soon  procumbent,  either 
pubescent  or  almost  glabrous,  leafy;  leaflets  1 1  to  21,  rather  crowded,  obovate  or 
roundish  :  jjeduncles  c<|ualling  the  leaves  :  flowers  rather  numerous  and  close  in  the 
oblong  spike  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceous-subulate,  loose  or  si)reading,  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  oblong-camjjanulate  tube  :  corolla  bright  violet-purple,  or 
rarely  pale,  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long  :  pod  oblong-linear,  an  inch  or  more 
in  length,  glabrous,  coriaceous,  pointed,  curved  at  length  into  a  semicircle,  com- 
pressed contrary  to  the  sutures,  both  of  which  are  turned  inwards  with  a  br(jad 
groove,  so  that  the  cross  section  is  nearly  that  of  a  ligure  8  :  seeds  numerous.  — 
Bot.  King  Exp.  70. 

Eastern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Sierra  Valley  to  the  W.  Humboldt  Jlountains.  Flow- 
ers in  spring.     Poils  somelimes  brownish-mottled. 

39.  A.  Webberi,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  leafy  :  leaflet  11  to  21,  crowded, 
both  sides  silvery-canescent  with  a  fine  appressed  silky  pubescenc  ,  oblong  or  obovate, 
4  to  7  lines  long  :  peduncles  surpassing  the  leaves  :  spike  rather  densely  9  -  20- 
flowered  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong-oampan- 
ulate  tube  :  corolla  white  or  yellowish-white,  half  an  inch  long ;  i)od  oblong,  an 
inch  and  more  in  length,  glabrous,  thick  and  fleshy  when  young,  cartilaginous  at 
maturity,  blunt  or  nearly  so,  straightish  or  arcuate,  turgid,  somewhat  flattened  con- 


Astragalus.  LEGUMINOS^.  Jgg 

trary  to  the  narrow  and  externally  prominent  sutures ;  tlie  cross  section  transversely 
oblong  (4  or  5  lines  by  2  or  3)  :  seeds  numerous. 

Indian  and  Sierra  Valley,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Lemmon,  Mrs.  Pal- 
sifer  yhncs.  Flowers  in  July.  To  this  very  probably  belongs  the  Asl.rn/jalu.t  from  the  interior 
of  Oregon,  mentioned  in  Torr.  h  Gray,  Fl.  i.  694,  under  Pliaca  kucophi/ll'a  ;  but  the  legumes  of 
the  latter  are  shorter  and  oblong-ovate. 

b.  Pods  terete,  straif//it,  narroiv,  thiii-coriaceous,  grooved  on  the  back  and  tliat  suture 
intruded  so  as  to  divide  the  cell  or  nearly  so,  and  render  the  cross  section  cordatelu 

1-Iohrd. 

40.  A.  atratUS,  Watson.  A  n\v,\\\  to  a  Coot  liigh,  loosely  liranoiiin^',  slender, 
cinereous  puberulcnt  or  f,dabratc  :  Icailets  7  to  If),  linear  or  oblong,  2  to  5  linos 
long:  peduncles  elongated,  5  -  lO-flowercd  ;  the  llowers  usually  sparse  (half  an 
inch  long)  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  the  cainpanulato  tube  :  corolla  curved, 
whitish  or  the  keel  violet-tipped  :  pod  pendulous,  short-stipitate  in  the  calyx,  slen- 
der (about  9  lines  long  and  barely  2  in  diameter),  puberulent :  seeds  10  to  20  — 
Bot.  King  Exp.  09,  t.  11. 

N.  W.  Nevada,  Watson.  Not  found  so  near  California  as  the  next,  whieli  is  very  nearly  related 
to  it.  Well  marked  among  these  species  by  tlio  short  stijie  of  the  pod,  wholly  within  the  tube 
of  the  calyx. 

41.  A.  obscurus,  Watson,  1.  c.  Kesembles  the  preceding  :  flowers  more  crowded 
in  the  short  spike  :  keel-petals  longer  and  narrower,  equalling  the  wings  :  pod  ses- 
sile in  the  calyx,  only  half  an  inch  long,  fewer-seeded,  erect  or  nearly  so,  terete, 
straight. 

Near  tlic  eastern  Iwrdcrs  of  the  State  :  rorky  foot-hills  near  Truckce  Tass,  Walsoii.  Eagle  Val- 
ley, Nevada,  Stretch. 

=  =^  Numerous  fioivers  crowded  in  a  dense  cijlindrical  or  ohlonr/  spike :  pods  also 
densely  spicate :  stem  erect:  leaflets  numerous,  21  or  more. 

42.  A.  Mortoni,  Nutt.  Two  feet  high  or  loss,  minutely  appressed-pubescent, 
greenish  :  leaflets  oblong  (half  to  an  inch  long) :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  reflexed  as 
they  open,  but  the  fruit  erect :  corolla  dull  greenish-white  or  cream-color,  half  an 
inch  long :  pods  of  nearly  the  same  length,  minutely  pubescent,  elongated-oblong, 
2-celled,  grooved  at  tlie  dorsal  suture,  but  the  ventral  one  externally  prominent : 
floods  numnrous.  —  (Jray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  19(5.  A.  Camidensis,\M'.  Mortoni, 
Watson,  1.  c. 

Moist  grounds,  along  the  eastern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  ]\Tono  T-ake  (Bracer)  north- 
ward to  the  interior  of  Oregon  and  Utah.     Noted  by  Mr.  Lemmon  as  "a  deadly  slieep  poison." 

43.  A.  pycnostachyus,  Gray.  A  foot  or  more  high,  rather  stout,  soft-pubescent: 
leaflets  hoary  with  a  villous  pubescence,  oblong  (about  half  an  inch  long)  :  flowers 
closely  sessile  in  a  very  dense  oblong  or  cylindraceous  spike  :  pods  retrorsely  imbri- 
cated, ovate,  acute,  slightly  flattened  laterally  and  margined  by  the  slender  prominent 
sutures,  one-celled,  the  walls  thin-coriaceous,  coarsely  reticidated,  glabrous  :  seeds 
few;  the  ovules  only  fi.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  527.  " 

Salt  marshes,  Bolina.s  Ray,  Bnlander,  18G3.  Not  elsewhere  or  since  collected.  Flowers  apiiar- 
ently  whitish  and  only  5  lines  long. 

++  ++  ++  Flowers  and  few-seeded  2-ceUed  pods  hoth^small,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  stigma 
capitate :  stems  diffuse  or  decumbent,  flowering  ahundtnitly  almost  from  the  base 
upwards :  stipules  ovate  or  the  upper  triangular :  j^ctioles  short. 

44.  A.  Lemmoni,  Gray.  Minutely  npiirosscd-puboseont,  green  :  stems  slender, 
a  foot  or  two  long,  soon  pro(!umbont :  leaflets  9  to  1  1,  linear-oblong,  mucronato  (4  or 
5  linos  long)  :  peduncles  iiliform,  rather  shorter  than  the  leaves  (an  inch  or  two 
long)  :  flowers  rather  numerous  in  a  dense  oblong  raceme  :  r^ilyx  with  setaceous- 
snliulate  teeth   fully  e(pialling  the  short  campanulafe  tube  :  cnrolln  whitish  tinged 


1  ro  LEGUMINOSyE.  Astragalus. 

Avith  purple:  pod  canesceut-puberulent,  chartaceous,  hanlly  over  2  linos  long,  ovate- 
oblon"  obtuse,  tuigi.l,  broadly  and  deeply  sulcato  down  the  back,  the  cross  section 
obcordato  :  ovules  and  seeds  not  exceeding  8.  —  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  via.  G2G. 

Sierra  Vulloy,  Lctnmon  uiul  Bulundcr,  June,  1S72  :  rucoived  only  IVoni  ihcluttcr,  uiul  ai.imienlly 
not  since  met  with. 

45.  A.  lentifonnis,  Gray.  Villous-pubescent,  and  more  or  less  hoary  :  stems 
ascen'dingi  soon  dilluse,  a  span  to  a  foot  long:  leallets  11  to  15,  from  obovate  to 
oblong-spatulate,  retuse  or  emarginate  (3  to  5  lines  long)  :  peduncles  short,  a 
quarter  to  half  an  inch  long,  seldom  equalling  the  rather  dense  several  -  many- 
flowered  i-aceme  :  calyx-teeth  rather  shorter  and  the  (apparently  yellowish-white) 
corolla  larger  than  in  the  preceding :  pods  broadly  oblong,  canescently  pubescent 
(3  lines  long,  almost  2  lines  broad),  lenticular,  not  ut  all  sulcate  cm  tlio  bai'.k,  both 
sutures  marginal,  but  a  partition  from  the  dorsal  one  completely  dividing  tlie  G-8- 
seeded  cell  into  two. 

Sierra  Nevada,  iu  Clover  Valley,  ic,  on  the  borders  of  California  and  N.  W.  Nevada,  Levimon. 

+-  ■+-   Acaulescent-dtjjressed,  0)1  cespUose  rovtstucks  :  leaflets  few. 

46.  A.  calycosus,  Torr.  Silvery-canescent  with  close-pressed  silky  pubescence, 
barely  2  or  3  inches  higli  in  matted 'tufts  :  leallets  5  to  11,  or  in  some  leaves  only  3 
and  seemingly  digitate,  from  ublong  to  ovate  or  obovato  (I  to  4  lines  long),  thick- 
ish  :  scape-liko  peilundes  simiewhat  exceeding  the  loaves,  2  -  G-lloworod  :  calyx- 
tootli  lanceolate  or  sul)ulate,  shorter  than  the  oblong-campanulate  tube  :  corolla  half 
an  inch  long,  yellowish-white,  with  purple  tip  to  the  rounded  keel:  pod  oval-ublong, 
very  obtuse,  i)uberulent,  3  or  4  lines  long,  turgid,  chartaceous,  slightly  sulcate 
dorsally,  2-celled,  about  10-seeded,  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  GG. 

Eastern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  8,000  to  11,000  feet,  near  the  borders  of  California 
(Toireij),  and  in  the  Glover  and  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada,   JVatson. 

*  *  *  Pod  sessile  in  and  shorter  than  the  cali/x,  turgid :  flowas  capitate. 
47.  A.  Austins,  Oray.  A  span  high,  in  dense  tufts,  silvery  silky-pubescent : 
stipules  scarious  and  mostly  united  into  one  ovate  body  opposite  the  leaf :  leallets 
9  to  17,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  acute  or  nnicronate,  4  or  5  hnes  long  :  iteduncle 
(an  inch  or  two  long)  mostly  longer  than  the  leaf,  bearing  10  or  12  sessile  llowers 
in  a  close  head  :  bracts  nearly  iiliform,  i)ersistent,  nearly  equalling  the  calyx,  both 
white-villous  ;  the  Iiliform  teeth  of  the  latter  rather  longer  than  the  cami)anulato 
tube,  and  nearly  wpialiing  the  (pale  or  whitish)  corolla,  of  which  the  standard  and 
wings  are  externally  villous-pubescent:  pod  turgid-oval,  chartaceous,  hoary  pid)es- 
cent,  imperfectly  2-celled,  fow-seuded,  oidy  2  lines  long,  not  equalling  the  calyx- 
teeth  and  the  marcescent  corolla,  the  transverse  section  almost  circular. 

Summit  of  Mount  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Nevada  Co.,  at  9,000  feet,  Lcmmon.  In  foliage 
somewhat  resembling  A.  Andersonii,  but  more  dwarf  and  condensed,  and  with  capitate  flowers 
(only  3  or  4  lines  long)  ;  most  of  all  related  to  A.  Spaldimjii  of  Idaho  and  Oregon  :  dedicated  to 
Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin  of  Butterfly  Valley,  who  lias  much  helped  on  our  knowledge  of  the  botany 
of  this  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  made  interesting  observations  upon  the  1  itcher-1  lant 
of  the  region. 

III.  Perennial:  persistent  leaflets  and  stipules  spiny-tipped.  {Kentroj)hyta ,  Nutt.) 
48.  A.  Kentrophyta,  Gray.  Hoary  with  very  minute  silky  pubescence,  cespi- 
tose,  rigid  :  stems  much  branched,  mostly  prostrate,  somewhat  woody  at  base  :  lower 
stipules  membranaceous  or  scarious,  the  upper  rigid  and  pungent :  leaves  crowded 
on  the  branchlets  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  acerose-subulate,  divaricate  :  peduncles  very 
short,  1  -  3-flowered  :  calyx-teeth  subulate-setaceous  :  corolla  whitish  or  tinged  with 
violet,  2  lines  long:  pod  ovate,  acuminate,  turgid-lenticular,  1 -celled,  3  -  4-ovuled, 
1  -  2-seeded,  about  3  hues  long. 


Vicia.  LEGUM1N0SJ5.  J  57 

Var.  elatus,  Watson  (Bot.  King  Exp.  77) ;  a  form  with  erect  and  less- branched 
stems,  6  to  18  inches  high. 

Mount  Dana,  near  the  aummit,  nt  13,000  feet,  Brewer.  Also  in  W.  Nevada,  with  the  taller 
variety  (  Watson),  S.  Utah  {Parry),  and  through  the  dry  interior  to  Idaho,  Wyoming,  and  New 
Mexico. 

14.  OLNEYA,  Gray. 
Calyx  campanulate ;  the  teeth  nearly  equal,  the  two  upper  ones  united.  Petals 
free,  equal:  standard  orbicidar,  deeply  oiuarginato,  rcfloxod  ;  wings  oblong;  kool 
broad,  obtuse,  incurved.  Stamens  10,  diadolphous  :  anthers  uniform.  Ovary  scveral- 
ovuled  :  style  incurved,  bearded  above.  Pod  thick,  with  coriaceous  valves,  1-2- 
seeded,  broadly  linear.  Seeds  ovate.  —  A  small  tree,  often  armed  with  spines 
below  the  leaves  ;  leaves  equally  or  unequally  i)innate  ;  leaflets  thick,  entire  ; 
stipules  none  ;  flowers  white  or  purplish  in  short  axillary  racemes. 

1.  O.  Tesota,  Gray.  Fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high  or  more,  canescent  with 
minute  liairs  :  spines  short  and  stout,  in  pairs  near  the  base  of  the  petioles  :  leaflets 
5  to  7  pairs,  cuneate-oblong,  2  to  8  lines  long,  obtuse  :  flowers  3  or  4  in  a  loose 
racemose  cluster,  4  lines  long  :  calyx  half  as  long  :  pod  linear-oblong,  an  inch  or 
two  long,  4  or  5  lines  broad,  rough  with  short  glandular  hairs.  —  PI.  Thurb.  313  & 
328  ;  Torrey,  Pacif.  R.  Pep.  vii.  10,  t.  5.     • 

In  dry  valleys  near  the  Colorado  River  and  eastward  in  Arizona.  The  Arbol  de  hicrro  or  Iron- 
wood  of  that  region. 

15.  VICIA,  Tourn.  Vr/rcn.  Tark,. 
('alyx  r)-cloft  or  toothed,  usually  unequal.  Wings  adherent  to  the  middle  of  the 
abort  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so  ;  the  mouth  of  the  sheath  oblique ; 
anthers  uniform.  Ovary  2-many-ovuled  :  stylo  filiform,  inflexcd,  the  apex  sur- 
rounded by  hairs  or  hairy  upon  the  back.  Pod  flat,  2-valved,  shortly  stipitate  (in 
Californian  species).  Seeds  globular ;  the  stalk  expanded  above  to  cover  the  linear 
hilum.  —  Herbs,  with  angular  stems,  more  or  less  climbing  by  branched  tendrils 
terminating  the  pinnate  leaves ;  leaflets  entire  or  toothed  at  the  apex ;  stipules 
semisagittato  ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  loose  pedunclcd  axillary  racemes. 

A  genus  of  100  species  or  more,  in  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  in 
South  America.    There  are  ten  species  indigenous  in  the  United  States  and  a  few  others  Mexican. 

«  Perennials  :  flotvers  in  pedunculate  racemes. 

1.  V,  gigantea,  Hook.  Stout  and  tall,  climbing  several  feet  high,  somewhat 
pubescent:  leaflets  10  to  15  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  raucronate,  an  inch  or  two  long; 
stipules  large:  peduncles  5  -  18-flowered  :  calyx  short,  somewhat  villous;  lower 
teeth  about  equalling  the  tube  :  corolla  G  or  7  lines  long,  pale  purple  :  pod  broadly 
oblong,  1^  inches  long  or  more,  glabrous,  3-4-seeded.  —  Fl.  i.  157  ;  Torr.  cfe  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  270.  V.  Sitckensis,  Bongard,  Veg.  Sitcha,  129.  V.  Ilookeriana,  Walpers, 
Pep.  i.  715. 

In  woods  and  moist  places  from  about  San  Francisco  Ray  northward  to  Oregon  and  Sitka. 
The  seeds  are  as  large  as  peas  and  eatable  when  young  :  the  plant  turns  blackish  on  drying. 

2,  V.  Americana,  Muhl.  TTstially  rather  stout,  1  to  4  feet  high,  glabrous  : 
leaflets  4  to  8  pairs,  very  variable,  linear  to  ovato-oblong,  truncate  to  acute  (more 
usually  oblong  and  obtuse,  mucroinilate),  j  to  2  itK^hes  long:  ])ednncIos  4-8- 
flowered  :  flowers  purplish,  (5  to  9  lines  long  :  calyx  sliglitly  pubescent ;  teeth 
broadly  subulate,  the  lower  narrower  and  not  half  as  long  as  the  petals  :  style  very 
villous  at  the  top  :  pods  oblong,  glabrous,  an  inch  long  or  more,  3-  G-seeded  :  seeds 


258  LECJUMINUS.E.  Vicia. 

(lark  purple,  1^  lines  iji  diamuter.  —  Turr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  269.  V.  Orei/aua  &, 
V.  sparsi/olia,  Nutt.  in  'Purr.  iV;  Gray,  1.  c.  270. 

Vur.  truncata,  JJinwer.  Usually  SDiiiewliat  piiLcscout :  leallots  trinicaUt  uiul 
often  ^-O-tudllKul  at  tliu  a[)ux.  —  1'.  tniitaUa,  Kiitt.  1.  c. 

Var.  linearis,  Watsdn.  Lr.ivcs  all  iiuoar.  — -  riut;.  Am.  Acaii.  .\i.  l.'M.  Lut/ii/- 
rus  liiu-aits  S:-  L.  di^sidfolias,  Nutt.  1.  o. 

The  typiciil  fonii,  which  liuiges  I'loiu  Witshiiigton  Tonitoiy  and  Oregon  to  New  Mexico  and 
aooss  the  continent,  is  niiely  found  in  California.  Tlie  variety  truncata  is  fre([iient  I'roni  San 
Benito  County  nortlnvard  to  Washington  Territory,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  variety  linea- 
ris is  also  common  throughout  Calilornia  and  eastward  tlirough  the  interior  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. It  is  scarcely  more  than  a  western  form  of  the  species,  as  both  broad  and  linear  leaves 
are  often  found  ujion  the  same  plant.     The  sjiecies  is  popularly  known  as  fcavinc. 

V.  ruLCiiELLA,  1113K.  Sleniier,  2  or  3  feet  high,  somewhat  villous-pubescent  :  leallets  about 
6  pairs,  linear,  obtuse  or  acute,  nmcronate,  6  to  9  lines  long  :  Mowers  small,  3  lines  long,  in  a 
narrow  raceme,  rellexed,  white  or  purplisii  :  caly.v  membranaceous,  short ;  teeth  very  short,  the 
lower  narrower  and  twice  longer  :  pod  linear-oblong,  an  inch  long,  6  -  8-seeded.  —  Bill  Williams 
Mountain,  W.  Arizona  (Andcraan),  to  Texas  and  Alexico  ;  may  be  found  in  S.  E.  California. 

*   *   Slender  annuals:  Jiuwtrs  mostly  solitary. 

3.  V.  exigua,  Nutt.  A  span  to  two  feet  high,  more  or  less  pubescent :  leallets 
about  4  pairs,  linear,  acute,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  :  peduncles  usually  slmrt,  ran-ly 
2-llowcrctl:  llowe.rs  Illintis  long,  purplish;  calyx-teeth  lanceolaUs  nearly  equalling 
the  tube:  pod  snuuith,  lineur-ulth)iig,  about  (i-seeded. — 'i'urr.  tVr  Gray,  V\.  i.  272. 

From  tlio  Lower  Hucnunento  to  San  Diego;  Cataliim  Island  {Niiltall)  ;  Onadalupo  Island 
(Palmtr)  ;  and  eastward  to  Southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.  The  similar  V.  micrantha, 
Nutt.,  of  Texas  and  eastward,  has  usually  two  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  the  pod  is  sessile. 

4.  V.  sativa,  Linn,  leather  stout,  somewhat  pubescent :  leallets  5  or  0  pairs, 
obovate-oblong  to  linear,  retuse,  long-raucronate  :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  an  inch  long, 
violet-purple  :  pod  linear,  several-seeded. 

The  Common  Vetch  or  Tare,  in  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places  (Coulter,  Wallace)  ;  origi- 
nally from  Europe. 

16.   LATHYRUS,  Linn. 

Style  dorsally  flattened  toward  the  toj),  and  usually  twisted,  hairy  along  the 
inner  side  :  sheath  of  lilaments  scarcely  oblique  at  the  mouth  :  otherwise  nearly  as 
in  Vicia.  Peduncles  in  our  species  usually  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  and 
several-flowered,  in  a  single  species  short  and  1 -Ho wered.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  133. 

A  hundred  species  or  more,  ranging  as  in  the  last  genus.  The  12  or  15  North  American  spe- 
cies are  perennials,  with  a  single  eastern  exception. 

*   Rhachis  of  the  leaves  tendril-beariny  :  pod  sessile  :  racemes  several-flowered. 

+-   Stipules  lan/e  ami  broad,  ovate  or  somexvhat  semi-hastate  with  broad  lobes  :  glabrous. 

1.  L.  maritimus,  Bigelow.  Stout,  a  foot  high  or  more  :  stipules  broadly  ovate 
and  halbert-siiaped,  acute  (not  acuminate),  the  l.iwer  lobe  larger  and  usually 
ct)arsely  tootluul,  nearly  or  (piite  an  inch  long  ;  leallets  3  to  f)  j)airs,  tiiick,  nvate- 
oblong,  1  or  2  iiiclies  lung,  ohtu.se  or  acuti.ih,  nearly  sessile  :  peduncles  a  little 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  (J  -  10-llt»wered  :  flowi'rs  ]>ur|)le,  'J  lines  long:  calyx-teeth 
Sjjaringly  ciliate,  subulate,  the  upper  tooth  half  as  lung  as  the  lower  :  pod  about  10- 
ovuled,  3  -  G-seeded,  H  inches  long  or  more.  —  L.  Calif ornicus,  Dougl. ;  Lindl.  Bot. 
Eeg.  t.  1144. 

A  frequent  form  near  the  sea  in  Washington  Territory,  referred  to  this  eastern  and  European 
species,  may  extend  down  the  coast  into  Northern  Calilornia. 

2.  L.  polyphyllus,  Nutt.  Less  stout,  2  feet  high  or  mure  :  stipules  smaller, 
scarcely  longer  than  broad,  triangular,  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate  ;  leaflets  6  to 


Lathyrus.  LEGUMINOS^.  159 

10  pairs,  thin,  oblong,  obtuse  or  aciitisli,  distinctly  petiolulate  :  otherwise  very  simi- 
lar to  the  last.  • —  Torr.  k  (Jray,  Fl.  i.  274. 

Ill  ojien  woods  near  the  coast,  Humboldt  Co.  (Bolandcr),  and  northward  to  the  Columbia; 
rarely  collected. 

3.  L.  sulphureus,  Brewer.  Eatlier  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high  or  more  :  stipules 
semisagittate,  acuminate,  6  to  12  lines  long,  tlie  lower  lobe  obtuse  or  acute,  some- 
times toothed  ;  leaflets  3  to  5  pairs,  oblong-ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  9  to 
18  lines  long:  peduncles  nearly  equalling  the  leaves,  few  -  many-ilowered  :  flowers 
smaller,  about  6  lines  long,  sulphur-yellow  :  calyx-teeth  glabrous,  the  ui)per  much 
shorter  than  the  lower.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  399.  L.  ochrolencus  (]),  Torr. 
in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  77. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  an  altitude  of  7,000  feet,  from  the  Yosemite  to  Plumas  Co. 

■t-    -f-   Stipules   narrower   and   semisagittate ;    the    lobes   most  frequently   lanceolate, 

acuminate. 
-^-^  Leaflets  4  <o  6  imirs  :  peduncles  rather  manyfioivered. 

4.  L.  venosus,  Muhl.  Stout,  2  or  3  feet  high  or  more,  climbing,  usually  some- 
what finely  pubescent :  stems  not  winged  :  stipules  mostly  narrow  and  short,  4  to  9 
lines  long  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  often  pubescent  beneath,  1^  to  2^ 
inches  long  :  flowers  purple,  6  to  8  lines  long  :  calyx  densely  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous,  the  rather  short  teeth  at  least  ciliate  :  pod  glabrous,  about  2  inches  long. 

—  L.  decaphylhis,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3123. 

Var.  Californicus,  Watson,  1.  c.  Very  stout ;  stems  often  strongly  winged  :  stip- 
ules broader;  leaflets  acute  and  narrower:  flowers  larger.  —  L.  venosus,  IJontli.  PI. 
Ilartw.  307. 

The  L.  venosus  of  the  Eastern  States  ranges  northwestward  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  thence 
across  the  continent  to  Washington  Territory,  periiaps  extending  down  the  coast  into  Northern 
California,  varying  considerably  in  the  amount  of  pubescence,  but  not  greatly  otherwise.  The 
variety  is  found  from  Sonoma  County  to  Monterey,  in  valleys  and  on  stream -banks,  and  in  the 
foot-hills  of  the  Siena  Nevada.  It  may  prove  to  be  distinct,  but  specimens  collected  by  Bolander 
near  Oakland  appear  inteiTnediate.     The  mature  fruit  has  not  been  compared. 

f).  L.  vestitUS,  Nutt."  Slender,  a  foot  high  or  more,  often  tall  (fi  to  10  feet 
high),  more  or  less  .'ioft-pubescent,  rarely  nearly  glabrous  :  stems  not  winged  :  stipules 
narrow,  often  small  ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  acute  : 
flowers  pale  rose-color  or  violet,  usually  large  (7  to  10  lines  long)  :  lower  calyx- 
teeth  about  e(iualling  the  tube  :  ovary  appressod-pubescent.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i. 
27G.  L.  strictus,  Nutt.  1.  c.  L.  venosus,  var.  grandijlorus,  Torroy,  Pacif.  R.  Rep. 
iv.  77.     L.  maritimus,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  49. 

The  common  species  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  from  Sonoma  County  to  San  Diego,  on 
dry  hills  in  the  Coast  Ranges  :  very  variable. 

-1-1-  +-^  Leaflets  2  to  \  pairs  :  peduncles  2  -  (j-floxvered. 

6.  L.  paluster,  Tnnn.  Slender,  a  foot  or  two  high  or  more,  glabrous  or  some- 
what pui)escent :  stem  often  winged  :  stipules  mostly  narrow,  often  small  ;  leaflets 
narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  acute,  an  inch  or  two  long:  flowers  jiurplish,  half  an  inch 
long:  lower  calyx-teeth  about  equalling  the  tulie:  j)od  smooth,  2  inches  long  or  less. 

—  L.  Lanszwertil,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  l.^O,  fig.  44. 

Var.  ni3rrtifolillS,  Gray.  Stipules  usually  broader  and  larger;  leaflets  ovate  to 
oblong,  an  inch  long  or  less.  — L.  myrtifnlius,  IMulil.  L.  pvhescens,  Nutt.  X.  deca- 
phylhis, var.  minor.  Hook.  S!  Arn.  Bot.  Beechev,  138.  L.  venosus,  var.  k,  Torr.  & 
(hay,  Fl.  i.  274. 

A  very  varialile  and  widely  diffused  species,  found  throughout  the  northern  portions  of  lx>th 
America  and  the  Old  World  :  it  is  fre(|uent  in  Wnshington"  Territory  and  Oregon,  and  is  found 
more  rarely  southward  on  hillsides  and  in  the  mountains  nearly  the  w'hole  length  of  the  State.  A 
low  form  occurs  with  the  tendrils  often  undeveloped. 


jgQ  •  LEUUMINOS.K.  Lulhyrus. 

*  *   lihachis  of  the  leaves  not  tendril-hear'uuj  or  rarely  so  :  pod  shortly  stipitate. 
+-  red undts  long,  2  -  G-Jiowered. 

7.  L.  littoralis,  Kinlliclier.  Densoly  silky-villous  throu^'liuut:  steins  numerous 
from  creeping  roolstucks,  stunt,  ilecunibent  or  ascending,',  h  to  2  feet  lung  :  stipules 
ovato-ublong,  ucnto,  entire,  Imlf  un  ineh  long;  leatlets  I  to  U  pairs,  with  a  small 
linear  or  oblong  terminal  one,  cuneate-oblong,  4  to  0  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth  nearly 
equal,  as  long  as  the  tube  :  standard  bright  purple,  6  to  8  lines  long,  exceeding  the 
paler  wings  and  keel  :  style  tlattened  most  of  its  length  :  i)od  obhmg,  villous,  an 
inch  long,  3  -  r)-seeded  :  seed  nearly  3  lines  broad.  —  Gen.  1*1.  1271).  Astruphia 
littoralis,  Nutt.  in  'lorr.  k  Gray,  Fl.  i.  278.  Orobus  littoralis,  (Jray,  Pacil'.  li, 
Kep.  xii.  58,  t.  G  ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  208. 

Oil  tl»c  const  near  San  Knim;i.s('o  (yint/rcws)  :  more  IVcquent  from  the  iiioutli  of  the  Ci>liniil)iii 
lUver  northward.  Tliis  ami  the  following  species  are  the  American  representatives  of  the  hinneau 
genus  Orobiis,  chielly  of  the  Old  World,  now  generally  made  a  section  of  Lalhyrus. 

8.  L.  Nevadensis,  Watson,  1.  c.  Slender  and  usually  low,  linely  pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous  :  stipules  narrowly  acuminate  ;  leatlets  2  to  4  ])airs,  thin,  ovate 
to  ovate-oblong,  an  inch  or  two  long,  obtuse  or  acute  :  flowers  large,  7  to  12  lines 
long,  ochroleucous  (?) ;  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the  tube  :  fruit  unknown,  perhaps 
sessile.  — L.  venosus,  var.  obovatus,  Torrey,  Pacif.  li.  Kep.  iv.  77. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Dufiield's  Ranch  and  Big  Trees,  Calaveras  County,  Biijclow,  Brewer, 
Ooodale,  Maim.  Apparently  the  same  plant,  though  with  ratlier  narrower  and  acuteV  leaflets, 
lias  been  found  hy  Ncvius  in  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  by  Geijer  in  Northern  Idaho. 

L.  POLYMORvnus,  Nutt.  l{ather  stout,  usually  low,  somewliat  iinely  pubescent  or  glabrous, 
glaucous  :  stipules  narrowly  acuminate  ;  leaflets  3  to  6  pairs,  narrowly  oblong,  acute,  thick  and 
strongly  nerved,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  flowers  very  large,  purple  :  jiod  two  inches  long,  3  or  4 
lines  wide  :  seeds  with  a  reniarkahly  narrow  stalk  and  short  hilum.  —  This  species  ranges  from  New 
Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Central  Arizona;  and  perhaps  to  the  hordei-s  of  California.  L.  oniatus, 
Nutt.,  of  Colorado  and  Utah,  has  narrower  and  shorter  leaves,  broader  pods,  and  broader  seed-stalk. 

+-  4-  rcduncU's  very  short,  \-Jhmered. 

9.  L.  Torreyi,  <lniy.  Sparingly  villous  throughout,  erect,  very  slender,  a  foot 
or  two  high  :  stipules  narrow,  acuminate,  the  lower  lobe  short;  Icallets  thin,  I  to  G 
pairs,  with  or  usually  without  a  simihir  one  terminating  the  slender  rhachis,  ovate 
to  oblong,  acute,  about  half  an  inch  long:  flowers  purplish,  4  to  6  lines  long:  calyx- 
teeth  narrowly  subulate,  nearly  equal  and  exceeding  the  tube,  or  the  upi)er  some- 
what shorter  and  broader  :  pod  linear-oblong,  pubescent,  an  inch  long,  3-5-seeded. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  337;  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  2G7.  L.  (I)  villosiis,  Torr. 
in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  xii.  58. 

In  thickets  near  the  coast,  Shelter  Cove,  Humboldt  Co.  {Bolander)  ;  Washington  Territory, 
Pickering,  Cooper,  Hall. 

17.    CERCIS,   Linn.  Ukd-uui).     Jiiuas-tukk. 

Calyx  cauii)anulate,  very  broadly  and  shortly  r)-toothed.  Petals  5  ;  the  standard 
smaller  and  enclosed  by  the  wings.  Stamens  10,  free  ;  anthers  versatile,  longitudi- 
nally dehiscent.  Pod  shortly  stipitate,  oblong,  flat,  and  thin,  many-seeded,  2-valved  ; 
the  ventral  suture  narrowly  winged.  Seeds  compressed,  obovato,  transvei-se,  albu- 
minous.— Small  trees;  leaves  simple,  cordate  to  reniform,  entire,  palmately-veined; 
stipules  caducous ;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  axillary  fascicles,  appearing  befure 
the  leaves,  red  or  purplish. 

A  genus  of  4  species,  one  belonging  to  Europe,  one  to  temperate  Asia,  one  in  the  Atlantic 
States,  and  a  fourth  in  California  and  eastward. 

1.  C.  OCCidentalis,  Torr.  A  small  tree  or  shrub,  glabrous:  leaves  roundcor- 
date,  very  obtuse  aud  not  at  all  produced  above,  occasionally  emarginate,  about  2 


Parkinson  in.  LEG  U  M I  NOSyE. 


161 


iiu^hos  ill  diameter  :  petals  4  linos  long,  rose-culoied  :  pod  about  2  inches  long,  8 
lines  broa<l,  acute  at  each  end,  on  pedicels  about  half  an  inch  long.  —  (iniy,°Pl. 
Lindh.  177;  Torrey,  ]]ot.  Wilkes  Exp.  283,  t.  3.  C.  Siliquastrum,  var.,  Ijcntli.'  PI. 
Ilaitw.  307.      C.  Calif orniat,  Torr.  in  Beiitli.  1.  c.  3G1. 

From  Mt.  Sliasta  niid  Meiulouino  Co.  soiitliwanl  to  Sail  Diego  Co.  ;  Ciiianiaca  Jlouiitaiiis 
Palmer.  Also  in  Northern  Mexico  {Gregg)  and  Te.xas.  The  common  species  of  the  Athmtic 
States,  C.  Canadensis,  diflers  in  its  larger  pointed  leaves  and  narrower  and  longer  pods.  The 
Texnn  form  of  the  present  species  (6\  rmifonnii,  Kngclm.  MSS.)  differs  in  having  its  leaves  some- 
what ])rodtice(l  above,  though  still  ohtnso,  nnd  somewhat  puiM'sceiit  licncnili  at  least  wlien  young  ; 
the  pedicels  also  nro  often  shorti-r.  The  plnte  in  Mot.  Wilkes  l';.\[i.  is  laully  in  ropresonting  the 
western  form  as  with  sliortly  acute  leiives. 

18.  CASSIA,  Linn.  Sen.na. 
Calyx-tube  very  short  ;  the  divisions  5,  imbricated.  Petals  5,  s])readiiig,  nearly 
etpial  or  the  k)\v(!r  one  larger;  the  upper  one  within.  Stamens  .0  to  10  (in  ours  7)  • 
anthers  erect,  attached  by  the  base,  opening  by  two  pores  or  chinks  at  the  apex. 
Pod  usually  curved,  many-seeded,  often  with  cross-partitions  between  the  seeds 
indehiscent  or  2-valved,  terete  or  flattened,  thick-coriaceous  to  inenibranaceou.s. 
Seeds  albuminous,  transverse  or  sometimes  longitudinal.  —  Herbs  (foreign  species 
often  shrubs  or  trees);  leaves  abruptly  pinnate;  ilowers  mostly  yellow,  usually  in 
terminal  or  axillary  racemes  or  clusters. 

A  genus  of  over  300  species,  abounding  in  tlio  tropical  and  warmer  regions  of  America  and 
fre(iuent  in  Africa  and  tropical  Asia.  The  18  or  20  species  found  in  the  United  States  belon" 
mostly  to  the  SouMioru  States  and  especially  near  the  bordor.s  of  Mexico.  " 

1.  C.  armata,  Watson.  Hnrbaceous,  3  feet  high,  minutely  puberulent,  light 
green  :  lealh^ts  2  or  3  pairs,  thick,  roiiiidful  ovate,  the  margin  nu'oliite,  acutish,  ]  or 
2  lines  in  diameter,  distant  upon  an  eh)ngatcd  rigid  flattened  spinuloses  rhachis 
(2  in(!lies  long) ;  stipules  and  glands  Avanting  :  (lowers  in  a  short  terminal  ifKUiine, 
yellow:  pedicels  slen<ler,  with  rigid  aculeate-tipped  bracts:  i)etals  2  or  3  lines  long': 
ovary  slightly  pubescent ;  the  numerous  ovules  obli.piely  transverse  :  young  pod 
stipitate,  glabrate,  linear,  acuminate,  compressed,  the  sutures  thick  and  nerve-like. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  136. 

Mountains  between  Fort  Mohnve'nnd  Cajon  I'nss  (Cooprr)  ;  also  in  Western  Arizona,  Lieut. 
II  lirclrr.     A  remarkatih!  species. 

2.  C.  Covesii,  Gray.  White-tomentose  and  silky-villous,  a  foot  or  two  hicr], 
branching  from  the  base  :  leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  obovat(!-oblong,  an  inch  Ion-'  or  le^'ss' 
obtuse,  mucronate;  stipules  filiform,  lax,  caducous,  1  to  3  lines  long;  a  gland  to 
each  pair  of  leaflets,  similar  to  the  stipules,  a  line  long  :  racemes  axiHary  peduncu- 
late, exceeding  the  leaves,  few-flowered:  sepals  narrow,  equal:  petals  yellow,  veined, 
4  to  6  hues  long  :  pod  pubescent,  linear-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile,  nearly 
straight,  somewhat  comprcss(Ml,  2-valvod,  many-seeded,  an  inch  long,  exceeding  tlio 
pedicel:  seeds  transverse.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  309;  Watson  in  Wheeler's  dit.  8. 

liig  Canon  of  the  Tnntillns  Mts.,  below  S;ni  Dingo  {Pnlwn)  ■  \\.  Arizona,  Palmer,   Wheeler. 

10.  PARKINSONIA,  Linn. 
Calyx  5-parted,  produced  at  base  an.l  jointed  ui)on  the  p(>dicel  ;  divisions  valvate 
or  narrowly  imbricate.  Petals  .'),  with  daws  ;  the  upper  one  within  and  broader 
llian  the  rest,  somewhat  cordate,  the  claw  pubescent  and  n(>ctiuilcrous  on  Mic  inner 
side.  Stamens  10,  free;  filaments  jnlose  at  base,  the  upper  one  gibbous  on  the 
outside  ;  anthers  versatile,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  .several-ovnled,  shortly 
stipitate  :  style  filiform,  acute.      Pod  compressed,   2  valved,  linear  to  linear-obloii", 


IQ2  LEGUMINOSJi.  I'arkinsuuia. 

obliciuely  or  longitudiiuilly  vuiued,  thin-coriaceous,  usually  uioro  or  less  torulose  and 

compressed  between    the  seeds.      Seeds  compressed,   broadly   oblong,    longitudinal, 

albuminous  ;   hilum   nanute.  —  Trees   or  shrubs,    ol'ten  armed   with   short  spines : 

leaved  bipinnatu  with  I  or  2  pairs  ol'  i>innui  j  the  conuuoji  petiole  short,  often  idiso- 

leto  or  spinescont ;  8ti[)ulob  minute  or  none;  Uowers  yellow  or  whitish,  on  slejider 

pedicels  in  short  loose  axillary  or  terminal  racemes.  —  Ctrcidium,  Tulasne. 

A  genus  of  8  species,  one  of  S.  Africa,  three  of  S.  America  (including  P.  acuhula  which  is 
widely  distributed  through  Uopicul  America),  the  remainder  bclonghig  to  the  region  between  Texas 
and  b.  Calit'oruia. 

*   Leajlets  usuaih/  very  niivitruus,   upon  a  iiiuchelufiyataljlatteaed   r/uichis :   divis- 
tuHs  of  the  calyx  narrowly  imbricate  in  the  bud. 

1.  P.  aculeata,  Linn.  A  small  tn-e,  glabrous  throughout,  the  slender  branches 
often  pendulous  :  spiny  petioles  a  half  Ut  an  inch  long  or  less,  bearing  1  or  2  pairs  of 
piiinne  near  the  base,  or  wanting  ;  leatluts  very  small,  oblong,  scattered  upon  a  broad 
rhachis  ^  to  1^  feet  long;  stipules  small,  spinesceiit :  racemes  axillary  3  to  G  inches 
long  :  peilicels  jointed  a  little  below  the  llower  :  stamens  shorter  than  the  yellow 
petals  :  pod  2  to  10  inches  long,  I  -  5-seeded,  attenuate  at  eacli  end  and  contracteil 
between  the  distant  seeils.  — iJejitli.  in  Mart.  Fl.  liras.  xv*.  78,  t.  2G. 

Hills  of  the  Colorado  near  Fort  Yuma,  and  througli  Mexico  to  Texas.  Piohably  of  American 
origin,  but  now  naturalized  or  cultivated  in  most  of  the  tropical  and  warmer  regions  of  tin-  globe. 

*   *   P in  ace  ahurt  and  leajlets  Jew  ;  rhachis  terete :  calyx  valvate  in  the  bud. 

2.  P.  microphylla,  Torr.  A  much-branched  shrub,  5  to  10  feet  high,  with 
smooth  light-green  hark,  the  straight  rigid  branchlets  si)inose  at  the  ends  ;  younger 
branches  and  inflorescence  somewhat  puberulent :  common  ])etioles  very  short  or 
none,  not  spinescent  or  rarely  so  ;  leaflets  4  to  G  pairs  in  each  pinna,  broatlly  oblong 
or  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse  or  acutish,  not  narrower  at  the  obliqmi  base,  two  lines 
long  or  less,  glaucous:  racemes  short  (an  inch  long  or  less),  axillary  and  sessile; 
l)ediceld  evidently  jointeil  a  little  below  the  llower:  petals  ileep  straw-color,  the 
tipper  one  white,  iJ  tu'  4  lim;s  long  :  anthers  orange,  ex.serted  :  ovary  ap})ressed- 
silky  :  pod  attenuate  at  each  end,  1  -  3-seeded,  contracted  between  the  seeds,  2  or  3 
inches  long.  —  J3ot.  Mex.  Bound.  59  ;  Benth.  1.  c. 

On  the  Colorado  near  Fort  Yuina,  on  Bill  Williams  River,  and  eastward  through  S.  Arizona  ; 
flowering  in  Ahiy. 

3.  P.  Torreyana,  Watson.  A  small  tree,  20  or  30  feet  high,  with  light  green 
and  smooth  bark  ;  younger  branches  and  leaves  sparingly  j)ubescent :  leallets  2  or  3 
pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  narrower  toward  the  scarcely  obli([Ue  base,  2  or  3  lines  long, 
glaucous  :  flowers  on  longer  pedicels  in  racemes  terminating  the  branches:  pedicels 
jointed  near  the  middle,  the  joint  not  evident  until  in  fruit:  petids  4  lines  hm^^, 
apparently  bright  yelhjw  ;  ghin<l  up(ni  the  upper  petal  very  ])roniinent  :  ovary  gla- 
brous :  pod  2  or  3  inches  long,  with  a  double  groove  along  the  broad  vential  suture, 
acute,  2  -  8-seeded,  scarcely  or  decidedly  contracted   between  the  very  thick  seeds. 

—  Proc.  Auj.  Acad.  xi.  135.  Cercidium  Jhridum,  Torrey,  Pacif.  11.  Kep.  v.  300, 
t.  3  ;  not  of  ]ienth. 

A  frciiuent  treoin  tiic  Valley  tif  tlio  Colorado  and  eastward  ;   tlio  Pulo  J'cntt;  vi  Ww  Mexicans, 

—  usually  bare  of  foliage,  the  leaves  l)eing  .soon  dc(i<luons.  Tin!  specicis  has  been  mistaken  l<jr 
the  /•*.  Jlorida  (^Cercidium  Jloriduiii,  Henth.)  of  the  liio  Grande  Valley,  which  bus  axillary 
racemes,  pods  with  a  narrow  acute  margin  on  the  ventral  -side,  thinner  seeds,  and  somcwbal  larger 
leaflets. 

20.   PROSOPIS,  hinn.  Miisyurr.     Sc^uiiw-uicAN. 

Flowers  regular.  Calyx  campanulate ;  the  teeth  very  short,  valvate.  Petals  5, 
valvate,  united  below  the  middle  or  at  length  free,  Nvoolly  on  the  inner  side  (in  our 


Acacia.  LEGUMINOSJi:. 


163 


specii's).  Stiinicns  10,  free,  ex  scried ;  iintli(Ms  tipped  with  a  ilrcidnoiis  gland. 
Ovary  villous  (iu  American  siiecies) :  stylo  filiform.  Pod  linear,  compressed  or 
nearly  terete,  straight,  falcate,  or  twisted,  coriaceous  and  indehiscent,  usually  becom- 
ing thick  and  spongy  within,  and  with  thick  partitions  between  the  seeds.  Seeds 
numerous,  ovate,  compressed.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  armed  with  axillary  spines 
or  spiuescent  stipules  ;  leaves  bipiniiatc,  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  pinna?,  and  usually 
numerous  small  entire  leaflets  ;  flowers  small,  greenish,  in  cylindrical  or  globose 
axillary  peduncidate  spikes. 

Species  about  18,  of  wliich  5  belong  to  Africa  and  tropical  Asia,  the  lemainder  to  Mexico  and 
South  America,  the  following  extending  into  the  United  States. 

'.V  Pod  elongated,  straufht  or  falcate,  compressed  or  at  length  thickened  and  Jleshy : 
seeds  each  in  a  distinct  cartiUtginous  envelope:  spines  axillary:  spikes  cylindrical. 
—  Ai^OAROBiA,  Benth. 

1.  P.  juliflora,  DC.  A  shrub  or  tree  (sometimes  30  to  10  feet  high),  glabrous 
or  pubcruli'.nt,  with  stout  axillary  spines  or  often  unnrmeil  :  leallds  (1  to  ."JO  pairs, 
short-oblong  to  linear,  3  to  18  lines  long,  obtuse  or  acute  :  spikes  shortly  jjedunclod, 
2  to  4  inches  long,  usually  dense,  1  -  3-fruitod  :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  a  line  long  : 
pod  4  to  G  inches  long  or  more,  straight  or  curved,  at  first  flat  and  constricted 
between  the  seeds,  3  to  6  lines  broad,  at  length  sweet  and  ])ulpy  within,  acuminate, 
longitudinally  veined;  stipe  3  to  G  lines  long.  —  Prodr.  ii.  447;  Benth.  in  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  377.  P.  glandnlosa,  Torrey,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  ii.  192,  t.  2.  Alga- 
rohia  gland nlnm,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  309;  (J ray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  GO.  Prosopis 
odorata,  Torr.  in  Frem.  Rep.  313,  t.  1,  excl.  fruit. 

This  is  the  Algnroba  of  the  Mexicans,  or  Honey  Mesquit,  found  as  a  small  shrul)  in  Southea.st- 
ern  California  from  San  Felipe  Canon  to  Fort  Mohave,  and  eastward  to  Texas.  The  species  in 
various  forms  extends  southward  through  Mexico,  and  along  the  Andes  to  Chili,  and  to  Buenos 
Ayres.  The  abundant  fruit  is  eaten  by  the  Indians  and  often  by  whites,  and  is  a  valuable  food 
for  liorses.  The  shrub  also  furnishes  a  valuable  gum,  resembling  Gum  Arabic,  which  in  Texas  and 
Mexico  is  collected  iu  considerable  quantity  for  export. 

*   *    Pod  thick,  spirally  twisted  in.  nuvierous  turns:  stipules  .yv'nesrent :  spikes  glo- 
bose to  cylindrical.  —  STnoMnocARPA,  Beiitli. 

2.  P.  pubescens,  Benth.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  15  to  30  feet  high,  resem- 
bling the  last,  canescently  puberulent  or  glabrate  :  leaflets  f)  to  8  pairs,  oblong,  3  to 
4  lines  long,  acutish  :  spikes  lax,  1^  to  2  inches  long,  on  peduncles  about  e(]nalling 
the  leaves,  several-fruited:  flowers  sessile,  1^  lines  long:  ovary  very  villous  :  pod 
twisted  into  a  narrow  straight  cylinder  1  or  2  inches  long,  pulpy  within,  nearly 
sessile.  —  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  v.  82,  &  1.  c.  380.  Strombocarpns  pubescens,  Gray ; 
Torrey,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  3G0,  t.  4.     Prosopis  Emoryi,  Torrey,  Emory  Rep.  L39. 

The  Tornilln  of  the  Mexicans,  and  Scrow-benn  or  Screw-pod  Mesrpiit  of  the  Americans.  In  Snn 
DIpKo  Co.  nt  Vallecito  (Tliurbrr),  Moniitnin  Sprincs  {I'ohnrr),  Fort  Mohave*  {('ooprr),  nml  east  to 
New  Mexico.  Tlio  pods  nre  ground  into  inenl  iukI  used  for  food  by  the  Indians.  /'.  cincrasccns, 
Gray,  a  species  of  the  Rio  (Jinnde  Valley  with  similar  Iruit,  li.is  much  smaller  leaves  and  leaflets, 
the  common  j)etiole  nearly  obsolete,  the  slender  spines  usually  exceeding  the  leaves,  and  the 
flowers  in  long-peduneled  globose  heads. 

21.  ACACIA,  Willd. 
Flowers  ])erfect  or  ]H)lygamous.  (!alyx  4  -^-toothed.  IVtals  more  or  less  united 
below.  Stamens  numerous,  exserted,  free  or  united  at  ba.-^e  ;  anthers  small.  Stylo 
filiform.  Pod  2-valved  or  indehiscent,  many-seeded,  compressed  and  membrana- 
ceous or  more  or  less  thickened  and  rounded.  Seeds  compressed  :  albumen  none. 
—  Shrubs   or  trees,  often   spinose  or  prickly  ;   leaves  bipinnate,  with  small  leaflets; 


1G4 


ROSACEA.  Acacia. 


stipules  spinescent  or  iucouspicuous  ;  flowers  small,  in  glubuse  heads  oi  cylindrical 
spikes,  on  axillary  peduncles,  yellowish. 

A  genus  of  over  400  spi-cics,  bulongiiig  to  the  wanner  regions  of  the  globe,  especially  abundant 
in  AustniHu  and  AlVicii.  About  a  ilozen  are  iiutivo  on  the  southeru  borders  ol'  the  United  States, 
and  numerous  Austruliau  species  are  heciuent  in  cultivation. 

1.  A.  Greggii,  (Ji'ay.  A  small  tree  10  to  20  leet  high,  pubescent  with  spreading 
hairs  or  glabruus,  unarmed  or  with  scattered  short  stout  hooked  prickles  :  leaves 
short,  of  2  or  3  pairs  of  pinnie  an  inch  long  :  leaflets  4  or  5  pairs,  oblong  or  oblong- 
obovate,  ineiiuilateral,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  summit,  narrower  below,  2  or  3 
linos  long,  ratiier  thick  and  with  2  or  3  straight  nerves  :  flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes 
tin  indi  or  two  long,  tho  peduncles  (!(|ualling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  :  pods  com- 
l)ressed,  curved,  3  or  1  inches  lung,  f)  to  7  lines  l)road,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  short 
stipe  and  acute  above,  more  or  less  (umstricted  biitwoen  the  siuuls  ;  the  tbin-coria- 
ceous  valves  reticulated:  seeds  |  inch  long,  elliptical. — PI.  Wright,  i.  05. 

San  Diego  {Cleveland)  ;  San  Felipe  ('afii)n  (Pabmr)  ;  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper)  ;  and  eastward  to 
Texas.  The  species  closely  resembles  A.  n'rujhtii,  lienth.,  of  the  Kio  Grande  region,  which  has 
a  broader  and  obtuser  pod,  and  usually  rather  larger  leaflets. 

A.  Faunesiana,  Willd.  A  small  spreading  tree,  witli  straight  slender  stipular  spin.s,  pubes- 
cent or  glabrous  :  pinna-.  4  or  5  pairs  ;  leaflets  10  to  '25  pairs,  linear,  a  line  or  two  long,  crowded  : 
heads  globose  :  pod  oblong,  cylindrical,  at  length  turgid  and  pulpy,  2  or  3  inclies  long  and  6  to 
9  lines  thick,  longitudinally  veined.  —  Widely  spread  over  the  subtropical  and  tropical  regions  of 
the  New  and  Old  World,  and  often  cultivated  for  the  perfume  of  its  flowers  ;  native  land  un- 
known.    About  the  Missions  in  the  southern   part  of  the  State. 

Order  XXXI I.     ROSACEA. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  alternate  leaves,  usually  evident  stipules,  perigynous 
mostly  numerous  stamens,  distinct  free  pistils  from  one  to  many,  or  in  one  suborder 
few  and  coherent  with  each  other  and  with  the  calyx-tubo  into  a  2  -  several-celled 
inferior  ovary,  and  anatropoua  few  or  solitary  seeds  destitute  of  albuuuui  or  nearly 
so  :  these  are  the  characters  of  this  great  order.  But  the  stipules  are  sometimes 
evident  only  upon  vigorous  shoots,  and  rarely  fail  altogether,  the  stamens  are  some- 
times even  fewer  than  tho  petals  or  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  in  a  few  cases  the  albu- 
men of  the  seed  is  somewhat  copious.  —  The  Californian  representatives  belong  to 
three  great  groups,  best  exhibited  as  suborders. 

SuuoRDEU  1.     AMYGDALE.'E. 

Carpels  solitary,  or  rarely  5,  becoming  drupes,  entirely  free  from  the  calyx,  this 
or  its  lobes  deciduous.  Ovules  2,  penduhms,  but  seed  almost  always  s(ditary. 
Style  terminal  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bark  exuding  gum,  and  mostly  as  well  as 
the  seeds  yielding  the  flavor  of  pru.ssic  acid.      Stipules  free,  deciduous. 

1.  Prunus.     Flowers  perfect.     Carpel  solitary. 

2.  Nuttallia.     Flowers  polygamo-dieecious.     Carpels  and  tliin-fleshed  dru[)es  5. 

SuBOHUEU  If.     ROSA(JE/E  i'koper. 

Carpels  free  from  the  persistent  calyx  (the  limb  of  the  latter  rarely  deciduous), 
becoming  akene.s,  or  in  the  hrst  tribe  hillicles,  or  oidy  in  Kuhus  (where  they  are  very 
numerous)  drupe-like  in  fruit,  Stipules  commonly  adnate  to  the  petiole.  Calyx 
dry  and  open,  or  sometimes  strictly  enclo.sing  the  fruit  (one  or  two  akenes),  or  in 
Rosa  fleshy  and  pome  like  enclosing  numerous  akenes. 


ROSACEA.  165 

TuiRi:  I.     SriR^ACEiE.     Carpels  few,  rarely  solitary,  becoming  2  -  several-sculni  follicles 
(dehiscent  jjocIs).     Calyx  open. 

3.  Spiraea.     Follicles  2  to  8.     Seeds  pendulous,  linear  ;  the  coat  membranaceous  :  albumen 

none.     Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  and  compound  inflorescence. 

4.  Neillia.     Follicles  1  to  5.     Seeds  erect  and  pendulous  ;  the  coat  crustaceous,  shining  :  albu- 

men present.     Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves  :  corymbs  simple. 

Tninr,  II.  RUliEyE.  Carpels  several  or  numerous  on  a  spongy  receptacle,  becoming  drupe- 
lets in  fruit.  Calyx  open,  without  bractlets.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovules  2  and  pen- 
dulous, but  seed  Bolitiuy. 

5.  RubuB.     Carpels  iudofiuitcly  numerous,  berry-like  in  fruit.      Perennial  hcrb.s,  or  8oft-woo<ly 

shrubs  with  biennial  stems. 

TlilBR  III.  DRYADE^.  Carpels  numerous,  .several,  or  solitarj',  1-ovuled,  becoming  dry 
akenes.  Calyx  not  enclosing  or  at  least  not  constricted  over  the  fruit.  Seed  erect  or 
ascending. 

*  Shrubs  :  carpels  mostly  solitary  :  style  not  elongated  in  fruit :  stigma  decurrent  :  calyx  imbri- 

cated, without  bractlets  :  radicle  inferior  (except  in  Cohogyne). 

fi.  Chamaebatia.     Flowers  corymbose.     Petals  5.     Tjcavos  thrico  pinnate,  with  minute  leaflets. 

7.  Purshla.     Khiwers  .TOlitarjr.     Potnls  fi.     Lenvos  3-clnft. 

8.  Coleogyne.     F]<iwors  solitary.     Calyx  4-partod,  colored.     Petals  none.     Leaves  opposite, 

.small,  narrow,  entire. 

*  *  Trees  or  shrubs  :  carpels  solitary  or  numerous  :  styles  elongated  and  plumose  in  fruit  :  calyx 

imbricated,  without  bractlets  (except  in  Fallugia)  :  seed  erect. 

9.  Cercocarpua.     Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  small.     Petals  none.     Carpels  solitary,  rarely  2. 

(^alyx-tubo  long-cylindrical  ;  the  limb  deciduous.     Leaves  simple,  entire  or  toothed. 

10.  Co^wania.     Flowers  solitary,  short-peduncled,  terminal,  showy.     Petals  5.    Carpels  5  to  12. 

("nlyx  short  and  turbinate.     Leaves  cuneate,  lobed. 

11.  Fallugia.     Flowers  somewhat  pani(ded,  on  long  peduncles,  showy.      Petals  5.     Carpels  nu- 

merous.    Calyx  turbinate.     Leaves  with  linear  lobes. 

*  *  *  Herbs:  carpels  few  to  many  :  calyx  concave  or  campanulate,  valvate  in  the  bud,  bracteolate. 
+-  Seed  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell  :  radicle  inferior  :  style  strictly  terminal,  persistent. 

12.  Geum.     Carpels  very  numerous  on  a  dry  receptacle  :  the  elongated  style  in  fruit  mostly 

geniculate  or  plumose. 

+-  +-  Seed  suspended  or  ascending  :  radicle  superior  :  style  small,  naked,  not  geniculate. 

13.  Fragaria.      Carpels  very  iiuinernus,  in  fruit  on  a  large  flesliy  scitrlot  receptacle.      Styles 

liil(^nil.     Leaves  3-foli()late. 
11.  PotentlUa.     Petals  yellow,  raiely  white,  sessile.     Stamens  usually  20  or  more;  lilamonta 
narrow  or  lililbrm.     (darnels  mostly  numerous,  on  a  dry  recei)tiiclo.     Leaves  jiiunato  or 
digitate  ;  leadots  tootheu  or  cleft,  not  confluent. 

15.  Sibbaldia.     Petals  yellow,  sessile,  minute  and  narrow.     Stamens  5  ;  filaments  very  short, 

filiform.     Carpels  5  to  10,  on  a  dry  receptacle.     Leaves  3-foliolate  ;  leaflets  3-toothed. 

16.  Horkelia.     Petals  white  or  pink,  with  claws,  or  spatulate.     Stamens  10,  rarely  20  ;  fila- 

ments usually  dilated  or  subulate.     Carpels  usually  many,  on  a  dry  nearly  naked  recep- 
tacle.    Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  many,  toothed,  cleft,  or  parted,  the  upper  confluent. 

17.  Ivesia.     Petals  white  or  yellow,  with  claws,  or  spatulate.     Stamens  5  to  20  ;  filaments  fili- 

form.    Carpels  1  to  15,  on  a  dry  villous  receptacle.     Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  cleft  or 
parted,  often  small  and  very  numerous  and  closely  imbricated. 

Tribe  IV.  POTERIE/E.  Carpels  1  to  3,  in  fruit  akenes,  completely  enclosed  in  the  dry  and 
firm  calyx-tube,  the  throat  of  which  is  constricted  or  sometimes  nearly  closed.  Seed 
suspended. 

*  Heath-like  shrubs,  with  simple  entire  fascicled  leaves  :  ovules  1  or  2.     (Anomalous  genus.) 

18.  Adenostoma.     Calyx  lO-nerved,  at  length  cylindraceous.     Petals  5.     Stamens  8  to  15. 

♦  •   Hcrks  (as  to  ours),  with  conipounil  or  lobed  leaves  :  ovnlo  solitary. 

19.  Alohemilla.    Calyx  naked,  urceolato,  minutely  bracteolate.    Petals  none.    Stamens  1  to  4. 

Flowers  minute,  clustered. 

20.  Agrimonia.     Calyx  turbinate,  surrounded  by  a  margin  of  hooked  nrickles.     Petjils  yellow. 

Stamens  5  to  12.     Tall  porojuiial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  long  racemes. 


-igg  ROSACEJC.  PruHus. 

21.  Aceena.     Calyx-lobes  valvate,  deciduous  ;  the  tube  oblong,  becoming  armed  with  barbed 

prickles.     Petals  none.     Perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves,  and  densely  spicute-clus- 
tered  tlowers.  i     i       r>      i 

22.  Poterium.     Calyx-lobes  inibricate,  deciduous,  petaloid  ;  the  tube  4-angled,  naked.     Petuls 

none.     Herbs  with  pinnate  leaves,  and  densely  capittite  or  spicato  Uowers. 

Tki1(K  V.  ROSK.'K.  Carpels  many,  in  fruit  bony  akcnf-.s,  enclosed  and  concealed  in  the 
globose  or  urn-ish;ipcd  llu.sliy  calyx-tube,  which  resembles  a  pome.  Petals  conspicuous. 
Stamens  numerous. 

23.  Rosa.     The  only  genus,      lirect  shrubs,  with  pinnate  leaves. 

Suborder  111.     POIME.K 

Carpels  2  to  5,  enc.los(ul  in  ;uul  mo.stly  iulnuto  to  tlio  llesliy  calyx-tube,  in  fruit 
beconiiug  a  2  -  .sovcrul-cclk'il  [)unic.    Ovules  erect  or  a.sctuulinjj;,  a  pair  in  eaeli  eurpel 
(more  numerous  in  cultivated  apples),  ascending.      Styles  often  united  below.  — 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stipules  free  from  the  petiole  or  nearly  so. 
»  Evergreen  :  carpels  partly  free  and  separating. 

24.  Heteromeles.     Carpels  only  2,  tomentoso  above,   lightly  united  and  in  llower  nearly  8ui)e- 

rioi,  liccoiuing  thin  and  impery,  and  closely  included  in  the  berry-like  caly.x. 

♦  ♦   Deciduous-leaved  :  caipels  2  to  5,  united  and  coalescent  with  the  lleshy  or  berry-like  calyx. 

25.  Crateegus.     Ovary  2     5-cellcd  ;  the  fruit  drupaceous,  of  2  to  6  bony  1-seeiied  stones,  either 

separable  or  united  into  one.     Branches  usually  thoniy. 

26.  Pyrua.     Ovary  2  -  5-celled  ;  the  fruit  a  proper  pome,  with  }iapcry  or  cartilaginous  and  undi- 

vided 2-seeded  cells  or  carpels. 

27.  Amelanchier.     Ovary  5-celled  ;  the  cells  2-ovuled  and  2-seeded,  but  in  fruit  each  divided 

into  two  by  a  partition  from  the  back.     Otherwise  like  Pyrus. 

Anomalous  Genus. 

28.  Canotia.     Calyx  free  from  the  sej)ticidally  5-valved  exserted  capsule.     Cells  1 -seeded.     Sta- 

mens 5,  hypogynous.     A  leafless  shrub,  w  ith  solitary  tlowers. 

1.   PRUNUS,  Tourn.         Plum,  Cheruy,  &c. 

Calyx  campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-cleft,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens 
15  to  25,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Ovary  solitary,  free,  with  2  pendulous  ovules : 
style  terminal.  Fruit  a  more  or  less  lleshy  dru[ie,  with  usually  a  bony  stono  con- 
taining one  or  rarely  two  seeds.  — Trees  or  shrubs  ;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  usually 
serrulate;  ilowers  white  or  rose-culoicd,  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the  axils,  or  in 
terminal  racemes. 

Species  about  80,  widely  dispersed  through  the  northern  hemisphere,  but  mostly  confined  to 
temperate  regions.  Of  the  20  North  American  species,  14  aie  found  only  in  the  Atlantic  States, 
from  Canada  to  iMexico.  This  comprehensive  genus  now  includes  several  of  our  most  delicious 
and  useful  fruits,  formerly  referred  to  several  genera,  such  as  the  Almond,  with  a  somewhat 
fibrous  pitted  stone,  P.  {Amygdalns)  communis,  —  the  Peach  and  Nectarine,  with  wrinkled  stone, 
P.  (Amyc/diihis)  Persica,—ihe  Apricot,  /'.  Arme.niaca  (Armcninca  vu/.ipa-is),  — the  Gaiden  Plum, 
P.  domestica,  —the  Sloe,  P.  spinosa,— the  Garden  Cheriies,  P.  Cerasus  (Ccrasus  r uhjans),  — also 
the  Cherry- Laurel,  P.  Lnuru-Cerasus  {Lauroccrasus  officinalis),  &c.  Many  of  the  species  have 
medicinal  virtues,  and  the  principle  or  elements  of  prussic  (cyanohydric)  acid  so  abound  m  sonio 
species,  especially  in  their  kernels  and  bark,  as  to  make  them  actually  poisonous  \shcn  eaten 
freely.  Tlie  foliage  and  young  branches  of  some  of  the  Cheriies  become  poisonous  to  cattle  when 
wilted.  The  six  Californian  species  represent  nearly  as  many  sections,  which  have  been  more  or 
less  recently  regarded  as  genera,  but  the  limiting  characters  prove  to  be  too  indefinite.  The 
American  species  of  Plum  (belonging  to  the  first  section)  differ  from  those  of  the  Old  World  in 
having  the  leaves  folded  (conduplicate)  instead  of  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  fruit  with  little  or 
no  bloom,  and  some  of  them  have  very  turgid  instead  of  flattened  stones,  thus  connecting  this 
section  with  the  following  one. 


Prunus.  ROSACE.E.  167 

§  1.  Fruit  ohlo)ig,  fleahi/,  glabrous:  the  stone  flattish,  smooth,  usually  acutely  mar- 
qined,  or  grooved  on  one  edge:  flowers  white,  few  to  several  in  umbel-like  clusters 
from  lateral  scaly  buds  in  early  spring.  —  PliUNUS. 

1.  P.  subcordata,  J>cntli.     (Wild  Plum.)     A  scraggy  nmch-branclied  shrub, 

3  to  10  feet  higli,  witli  asli-gray  bark,  the  braiichlets  occasionally  spinescent:  young 
branches  and  loaves  finely  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous :  leaves  ovate,  cordate  to 
cuneate  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute,  sliarjily  and  iinely  serrulate,  about  an  inch  long, 
shortly  petioled  ;  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade  1  to  4,  or  wanting:  umbels  2-4- 
llowenid  ;  pedicels  3  to  0  lines  long:  calyx  puberulent:  corolla  half  an  inch  broad: 
fruit  red,  largo  and  edible,  about  ^  inch  long  :  stone  acutely  edged  on  one  side, 
grooved  upon  the  other.  —  V\.  Ilartw.  .308. 

On  dry  rocky  hills  .ind  in  opon  woods,  mostly  eastward  of  the  central  valley  from  San  Feliiie 
to  Oregon  ;  most  at)undant  in  tlie  northern  part  of  the  State,  wliere  also  tlie  fruit  is  larger  and 
more  pulpy.  It  is  })lcasantly  acid  and  is  gathered  in  considerable  quantities  by  both  Indians  and 
whites.     Flowering  in  April  or  May,  the  I'ruit  is  ripe  in  August  and  September. 

§  2.   Smaller  fruit  and  stone  ovoid  or  subglobose,  the  latter  marginless:  floivers  corym- 
bose, or  umbellate:  otherwise  as  §  1.  —  Ceuasus. 

2.  P.  emarginata,  Walpers.  A  shrub  4  to  8  feet  high,  with  bark  like  that  of 
the  ordinary  Clierry-tree,  and  chestnut-brown  very  slender  branches,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  :  leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  crenatcly  serrulate, 
1  to  3  inches  long,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,  with  nsually  one  or  more  glands 
near  the  base  of  the  blade:  corymb  6- 12-llowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves:  flowers' 

4  to  6  lines  broad  :  fruit  globose,  black,  about  4  lines  long,  bitter  and  astringent  : 
stone  with  a  thick  grooved  ridge  upon  one  side.  — -  Cerasus  emarginata,  Dougl.  ; 
Jlook.  Fl.  i.  100.     C.  glandnlosHs,  Kellogg,  J'roc.  (.^alif.  Acad.  i.  5!)". 

Var.  mollis,  Brewer.  Taller,  becoming  a  small  tree  25  feet  high  :  more  or  less 
woolly-pubescent,  especially  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves.  —  Cerasus  mollis, 
Dougl.  1.  c.  ;  N'utt.  Sylva,  ii.  14,  t.  46.     P.  mollis,  Walpers. 

Mostly  in  open  forests,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Yosemite  Valley  northward  to  Pu^et  Sound  : 
also  more  rarely  near  the  coast  ;  Oakland  Hills  and  Tamalpais,  Bolandcr.  The  variety  is  the 
more  common  Oregon  form. 

§3.   Fruit  small,  globose,  fleshy,  glabrous:  stone  broadly  ovoid,  marginless :  floiver^ 
white  in  terminal  racemes,  aj^pearijig  after  the  leaves.  —  Paous. 

3.  P.  demissa,  Walpers.  (Wild  Cnr.nnY.)  An  erect  slender  shrub  2  to  12 
feet  high  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-obovate,  usually  broadest  above  the  middle,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  mostly  rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  sharjdy  serrate  with 
straight  slender  teeth,  usually  juoro  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  2  to  4  inches  long, 
with  1  or  2  glands  at  base  :  racemes  3  or  4  inches  long,  many-flowered  :  fruit  glo- 
bose, purplish-black,  or  red,  sweet  and  edildo  but  somewhat  astringent  :  stone 
globose.  —  Cerasus  demissa,  Nutt.  ;  Torr.  c^  Oray,  Fl.  i.  411  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  80.  /-*.  Virginiana,  var.  demissa,  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes,  284  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  381. 

In  the  mountains  throughout  the  State  from  San  Diego  County  {Parry,  Palmer)  to  the 
Columbia  River,  except  near  the  const,  and  eastward  to  thi!  Rocky  ftlountains.  It  fruits  abun- 
dantly, often  when  only  2  or  3  feet  high.     It  resembles  the  following  species  very  closely. 

P.  ViKGiNiANA,  Linn.  Leaves  rarely  at  ail  pubescent,  more  frequently  somewhat  cuneate  at 
base  :  fruit  dark  red,  very  astringent  and  scarcely  edible  ;  the  stone  more  ovoid  and  acutish  : 
otherwise  like  the  last,  but  more  diffuse  in  habit,  and  preferring  stream  banks  and  moist  locali- 
ties. —  It  is  do\ibtful  if  this  species,  the  eastern  Choko  Cherry,  is  found  west  of  the  Rocky  Moim- 
tains.  A  somewhiit  sinuliir  form,  distinct  from  the  Inst,  with  conspicimus  linear  stinules  anil 
bracts  in  the  early  stage,  is  foniiil  in  the  West  ilunilmhlt  Mts.,  Nevada  ( //'(r./.wx),  and  is  to  Ih) 
look(Ml  f<ir  in  the  nortlieastern  jiart  of  the  State. 

P.  RKiioTiNA,  Khrhlut,  the  Wild  Black  Clierry  of  the  Atlantic  States,  has  been  introduced 
about  San  Francisco.  It  becomes  a  tree, 'and  may  be  <listinguislied  by  its  more  acuminate  leaves 
and  short  incurved  callous-pointed  teeth,  only  the  midvein  of  the  leaf  sometimes  pubescent. 


-|gg  ROSACE.'E.  Prunus. 

§    i.    Fruit   less  jmlfi/ :    done   thin :    leafless   racemes  from   the   axils   of   evergreen 
leaves.  —  Laukockuasus. 

4.  P.  ilicifolia,  Wiilp.  (Islay.)  A  much-bmuclietl  ovoigruen  shrub,  S  to  \'l 
feet  hij^h,  with  ^Muyisli-browii  bark,  nlubrous  :  Iwivea  thick  and  ligia,  shining 
ubovo,  broadly  ovuti>  to  ovale  laimuolato,  obtiiso  or  uciito,  tninoato  or  .soiiinwhiit 
cordato  at  ba'so,  tf[>iiK)si'ly  toothed,  an  inch  or  two  long,  very  shortly  petioled  : 
dowers  small,  in  racemes  A  to  2  inches  long  :  fruit  large  (half  an  inch  thick  or 
more),  somewhat  obcompressed,  apiculate,  usually  red,  sometimes  dark  purple  or 
black;  the  thin  pidp  sumewhat  acid  and  astringent  but  of  pleasant  llavor.  —  Cerasiis 
ilici/o'lius,  Nutt.;  8ylva,  ii.  10,  t.  47  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Uot.  r.eechey,  340,  t.  83. 

On  dry  hills  of  the  Coaat  Hivngcs  troiii  Sun  I'^rani'iHco  to  Sun  Diego,  and  in  We.stein  Arizona, 
Bi(jcl(nu.  A  very  onunicntal  .species,  with  shining  dark  green  foliage,  soniewliat  like  the  Holly. 
It  flowers  from  March  lu  May,  maturing  its  fruit  in  November  and  December. 

§  5.  Fruit  velvety-pubescent,  subjlobose:  stone  smooth  or  nearly  so :  Jiowers  solitary  or 
in  pairs,  from  lateral  scaly  buds,  apj^earincj  with  the  leaves:  calyx  somewhat 
2)ersistent.  —  1vmi'li.;ctoclauus,  Gray.     (Emjdectocladus,  Torrey.) 

5.  P.  Andersonii,  Gray.  A  low  diffuse  glabrous  shrub,  1  to  6  feet  high,  with 
grayish-brown  bark  and  spincscent  Itranchlets  :  leaves  mostly  fascicled,  oblanctso- 
lale,  acute,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  wparingly  8(!rrulatii : 
peduncles  shorti^r  than  the  leaves  :  llowers-  rose-colored,  half  an  inch  broail  ;  the 
petals  orbicidar:  fruit  with  thin  llesli,  llattened  glol)oso,  acute,  6  lines  long;  .stone 
compressed,  acutely  margined  ni)on  one  side  and  furrowed  U[)on  the  other,  acute  at 
l)oth  ends,  somewhat  ridged.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  337  &  x.  70.  Watson,  Bot. 
King  Exp.  71). 

Sierra  Co.  (Lemmon),  and  frequent  on  the  foot-hills  of  Northwestern  Nevada.  The  fruit  more 
nearly  resembles  the  peach  than  does  that  of  any  other  of  our  species.  This  whole  section,  in- 
deed, of  live  species  conlined  to  tlii^  interior  of  the  continent  and  to  Mexico,  shows  the  nearest 
approach  in  the  American  flora  to  the  old  genus  Ainytjikdus  of  the  Old  World. 

().  P.  fasciculata,  (Iray.  A  divaricat(^ly  branched  shrub,  *J  or  3  feet  high, 
with  gray  bark,  glabrous  :  leaves  fascicled,  narrowly  spatulate,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
nearly  sessile,  half  an  inch  long,  ob.soletely  3-nerved,  entire  :  llowers  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  very  small:  pcd-als  liiu;ar,  white,  n^curved  :  stamens  10  to  15  :  style  very 
short :  fruit  subglobose,  5  or  <)  lines  long,  hirsute-tomento.se,  the  Ilesh  thin  :  stone 
acute  at  both  ends,  smooth,  subglobo.se,  obtusely  and  scarcely  at  all  margined.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  70.      l-hnpUrtoclidus  Jasricnlatus,  Tornty,  I'l.  Frem.  10,  t.  f). 

In  the  Soiitliirn  Siena  Nevmlu  {h'r.minit);  .sunimil  of  rn.videiirc  Mountains  (' '„.7»/) ;   Arizona 

U.   NllT'l'Al.l.IA.   I""    ^  'ion 

KloWiMM    pnlvHiniludlHrlMUM,         t 'id  V  \     I  lnl.Ul.ll.'  e.illipnllldMl  l>,    Tt  Ii.ImmI,    dorjiluMin.. 

I'>'I(\U  n.  brotidl.Y  Mpiihd.tlo.  PIP.  I      Miiiuii'iirt  If),  III  Iw.t  I'oWB,  IU  liiRcrlcd   wllli  tlio 

pHnU.  iind  n  lower  down  m| Ilioilifd*    IImIiih   Mm  tubo  ;  lll.iMiniilM  v.'iy  «linrl,  thn 

lower  ileelinod.  Carpols  r>,  iiiserteil  upon  the  porsibtent  buBO  of  the  calyx-tuhe,  frco, 
glabrous  :  styles  short,  lateral,  jointed  at  base  :  ovules  2  in  each  carpel,  pendulous. 
Fruit  1  to  4  oblong-ovoi.l  1-seeded  drupes,  with  thin  pulp  and  smooth  bony  stone. 
Cotyledons  convolute.  —  A  shrub,  with  alternate  simple  entire  deciduous  leaves  ; 
stipules  none;  llowers  white,  in  loose  nodding  racemes,  which  apjjoar  with  the 
branchlets  from  the  same  buds.     A  single  species. 

1.  N.  cerasiformis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Oso  Berry.)  A  .shrub  or  small  tree  2  to 
15  feet  high,  with  dark  brown  bark  and  rather  slender  branches,  glabrous  :  leaves 
rather  broadly  oblanceolate,  acute,  attenuate  to  a  short  slender  petiole,  2  to  4  inches 


long  :  racemes  shorter  tlian  the  loaves,  shortly  podunchul  ;  ])racts  conspicuous  de- 
ciduous: flowers  greenish  white,  3  to  7  lines  broad:  drupes  blue-black,  with  a  sl'irdit 
furrow  on  the  inner  side,  6  to  8  lines  long  ;  flesh  bitter  ;  stone  somewhat  com- 
pressed. —  ITook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  3:37,  t.  82;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl  i  413- 
Lindl.  in  Trans.  Ilort.  Soc.  iv.  222,  &  fig.  '  ' 

•  lu  '"°i''^Plf^'=''''  ^"fl  0"  the  north  slopes  of  l.ills  from  San  Luis  Obisno  to  Fraser  River,  chiefly 
in  the  Coast  Ranges.     Floweimg  in  March  and  April ;  fruit  ripe  from  June  to  July. 

3.  SPIRJEA,  binn.  Mkadow-Swkkt. 
(Jalyx  persi.stcMit,  fi-lobed ;  the  tube  campanulato  or  coiknivo.  Totals  5,  rounded, 
nearly  sessile.  Stamens  numerous  (20  or  more),  inserted  with  the  petals.  Carpels 
usually  5  or  more  (2  to  12),  distinct  and  .sessile  or  nearly  so,  becoming  membrana- 
ceous or  coriaceous  several-  (2- 15-)  seeded  follicles,  not  inflated.  Seeds  small, 
pendulous,  linear,  with  a  thin  membranaceous  testa,  without  albumen.  —  Perennial 
herbs  or  mostly  shrubs ;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  without  stipules  (in  our  species) ; 
flowers  whito  or  ro.'^o-colored,  in  compound  corymbs  or  panicles,  or  rarely  spicato, 

n.rl/'"T  "'"•  "'.'""^  50  si)ccios,  belonging  rl.iony  to  the  Icnpcrate  and  cooler  regions  of  the 
f^nH  T^^"'h'l''"^'<'-.  ^  ""y  «-^"t!c  ornnniental  species  are  common  in  cultivation  Of  the  13 
found  in  North  America  4  are  confined  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

Fnlrv  p""'Tin  To'^-'^'^y'.  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  147,  the  Spircea  Californica  of  Torrey  in 

sm  iPtrJ  P'w  tb'nn';V'"     r"  ''','T'''^  ^'f'^l  '^'  ^'''''  ^"'^  "'^^"'■^  ">  S«»tT^^™  Arizona.    Iti  a 
smn      tree,  with  narrowly  lanc.late  serrate  leaves,  white-tomentose  beneath;  flowers  white    in 
small  tenninal  panicles  ;  stamens  2.'",  ;  the  silky  carpels  united  into  a  .'-.-celled  capsule     .seeds  2 
each  cell,  erect,  and  winged  at  tlie  summit.  l    "'-  >  ■'''■«^»*'  ^ 

§   1.   J<:red  shrubs,  with  simple  <n,d  imiall,,  hhol  or  toothed  leaves:  stipules  none: 

flowers  perfect.  —  Simr/Ka  proper. 

*   Petals  rose-colored  or  purplish,  orbicular,  exceeding  the  calyx:  filaments  much  ex- 

serted  :  carjyels  smooth  :  ovides  several. 

1.  S.  betulaefoUa,  Pallas.  Glabrous  or  finely  pubescent,  a  foot  or  two  high  or 
more  w,  h  reddish  bark  :  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  rounded  at  base, 
usually  obtuse,  acutely  and  unequally  serrate  or  incised,  an  inch  or  two  long,  on  short 
petioles  or  nearly  sessile  :  flowers  pale  purj.le,  in  fastigiate  compound  often  leafy- 
bracted  corymbs  :  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  the  tube,  re(lex(.d  :  carpels  f,,  a  lino  long  : 
ovules  5  to  8.-H.  Ro.ss.  t.  IG.  S.  chama-drifolia,  Pursh,  not  Linn.  S.  corym- 
bosa,  Raf  -^ 

r^ottZ^J/'tllVl'l  ^\7\'^'''f'\  •'^V-''?^  '"^  ''"^'  ^'''  altitude,  from  Mono  Pass  (Breurr) 
"hanv  MonnH  n^=  ^  to  Alaska  and  the  head-waters  of  the  Missouri  ;  also  eastwar.1  in  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  and  in  Northern  Asia  and  Japan. 

2.  S  Douglasii  Hook.  Erect,  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  reddish-brown  bark  :  the 
young  branches,  inflorescence,  and  lower  side  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  densely 
wlut.j-tomentoso:  leaves  oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long,  unequally  serrate  t.nvanls  the 
rounded  or  acutish  apex,  often  somewhat  cuneate  at  ba.so,  very  shortly  petiolod,  the 
upper  surface  bright  green  or  sometimes  pubescent :  flowers  rose-colored  crowded  in 
a  narrow  usually  elongated  sessile  panicle:  calyx-lobes  mostly  reflexed  :  carpels  5, 
glabrous  :  ovules  9  to  11.  —  Fl.  i.  172  ;  P>ot.  ]\Iag.  t.  5151.     ' 

Var.  Nobleana,  Watson.  Less  pubescent,  sometimos  nearly  smooth  :  flowers 
in  lm>ad  tl.yrso.d  panicles:  leaves  often  3  or  4  inches  long.  —  .9.  A^obleana,  Hook. 
r>ot.  Mag.  t.  51(;i). 

Var.  Menziesii,  Presl.  Slightly  pubescent  aliovo.  th(-,  leaves  glabrous  and  of  the 
same  CO  or  on  b(. til  sides  or  paler  beneath  :  panicle  narrow.— Epiraelijc  Hot.  195. 
S.  Afenziesu,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  173. 

In  wet  places  from  the  Upper  Sacramento  to  the  British  boundary  and  Malio. 


170 


ROSACl'LE. 


*  *  Petals  ivkite,  broadly  oblong,  about  tqiialling  the  5-parted  calyx :  filaments 
scarcely  exserted :  carpels  densely  hairy :  ovules  2  :  Jluivers  in  loose  spreading 
panicles. 

3.  S.  discolor,  rursh.  A  difl'use  shrub,  4  feet  high  or  more,  with  grayish 
Lrowii  bark,  pubescent:  leaves  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  acutisb,  truncate  at  base  ur 
cuncato  into  a  slender  petiole,  inoro  or  less  silky-tonientoso  beneath,  nearly  smooth 
above,  pinnatiiidly  toothed  or  lobed,  the  lobes  often  ilentate:  panicle  much  branched, 
tomentose  :  calyx  pubescent,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  spreading.  —  Flora,  i.  342. 

Var.  ariaefolia,  Wutson.  Often  tall  (f)  to  If)  feet  high):  leaves  2  or  3  inches 
long,  somewhat  cane.scent  beneath  or  scarcely  so:  panicle  largo  and  oi)en.  —  aV.  aria- 
folia,  iSnutli  in  l\ees  ("yc ;  Lindl.  JJot,  Keg.  t.  ISOf). 

Var.  duniosa,  Watson.  Only  I  to  3  feet  high  ;  loaves  usually  sn\all,  an  inch 
Ion"  or  less,  cuueatu  into  a  short  nuirgined  petiole,  ofUui  white-tomentoso  beneath  : 
panicle  mostly  smaller  and  less  dilfuse,. — ,S'.  dnnwsa,  Nutt. ;  Torrey,  Stansbury  Kep. 
387,  t.  4  ;  Watson,  Uot.  King  Exp.  80.  *V.  ariia/olia,  var.  discolor,  Torr.  &  Gray, 
FL  i.  416. 

On  low  hills  and  in  the  valleys,  mostly  in  the  Coast  Ganges,  from  Monterey  County  northwaid 
to  Fraser  lUver.,  The  var.  dumosa  is  found  in  tlie  Sierra  Nevada,  in  dry  rocky  places,  at  5,000  to 
11,000  feet  altitude,  and  tlicnce  to  Oregon,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico  ;  more  rarely  in  the  Coast 
Kanges  also.     Fragrant,  with  the  odor  of  Sweet  Birch. 

§2.  Erect  shrubs,  with  twice  pinnate  leaves  and  numerous  minute  leaflets:  stipules 
present:  flowers  perfect,  large,  in  a  leafy  terminal  racemose  panicle. — Cham^- 
UATIARIA,  Porter. 

4.  S.  Millefolium,  Torr.  Stout,  dilfusily  branched,  2  to  5  feet  high,  glandu- 
lar-pubescent anil  more  or  less  tomentose  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  in  outline, 
scattered  or  firscicled  at  the  ends  of  the  biancdies,  1  to  3  inches  long,  with  very  nu- 
merous (about  20)  piiuue  and  miinite  obhui-  obtu.se  leallets  (about  G  i)airs) ;  stipules 
linear,  entire  :  llowers  white,  half  an  inch  broad:  calyx-tube  turbinate;  the  erect 
ac\ite  lobes  longer  than  the  tube  and  nearly  eipialling  the  orbicular  petals  :  stamens 
inchuh'.d  :  carpeKs  T),  puhescent:  styh'H  clongalr.l  :  ovuhvs  l)  to  8,  HUspemlod  :  seeds 
over  a  lino  long.  —  I'acif.  Iv.  IJep.  iv.  83,  t.  5. 

Rare  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  tlie  mountains  eastward  :  al)ove  Owen's  i-ak(^  at  10,000  feet  alti- 
tude (iVuir);  at  NoMc/s  I'ass,  Sliasta  Co.  {Ncirbcrrn),  ref.Mied  l)y  oveisij^Ll  to  ChawuUitia  ; 
W.  Arizona  and  S.  Nevada  (Uiyclow,  U'luekr)  ;  S.  Utah  {Mrs.  Thomp^iu,,,  Parry)  ;  Wyonung 
Territory,  Coulter. 

§  3.  Tall  herbaceous  perennial,  with  thrice  pinnate  leaves  and  no  s(i/)nles :  flowers 
dia'cions,  small,  white,  in  nuvicruus  flliforni  jntnicled  sj>ikes  :  pedicels  in  fruit 
reflexed.  — •  AuuNcus. 

5.  S.  Arimcus,  Linn.  (OoAT's-liroARD.)  Smooth,  branching,  3  to  5  feet  high  : 
leaves  large  ;  leatlets  thin,  sparingly  villous  beneath,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
2  to  5  inches  long,  sharply  and  laciniatoly  doul)ly  toothed,  the  terminal  ones  broad- 
est :  panicle  large  and  compound,  pubescent :  llowers  a  line  broad,  nearly  sessile  : 
petals  spatulate  :  filanu-nts  long-exserted  :  cari>els  3  to  5,  smooth,  several-seeded. 

In  ravines  and  along  streams,  Trinity  and  Shasta  counties  (Brewer),  und  northward  to  Alaska. 
Also  in  tlio  Allcgliunies,  and  in  N.  Asia  and  Kurope. 

§  4.  Low  herbaceous  ]>erennial,  woody  at  hase,  with  simple  entire  leaves  and  no  stip- 
ules :  flotvers  perfect,  white,  in  dense  cylindrical  spikes  on  scape-like  stems. 
—  Petrophytum,  Nutt. 

6.  S.  CEespitOSa,  Nutt.  Cespitose,  on  rocks,  with  simple  or  branching  scape- 
like steins  :  leaves  rosulate  on  the  short  tufted  branches  of  the  woody  spreacling 
rootstock,  oblanceolate  or  linear-spatulate,  acute,  silky  on  both  sides,  2  to  12  lines 
long  ;  those  of  the  scape  scattered  and  narrower  :  scape  2  to  G  inches  high  :  llowers 


Ruhus.  ROSACEA.  \>j\ 

on  short  l)ractpatc  podunclos  in  spikes  ^  to  2  inclics  lon;^  :  calyx-lolios  silky,  exceetl- 
ing  the  tube  and  nearly  equalling  the  spatiilate  petals  :  lilaincnts  ami  styles  exserted  : 
carpels  3  to  8  (as  many  as  the  loVjes  of  the  calyx),  somewhat  villous  or  glabrous, 
2-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  412;  Watson,  Hot.  King  Exp.  81. 

In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  and  Utah  to  Northorn  Nevada  ( IFaLion)  and  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  Oregon  {Neiuberry)  ;  probably  in  Northern  Califoinia.     A  singular  subalpine  species. 

S.  PECTINATA,  Torr.  k  Gray.  A  low  imrbaceous  cespitose  nearly  glabrous  perennial,  with  creep- 
ing stems  and  erect  lonfy  brandies  :  leaves  rigid,  attenuate-linear  below,  twice  or  thrice  3-cleft,  the 
tobfs  acute,  narrow,  spreading  :  racenui  short,  simple  or  compound,  jiubcscent  :  calyx-lobes  ex- 
ceeding the  tube,  nearly  equalling  the  white  ol)ovato  petals  :  lilnments  included  :  carpels  4  to 
6,  nearly  smooth,  4-6-secded.  —  FI.  i.  417.  Liitkroaibhaldioidrx,  IJongard,  Vcg.  Sitclm,  130, 
t.  2.  Erior/ijnia  2>t!r.finatn,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  2.').'),  t.  88.  From  Bchring  Straits  to  tho  Cascade  Moun- 
tains (Newberry),  and  perhaps  on  the  higher  mountains  of  Noithcin  California. 

4.   NEILLIA,  Don.         Nine-baiik. 

Carpels  1  to  5,  in  our  species  inflated  and  divergent :  ovules  two  to  several,  some 

ascending,  some  pendulous  :  seeds  obovoid  or  subglobose,  Avith  a  smooth  and  shinin" 

crustaceous  testa,  evident  rhapho,  and  copious  albumen  :  otherwise  as  Spirwa.  — 

DifFuso  shrubs ;  leaves  simple,  tootlicd  or  lobcd ;  stipules  rather  Inrgc,  deciduous ; 

flowers  large,  white,  in  simple  corymbs  or  panicled  racemes. 

Only  4  or  5  species,  contined  to  the  mountains  of  Asia,  with  the  following  exceptions. 
1.  N.  opulifolia,  r.enth.  &  Hook.  A  shrub  3  to  10  feet  high,  with  slender 
spreading  or  recurved  branches  and  ash-colored  shrechly  bark  :  leaves  ovate  or  often 
cordate,  3-lobcd  and  toothed,  1  to  3  inches  long,  on  slender  petioles,  nearly  gla- 
brous :  flowers  on  long  slender  pedicels  in  siniph^  nndx'l-like  hemispherical  tomentose 
corymbs  :  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  rounded  i)etals,  usually  pubescent  on  both 
sides  :  carpels  2  to  5,  at  length  2  to  4  lines  long  and  membranaceous,  glabrous, 
2-4-seeded  :  seeds  oblong-ovate,  a  lino  long.  — Spircra  opulifolia,  Linn. 

Var.  mollis,  Hook.  Leaves  somewhat  stellate-pubescent  beneath,  and  inflores- 
cence more  densely  tomentose.  —  Fl.  i.  171.     Spircca  capitata,  Pursh. 

On  the  rocky  banks  of  streams  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  northward  to  British  America, 
and  eastward  across  the  continent.  Another  species,  N.  Torrryi,  Watson,  witli  smaller  leaves 
and  flowers,  and  tomentose  ovaries,  is  found  from  the  East  Humboldt  Mts.,  Nevada,  to  Colorado. 

6.  RUBUS,  binn.  RA.srnr.uitv.  Ui.Acicni-.ititv. 
Calyx  persistent,  5-lobed,  without  bractlets  ;  tube  short  and  open.  iVtals  5,  con- 
spicuous. Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  usually  niimerous  upon  a  convex  receptacle, 
becoming  small  globose  1 -seeded  drupes  :  styles  nearly  terminal :  ovules  2,  pen- 
dulous :  putamen  reticulately  pitted.  —  Perennial  herbs  or  somewhat  woody,  erect  or 
trailing,  often  prickly  ;  leaves  simple  or  pinnately  3  -  7-foliolate,  with  stipules  adnate 
to  the  petioles;  flowers  white  or  reddish,  in  panicles  or  corymbs,  or  solitary;  fruit 
usually  edible,  black,  red,  or  yellowish. 

A  large  genus  of  nearly  500  described  species,  reducible  to  half  as  many,  widely  distributed 
over  the  globe  ;  20  or  more  are  North  American.  The  species  are  variablcand  often  of  diflRcult 
determination.  Two  (^ilifoinian  species  are  cultivated  abroad  for  ornament,  but  none  for  fruit 
The  Garden  Raspberry  is  the  European  R.  Idrcnn,  Linn.,  which  the  R.  sfrfgo.iits,  Michx.,  of  the 
Eastern  States  and  Pocky  ]\Iountains,  approaches  very  closely.  The  cultivated  Blackberries  are 
mostly  forms  of  R.  villosus,  Ait,  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

§  1.   Fruit  with  a  hlooni,  scparatiuij  from  the  rrrrplarlr  w/ini  ripr.  —  pAsrnniiliY. 

*  Leaves  simple,  palmatebj  lohed  :  stem,  soff-vioodt/,  viithont  prickles:  flowers  larr/e. 

1.  R.  Nutkanus,  Moqino.  (SAi.MON-nF.RRY.)  Stenis  eract  or  drooping,  3  to  8 
feet  high  ;  bark  green  and  smooth  or  more  or  less  glnnrlular-pubescent,  becoming 


-,tj2  ROSACEA.  Ruhus. 

brown  and  shreiUly  :  loaves  palniulely  ami  iiwirly  equally  5-lol)ed,  cordate  at  base, 
unequally  serrate,  4  tt)  12  inches  broad,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuinniate,  glabrous  or 
somewhat  touientose,  the  veins  beneath  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  peduncles  usually 
more  or  less  hispid  with  gland-tipped  hairs  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate  :  llowers 
rather  few,  whiti-,  an  im;h  or  two  broad  :  calyx  (h^isely  tomentoso  :  carpels  very 
numerous,  tomentose  :  iVuit  nul,  large,  henusi)i>erical,  sweet  and  pleasantly  llavored. 
Liudl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.   1308  ;   Hook.  Hot.  Mag.  t.  3453. 

Var.  velutinus,  Ihcwer.  Densely  tomcnto.se,  especially  on  the  under  side  of 
the  leaves. —  A',  vdutliias.  Hook.  &  Arn.  liot.  Beechey,  140. 

In  shaded  nlaces  hoiii  Monterey  to  Alaska,  and  eastward  to  New  Mexico  and  Lake  Superior. 
The  variety  is  contined  chielly  to  California.  Tlie  species  diflecs  little  from  the  R.  oduratas  of 
the  Atlantic  States,  which  lias  puri)Usli  rose-coloied  petals,  more  abundant  glandular  hans,  the 
lobes  of  the  leaves  usually  more  acuminate,  and  the  fruit  snialler.  The  flowers  ni  R.  Nulkanus 
are  occasionally  pale  rose-color. 

*   :i   Leaves  'i-folioUde,  sometimes  simple  on  tlw  floioeriny  branches,  rarely  5-foliolate  : 
stems  soft-woody,  more  or  less  prickly. 

2.  R.  spectabilis,  Tursh.  Stems  rather  robust,  5  to  10  feet  high,  sparingly 
armed  wilii  sLiaight  stout  prickles  :  leaves  S-foliolabi,  or  occasionally  some  simple  ; 
leallets  ovate,  acute  or  aciundnate,  doubly  incised-serrate  and  often  2  -  3-lobed,  acute 
or  acuminate,  the  veins  beneath,  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  i)eduncles,  sparingly 
villous-pubescent ;  stipuhis  linear:  llowers  mostly  solitary,  red,  large  and  showy: 
calyxdobes  pubescent,  broadly  ovate,  acuminate  :  fruit  large,  ovoid,  red  or  yellow, 
smooth  :  styles  long,  persistent.  —  Fl.  i.  348,  t.  IG  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Ileg.  t.  1424. 

Var.  Menziesii,  Watson.  More  or  less  densely  tomentose  and  silky.  —  R.  Men- 
zicsii,  Hook.  V\.  i.  141. 

Shady  woods,  near  streams,  from  Mendocino  County  (Bolandcr)  to  Alaska.  The  variety  near 
San  Francisco  and  northwaid  ;  Punta  de  los  Reyes  (Bujcluw)  ;  Saucelito  Hills  (Kellogg  k  Harford) ; 
Crater  Pass,  Oregon,  Jndnms,  &c. 

3.  R.  leucodermis,  Dougl.  Erect,  3  to  5  feet  high,  glaucous,  armed  witb 
stout  straight  or  recurved  prickles  :  leaves  o-foliolate,  or  sometimes  pedately  5-folio- 
late, never  simple ;  leallets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  wliite- 
tomentose  beneath,  the  veins,  petioles,  and  peduncles  prickly  ;  stipules  setaceous  : 
flowers  few,  corymbose,  white,  half  an  inch  broad  :  sepals  lanceolate,  long-acuminate, 
exceeding  the  petals  :  ovaries  tomentose  :  fruit  yellowisb-red,  rather  large,  with  a 
white  bloom  and  agreeable  flavor.  —  Torr.  &  (!ray,  Fl.  i.  454  ;  Kegel,  Gartenll.  xix. 
353,  t.  G70.     R.  (jlauclfolias,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  67. 

In  the  Redwoods  between  Santa  Clara  and  Santa  Cruz  {Bolandcr);  Upj.er  Yosemite  Valley 
(Gray)  ;  more  frciuent  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory.  Also  ni  N.  Utah  (Wahon),  and 
in  the  San  Francisco  Mountains.  Arizona,  Bi,j,low.  Very  near  the  Black  Raspberry  or  1  lunih  e- 
berry  (A',  occidental^,  Linn.)  of  the  Ka.stern  States,  from  which  it  is  haidly  distuigui.shed  by 
rather  more  coarsely  toothed  leallets,  stouter  and  more  hooked  i)rickles,  and  the  color  ol  the  fruit. 

*   *   *   Stems  herhaceoxis,  trailing,  unarmed:  leaves  3-foliolate :  the  carpels  few. 

4.  R.  pedatus,  Smith.  Stems  slender,  pubescent :  leaves  smooth  or  sparingly 
villous  ;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  an  inch  long  or  less,  incisely  toothed,  the  lateral 
ones  often  parted  to  the  base ;  stipules  ovate-oblong  :  llowers  often  solitary,  on  long 
slender  peduncles,  white,  G  to  1)  lines  broad  :  st^pals  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  glabrous, 
entire  or  incised,  exceeding  the  petals,  at  length  reflexed  :  fruit  of  3  to  G  large  red 
pidpy  drupelets.  —  Icon.  Tl.  t.  G3  ;  liook.  Fl.  i.  181,  t.  62. 

In  woods,  near  the  coast  above  San  Francisco  {Newbcrrij),  and  northward  to  Alaska. 

§  2.   Fruit  persistent  upon  the  someivhat  juicy  receptacle,  black  and  shining :  stems 
prickly :  Jfoivers  white.  —  BLACKiiiauiY. 

5.  R.  ursinus,  Cham,  i^  Scblecbt.  Stems  becoming  woody,  weak  or  trailing,  5 
to  20  feet  long,  sending  out  numerous  lateral  fruiting  branches,  armed  with  straight 


Purshia.  ROSACEyK.  jy3 

ratlicr  slendrr  prickles,  somGwhat  glaucous  :  loaves  3-foliolate,  rarely  S-foliolate, 
often  simple  and  3-lol)e(l  on  the  llowering  branchlcts ;  leallets  ovate  to  oblong, 
coarsely  toothed,  smooth  or  m()re  or  less  pubescent  or  tomentose  ;  veins,  petioles, 
peduncles,  and  calyx  aculeate  with  slender  prickles ;  stipules  oblanceolate  to  linear, 
often  long  and  toothed  :  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  or  often  foliaceously 
tipped  and  exceeding  the  petals  :  fruit  oblong,  sweet.  —  Linnaea,  ii.  11.  R.  macro- 
pefalus,  Dougl.  ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  178,  t.  59.  R.  viti/olius,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  1.  c,  the 
simple-leaved  form. 

Frequnnt  in  tlio  Coast  Ranges  from  Santa  Ikrliani  and  Ventura  countios  (Ojai,  Ooodnle)  to 
Fraaer  River  ;  also  in  Idalio.     A  very  variable  hikmIch. 

6.  CHAM^BATIA,  Benth. 
Calyx  persistent,  turbinate-canipanulate,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens 
very  numerous,  in  several  rows  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  short.  Carpel  solitary, 
smooth  :  style  terminal,  villous  at  base,  deciduous  :  stigma  decurrent :  ovule  solitary, 
orcct.  Fruit  a  coriaceous  ol)()void  akono,  included.  Seed  with  a  spongy  testa  and 
small  albumen:  radicle  inferior. — A  glandular-pubescent  fragrant  shrub;  leaves 
thrice  pinnate  with  numerous  minute  leaflets ;  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  cyme. 

1.  C,  foliolosa,  Benth.  An  erect  shrub,  a  foot  or  two  high  ;  branches  numer- 
ous, slender,  leafy,  glandular-pubescent  and  viscid  throughout,  the  outer  integument 
soon  deciduous,  leaving  a  smooth  dark-brown  bark  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  in  out- 
line, 2  or  3  inches  long,  finely  dissected  ;  leaflets  usually  glandular-tipped ;  stipules 
small,  linear  :  cymes  few-flowered,  terminating  the  young  branches ;  bracts  leafy, 
toothed  or  pimiatilid  :  calyx  densely  glamlular-hairy,  villous  within,  the  ovate  acu- 
minate lobes  as  long  as  the  tube  or  at  length  longer :  petals  white,  obovate,  3  or  4 
lines  long  :  akene  nearly  filling  the  calyx,  abruptly  acute.  —  PI.  llartw.  108  ;  Torrey, 
PI.  Fremont.  11,  t.  G;  Hook.  Dot.  Mag.  t.  5171. 

On  the  western  slope  of  the  Siorra  Nevada,  at  3,000  to  7,000  feet  altitude,  from  Mariposa  Co. 
to  Nevada  Co.,  flowering  from  May  to  July.  It  is  very  abundant  in  some  places,  fdling  the  air 
with  its  strong  resinous  rather  disagreeable  odor. 

7.  PURSHIA,  DC. 

Calyx  persistent,  funnel  shaped,  S-lobed.  Petals  5,  exceeding  tlie  calyx-lobes, 
yellow.  Stamens  about  25,  in  one  row.  Carpels  solitary,  sometimes  2,  narrowly 
oblong,  attenuate  into  the  persistent  stylo  :  stigma  decurrent :  ovule  solitary,  erect. 
Fruit  a  coriaceous  akene,  pubescent,  attenuate  at  each  end,  exserted.  Seed  oblong- 
obovate,  without  albumen,  the  thin  seed-coats  separated  by  a  layer  of  dark-purple 
intensely  bitter  resinous  matter:  radicle  inferior. — A  diffusely  branched  shrub; 
leaves  mostly  fascicled,  cuneate,  3-lobed  :  flowers  solitary,  terminal  on  the  short 
branchlcts. 

1.  P.  tridentata,  DC.  Usually  2  to  5  (rarely  8  or  10)  feet  high,  with  brown 
or  grayish  bark;  the  young  branches  and  mimerous  short  branchlets  pubescent: 
leaves  cuni^ate-obovate,  3  to  12  lines  long,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  petioled,  white- 
tomentoso  beneath,  greener  above ;  stipules  short :  flowers  iiearly  sessile  :  calyx  2  to 
4  lines  long,  tomentose  with  some  glandular  hairs,  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes  shorter 
than  the  tube;  petals  spafulate-obovatc,  3  to  5  lines  long:  fruit  half  an  inch  long. 
—  Hook.  FI.  i.  170,  t.  58;  l.indl.  P.ot.  If.-g.  t.  IMG;  T(.rr.  iV:  Crav,  FI.  i.  428; 
Watson,  P>ot.  King  Fxp.  82. 

Fre(]ncnt  tbroui^liont  tlin  interiov  from  the  eastern  slope  of  tin-  Sierra  Nevada  to  tlio  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  from  the  British  boundary  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 


2 '74  llOSACEiE.  CvUoijyue. 

8.  COLEOQYNE,  Ton. 

Calyx  persistent,  4-i)aili'd  ;  l.)l)i!S  larye,  ovate,  imbiicaLed,  with  a  iiicmbniiiaccous 
margin,  colovuil  witliiii.  Petals  nouo.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  upon  the  base 
of  a  tubular  torus  which  iueludos  the  ovary.  Carpels  solitaiy  (rarely  2),  glabrous, 
oblong  :  stylo  laterul,  very  villous  at  Inise,  twisted,  cxserted,  persistent :  stigma  do- 
current  :  ovule  solitary,  ventrally  attached  opposite  the  base  of  the  style.  Fruit  a 
coriaceous  akene,  glabrous,  included.  Seed  with  a  rather  spongy  testa,  without 
albumen  :  radicle  superior.  —  A  dill'usely  branched  somewhat  spinescent  shrub ; 
leaves  opposite,  small,  entire,  coriaceous  ;  stipules  minute  ;  llowers  solitary,  termi- 
nal on  the  short  branchlets,  subtended  by  1  or  2  pairs  of  .'i-lobed  bracts,  yellow, 
showy.      A  renuukable  genus,  of  a  single  species. 

1.  C.  ramosissima,  Torr.  iMuch  bianched,  ;}  to  0  feet  high,  the  short  rigid 
brunches  opposite  and  .spinescent;  bark  gray  :  Iraviis  approximate  upon  the  branch- 
lets,  liuear-oblanceolate,  2  to  4  lines  long,  thick,  usually  2  -  4-sulcatc  on  the  lower 
side,  puberulent  with  appressed  hairs  attached  by  the  middle;  stipules  short,  trian- 
gular :  ilowers  half  an  inch  broad  :  caly.x-lobes  often  ciliate-toothed  :  tube  of  the 
torus  membranaceous,  dilated  below  unci  narrowcid  to  tho  shortly  f)  toothed  apex,  us 
long  as  the  caly.x  and  very  slemh'r  lilamenls,  densely  white-villous  within  :  akene 
somewhat  coni[)resseil,  oblong-ovate,  the  obtuse;  upe.x  incurved  :  seed  suspended 
from  near  the  summit  ami  iiiling  the  akene.  —  PI.  Frem.  8,  t.  4  ;  Parry,  Am. 
Naturalist,  ix.   270. 

About  the  head-wateis  of  tlie  Mohave  {Fremont)  and  eastward  in  Southern  Nevada  and  Arizona 
to  Southern  Colorado. 

9.   CERCOCARPUS,  IIBK.        Mountain  Mahogany. 

Calyx  narrowly  tubular,  the  campanulato  5-lobed  limb  deciduous ;  lobes  slightly 
imbricated.  Petals  none.  StanuMis  15  to  25,  in  2  or  3  rows  on  the  limb  of  the 
calyx.  Carpels  solitary  (rarely  2),  narrow,  terete  :  style  terminal  :  stigma  terminal  : 
ovule  solitary,  asceiuling.  Fruit  a  coriaceous  linear  terete  villous  akene,  included  in 
the  enlarged  calyx-tube,  caudate  with  the  elongated  exserted  plumose  twisted  style. 
Seed  linear,  with  membranous  testa  :  radicle  inferior.  —  Shrubs  or  trees ;  leaves 
alternate,  simple,  evergreen  ;  stipules  very  small ;  llowers  small,  axillary  or  terminal, 
solitary  or  somewhat  fascicled. 

A  geuus  of  4  or  5  simcius,  chiully  of  the  interior  of  the  continent,  one  being  Mexican. 

1.  C.  ledifolius,  Nutt.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  usually  6  to  15  feet  high  :  leaves 
narrowly  lance(.late  with  the  margins  more  or  less  revolute,  thick-coriaceous  and 
somewhat  resinous,  entire,  moie  or  less  tomentose,  but  usually  glabrous  above,  ^  to 
U  inches  long,  acute,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole;  midnerve  prominent: 
flowers  sessile,  tomentose  :  limb  of  the  calyx  2  lines  long,  deeply  toothed  ;  tul,)e  be- 
coming 3  to  5  lines  hnig  :  tail  of  the  akene  at  length  2  or  3  inches  long.  —Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  427;  Hook.  Ic  PI.  t.  324;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  28,  t.  51  ;  Wabson,  Pot. 
King  Exp.  83. 

Olanehe  Mts.  (Rolhroek)  at  9,400  feet  altitude,  and  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
from  Mono  Pa.ss  at  9,0OU  feet  altitude  (liolandcr)  to  Oregon,  and  eastward  in  the  mountains  to 
tiie  Wahsatch.  It  is  po])ularly  known  as  Mountain  Malioguny,  having  a  hard  and  heavy  dark- 
colored  wood,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish.  It  sometimes  beeonu.s  a  liaudiome  tree,  4"  or  50  feet 
high,  but  is  usually  low,  with  a  compact  head. 

2.  C.  parvifolius,  Nutt.  A  shrub,  usually  2  to  10  feet  high,  branching  from  a 
thick  base,  sometimes  15  to  20  feet  high:  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  less  coriaceous, 


Fiinuijin.  ROSACE.E. 


175 


serrate  toward  the  obtuse  or  rontulcd  suinniit,  more  or  less  silky  above,  densely 
hoary-tomcntoso  l)eueath,  ^  to  U  itirhcs  loiij;,  shortly  pctioled  ;  veins  prominent 
beneath:  ilowers  tomentose,  on  short  slender  pedicels:  calyxdimb  nearly  2  lines 
long,  with  short  teeth  ;  tube  becoming  4  to  G  lines  long,  exceeding  the  pedicel :  tail 
often  4  inches  long.  —  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  323  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  lieechey,  337. 

Var.  glaber,  Watson.  Glabrous  throughout,  or  the  calyx  somewhat  oppressed 
pubescent :  leaves  dark  green.  —  C.  betukefoUus,  Nutt.  ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  322.  C. 
betuloides,  Torr.  k  Gray,  Fl.  i.  427, 

In  the  Const  Rnngcs  fiorn  Lako  Co.  (Torrey)  to  S.  (Jnlironiia,  mid  in  tlio  Rocky  Mountains 
from  Wyonnng  Territory  to  New  Mexi.'o  niul  Utah.  Tlio  variety  occurs  in  the  monntaiiia  near 
Santa  Barbara  (Nuftall)  and  San  Diego,  Cleveland,  Palmer. 

10.  COWANIA,  Don.  Ci.iff-Ro.^k. 
Calyx  i)ersistent;  tube  narrowly  turbinate;  limb  .O-parted,  imliricated.  Petals  5, 
obovate,  spreading.  Stamens  numerous,  in  2  rows,  inserted  with  the  petals  at  the 
throat  of  the  calyx-tube.  Carpels  4  to  12,  free  and  distinct,  sessile,  densely  vil- 
lous :  style  terminal,  included  :  stigma  terminal :  ovule  solitary,  erect.  Fruit  a 
coriaceous  narrowly  oblong  striate  akene,  nearly  included  in  the  dilated  calyx-tube, 
caudate  with  the  elongated  plumose  style.  Seed  linear,  somewhat  triangular  : 
radicle  inferior. — Shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  small,  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  coria- 
ceous, glandular-dotted  ;  flowers  showy,  solitary,  terminal. 

A  genua  of  3  species,  confineil  to  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  interior  region  northward. 
1.  C.  Mexicana,  Don.  A  nmch-branchod  shrub,  1  to  0  foc't  high;  the  trunk 
with  abundant  shreddy  light-colored  bark  :  leaves  approximate  U[)on  the  short 
branchlets,  cuneatc-obovate  in  outline,  4  to  7  lines  long,  ])innately  3-  7-lobed,  dark 
green  above,  tomentose  beneath,  ajid  the  margin  somowhat  revolute:  flowers  yellow, 
an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  the  calyx-tube  attenuate  into  a  short  glandular-hairy 
pedicel ;  calyxdobes  obtuse,  tomentose,  2  lines  long,  equalling  the  tube  :  tail  of  the 
akene  at  length  2  inches  long  or  more.  — Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  574,  t.  22;  "Watson, 
13ot.  King  Exp.  83.      C.  Sfansburinna,  Torrey,  Stansbury  Re]).  386,  t.  3. 

"Mountains  of  California  along  the  Viigen  River"  {Frrvimt,  jnohablv  in  Southern  Nevada) 
and  iiciuent  eastward  in  tlio  mountains  to  N.  Utali  and  New  Mexico,  and  southward  to  Central 
Mexico_  The  wood  is  light  colored  and  very  lino  grained.  Tlic  otlier  species  are  C.  pHcnt.a, 
Don  of  Northern  Mexico,  with  toothed  h-aves  and  i>uri)lisli  Ilowers.  an<l  C.  erica-folia,  Torr.,  with 
smaller  white  Ilowers  and  linear  entire  leaves,  found  only  by  Parry  on  the  llio  Grande. 

11.  FALLUGIA,  Endlicher. 
Calyx  persistent ;  tube  short-hemispherical,  villous  within  ;  limb  5-parted,  the 
ovate  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  alternate  linear  bractlets.  Petals  5,  large 
and  rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  in  a  triple  row  upon  the 
margin  of  the  calyx-tube.  Carpels  numerous,  densely  villous,  inserted  upon  a  small 
conical  receptacle  :  stylo  terminal  :  stigma  minute  :  ovules  solitary,  erect.  Fruit 
a  coriaceous  narrowly  oblong  nkene,  ex.serted,  caudate  with  the  elongated  plumose 
style.  Seed  linear:  radicle  inferior.  —  A  low  undershrub  ;  leaves  pinnately  lobed, 
margin  revolute ;  stipules  small  ;  flowers  white,  showy,  solitary  or  paniclcd,  termi- 
nating slender  (dongated  naked  iieduncles. 

1.  F,  paradoxa,  En<llicher.  Much  branched  with  somewhat  virgaie  slender 
branches,  2  or  3  feet  high  ;  epidermis  white,  persistent :  leaves  scattered  or  fas- 
cicled, somewhat  villous,  rather  thick,  3  to  10  lines  long,  sessile,  cuneate  and  atten- 
uate into  a  linear   ba.se,  pinnately  3  -  7-cleft  above,  the  segments   linear,  obtuse  : 


17G 


ROSACl'LK. 


ilowers  few,  an  inch  or  more  in  diunieter  :  calyx-lobes  ovato,  3  or  4  lineti  \on<^,  the 
apex  linear  or  Iriliil  ;  bractlets  linear,  entire  or  Itilid  or  ^-parted  :  akenes  very 
numerous,  U  lines  long,  the  slender  plumose  tail  an  ineh  or  two  long.  — Turrey  in 
Emory  liep/l-lU,  t.  2.     iSieversia  paradoxa,  Don,  1.  c.  575,  t.  22. 

I'roviiloiico  iloiiiitiiiiis  {Cooper)  luul  oabtwiinl  to  S.  IHiili  iind  tlio  Itio  (-iniadc  ;  also  Mcxiciiii. 

12.  GEUM,  Linn. 
Calyx  persistent,  concave ;  limb  5-lobed,  usually  with  5  alternate  bractlets,  val- 
vate.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Carpels  numerous,  upon  a  conical  or  clavate 
receptacle  :  style  terminal,  straight  or  geniculate  :  stigma  small :  ovules  solitary, 
ascending.  Akenes  small,  compressed,  caudate  with  the  elongated  naked  or  plumose 
styles.  Seed  erect  :  radicle  inferior.  —  Perennial  herbs  ;  leaves  mostly  radical, 
lyrate  or  jannate ;  stipules  adnate  to  the  sheathing  petioles;  lU)wer.s  rather  large, 
solitary  or  corymbijse. 

About  30  spccifs,  di.stributeil  througli  tlie  temi)erate  and  frigid  zones.  A  dozen  siu-iies  occur 
in  the  United  States,  several  of  them  found  also  in  N.  Asia  and  Europe  or  closely  ahied  to  Old 
"World  species. 

§    1.  Styles  jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle,   the  upper  part  deciduous,  the  lower 
naked  and  hooked,  iHConiini/  elongated  :  adyx  lobes  rejlexed.  —  CitUM  pro|(er. 

1.  G-.  macrophyllum,  Wilhl.  A  coarse  herb  :  stems  mostly  solitary,  1  to  3 
feet  high,  bristly-hairy,  leafy  :  radical  leaves  lyrate  and  interruptedly  junnate,  six 
inches  to  a  focjt  long  or  more,  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large  and  round-cordate, 
lobed  and  toothed,  the  lateral  very  unequal  and  often  very  small ;  cauline  leaves 
similar  but  with  a  short  rhachis,  or  reduced  to  the  terminal  leaflet  ;  stijiules  larg(f, 
toothed:  Ilowers  yellow,  half  an  inch  broad,  in  an  open  i)aiucle  :  bractlets  of  the 
calyx  small  and  oi'tiMi  wanting:  fruit  hispid,  upon  a  nearly  naked  oblong  receptacle  : 
styles  3  lines  h>ng,  at  length  rellexed. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  the  eastern  side  ;  Mono  I'a.ss  {Boluvder),  Sierra  Co.  (Lcmnwn),  north 
of  Lassen's  I'eak  {Ncwbcrnj),  and  northward  to  Sitka,  ranging  east  to  the  Atlantic. 

§  2.   Stijle  slraiyhl,  not  jointed,  and  whoUi/  persistent,  naked  or  jdnmose,  elomjated : 
cali/x- lobes  not  rejlexed.  —  Sii':vi;;usiA. 

2.  Gr.  triflorum,  Pursh.  Low,  villous ;  stems  clustered,  from  stout  branching 
rootstocks,  G  to  15  inclies  high,  simple,  nearly  naked  :  radical  leaves  pinnate  some- 
what interruptedly  Avith  numerous  cuneate-oblong  incised  segments  ;  the  cauline 
reduced  to  a  few  small  lineardobod  leaves  or  bracts  :  flowers  largi',  few,  on  long 
peduncles  :  calyx  often  purplish,  as  well  as  the  upper  i)art  of  the  stem,  the  linear 
bractlets  4  to  9  lines  long,  usually  excelling  the  lobes  and  equalling  tln^  oblong 
purplish  erect  jjetals  :  tails  tif  the  small  akenes  jdumose,  at  length  2  or  3  imhes 
long  :  receptacle  small,  liemispherical.  —  Sieveisia  trijlora,  K.  Br.;  Hook.  r.ot.  Mag. 
t.  2858. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  '1,0(10  to  D.OOO  feet  altitude  {llrcwci;  Bolanda),  and  in  the  iiiounluins 
north  and  eastward,  to  Arctic  America  and  Lalirador. 

13.  PRAGARIA,  'I'ourn.  Si  uawiikhuv. 
Calyx  persistent,  concave  ;  limb  5-lobed,  with  5  alternate  bractlets,  valvate. 
Petals  5,  white,  spreading.  Stamens  many,  in  one  row.  Carpels  numerous,  smooth : 
styles  lateral,  very  short :  ovule  solitary,  ascending.  Tieceptacle  much  enlarged  and 
fleshy  in  fruit,  conical,  scarlet,  bearing  the  small  turgid  crustaceous  akenes  upon  the 
surface.      iJadicle  superior. — Acaulescent  stoloniferous  perennials;  leaves  indmately 


PotentiUa.  ROSACEyK.  I77 

Irifoliolate,  tlio  leaflets  obovato-cuncate,  coarsely  toothed  ;  llowcrs  few,  cymosc  upon 

short  erect  scapes. 

A  small  genus  widely  distributed  through  the  temperate  and  alpine  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  and  also  in  the  Andes.  Many  species  have  been  projjoscd,  but  scarcely  half  a  dozen 
are  now  recognized  by  botanists.  Their  unstable  character  and  "tlie  great  facility  with  which 
fertile  cross-bieeds  are  produced,  give  leason  to  susjiect  that  the  whole  genus  may  prove  to  con- 
sist of  but  one  species"  {Benthavi).  Many  varieties  are  in  cultivation,  some  of  which  flourish 
with  special  luxuriance  in  this  State.  The  three  first  following  are  the  generally  acknowledged 
North  American  .species  :  but  it  is  difficult  to  make  a  satisfactory  reference  of  all  the  Californian 
forms  as  found  in  collections. 

1.  F.  Virginiana,  Ehrhart.  "Akenes  imbedded  in  tlie  deeply  pitted  fruiting 
receptacle,  which  usually  has  a  narrow  neck  :  calyx  l)ecoming  erect  after  flowering 
and  counivent  over  tlie  hairy  receptacle  when  sterile  or  unfructilied  :  leaflets  of  a 
firm  or  coriaceous  texture  :  the  hairs  of  the  scapes,  and  especially  of  the  pedicels, 
silky  and  appressed."  —  Gray,  Manual,  155. 

Var.  Illinoensis,  Gray,  1.  c.  "  A  coarser  or  larger  plant,  perhaps  a  distinct 
species,  the  flowers  more  inclined  to  be  polygamo-dioecious,  the  villous  hairs  of  the 
scape  and  pedicels  widely  spreading."  —  F.  Orai/nna,  Vilniorin. 

The  typical  form  of  this  species  seems  to  bo  confined  to  the  Atlantic  States.  The  variety  ex- 
tends westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  it  is  said  even  to  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon. 
If  found  in  the  northern  i)art  of  the  State  it  should  bo  distinguished  from  the  following  si)ecies 
by  the  characters  of  the  Iruit.     The  Icallets  are  cuncate-obovato,  rounded  at  the  summit. 

2.  F.  vesca,  Linn.  "Akenes  superficial  on  the  glabrous  conical  or  hemi- 
spherical fruiting  receptacle  (not  sunk  in  pits):  calyx  remaining  spreading  or  re- 
flexed  :  hairs  on  the  scape  mostly  widely  spreading,  on  the  pedicels  appressed  : 
leaflets  thin,  even  the  upjier  face  strongly  marked  by  the  veins."  —  Gray,  1.  c. 

This  European  species  is  also  widely  indigenous  thiough  North  America,  and  specimens  from 
the  Sierra  Nevada  have  been  refernui  to  it.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  whether  it  is  really  found 
within  the  State.     The  leaflets  are  usually  less  obtuse  than  in  the  last. 

3.  F.  Chilensis,  Ehrhart.  Usually  low,  densely  villous  with  silky  hairs,  spread- 
ing upon  the  petioles,  scapes  and  pedicols,  appressed  upon  the  under  side  of  the 
leaves  and  the  calyx  :  scapes  and  petioles  mther  stout :  leaflets  thick,  perfectly 
smooth  above,  cuneate-obovatn,  rounded  at  the  flumiuit:  (lowers  largo,  (often  .■m  iiicli 
broad):  calyx  lobes  and  bractlets  elongated,  entire  :  fruit  not  described. — Torr.  & 
Gray,  El.  i.  448. 

Near  the  sen,  from  San  Franci.sco  to  Alaska  ;  identical  with  tlio  Chilian  form. 

4.  F.  Californica,  Gham.  &  Schlocht.  Low,  somewhat  villous  with  sprcading 
hairs,  which  are  less  closely  appressed  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  and  calyx  : 
scapes  and  petioles  usually  slender :  leaves  thinner,  cuneate-obovate  and  rounded, 
sparingly  villous  on  the  upper  side:  flowers  half  an  inch  broad:  calyx-lobes  shorter, 
often  toothed  or  cleft  :  fruit  small  ;  akenes  superficial.  —  LimvTa,  ii.  20.  F.  lucidn, 
Vilmorin  ;  Gay,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  viii.  201.  F.  veaca,  IJentli.  PI.  llartw.  309; 
Seem.  Bot.  Herald,  282. 

From  San  Diego  to  Mt.  Diablo  {Brewer)  and  the  Oakland  Hills  (Uahkr)  ;  also  in  North- 
western Mexico,  Srr.mnnn.  This  appears  to  be  distinct  from  the  ordinary  F.  vcsca,  and  from 
other  Californian  fortiis. 

14.   POTENTILLA,  Linn.         Fivk-finoku. 

Calyx  persistent,  concave  or  flatfish  ;  limb  5-lobed,  with  5  alternate  bractlets, 
valvate.  Petals  5,  obcordate  or  broadly  obovate,  sessile,  yellow  (rarely  white  or 
red).  Stamens  20  to  50  or  more  (rarely  fewer),  marginal  in  2  or  3  rows  upon  the 
hairy  sometimes  thickened  base  of  the  calyx  ;  filaments  filiform.  Carpels  10  to 
40  or  more,  usually  numerous  :  styles  lateral  or  nearly  terminal,  short,  deciduous : 


178 


llOSACEJ!].  Pottiitilla. 


ovvilo  solitary,  ivacontliiig  or  susponded.  Akouca  small,  turgid,  crustacoous,  u-sually 
Bossilo,  111)011  a  thy  inoro  or  lesn  olovatod  rfci-ptaclo.  Iwidiclo  siiiiorior.  —  litnhacoous 
or  mrely  woody  ;  louvi's  piimato  or  digitate  with  distinct  leallcts  ;  stipules  adnato  to 
tlio  petioles  ;  lloweis  e.yuiose,  or  axillary  ami  solitary.  —  Lehmuuu,  Uevis.  Potent.  ; 
Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  5-l'J. 

A  genus  of  about  120  s|iecies,  according  to  Benthiim  &  Hooker  (who  include  in  it  also  the  next 
three  genera),  conlined  almost  exclusively  to  the  temperate  and  cold  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  The  species  are  very  variable,  and  many  more  than  this  number  have  been  pub- 
lished, or  the  30  or  more  native  to  North  America,  a  dozen  are  also  indigenous  in  Europe  or 
Northern  Asia. 

*  Styles  fusiform,  thickeued  and  ylandular  at  base:  carpels  very  numerous,  (jlabrous  : 

Jlowers  cjjviost. 

1.  P.  glandulosa,  Lindl.  Perennial,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  somewhat  glan- 
dular-villuus,  branelied  above  :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leallets  5  to  9,  rounded,  ovate,  or 
somewhat  rhondjoidal,  coarsely  serrate,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  cymes  at  length  open 
and  pedicels  slender,  the  upper  leaves  and  floral  bracts  conspicuous  :  calyx  4  to  6 
lines  long,  somewhat  tomentose  and  usually  villous  with  coarse  hairs ;  bractlets 
linear  to  oLlong,  shorter  than  the  lobes  :  jictals  yelh)w  or  sometimes  white,  usually 
bhortor  than  tho  calyx  :  stamens  Uf),  in  one  row  on  the  margin  of  the  thickened 
disk:  style  uttatrhe.l  below  the  midtlle  of  tho  ovary.  —  ]5ot.  Keg.  t.  lOH.'i.  1'.  Wrua- 
(jeliana,  Kischer  iV;  Meyer;  Lehni.  Kevis.  -ID,  t.  ID. 

Var.  Nevadensis,  Watson.  A  slender  form  with  small  leallets  :  inllorescenco 
more  naked,  the  u[)per  leaves  and  lloral  bracts  being  much  smaller:  calyx  2  to  4 
lines  long  :  tlowers  white  or  yellow  :  stamens  occasionally  ordy  20. 

From  Monterey  northward  to  Washington  Territory  ;  the  variety  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from 
tho  South  Fork  of  Kern  Kiver  {Rothrock)  to  Oregon.  P.  Jissa,  Nutt.,  is  a  usually  low  and  slender 
fonn  of  this  species  with  occasionally  5  pairs  of  leallets,  common  in  tlie  Uocky  Mountains  ;  it 
does  not  appear  to  have   l)een  collected  in  California. 

2.  P.  rivalis,  Nutt.  Annual  or  Liennial,  erect  or  ascending,  often  dilVusely 
brancheil,  softly  villous  with  spreading  hairs  or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  pinnate, 
with  2  pairs  of  closely  ai)proximate  leallets,  or  a  single  pair  and  the  terminal  leallet 
3-parted  ;  upper  leaves  ternate ;  leallets  cuneate-ovate  to  -lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate, 
1  to  U  inches  long:  cymes  loose,  with  slender  pedicels:  bractlets  and  calyx-lobes 
equal,  "U  to  3  lines  long:  petals  minute,  yellow:  disk  not  thickened:  stamens  10 
to  20  :  siyle  terminal.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  437. 

Var.  millegrana,  Watson,  1.  c  Leaves  all  ternate  :  akenes  usually  small  and 
light-colored.  —  i'.  milleiirana,  Kngelm.  ;  Lehm.  Kevis.  202;  Watson,  l5ot.  King 
Exp.  85. 

The  variety  ranges  from  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  from  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper), 
eastward  to  New  JSIexico  and  the  Alissouri.  The  typical  form  is  not  found  west  of  tlio  Rocky 
Mountains. 

*  *  Style  filiform,  te7-minal :  carpels  glabrous:  stamens  20:  herbaceous  peren7na/s, 

zvith  cymose  yellotv  flowers. 

-»-  Leaves  pinnate  or  digitate,  with  5  or  more  {rarely  3)   leajhls :  bractlets  shorter 

titan  the  sepals. 

3.  P.  Bre"weri,  Watson.  Alpine,  densely  white-tomentoso  throughout,  tlu;  calyx 
and  upper  leaves  silky-villous  with  apprcssed  hairs  :  stems  decumbent  at  base, 
rather  stout,  3  to  10  inches  high  :  stipules  broad,  mostly  incised  ;  leallets  7  to  13, 
nearly  uniform  in  size,  3  to  G  lines  long,  cuneate-obovate,  deejily  incised  :  cymes 
mostly  crowded  :  petals  emarginate,  3  to  4  lines  long,  touch  exceeding  the  calyx  : 
carpels  20  to  25,  on  villous  pedicels;  the  receptacle  and  disk  hairy. — Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  555. 


J'otenWIa.  ROSACE^..  ^  ^O 

Var.  expansa,  Watson.  Less  densely  tomentose  above  :  cymes  looselv  rixpanded 
the  llowers  on  lonjj;  pedicels.  ^    '  ^ 

SiJ^Jn'l^^rJ'^rt^i'  ''"^  ^^"""^  =  '""'""^'  '^'°^''  ^^^^«'  ^''^-^-     The  variety  i„ 

4.  P  Plattensis,  Nutt.  Low,  documbont,  sparingly  appressed  silky-villous  or 
nearly  glabrous  :  stems  slender,  3  to  12  inches  long:  stipules  linear-lanceolate  to 
oblong,  mostly  entire;  leaflets  7  to  15  or  more,  approximate  and  nearly  uniform  in 
size,  3  to  (.  lines  long,  ovate  to  oblong,  ])innati(i.l  or  ]>arte(l  into  3  to  7  or  more 
linear  entire  or  cleft  segments  :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  an  open  cyme  •  i.etals 
2  or  3  lines  long,  usually  a  little  exceeding  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes  :  carpels  25  to 
40.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  tl.  i.  439  ;  Lehm.  Kevis.  28,  t.  6. 

and'^wlS^tcT  M:Sl^V;;e;^""^  ^^"""""^^  =  '"^'^•""^  "•  ''^^  ^"^'^^  ^^--^^-^  -<1  Umtas. 
5.  p.  gracUis,  Dougl.  Ascending,  1  to  3  feet  high,  villous  and  more  or  less 
tomentose,  sparingly  leafy  :  leaves  digitate  or  rarely  pinnate  ;  leaflets  usually  7 
sometimes  5,  cuncate-oblong,  1  to  2\  inches  long,  deeply  serrate  or  pinnatifid  with 
inear  lobes,  whitetomontoso  beneath,  green  and  somewhat  villous  above  •  cyme 
loose  somewhat  fastigiato :  petals  3  or  4  lines  long,  a  little  excelling  the 'calvx  • 
carpels  40_  or  more.  -  Hook.  J3ot.  Mag.  t.  2984.  P.  Blaschlceana,  Turcz. ;  Lehm' 
Kevis.    10/,  t.   G4. 

n  ^^i  flabelliformis,  Torr.  h  Gray.  Leaflets  very  deeply  pinnatifid. -FI.  i.  440 
P.  fiabelhform.is,  Lehm.  ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  192,  t.  06. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Watson,  1.  c.  Cyme  shorter  and  more  compact,  more  densely 
pubescent :  (.lt(Mi  hm.  ~P.  fasf.upata,  Nutt.  ;  Torr.  <^  (!iay,  Kl.  i    440 

Var.  rigida,  Watson,  1.  c.      Villous,  but  without  tonuMitum  ;    usually  tall  and 

89,  t.  33 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp,  88, 

Chiefly  eastward  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Oregon  and  Nevada  to  the  Rocky  Mountains 
SrLgStf  IheterrNrr-  "'  '^'^"'■"^^'  '™'"  '''  ""^'^-^^^  Monntains\hrougSe 

0  P.  dissecta.  I>ursh.  Low  and  alpine,  silky-viHous  without  tomentum  or 
nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  closely  pinnate  or  as  often  digitate  ;  leaflets  5  to  7  or  rarely 
Ir/^n""  '"^'  TT't  I""?:"'  'r^"-"''  Pi""'^tili,l  with  narrow  segments  or  coarsely 
serrate,  the  segments  tufted  with  white  hairs  :  flowers  few  in  an  open  slender  cyme  • 
calyx  more  or  less  vi  lous  with  spreading  hairs  :  petals  2  to  4  lines  long,  exceeding 
the  lancoolato  calyx-lobes:  carpels  10  to  20  or  more.  —  Torr.  &  Gray  FI  i  446 
/.  dtverstfoha,  Lehm.  Revis.  72,  t.  31  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  86. 

/Jl?^S'™f^'''"'^^-"'i^T''  f"''  (Brewer),  and  on  Mt.   Dana  at  12,500  feet  altitude    Bo- 
lander.     More  frequent  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  ;  a  very  variable  species. 

n  ''•  ^:  Wheeleri,  Watson.  Small  and  subalpine,  decumbent,  silky-villous  :  stems 
2  or  3  inches  long,  branched  and  flowering  from  near  the  base,  leafy  :  leaves  digi- 
ato;  leaflets  3  to  5,  cunonte,  3-5.toothed  at  the  rounde<l  summit,  half  an  inch 
long  or  less;  stipules  entire  or  nearly  so:  lower  flowers  opposite  to  the  leaves: 
calyx  3  lines  long ;  bractlets  a  little  smaller  than  the  lobes,  obtusish  :  p.-tals  obcor- 
date,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx  :  carpels  20.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  148, 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  about  the  hcad-wntcrs  of  Kern  River,  at  8,200  feet  altitude,  Rolhrock. 


Leaven  ternate. 


8.  P.  Grayi,  Watson.  Stems  slen.ler,  low,  3-6-flowered:  pubescence  scanty, 
villous  :  l,.a(lets  obovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  half  an  inch  long,  the  truncate  or 
rounde.  apex  5  -  7-toothed  ;  terminal  leaflet  long-petiolulate  :  bractlets  obtusish, 
only  ha  f  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes  :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long,  exceeding  the  calyx  : 
carpels  15  to  20,  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  560. 

Yosemite  Valley  (Bolander,  Gray);  Lake  Tenaya  {Brewer);  peaks  above  Owen's  Lake.  Kellogg. 


2gQ  ROSACE.E.  Poteniilla. 

9.  P.  gelida,  C.  A.  Meyer.  Nearly  glabrous,  the  pubescence  minute  or  villous  : 
stems  low,  slender,  1  -  3-llowered  :  leallets  very  broadly  cuneilbnn,  6  to  9  lines  long, 
rounded  at  the  apex  and  coarsely  7  -  9-toothed  ;  terminal  lealiet  shortly  petiohdate  : 
bractlets  and  calyx-lobes  nearly  equal,  obtuse  or  acute  :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long,  a 
little  exceeding  the  calyx  :  cari)eld  numerous.  —Watson,  1.  c.  559.  F.  jhiidUjoUa, 
Hook.  ;  Torr.  i>c  Gray,'!!  i.  442  ;  Lehm.  lievis.  153,  t.  51. 

In  the  Sienn  Nevada  at  Siiminit  (^Bolander)  and  on  Lassen's  Peak  (/.  O.  Lemvxmi),  and  north- 
ward to  Washington  Territory  ;  also  in  Northern  Asia. 

*  *   *   Style  fiitform,  attached  at  or  heiuw  the  middle  of  the  ovary  :  leaves  pinnate  : 

jloiucrs  yellow  :  recejAacle  small,  villous. 

+-  J/crlntcious,  slu/iJiiif,roiis  and  cr<rj>ini/ :  akenes  (/lalirous  :  Jlowers  axillary,  solitary. 

10.  P.  Anserina,  Linn.  White-tomentosu  and  silky-villous  :  leaves  all  radical, 
often  a  tout  long  or  mnre  ;  leallets  3  to  10  jiairs,  with  smaller  ones  interposed, 
oblong,  sharply  serrate,  tomentose  at  least  beneath  ;  stipules  many-cleft  :  bractlets 
often  Incised,  about  equaUing  the  caly.x-lobes  :  petals  3  to  G  lines  long,  exceeding 
the  calyx  :  stamens  20,  rarely  25  :  carpels  20  to  40  ;  the  style  attached  to  the  mid- 
dle :  receptacle  very  villous. 

On  stream  banks  ;  freciuent  throughout  North  Aniorica,  as  also  in  Soutli  America  and  the  OKI 
World.     Very  variable  in  aho  and  amount  ol'  pubescence. 

+-   +■  Shrubby  :  akenes  villous  :  Jlowers  terminal,  cymose  or  siditary. 

11.  P.  fruticosa,  T.inn.  Much  branched,  1  to  4  feet  high,  silky-villous:  stip- 
ules scarious;  leallets  5  to  7,  obh)ng-lanceulat(!,  entire,  approximate,  2  to  12  lines 
long,  lighter  colored  beneath  and  the  margin  revolute  :  petals  2  to  C  lines  long,  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx  :  stamens  30  :  carpels  20,  very  villous,  the  style  attached  below 
the  middle. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Ebbett's  Tass  northward,  and  througliout  the  northern  portion  of 
North  America.     Also  freipient  in  the  Old  World. 

*  *  *  *  Styles  Jlli/orni,  attached  to  (he  middle  of  the  numerous  i/lahrous  car/jeU, 
xohich  are  sessile  upon  a  lari/e  spomjy  rece/dacle ;  herbaceous  perennial,  with  lan/e 
purple  jUiwers  and  pinnate  leaves. 

12.  P.  palustris,  Scop.  Stems  stout,  ascending  from  a  decumbent  rooting 
perennial  base  ;  nearly  glabrous  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  oblong,  an  inch  or  two  long,  ser- 
rate :  flowers  few,  in  an  open  cyme:  calyx  purplish,  6  to  10  lines  long  in  fruit; 
bractlets  linear,  much  shorter  :  i)etals  spatulate,  acute,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  stamens 
20,  upon  the  margin  of  the  thickened  disk.  —  Comarum  palustre,  Linn. 

Collected  only  in  Sierra  County,  by  J.  G.  Lcmvion.  More  frequent  northward  from  I'uget 
Sound  to  Alaska,   and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

15.   SIBBALDIA,  Linn. 

Petals  linear  oblong,  minute.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals  ;  fdaments 
very  short.  Carpels  5  to  10  :  styles  lateral :  ovule  ascending.  Otherwise  as  Poten- 
tilla.  — Dwarf  and  cesj)itose  arctic  or  alpine  perennials  ;  leaves  thick,  trifoliulate,  the 
leaflets  few-toothed  at  the  truncate  summit ;  flowers  cyinose,  yellow. 

Of  the  4  or  5  Asiatic  species  the  following  is  also  European  and  American. 

1.  S.  procumbens,  Linn.  S(miewhat  villous  :  stems  creeping,  leafy  at  the 
extremities:  leallets  cuneate,  3-5-toothed,  3  to  12  lines  long:  peduncles  usually 
shorter  than  the  leaves:  calyx-lobes  1  to  U  lines  long;  bractlets  linear  and  shorter: 
petals  much  shorter,  acute  ;  akenes  on  very  short  hairy  stipes. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mt.  Dana,  at  12,500  feet  altitude  {BoJand.r),  to  Lassen's  Peak 
(Lemmmi)  and  Mt.  Siiasta,  at  8,400  feet,  Brcwn:  Also  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado, 
and  the  Wliile  ilountains,  and  northward  to  Alaska  and  Greenland. 


Horkelia. 


IIOSACE/B. 


181 

16.  HORKELIA,  Cham,  k  Sdilccl.t. 
Calyx  oampanulate.  Petals  obovato  to  linear,  often  unguiculate,  white  or  pink 
Stamens  10  (20  in  II.  jmrimrascens),  in  two  rows;  Hlan>ents  more  or  less  dilated 
and  deltoid  or  subulate  (often  scarcely  at  all  so  in  //.  trulentaU,),  those  opposite  to 
the  sepa  s  broadest.  Carpels  few  to  many :  styles  nearly  terminal,  iilifurm  or  thick- 
ened at  base  :  ovules  suspended.  Akenes  fixed  by  the  middle  to  the  nearly  naked 
receptacle.  Otherwise  as  /V;^.«^e7/a.  -  Herbaceous  Californian  perennials-  loaves 
pninate  with  several  pairs  of  toothed  or  cleft  leaflets,  the  u,,per  ones  confluent- 
flowers  cymose,  mostly  crowded.  -  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  528;  Watson  Bot' 
King  Exjx  447.  '        * 

*  Styles  very  short,  thickened  at  base:  hractlels  narrow. 
1.  H.  fusca,  Lindl.  Glandular-pubescent:  stems  ^  to  1^  feet  high:  leaflets  6  to 
8p  n-s,  cuneate-obong  to -ovate,  incisely  toothed  or  lobed,\  half-inch  to  an  inch 
ong:  cymes  usually  dense ;  bracts  short :  calyx  about  2^  linos  long:  petals  c  no 
ate-oblong,  2  ines  long.  -  JJot.  Reg.  t.  1997.  //.  parvijLa,  Nutt.;^'lWr  TgL 
1872,  t   71 L  '  """'^^  cuneate-obovate.     II.  cajntata,  Kegel,  Gartenfl.' 

srrI;i:-^^^Lt^  "'  ''"'"^  '"'^'^  '"^"'  ''''''  ^^'^'  =  '^'^^^ 
Sien:Trnty"  Z—"  ''''^'''  '™"  ''^^^'"^*^  ^"^"^^  "°^^^-^^»  *«  ^-g-  ;  the  variety  in 

lon^;  .^*n  n^f*^*^'  ^'!'-";  ^'''^  '""^'*''  =  ^''^^'^'  "^^^"  ^■•'"'^''  •■  ^^''-^cts  broad  and  as 
ong  as  the  llowers,  which  are  somewhat  larger;  petals  3  lines  long:  styles  witt 
the  thick  base  less  cellular  and  firmer.  —  ]}ot.  Ke<'.  under  t    1 997 

form "rlhe  kst!""'"  '"  ''""^'"''  ''^"^  ^"  ^''^'"^^^  ^^'^'^J'  ^'>'  ^--^'"'-   '^t  is  perhaps  but  a 

*  *   Styles  long  and  filiform,  about  equalling  the  stamens. 

-J-  Bractlets  nearly  as  broad  as  the  calyx-lobes. 

3.  H.  Californica,  Cham,  c^^  Schlocht.  Glandular-pubescent,  the  ralvx  often 
.omewhatvillous  with  coarse  hairs:  stems  a  foot  high  or  n.ore  :  eaflef  s^allv  5 
to  10  pairs,  cunoate-obovate  to  -oblong,  toothed  above,  3  to  8  lines  lon-r  flowers 
usually  crowded  in  the  cymes,  those  in  the  forks  on  long  pedioeir;  bracts    h^rt 

ttZ  Fm'"43V'"}>'^'""^  Tf^l.  'I'  '^T'^'^  l-tals.i^Linn.;,tt6;t;rr: 
A.  ^ray,  11.  i.  434.     //.  cuneata,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  under  t.  1997,  a  form  with  cune- 

f9rr7;ifp'iVtt  ='r  '-'-■  '^'"^'^  -""^"^- "-  ^-^^^- 

«f  J^f  ^^^C^f'/'^'^^y-     Canescent  throughout  with  a  dense  silky  pubescence  •  a 
stout  form,  with  leaflets  sometimes  li  inches  long. -Proc.  Am.  Acih  vi   529      ' 

Coi^JS:.  SE-!  1c^:^n^.  '-'"^  "^^  ^"""^^^^  *«  ^-  ^-»--  =  ^'-  variety  in  Alameda 

■«-  ■(-  Bractlets  much  narroiver  than  the  calyx-lobes. 

++  Leaflets  deeply  incised  or  lobed. 

4.  H.  COngesta,  Hook.     Villous  with  scattered  stifl"  sproadin^r  hair^  clandular- 

pnberulent  above:  Btems  slender,  a  span  or  two  high:  leaflets  5^   8  T.ahri^^^^^^a^^ 

in  a  rShr?:!'"""'^  ?"  1^'""'  '  '?  '  ^'"^'^  ^«"-  ^^*''-'-  --VVpavLd:  blowers 
LV       l^  1     1    l"^.?'  ^'•'^f^  v^i-y  short :  calyx  aI>out  2   lines  long,  shorter  than 
the  rounded  limb  of  the  petals. -Bot.  JSIag.  t.  2880;  Torr.  &  Gray.ll  i.  434 
Oregon  (Douglas,  Hall)  ■  perhaps  in  Northern  California. 


182 


ROSACEJ?:.  Horkelm. 


5.  H,  tenuiloba,  <!i'!iy.  Canescontly  villous,  a  foot  high  :  Icafhits  8  to  12  jiaiis, 
small  {•!  or  S  linos  lung),  cuneate-obovatu,  dtHiply  4  -  8-cleit  wilh  linear  lubes,  ur  iii 
tho  \\\)\)^iv  leaves  nanow  and  lew-lubecl  ur  linear  and  entire  :  lluwers  in  close  cymes; 
bracts  shurt :  calyx  2  lines  long;  lobes  linear,  a  little  shorter  than  tho  oblong-spatu- 
lato  petals.  —  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  b'l\)  ]  Watson,  But.  King  Exp.  448.  II.  coikjcsUi, 
var.  tenuiloba,  Turrey,  I'ac.  K.  Kop.  iv.  84.  11.  coiujtsta,  Newberry,  I'acil'.  It.  \.ic\}. 
vi.  73. 

On  Santa  Rosa  Creek  {bUjtlow) ;  on  Hat  Creek,  near  Lassen's  I'eak,  Newberry. 

C.  H.  Bolanderi,  tJray.  Densely  hoary-puboscent,  cespitose,  the  stems  3  or  4 
inches  high  :  leallets  numerous,  about  2  lines  long,  cuneate-obovate,  with  3  to  5 
oblong  or  rounded  lubes  :  flowers  in  a  rather  open  cyme  :  calyx  2  lines  long,  about 
et|iialling  the  obloiig-spatulato  petals.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  338;  Watson,  1.  c. 

V^ar.  Parryi,  Watson.  Less  densely  jjubesceut  :  leaflets  often  broadly  and  ab- 
ruptly cuncale  :  flowers  larger,  3  or  4  linos  long. 

f)ry  alkaline  soil,  near  Clear  Lake,  Bulamler.  Tlie  variety  in  the  mountains  above  San  Ber- 
nardino, J'urri/,  1S75. 

7.  H.  purpurascens,  Watson.  Pubescent  antl  somewhat  villous,  (i  inches 
high:  leaflets  numerous,  approximate,  2  -  4-i)arted ;  segments  oblong  to  obovate,  2 
or  3  lines  long  or  less  :  flowers  few,  in  an  o|)en  cyme  :  calyx  pur|»lisli,  about  4  linos 
long;  bractlets  .small  and  narrow:  petals  roso-coloretl,  broadly  cunoato-obh.ng,  nearly 
e([ualling  the  calyx:  stamens  20;  tho  filaments  op[iosito  to  tho  calyx  lobes  and 
bractlets  subulate,  the  alternate  ones  filiform  :  carpels  20  to  25.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xi.  148. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  abont  the  liead-waters  of  lieru  River,  at  9,000  feet  altitude,  Dr.  J.  T. 
Eothrock.     Peculiar  in  the  number  of  the  stamens. 

-^+  -n-  Leajiets  few-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex. 

8.  H.  tridentata,  Torr.  Pubescence  silky-villous,  mostly  appvessed,  often 
dense  :  stems  usually  a  s[)an  high  or  more  :  leaflets  2  to  5  pairs,  cuneate-obovate  to 
narrowly  oblong,  usually  3-toothed  at  tho  ajiox,  a  half-inch  to  an  inch  long  :  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels  in  a  contracted  much-branched  cyme  :  calyx  2  or  3  lines  long,  a 
little  shorter  than  tho  lin(;ar  to  broadly  spatulate  petals  :  filaments  often  filifin-in  or 
the  longer  ones  only  slightly  broader  below,  sometimes  dilated  :  receptacle  often 
villous  :  akenes  occasionally  rough-tuberculato.  —  Pacif.  K.  lie}),  iv.  84,  t.  G.  Jvesia 
tridentata,  Gray,  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  338.  II.  Tiliiu/i,  Pegol,  Trudi  I'etorb.  i. 
151,  &  (Jarteiifl.   1872,  t.   711. 

in  tlie  Siena  Nevada,  from  Yoscmito  Valley  to  I'himas  Co.,  Mrs.  M.  E.  1'.  Ames.  A  si)ei:ics 
which  goes  far  in  its  variations  to  unilo  this  genus  with  the  ne.xt. 

17.   IVESIA,  Ton-.  &  Gray. 

Stamens  20,  in  one  to  three  rows ;  filaments  slender,  filiform.  Carpels  few,  upon 
a  villous  receptacle  :  styles  filiform.  —  Herbaceous  perennials  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  eastward ;  leaflets  usually  numerous  and  parted  or  very  deeply  cleft,  often 
closely  imbricated  ;  flowers  white,  yellow,  or  jjurple,  in  cymes  or  open  panicles. 
Characters  otherwise  as  in  Ilorkelia.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  530;  Watson, 
Eot.  King  Exp.  448. 

*   Floivers  in  rather  dose  panicled  cymes  :  stems  slender,  mostly  leafy  :  not  alpine. 

1.  I.  Pickeringii,  Torr.  Densely  white  silky-villous,  about  a  span  high  : 
leaflets  very  numerous,  at  first  closely  imbricated,  2-5-{)arted  or  lobed  or  often 
entire,  the  segments  oblong,  1  to  4  lines  long  :  stems  panicled  above,  the  cymes 
densely  many-flowered  :  calyx  2  linos  long  or  less ;  bractlets  linear :  petals  yellow- 


^^'«-««-  ROSACEVK.  .^ 

2tVt1ttr;a7]'r"5!'?r  ''^^'' '  '^'"'''''  ^^^  '''^''''  '^  *"  ^— ^°*-  ^^^^cs  Exp. 
On  the  Klnmatli  Kiwr  {Pkkering)  ■  Sierra  Valley,  Zcmwio);,. 

v,-lL.^'  ""8"^*="^^*^  <'^;^y;  ^josely  reseml)ling  the  last,  sometimes  less  densely 
villous  :  cymes  less  cromle.l  :  calyx  2  or  3  lines  lon^.,  with  narrow  acuminate TS 
and  bractlets:  petals  white  unguiculate,  the  blade  orbicular,  somewhat  exceeding 
the  calyx:  stamens  usually  15  :  carpels  5  to  8.-l>roc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  339;  W^^son! 

Yosomito  valley  {linhnider,  Gray)  ■  Si.-rra  Co.,  Lcwmon. 

3.  I.  Webberi,  Cmy.     Low,  k.o.sely  villous  with  spr(^•.(lin<.  hairs  •  leaflets  4  to 
G  pan.,  approximate,  2-5-parted,  with  linear  segments,  3  to  7,  lines  Ion"    Jtom" 

oa  >x  2  or  3  lines  long;  lobes  lanceolate;  bractlets  small  :  petals  yellow  nairowlv 
oblong,  abou  equalling  the  calyx  :  stamens  5  to  10  :  carpe  s  3  or  4  •  X  "es^Tre 
ovate,  a  line  long  or  more  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  71.  ^  ' 

Sierra  and  Indian  valleys,  in  ravines,  Jrcl>l>cr,  Lcmmon. 

*  *  Flowers  ydlorv,  in  a  rather  compact  cyme  upon  a  nearly  naked  stem:  low  or 

dwarfs  alpine. 

n.tl^W^''^?'^' '^r;  *,i^'''^;  Vi««id-pubescent  and  often  somewhat  hirsute 
or  glabrate:  stems  3  to  10  inches  high  from  a  thick  resinous  caudex  ■  leS 
numerous,  approximate,  1  to  G  lines  long,  obovate,  3-r)-cleft  or  narted  \v\\.  li 
or  spatjdate  segments  ;  cauline  leaves  one 'or  two,  pinnatifid  flli  f  hf  ^  d  L^^^^^ 
at  ength  somewhat  open  :  calyx  2  or  3  lines  long:  petals  yellow,  narmh  oblong 
to  broadly  spatulate,  usually  not  exceeding  the  calyi  :  stan  ens  5  carpels  2  or  3 
or  moro.-Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  72;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Aca.l.  vi.  530  •  Waion  Bot' 
King  Exp  90.  Ilorkelia  Gordoni,  Hook,  in  Kew  Jour.  P.ot.  v.  341  t  2  '//  nl 
multifoholata,  Torr.  in  Sitgreaves  Rep.  159.  '  ^' 

Var    pygm^a,  Watson.      Much  re.luced,  an  inch  or  two   high  or  even  less 
t^t;:latl"t^  53l'^'^  ''''  ^"^"  ^''  "°^^'^'  •■  ^^^^"^^"^  -metim^::  10.^!!: 

im?iiratnMfi?;f^°'f®^'  ^Tl''"'  r^r^^  ^^''^''''''--  ^'^^^^'^  ''^^  ^^^'  crowded  and 
imhricatcd,  tluck  and  rounded.  —  /.  lycnpodioidrs,  Oray,  1.  c.  530. 

In  tlio  Siorrii  Nevada  from  Mono  Pimq  ( Iirrji<rr\  tn  '<\n,;-n  i^^    ii  \         ... 

t^-sz  •""" ' "" ■  ■'■'■"  ^^i'^^'^^^^^i^i^:^^^^ 

iwl^^'^'^h  '^"^-     ''"''"''''  ''""""'y  siiky-villous  :  stems  an  inch  high  from  a 

h  ck  oa„,te  :  leaves  terete  with  the  very  numerons  small  crowded  and  imbrL"ed 

s  Iky  leanets  :  n„wers  sn.all,  in  a  close  cyme  :  calyx  a  line  I„„k,  purplisl,   exceed  M 

tt."rr>r.'txri',"r;r''^  ''""™^  '■' '"--"'  »^- '-^p*  >-% 

..ataf.,.r:rr^,?:aS^[t:,lSt^•.-V^i■  „S!;l^;.""  ---  -^'  ■" 

*   *   *   Flowers  in  a  diffuse  panicle :  stems  leafy. 

6.   I.  santalinoides,  Gray.       Stems  6   to   18  inches  high,  slender    sparin-ly 

with"the    "'"  '''""'^  Bilky-villous  with  white  hairs,  2  to^4'incherio„nere<I 

with  the  very  numerous  small  crowde.l  and  imbricated  leaflets  :  panicle  v;ry  dil? 

nd,^>r"r'^'  bracts  very  small,  villous:  flowers  on  slender  at  lengfh  elongafid 

«hor    :  petals  white,  spatulate  to  obovalo,  exceeding  the  ..Uyx  :  stimens   15  ;  fila- 
ments^ long  and  slender;  anthoi-s  purjjlo  :  carpels  solitary.  -  J  W.  Am.  Acad.  vi. 


Ig4  ROSACEA.  Ivesui. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mt.  Brewer  {B reiver)  aiul  Mt.  Pinos  [RuUirocky  to  Lake  Taliuc;, 
Lemmon. 

7.  I,  gracilis,  Tt' IT.  k.  Cmy.  Caiiuscontly  villous  witli  spmnliu},'  liiiirs  :  stems 
sloiidur,  ii  aiKtii  hi^li,  from  an  aiipurently  annual  or  hicnnial  root:  Iwillcls  5  to  10 
pairs,  scattonul  on  Mio  slumlor  rlia(;liia,  li  -  ^-ihuUhI  with  oblong'  s('-,MUonts,  2  to  4  lines 
long  :  (lowers  on  elongated  peilicols  in  a  very  diiruse  i)anicle  :  ealyx  nearly  2  lines 
long,  broadly  eanipanuluto  ;  bractlets  nearly  equalling  the  lubes  :  petals  white, 
obo°'ate,  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  stamens  If)  or  20  :  carpels  numerous  :  aUenes  rugose. 
—  Pacif.  R.  liep.  vi.  72,  t.  11.      rotentUla  Newherrijl,  CJray,  1.  c.  532. 

On  the  banks  of  Hliett  Lake,  Newberry.  A  species  peeuUar  in  its  annual  or  biennial  root  and 
in  the  lar{,'e  number  of  its  eari)els. 

8.  I.  Baileyi,  Watscui.  Viseidly  pubescent  :  steins  slender,  G  inches  liigh  :  leaf- 
lets 3  to  10  pairs,  cuneate-obovate,  3  -  7-tootluHl  or  parted  :  llowers  on  slender  pedi- 
cels in  a  dilluse  panicle  :  calyx  U  lines  long,  exceeding  the  yellow  spatulate  petals: 
stamens  5  :  carpels  1  to  5.  —  JJot.  King  Exp.  UO. 

V;ir.  setosa,  Wutson,  1.  c.  Leallets  all  parted,  the  lubes  setosely  tipped  :  more 
glandular-huiry. 

West  Hnmboldt  Mountains,  Nevada  (i?(u'%)  ;  the  variety  in  the  East  Humboldt  Mountains, 
Watson.     The  remaining  species  also  belong  to  this  group. 

I.  KiNOli,  Watson,  1.  e.  i)l.  Glabrous  throughout  :  stems  a  span  long  or  more  :  leallets  numer- 
ous, entire  or  "2  -  H-parted,  the  lobes  roumled,  u  lino  long  :  llowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  an  open 
panicle  :  caly.v  2  lines  long,  shorter  than  the  while  orbicular  petals  :  stamens  16  or  '20  :  carpels 
5  to  8.  —  Valleys  of  Northeastern  Nevada,  in  alkaline  soil,  Walson. 

I.  DEPAUPKKATA,  Gray  in  herb.  Sparingly  pubescent  :  stems  erect,  a  foot  high  or  more  :  leaf- 
lets numerous,  cuneate-obovate  or  olilong,  deeply  2  -  3-cleft  :  flowers  pedicelled,  in  a  rather  open 
panicle  :  calyx  2  or  3  lines  long,  ))urple  within,  exceeding  the  linear  dark-purple  petals  :  stamens 
5,  purple  :  carpels  2.  —  Putenlilla  depaiiperata,  Engelm.  ;  (-ray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  309.  San 
Francisco  Mts.,  Arizona,  Anderson,  Palmer,  Luew.     The  only  purple-Howeied  species. 

18.  ADENOSTOMA,  Hook,  k  Arn.  Chamiso. 
Calyx  persistent,  r)-lob()d,  calyculate ;  tube  obconical,  10-ribbed  ;  lobes  membra- 
naceous, broad.  Petals  f),  orbicular,  spreading.  Stamens  10  to  15,  usually  2  or  3 
together  between  the  petals.  Ovary  simple,  ubliquely  oljovoid,  the  oblique  or  trun- 
cate summit  pubescent :  style  lateral,  curved,  with  an  obliquely  dilated  stigma  : 
ovules  1  or  2,  suspended.  Fruit  a  membranaceous  akene,  coriaceous  at  the  summit, 
included  in  the  indurated  calyx-tube.  Seeds  unknown.  —  Evergreen  shrubs,  some- 
what resinous;  leaves  thick  and  ttoriaceous,  small  and  numerous,  entire,  solitary  and 
rarely  opposite,  or  fascicled  ;  stipuliis  small  ;  llowers  small,  white,  shortly  iicduncu- 
late  in  terminal  racemosi;  jjauicles. 

1.  A.  fasciculatum,  Hook.  cSj  Arn.  A  dill'usely  branched  shrub,  2  to  20  feet 
bigh,  with  reddish  virgate  branches,  and  grayish  bark  becoming  shreddy  :  leaves 
fascicled,  linear-subulate,  2  to  4  lines  long,  acute,  usually  channelled  on  one  side, 
smooth  and  often  resinous,  rarely  lobed  above  ;  stipules  small,  acute:  llowers  nearly 
sessile,  rather  crowded  :  calyx  green,  nearly  a  line  long,  much  exceeding  the  calycu- 
late bracts,  strongly  nerved,  the  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  small  ])ctals  :  ovary 
obliquely  truncate,  often  1-ovuled:  stigma  small. —  Bot.  Beechey,  139,  t.  30  ;  Torr. 
&  Gray,  El.  i.  430. 

Var.  obtusifolium,  Watson.  Leaves  short,  obtuse :  branchlets  usually  puber- 
ulent. — A.  brcvifuiia,  Nutt. 

Abundant  on  dry  soils  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and  more  rarely  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  from  S.  California  to  Lake  Co.  (Turrcij)  and  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon.  The  variety  near  San 
Diego.  It  is  usually  6  or  8  feet  high,  often  covering  extensive  areas  with  a  dense  and  almost 
impenetrable  chapparal  or  "ehamisal,"  producing  an  ettect  upon  the  landscape  similar  to  that 
of  the  heaths  of  the  Old  World. 


Agrimnnia.  ROSACEyE.  TQC 

2.  A.  sparsifolium,ToiT.  A  shnib  or  small  troo,  G  to  12  or  sonK'timos  30  feet 
liigli,  gliinduliir  and  msinons,  with  yfll''»"'ii^li  gronii  burk  bocoiiiing  reddish  :  leaves 
scattered  (rarely  opposite),  narrowly  linear,  obtnse,  3  to  5  lines  long  ;  stipules 
wanting  :  flowers  larger  (nearly  2  lines  broad),  distinctly  peduncled,  in  open  pan- 
icles: calyx  scarcely  exceeding  the  membranaceous  ])ra(;ts,  thinner,  obscurely  ribbed, 
the  broad  white  lobes  half  as  long  as  the  petals  :  ovary  truncate,  2-ovuled  :  style 
thickened  upward  to  the  broad  stigma.  —  Emory  Rep.  140,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
03,  t.  20. 

jMoniitaing  enst  of  San  IMoj^o,  somotitnofl  very  abundant ;  (lowois  very  fragrant. 

19.  ALCHEMILLA,  Tourn.  Lady's  Mantle. 
Calyx-tube  pitcher-shaped,  persistent;  limb  4-5-parted,  with  as  many  minute 
bractlcts.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1  to  4,  very  small.  Carpels  1  to  4,  free  from  the 
calyx,  distinct :  style  basal  or  ventral  :  ovule  solitary,  ascending.  Akenes  enclosed 
in  the  calyx-tube,  crustaceous.  Seed  nearly  orthotropous.  —  Low  leafy  herbs  ;  leaves 
I)almately  lobed,  with  sheathing  stipules ;  flowers  minute,  usually  in  small  corym- 
bose clusters. 

About  30  species,  chiefly  in  the  mountains  from  Mexico  to  Chili,  a  few  being  scattered  through 
Europe,  Asia,  and  S.  Africa.  The  only  species  known  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  is 
the  following. 

1.  A.  arvensis,  Scopoli.  Annual,  leafy,  branched  at  the  base,  3  to  8  inches 
high,  somewhat  villous  :  leaves  rodndod,  (nineate  at  base  and  shortly  ])etioled,  2  to 
^  lines  broad,  deeply  3-lob(Ml  ;  segments  2-'l-clert;  stipules  conspicuous,  cleft,  on- 
closing  the  greenish  flowers,  which  are  fascicled  in  the  axils,  half  a  lino  long,  on 
slender  i)ediccls  or  nearly  sessile  :  bractlets  very  small :  stamens  I  or  2  :  akenes  soli- 
tary, ovate,  compressed. — A.  orcidcutallx  Sc  A.  ciivrifolin,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  Sc  Gray, 
FI.  i.  432. 

Oji  sandy  soils  near  the  sea  from  S.  California  to  the  Columbia  ;  Guadalupe  Island  {Palmer); 
in  central  Idaho,  Spalding.  Apparently  indigenous,  but  not  differing  essentially  from  the  Euro- 
])ean  foim,  which  is  not  elsewhere  found  on  this  continent  except  as  introduced  in  some  of  the 
Atlantic  States. 

20.   AGRIMONIA,  Tourn.        Agrimony. 

Calyx-tubc  turbinate,  persistent,  somewhat  contracted  at  the  throat  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  dense  border  of  hooked  prickles  or  occasionally  5-bracteolate  ;  limb 
o-lobed,  at  length  connivent.  Petals  5,  yellow.  Stamens  5  to  15,  in  one  row. 
Carpels  2,  free  and  di.stinct  :  styles  terminal :  stigma  dilated,  2-lobed  :  ovule  pen- 
dulous. Akenes  1  or  2,  enclosed  in  the  indurated  calyx-tube,  membranaceous.  — 
Tall  perennial  herbs ;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate  ;  flowers  in  slender  spicate 
racemes,  with  3-cleft  bracts  ;  fruit  pendulous. 

A  genus  of  perhaps  a  dozen  or  morn  species,  of  the  northern  hemisj>herc  and  the  Andes.  Three 
species  are  found  in  the  Atlantic  States,  of  wliich  tlin  following  reaches  California. 

1.  A.  Eupatoria,  Linn.  Hirsute,  2  to  4  feet  high,  sparingly  branched  above: 
leaflets  5  to  7,  usually  2  to  4  inches  long,  with  sniall  ones  intermixed,  oblong- 
oVjovate,  coarsely  toothed,  acute  at  each  end  ;  stipules  large,  semicordate,  incised  : 
calyx  2  lines  (becoming  3  or  4  lines)  long,  the  tube  at  length  10-suIcatn  above: 
petals  exceeding  the  calyx  lobes  :  akenes  solitary,  subglol)ose,  a  line  in  diameter. 

Cuinmaca  Mountains  {Palmer) ;  Sierra  Co.  (./.  G.  Lemirwv)  ;  and  also  by  A'rllmjfj  k  Harford 
probahly  in  Northern  California,  but  locality  not  given.  It  occurs  rarely  in  Washington  Terri- 
tory nu'l  in  New  Mexico,  bivt  is  common  in  the  Atlantic  States,  in  the  borders  of  woods,  as  well 
as  in  Eurn])p  and  Northern  Asia. 


I8G 


KOSACEJi:.  Acama. 


21.  AC-aSNA,  Linn. 
Calyx-tubo  obloiiy,  porsistunt,  cuiilractctl  uL  tho  throat,  at  leiiyth  aniicil  with 
retioi-sely  burhoil  prickles ;  limb  3  -  T-partuil,  vulvuto,  ili!(i(huma.  Petals  aono. 
8tanions  1  to  10,  usually  3  to  f).  (Carpels  1  or  2,  IVoo  from  thu  calyx  :  Mtylo  tor- 
luimil :  stiguia  capilato  ami  imiltiliil  :  ovulo  HoUtary,  husihmhIoiI.  Ak»>no  cnchjaod 
ill  the  iiidumteJ  calyx,  luembraiiaceous.  —  reronuial  lierbs,  often  woody  at  the  de- 
cumbent or  creeping  base  ;  leaves  nuequally  pinnate,  and  leaflets  incised  or  piimati- 
tid ;  llowers  in  crowded  si)ikes  or  heads. 

Species  about  30,  belonging  largely  to  Chili  iunl  Fern,  and  almost  exelusively  to  the  tenipeiatt! 
and  wanner  regions  of  the  southern  hemisphere.  There  is  u  single  Mexiean  species,  besides  the 
following  Chilian  speeies  in  Calilurnia. 

1.  A.  trifida,  liuiz  &  Pavon.  8ilky-villous  :  stems  erect  from  a  wondy  caudcx, 
3  to  15  inches  high:  leaves  mostly  crowded  at  the  base;  leaflets  about  G  pairs, 
nearly  uniform,  obh>ng-(»vate,  3  to  5  lines  long,  pinnately  cleft  into  3  to  7  segments  : 
llowers  green,  in  a  cylindrical  crowded  spike,  the  lower  often  remote  :  calyxdobes 
1^  lines  long,  exceeding  the  tube:  spreading  stamens  jmrple ;  hlaments  exserted  : 
fruit  ovate,  2  lines  long,  3  -  4-angled  ;  angles  armed  with  2  to  4  stout  prickles,  and 
shorter  ones  in  the  intervals;  akene  round-oblong. —  Fl.  ]'eruv.  i.  G7,  t.  HH.  A. 
piimati/ida,  Hook.  iV  Arn.  l)ot.  Heechey,  331),  not  \l\\h  &  Pavon;  Torr.  iV  (!ray, 
Fl.  i.  m  ;  Torrey,  ik.t.  Mex.  Hound,  t.  ID. 

Dry  hills  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Monterey  to  Marin  Co. 

22.  POTERIUM,  linn.        Burnet. 

Calyx-tulje  turbinate,  contracted  at  the  throat,  persistent,  becoming  3  -  4-angled 
or  winged  and  thickish ;  limb  4-parted,  imbricate  in  the  bud,  petal-like,  deciduous. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  4  to  1 2  or  more ;  hlaments  often  elongated.  Carpels  1  to  3, 
free  from  the  calyx  :  style  terminal,  filiform  :  stigma  tufted  :  ovulo  solitary,  sus- 
pended. Akeno  enclo.sed,  mendtranaceous.  —  Herbs,  mostly  i)orennial ;  leaves  pin- 
nate, with  coarsely  tootheil  petiolulate  leaflets  and  foliaceous  adnate  stipules  ;  flowers 
small,  often  polygamous  or  dioicious,  bracteate  and  2-bracteolate  in  a  dense  spike 
upon  a  long  naked  i)eduncle. 

Species  15  or  20,  of  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following 
thei'e  is  a  single  sjieeies  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  a  second  in  Alaska. 

1.  P.  officinale,  l'>enth.  &  Hook.  Perennial,  u.sually  glabrous,  often  2  to  4  feet 
high  :  leaflets  about  4  pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  cordate  at  base,  |  to  2  inches  long  : 
flowers  deep  purple  or  red,  polygamous,  in  oblong  spikes,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  : 
bracts  often  pubescent :  stamens  scarcely  exserted  :  fruit  a  line  long,  equalling  the 
calyx-lobes.  —  Sanguisorba  opcinalis,  Linn.  S.  microcephala,  Presl  in  Epimeliai 
Bot.  202. 

Mendocino  plains  (Bohuulcr)  ;  Oregon  {Hall)  ;  Alaska,  Kiimicut.  Fre<iuent  in  Europe  ami 
Northern  Asia. 

2.  P.  annuum,  Nult.  Annual,  glabrous,  slender,  (>  to  If)  inches  high  :  leaflets 
4  to  G  pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  half  an  inch  long  or  less,  (hnply  pinnatilid  ;  segments 
linear  :  flowers  perfect,  greenish,  in  ovoid  to  oblong  heads,  \  to  1  inch  long  :  bracts 
scarious,  ovate,  persistent,  a  line  long  :  stamens  2  or  4,  short :  fruit  shorter  than  the 
bracts.  — Hook.  Fl.  i.  l'J8.  Sanc/uisurba  annua,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  42'J  ;  Torrey, 
Marcy  Pep.  285,  t.  5.  aS'.  rnyriophylla,  P>raun  &  Bouche,  Ind.  Sem.  Berl.  1867,  10. 
Poleridiuvi  aiinuum,  Spacli,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  v.  43. 

In  the  Sacramento  Valley,  J/nrlwaj,  Bolaiidcr.  Also  in  the  valley  of  the  Columbia,  on  the 
Upper  Missouri,  and  in  the  Indian  Territory. 


Rosa.  ROSACEA.  187 

23.  ROSA,  Tourn.  Rose. 
Calyx-tubo  pitcher-shapod  or  globoso,  contracted  at  tlio  tliroat :  limh  5-partfid, 
without  bractlnts.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  many,  on  the  tliickencd  margin 
of  the  silky  disk,  which  nearly  closes  the  mouth  of  the  calyx.  Ovaries  several, 
hairy,  free  and  distinct :  styles  ventral,  exserted  :  stigmas  thickened  :  ovules  soli- 
tary, pendulous,  Akenes  bony,  included  in  the  enlarged  fleshy  red  calyx-tube, 
liadiclo  superior.  —  Slirubs,  usually  prickly  ;  leaves  pinnate,  witli  adnate  stipules 
and  mostly  serrate  leaflets  ;  flowers  corymbose  or  solitary,  showy. 

A  strongly  marked  genus,  (lifTused  throu^li  the  temperate  and  suhalpiiie  regions  of  tlie  whole 
no;-thern  hemisphere,  but  the  species  most  aliundant  in  the  Old  World.  "  It  comprises  a  consid- 
erable number  of  true  species  ;  but  several  of  them  arc  of  very  ancient  and  universal  cultivation, 
and  having  been  multiplied  and  hybridized  with  all  the  skill  of  modern  horticulture,  their  more 
or  loss  marked  varieties  and  races  arc  now  reckoned  by  thousands.  Even  in  the  wild  state  en- 
deavors have  been  made  to  characterize  so  lai-ge  a  number  of  proposed  species  that  the  confusion 
amongst  them  "  is  very  great.  Upwards  of  2.50  species  have  been  enumerated,  reduced  by  modein 
ftutlior-fl  to  about  30,  and  even  when  thus  limited  "  specimens  will  occasionally  bo  found  that  tiio 
n)oat  exporionccd  IratnniNt  will  boat  n  loss  to  determine"  {Ikntham).  The  North  American  spocios 
numlier  about  10,  of  which  perhaps  but  two  are  foinid  in  California.  Son\o  cultivated  varieties 
are  occasionally  found  near  the  older  settlements,  escaped  from  gardens,  and  often  incapable  of 
determination. 

1.  R.  Californica,  Cham.  ^  Schlecht.  Erect,  difl'usely  braiiched,  2  to  8  feet 
high,  sparingly  armed  with  rather  stout  usually  recurved  prickles  :  foliage  and 
inflorescence  more  or  less  tomentose  :  leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  acute  or 
obtuse,  a  half  to  an  inch  long:  corymbs  1  -  G-ilowored  ;  j)edicels  often  pubescent, 
occasionally  glandular :  calyx-tubo  globose  or  ovoid,  mostly  glabrous  ;  the  lobna 
tomentose,  often  glandular,  foliaceously  tipped  :  petals  G  to  9  lines  long,  rarely 
larger  :  fruit  globose,  4  or  5  lines  in  diameter,  abruptly  and  narrowly  constricted 
below  the  calyx-lobes,  which  are  spreading  or  erect.  — Linmra,  ii.  35. 

Var.  ultramontana,  Watson.  Tomentose,  but  not  glandular :  calyx-tube  and 
pedicels  glabrous  :  prickles  straight  and  slender.  —  R.  blanda,  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  91,  and  others. 

Common  on  stream-banks,  from  San  Diego  northward  to  Oregon  ;  the  variety  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  ranging  to  the  Hocky  Mountains. 

2.  R.  pisocarpa,  (^iray.  (Mosoly  resendding  R.  Californira,  from  which  it  is 
distinguished  by  its  smaller  globose  fruit  (about  3  lines  in  diiimeter),  not  constricted 
below  the  closely  refloxed  calyx-lobes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  382. 

Collected  by  JIall  in  Oregon,  and  probably  extending  into  C(difoi'7iia.  The  characters  by 
which  flowering  specimens  of  the  two  species  can  be  distinguished  are  not  yet  apparent. 

3.  R.  gymnocarpa,  Nutt.  Slender,  1  to  4  feet  high,  armed  with  often  numer- 
ous straight  very  slender  prickles,  or  sometimes  unarmed,  glabrous  :  leaflets  2  to  4 
pairs,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  or  often  nuich  less,  the  sorratures  as  well  iis  the  petioles 
and  stipules  more  or  less  glandular  :  flowers  solitary,  rarely  2  or  3,  small,  rarely  an 
inch  in  diameter:  calyx  lobes  scarcely  appendaged,  at  length  deciduo\is:  fruit  small, 
ovato  or  pear-shaped,  3  to  5  lines  long,  very  narrowly  constric^ted  at  the  sunnnit : 
seeds  few,  smooth. — Torr.  Sz  Gray,  Fl.  i.  461  ;  Torrey,  Bot.  IMex.  Bound,  t.  21. 

Var.  pubescens,  Watson.     Leaves  finely  pubescent. 

On  dry  liills  in  the  Const  Ranges  from  San  Diego  northward,  and  to  the  British  bound.ary  ;  the 
vnrii'ty  in  tiio  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Clark's  {A.  Gray),  and  on  Silver  .Mouiitnin,  at  0,000  feet  alti- 
tude. Brewer. 

R.  niiANPA,  Ait.  (?)  Another  species  is  common  in  Oicgon  extemliiig  eastward  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  resembling  the  eastern  Ii.  blnvrfd,  ]>ut  juobably  not  identical  with  it.  It  may  Ix) 
found  in  Northern  California,  and  can  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding  species  by  its  larger 
flowers  and  fruit,  the  latter  half  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter  and  not  at  all  constricted  at  the 
summit.  It  is  more  glabrous  than  R.  Cah/oniicn ,  nw\  the  prickh-s  are  stout,  either  straight  or 
recurved. 


1  on  KOSAUE.^^:.  Hetei-omdcs. 

24.   HETEROMELES,  J.  Rueiuei. 

Calyx  turbinate;  limb  5-partcil,  puibiaLeut.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  10, 
in  pairs  opposite  to  the  calyx-teeth  ;  tilaments  thickened,  dilated  at  base  and  some- 
what connate.  Carpels  2,  lightly  united,  very  tomeutose,  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube 
at  lirst  only  dorsally  to  the  middle  :  styles  terminal,  distinct  :  ovules  2  in  each  cell, 
ascending.  Fruit  red,  berry-like,  ovoid,  the  fleshy  calyx-tube  connate  with  the 
membranaceous  carpels  to  the  middle,  and  the  thickened  teeth  closed  over  Ihem 
above.  Seetls  1  or  2  in  each  cell. — A  shrub  or  small  tree;  leaves  simph',  ct)ria- 
ceous  and  evergreen,  .shari)ly  serrate  ;  stii)ules  minute ;  flowers  white,  in  terminal 
corynd)()80  panicNis.     i\  single  species. 

1,  H.  arbutifolia,  Kiemer.  (Toyon  or'l'oLLON.)  Usually  a  shrub,  4  to  2U  leet 
high  :  young  branches,  petioles  and  inflorescence  somewhat  tomentose-pubescent : 
leaves  dark  green,  lighter  beneath,  narrowly  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 

2  to  4  inches  long,  on  short  petioles,  slightly  revolute  on  the  margin:  flowers 
numerous,  3  or  4  lines  broad,  on  short  pedicels  in  difluse  panicles  :  calyx  2  lines 
long  or  less  :  fruit  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter  :  seeds  half  as  long.  —  Syn.  INlonog. 
iii.°105;  Decaisne,  Mem.  Pom.  in  Arcli.  Mus.  x.  144,  t.  9.  Cratagus  arbutifolia. 
Ait.  f.  llort.  Kew,  iii.  202.  riwtinia  arbutifolia,  Lindl.  Pot.  Pieg.  t.  491  ;  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  473.     I'.  Frenumtiaua,  Decaisne,  I.  c. 

Ill  the  Coast  Hanges,  from  Mendocino  Co.  to  San  l^iego;  freiiuent  on  stream-banks,  flowering  in 
June  and  July  and  maturing  its  fruit  in  DeceniluT,  when  it  is  very  ornauiental  from  the  contrast 
between  the  abundant  bright  red  fruit  and  the  dark  sliiuing  foliage.  The  fruit  tastes  like  that  of 
some  species  of  Cmtcegus. 

25.  PIRUS,  Linn.  Pear,  Apple,  &c.  ■ 
Calyx  pitcher-shaped  or  turbinate;  limb  5-cleft,  persistent  or  deciduous.  Petals 
5,  spreading,  sessile  or  unguicidato.  Stamens  20  ;  lilaiucnts  filiform.  Carpels  2  to 
5,  inferior  (wholly  covered  by  the  adnate  tube  and  disk  of  the  calyx),  becoming 
papery  or  cartilaginous  in  fruit :  styles  woolly  at  base  and  distinct  or  more  or  less 
united  :  ovules  2,  ascending.     Fruit  fleshy  or  berry-like,  pear-shaped  or  subglobose. 

Trees  or  shrubs  ;  leaves  deciduous,  simple  or  pinnate,  mostly  serrate  ;  stijjules 

deciduous  ;  flowei-s  corymbose,  white  or  i)ink. 

A  genus  of  about  40  species,  inhabiting  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  As 
generally  received  it  includes  the  Tear,  Apple,  Crab-anple,  Quince,  Choke-berry,  Service  Tree, 
&c.,  most  of  which  have  been  at  tinu-s  recognized  as  distinct  genera,  and  are  so  ranked  hy  I)o- 
cnisne  in  his  recent  revision  of  the  I'omucm.  J',  communis,  Linn.,  the  common  Pear,  mdigo- 
nous  to  Europe  and  Asia,  is  considered  by  him  as  including  all  the  thousands  ot  varieties  ot  that 
fruit.  It  is  occasionally  found  escaped  from  cultivation  in  neglected  i)lacc8,  but  rarely  Irnitiug. 
The  Apple,  P.  Malm,  Linu.  (Maius  cummunia.  Lam.),  also  a  native  oi  i':urope  and  Asia,  is 
likewise  sometimes  found  giowing  without  eultivation  and  bearing  a  small  sour  fruit. 

§  1.  Leaves  siinjjle:  styles  more  or  less  united:  fruit  flesh i/,  mostly  sunken  at  each  end: 
cymes  simjtle.  —  Malus. 
1.  P.  rivularis,  Dougl.  (Oukgon  C^aAU-Ari'Lic.)  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  15  to 
25  feet  high :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  sharply 
serrulate,  occasionally  3-lobed,  more  or  less  woolly-i)ubescent,  as  well  as  the  young 
branches,  pedicels,  aiul  calyx:  cyme  shortly  racemose,  leafy  at  base;  pedicels  sleiuler, 
an  inch  long:  limb  of  calyx,  with  the  stamens,  at  length  deciduous:  petals  white, 
orbicular,  3  or  4  lines  broad  :  styles  2  to  4,  glabrous  :  fruit  re.l  or  yellow,  obovate- 
oblong,  not  sunken  at  base,  half  an  inch  long  or  more.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  203,  L  68  ; 
Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  22,  t.  49.  P.  diversifolla,  Pongard,  Veg.  Sitch.  133.  Malus  rivu- 
laris k  diversifolia,  Decaisne,  Mem.  Pom.  155. 


Amelnnchier.  ROSACE/E.  ]89 

On  Imnks  of  sti'cams,  from  Sonoma  To.  (liirjdorn)  nnd  nortliward  {Bnlnndcr,  KcIInrfif)  to  Alaska. 
In  Oregon  it  sometimes  becomes  a  foot  in  diameter,  but  more  usually  is  low,  forniin"  dense  and 
almost  impenetrable  thickets.  The  wood  is  very  hard,  and  the  fruit  is  used  as  food  by  llie  In- 
dians. There  are  some  discrepancies  in  the  descriptions  of  the  color  and  size  of  the  fruit.  Nut- 
tall  speaks  of  it  as  small  and  purple. 

§  2.  Leaves  pinnate :  styles  distitict,  villous  at  base  :  fruit  berry-like,  small,  f/lobose  or 
turbinate:  cymes  compound.  —  SoRBUS. 

2.  P.  sambucifolia,  Cham.  <^  Sclilecht.  (Western  ]\Iountain  Ash.)  A 
shrub,  4  to  8  Ibet  high,  noarly  glabrous ;  the  Icaf-butls  and  inlloresconce  usually 
si>aringly  villous  :  loallcts  4  to  6  ])airs,  oblong,  acute,  sharply  serrate  \\\i\\  .sonie- 
Avliat  spreading  teeth,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  cymes  rather  Hat :  llowers  white,  4  or  5 
lines  broad  :  fruit  red,  globose,  about  4  lines  in  diameter.  —  LinuKa,  ii.  3G  ;  Gray, 
Manual,  161.     So7-bus  sambucifolia  &  Sitchensis,  Iloemer,  Syn.  Monog.  iii.  139. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  6,000  to  10,000  feet  altitude,  on  the  Rig  Tree  road  and  Ebbett's  Pass 
(Brnrrr),  and  northward  to  Sitka  ;  in  the  higher  mountains  eastward  to  Colorado,  and  through 
British  America  to  the  Atlantic  :  also  in  Kamtschatka.  The  eastern  P.  Americana,  DC,  has 
more  acuminate  leaflets  with  less  spreading  serraturcs,  smaller  fruit  in  more  rounded  cymes,  and 
glaVirous  leaf- buds.  The  more  common  species  in  cultivation  is  the  European  P.  Aucuparia, 
Gcertner. 

26.   CRA.T-ffiIGUS,  Linn.        Thoun. 

Calyx-tubo  pitcher-shaped  ;  the  limb  5-parted.     Petals  5,  spreading.     Stamens  5 

to   20.     Carpels  2   to  5,  inferior,  becoming  bony   1-seeded  nutlets,  contiguous  or 

united  :  styles  slender,  distinct :  ovules  2,  ascending.     Fruit  drupe-like,  globo.se  or 

ovoid.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  mostly  thorny  ;  leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed  ; 

llowers  corymbose,  mostly  white. 

A  genus  of  30  or  more  species,  about  half  of  which  are  North  American  and  Mexican,  the  rest 
(excepting  one  in  New  Grenada)  belonging  to  Europe  and  N.  Asia.  Many  of  the  species  are  of 
very  difficult  limitation,  and  the  characters  of  the  Californian  species  are  still  in  some  doubt. 

1.  C.  rivularis,  Nutt.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  10  to  15  feet  high,  glabrous 
throughout  or  nearly  so  :  spines  short  and  stout  :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  ob- 
tuse or  acute,  cuneate  at  base  into  a  short  slender  petiole,  .serrate  more  or  less  irreg- 
ularly, but  rarely  at  all  lolied,  1  or  2  inches  long  :  flowers  4  or  5  lines  broad,  in 
emidl  corymbs:  calyx-lobes  short  and  obtuse,  often  purplish  and  slightly  pubescent 
on  the  margin:  fruit  \mxi\y  black,  probably  ratlu^r  smaller  than  in  l-he  next. — Torr. 
&  Gray,  Kl.  i.  404  ;  Nutt.'Sylva,  ii.  !). 

Sierra  and  Plumns  coimtics  {j)fr3.  Ames,  Ixmmon),  and  northward  to  the  Cohnnbia. 

2.  C.  Douglasii,  Lindl.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  becoming  18  to  25  feet  liigh, 
with  stout  spines  an  inch  long  or  less  :  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cuneate  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  base,  acute,  usually  somewhat  lobed  or  incised  above,  rather  finely  ser- 
rate, somewhat  villous-pubescent  on  both  sides,  1|  to  3  inches  long,  shortly  petioled: 
llowers  often  numerous,  5  to  8  lines  broad  :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  tube,  more  or  less  pubescent:  fruit  dark  purple,  nearly  half  an  inch  in  diameter, 
sweet  and  edible.  —  Hot.  Reg.  t.  1810.  C.  satif/uinea,  var.  Dovr^lasii,  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  464  ;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  6,  t.  44.  Anthomeles  Douglasii,  Iloemer,  Syn.  Monog. 
iii.  140. 

On  Pit  River  {Brnnrr),  and  northward  to  the  British  boundary.  Both  these  species  are 
apparently  common  through  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  on  stream-banks,  ningiug  east- 
ward to  Montana.  The  species  of  Colorado  and  Utah,  whitdi  has  been  referred  to  C.  rivularu, 
is  probably  distinct. 

27.   AMELANCHIEB,  MecHcus.        JuNE-nr.nuY.     Sr.uvicE-nF.iiuY. 
Calyx-tube  campanulatc ;  the  limb  5-jiarfod,  ])orsistcnt.    Pt^tuls  5,  oblong,  ascend- 
ing.     Stamens  20,  short.     Carpels  3  to  5,  inferior,  becoming  membranaceous  and 


](J()  CALYCANTHACE/10.  Amelancfucr. 

partially  2-celled  :  stylos  united  below  or  distinct.     I'ruit  berry-like,  globose  j  the 

cells  1 -seeded.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees  ;  leaves  simide,  serrate  ;  ilowex-s  white,  i"ace- 

mose;  fruit  purplish,  edible. 

A  genua  of  ))<!ilm])s  hiiH'  ii  dozen  species  in  Europe,  ^V ostein  Asia,  and  Japan,  besides  the  Noilli 
Aniuiiian  I'onns  wliicli  iiave  ivceiviid  a  dozen  or  more  s[ieuilie  names  but  are  usually  lefeiied  to  ii 
binyle  poly moi| plums  species.  The  prevalent  lonn  on  the  western  coast  is  sullieiently  well  marked 
to  be  eonsideied  ilistinel  I'l-om  A.  Canadensis  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

1.  A.  alnifolia,  Nutt.  A  shrub,  3  to  H  feet  high,  glabrous  throughout  or  often 
more  or  less  woolly-pubescent:  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rounded,  occasionally  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse  at  both  ends  or  rarely  acute,  often  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  serrate 
usually  only  toward  the  summit,  i  to  1  i  inclies  long  :  racemes  short :  calyx  usually 
tomentose  within:  petals  3  to  12  lines  long,  narrowly  oblong:  fruit  mostly  o  or  4 
lines  in  diameter. — Aronia  alnifolia,  Nutt.  IJenera,  i.  3()G.  Aindanchier  floriJa, 
Lindl.  Ijot.  Iveg.  t.  ir)SlJ.     A.  Canadensis,  var.  alnifolia,  Torr.  &  (Jray,  ¥\.  i.  473. 

On  mountain-sides  throughout  the  State,  from  near  the  level  of  the  sea  to  an  altitude  of  10,000 
feet  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  It  ranges  northward  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward  to  the  Koeky 
Mountains,  varying  much  with  the  character  of  the  locality  in  which  it  is  found. 

28.  CANOTIA,  Torrey. 
Calyx  small,  camijanulate,  ch^cply  ^-clell,  persistent,  imbricate  iu  the  bud.  I'etals 
f),  obhuig.  ytamens  0,  hypogynous;  liluments  attenuate-bubulalo,  persistent.  Ovary 
superior,  5-celled  :  styles  united,  stout,  persistent :  stigma  terminal :  ovules  several, 
amphitropous,  attached  to  the  central  angle.  Capsule  woody,  oblong,  attenuate 
into  the  persistent  style,  septioidally  5-valved,  the  valves  2-cleft.  Seed  solitary, 
attached  by  the  middle,  oblong,  compressed,  produced  below  into  a  membranaceous 
wing.  Embryo  surrounded  by  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  broad  ;  radicle  inferior. 
—  A  leafless  shrub  or  snudl  tree,  with  straight  spinose  branches,  and  smooth  green 
bark ;  flowers  white,  in  small  lateral  cymes. 

A  genus  of  a  single  species,  very  anomalous  in  its  characters,  and  here  appended  to  the  Rusaccm 
(with  which  it  has  little  in  common)  only  because  it  is  so  referred  by  Bentham  &  Hooker. 

1.  C.  holacantha,  Torr.  Often  10  to  20  feet  high,  much  branched;  the  light 
green  striate  surface  of  the  branchhits  marked  by  scattered  small  dark  scars  from 
which  small  scale-like  leaves  a[)pear  to  have  fallen  :  cymes  few-llowered,  bracteato 
with  small  thick  triangular  bracts  :  calyx  very  small  :  petals  2  lines  long,  e(pialling 
the  stamens  ami  i)istil :  capsule  9  to  12  lines  long,  dehi.scent  to  the  miildle  :  seeds 
half  as  long,  including  the  wing,  which  is  as  long  as  the  dark  linely  tuberculate 
body.  —  Pacif  K.  lfei».  iv.  G8. 

On  the  Providence  Mountains  (Cooper),  and  in  the  desert  region  of  W.  Arizona,  Emory,  Bigduw, 
Newherry,  Parry,  and  Palmer. 

OiiDEii  XXXIII.     CALYCANTHACE^. 

Aromatic  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  (not  punctati'),  no  stipules,  sei)als, 

])etals  and  stameus  indeliiiite,  as  it  were  pa.ssing  iuto  each  other,  and  all  coalesctcnt 

below  into  a  closed  cup   which  is  lined  by  a  hollow    recisptacle   or  disk,   bearing 

numerous  simple  pistils  (becoming  akeiies)  in  the  manner  of  the  Kose  :  the  anthers 

adnate  and  extrorse  :  cotyledons  foliaceous  and  convolute. 

Consists  of  the  United  States  genus  Calycanlhus,  and  the  .Japanese  genus  of  a  single  species, 
Chlmonanthus  ;  jirobably  most  allied  to  the  apetalous  order  Mmiiiniacecc,  of  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere,but  generally  ranked  ne.xt  to  Romccce ;  by  Bentham  and  Hooker  placed  next  to  Maiiitoliaceiv, 
and  the  cup  taken  to  be  wholly  receptacle  or  torus.     But  the  same  interpretation  is  now  commonly 


Calycanthus.  CALYCANTHACEyE.  291 

given  to  tlio  rose-hip,  pear,  &o.     Our  genus  will  naturally  be  looked  for  among  the  perigynous 
not  among  the  hypogynous  onlcra.  e.  i      oJ'   ""«. 

1.  CALYCANTHUS,  Linn.  Sweet-sckntkd  SirntrB. 
Sepals  numerous,  imbricated  ;  tlieir  bases  united  in  many  ranks  into  a  i)ersistent 
obconical  cupsliajied  tube;  the  outermost  smaller  and  bract-like,  the  rest  linear-oblong 
and  colored  like  the  petals,  deciduous.  Petals  in  several  rows  on  the  mouth  of  the 
tube,  the  inner  ones  shorter.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  at  and  toward  the  top  of 
the  tube,  with  very  short  persistent  filaments,  the  outer  (about  12)  perfect,  the  inner 
ones  without  antiiera ;  anthers  apicnlato,  oxtrorso.  Carpels  usually  numerous,  distinct, 
inserted  upon  the  base  and  sides  of  the  calyx-tube  :  styles  terminal :  ovules  1  or  2, 
ascending.  Akeues  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  and  at  length  dry  ovoid  or  oblong 
calyx-tube.  Seed  erect,  without  albumen  :  cotyledons  foliaceous,  convolute  :  radicle 
inferior.  —  Shrubs  ;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules  ;  flowers  terminal,  soli- 
tary, purple  or  livid,  more  or  less  fragrant. 
CaHfmni?  '^"^^"^'^"  ^®""^'  ^^  *'""°*^  ^P^^^'^^  confined  to  the  Atlantic  States,  and  the  following  in 

1.  C.  occidentalis,  Hook.  &  Arn.  An  erect  shrub,  G  to  1 2  foet  high  :  leaves 
dark-green,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base, 
scabrous,  3  to  G  inches  long,  on  very  short  j>etioles  :  peduncles  1  to  .3  inches  lon<'  • 
the  Larger  sepals  and  petals  an  inch  long  or  more,  linear-spatulate,  purplish  red  be- 
coming tawny  at  the  tii)3 ;  inner  petals  incurved  :  anthers  2  lines  long;  sterile  fila- 
ments linear-subulate,  densely  villous  :  fruiting  calyx  ovate,  scarcely  contracted  at 
the  summit,  1^  inches  long:  akenes  numerous,  villous,  oblong,  4  lines  Ion"  _ 
Eot.  Beechey,  340,  t.  84 ;  Hook.  Bot.  j\Iag.  t.  4808 ;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  i.  292^  fig. 
312,  31.3. 

Eather  common  near  streams,  from  the  Lower  Sacramento  northward;  Pluma.sCo.,  3frs.  Ames 
1  he  Mowers  and  bruised  leaves  an.l  wood  have  a  fruity  fragrance,  but  less  pleasant  than  that  of 
the  Atlantic  species.    It  is  said  to  sometimes  have  white  flowers  :  blooming  from  April  to  November. 

Order  MYRTACE-aj,  the  Myrtle  Family,  a  largo  order  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
chieny  tropical  and  subtropical,  with  (uitire  and  pinuitate  aromatic  leaves,  calyx- 
tube  adnato  to  the  ovary,  numerous  stamens,  and  undivided  style,  has  no  American 
representatives  except  near  and  below  the  tropic.  ]?ut  Eucalyptus,  L'ller.,  a  vast 
genus  of  trees  in  Australia,  forming  there  a  large  part  of  the  forest  growth,  furnishes 
several  species  which  are  advantageously  planted  on  the  Californian  coast,  from  San 
Francisco  Bay  southward.  They  make  perhaps  the  most  rapid  growth  of  all  shade 
trees,  and  yet  furnish  excellent  timber.  In  Australia  some  trees  rival  our  Redwoods 
in  altitude  and  girth.  The  foliage  of  seedling  trees  consists  of  opposite  leaves  of  the 
ordinary  kind,  generally  broad  ;  but  when  older  they  pro.luce  alternate  leaver  of 
another  shape,  usually  narrower,  longer,  falcate,  and  hanging  in  a  vertical  position, 
which  is  assumed  through  a  twist  of  the  petiole.  The  calyx  never  opens  ;  but  the 
upper  part,  shaped  like  a  candle-extinguisher  or  an  inverted  cup,  separates  trans- 
versely and  falls  away  as  a  lid,  under  this  is  commonly  another  lid,  thin  and  decid- 
uous, whi(;h  answers  to  tho  concreted  petals,  and  then  the  very  numerous  indexed 
stamens  rise  up  and  expand,  producing  a  ta,>?sel-like  blossom,  'i'he  fruit  is  a  3-5- 
colled  capsule  imbedded  in  tho  indurated  calyx-tube,  and  t^|)ening  at  tho  top  :  the 
seeds  numerous  and  small. 


JLg2  SAXIFRAGACE^.  .Siui/rayu. 

OuDEU  XXXIV.     SAXIFRAGACE^.     (Hy   A.  Quay.) 

Herbs,  sliruLs,  or  soiuetinicis  small  tiws,  disLiiiguislietl  from  Jiosacea^  by  albumi- 
nous seeds  and  small  embryo  ;  usually  by  dcliuite  stamens,  not  more  tliiiii  Iwieo 
the  number  of  the  calyx-lobes;  commonly  by  the  want  of  stipules;  sometimes  by 
the  leaves  being  ojiposite ;  and  in  most  by  the  partial  or  complete  union  of  the  2  to 
5  carpels  (even  when  free  from  the  calyx)  into  a  compound  ovary,  with  either  axile 
or  parietal  placentie.  Seeds  usually  indelinitely  numerous.  Petals  and  stamens 
perigynous.  Styles  inclined  to  be  distinct.  Only  the  Hydrangieoi  have  numerous 
stamens. 

A  laiye  and  polyiiioriihmis  onlor,  of  about  75  genera  iinil  five  or  six  hundred  species,  mainly 
of  the  cooler  jarts  of  the  world,  u.speciaily  in  the  noitliein  heniisiihere.  The  Pucilic  and 
the  Atlantic  States  have  about  the  same  number  of  genera,  of  whicli  four  or  five  are  peculiar 
to  each. 

TitiBE  I.     SAXIFKAGK/E.     Herbs.     Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  without  distinct  stipules. 
Styles  or  tips  of  the  carpels  distinct  and  soon  divergent.     Fruit  capsular. 

♦  Ovary  with  2  or  rarely  more  cells  and  jdacentic  in  the  axi.s,  or  of  as  many  distinct  carjicls  : 

fruit  capsuhir  or  follicular. 

1.  Saxifraga.     Stamens  10  (rarely  more).     Tclala  f),  dilated. 

2.  Boykinla.     Slanu  us  f).     FcImIh  f),  dilated,  dccidiu)us.     Calyx-tubo  adnale  to  the  ovary. 

3.  Bolaiidra.     Stiimens  b.     I'etals  5,  liliforni-subulate,  i)ersistent.     Calyx  free. 

•  ♦  Ovary  l-celled,  with  2  or  3  jjarietal  (or  sometimes  nearly  basal)  placentiB  alternate  with  the 

styles  or  stigmas  :  no  sterile  filaments. 

4.  Tolmiea.     Stamens  oidy  3.     Calyx  long  and  narrow,  gibbous  at  base.     Petals  filiform,  en- 

tire.    Capsule  tapering  into  a  stalk-like  base. 

5.  Tellima.     Stamens  10,  included.     Petals  cleft  or  loljed,  rarely  entire,  conspicuous.     Styles 

2  or  3,  very  short. 

6.  Tiarella.     Stamens  10  and  styles  2  ;  both  long,  filiform  and  exserted.     Petals  small,  entire, 

in  ours  inconspicuous  and  almost  filiform.     Cai)sule  early  and  very  unetjually  2-valved 
to  the  base. 

7.  Mitella.     Stamens  10  or  in  ours  5,  very  short.     Pet^ds  pinnatifid  or  3-clefl  into  capillary 

divisions.     Styles  very  short.     Capsule  depressed. 

8.  Heuchera.     Stamens  5,  and  styles  2,  both  commonly  slender.     Petals  entire,  small,  some- 

times minute  or  none.     Capsule  ovate,  2-beaked,  fully  half  inferior. 
CnRYSdSPi.KNiUM,  if  found  in  California,   may  be  known  by  the  prostrate  habit,  want  of 
petals,  and  obcordate  compressed  capsule. 
»   ♦   ♦  Ovary  l-celled  with  3  or  4  parietal  placenta'  directly  under  as  many  (d)tuse  sessile  stigmas: 
a  cluster  of  united  sterile  filaments  alternate  with  the  stamens, 
y.  Parnassia.     Calyx  5-i»arted.     I'etals  5,  large.     SUunens  5.     Flower  solitary. 
TlUBE  II.     HYDRANC;iE/E.     Shrubs.     Leaves  opposite,  simple :  no  stipules.     Fruit  capsular. 
♦  Stamens  20  or  more  :  seeds  numerous. 

10.  Philadelphus.     Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  4  -  5-celled  ovary.     Petals  convolute  in  the  bud. 

11.  Ccirpenteria.     Calyx  nearly  free  from  the  5  -7-celled  ovary  and  capsule. 

♦  *  Stamens  fewer  :  seeds  and  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells. 

12.  Whipplea.     Calyx  nearly  free  from  the  3 -5-celled  ovary  :  styles  distinct. 

Tliiuii  III.     (UlOSSUIiAHlF.K.     Shrubs.      Leaves  alti-rnate,  simple:  stijiules  adnate  to  the 
petiole  or  wanting.     Fruit  a  berry. 

13.  Ribes.     Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  1 -celled  ovary  :  jdacentic  2,  parietal,  many-seeded. 

1.   SAXIFRAGA,  Linn.         S.^xiKUACiE. 
Calyx  5-lobed  or  parted,  free,  or  its  tube  more  or  less  coherent  with  the  lower 
part  of  the  ovary.     Petals  5,  entire,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  either  withering-persist- 
ent or  deciduous.      Stamens  10  {rarely  more),  inserted  with  ur  below  the  petals  ou 


Saxifraga.  SAXIFRAGACE/E.  jqq 

llio.  bas..  or  tiibo  of  tl.o  calyx  :  anthois  2-<;(ni(Ml.  Carpels  2  (rarely  3  or  more) 
nearly  or  quito  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united  into  a  2-cell(Hl  ovary  :  styles  distinct, 
persistent  and  at  len-th  diverging  :  stigmas  tliickisli,  luostly  dcpresse'd-capitate  or 
reniforiu.  Fruit  of  2  follicles  or  a  2-lobed  or  2-beaked  capsule,  opening  down  the 
beaks  or  by  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds  numerous ;  the  coat  not  wiug-margined  or 
appendaged,  mostly  thin.  — Herbs,  either  stendess  or  sliort-stemmed  ;  with  alternate 
simple  leaves,  their  petioles  commonly  sheathing  at  base,  and  small  flowers  in  cymes, 
cymose  panicles,  or  clusters,  or  sometimes  solitary. 

A  large  genus,  inniMly  of  tl.e  northern  hemisphere,  and  of  cool  or  frigid  regions  •  nearly  50  are 
fZXtT"'"'''  ^""^'  rf'^  "'  *'':■'"  l"^"'g,??'"«^«n  to  the  New  and  the^Old  Wor  d  and Siefly  of 
Uot)  aJe  I'culk'f  ■  "  ""  '"'  '"  '"'•'""'"  '  '"'  ''''  °'  ^'^'^'"  (^"'"""g  ^'^^  ^^''^  ^wo  sec- 

§  1.  Stemless  and  large-leaved  from  a  very  thick  and  Jhsluj  creepimj  rooMock :  calux 
^-parted,  spreading  tn  fruit,  nearly  free  from  the  ttvo  quite  separate  ovate 
diverging  follicles:  seeds  pretty  large,  angled. 

1.  S.  peltata,  'lorr.  Kootstork  largo  and  long  (1  to  3  inches  in  diauieter),  tho 
younger  part  s.-aly  ;  the  apex  son<ling  up  a  stout  s.-ape  (from  a  fo.^t  to  at  length 
some  lines  a  yanl  high)  and  later  one  or  more  large  centrally  peltate  and  orbicular 
J-14-lobed  leaves  on  long  and  stout  petioles:  flowers  pin'k-purplo,  numerous  in  a 
corymbose  c>'me :  petals  roundish-oval,  without  claws:  mature  follicles  turgid-ovate 
—  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  311,  Sc  Hot.  Wilkes  Exp.  Atl.  t.  5  (1862),  ^  309  (1874)- 
Hook.  f.  Hot.  Mag.  t.  0071.  Lepf„rrhena  innndnfa,  I'.ehr  in  Pro,-  (^dif.  Acad 
I.  45  Sc  .17.  '       '    ■ 

Along  and  in  the  hods  of  qnirk-flowing  streamlets,  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mariposa 
wca  Z^":'":t'"  "m  ^''f-^^'^  «f ,/••"  «aeramento  iPirk-n-in,  k  Brackcnridgc,  FreZnt  Hart- 
!f^',K?;.^'  ?^!^'".?^^""'?""°^o-  i^olander),  &c.     The  rather  fleshy  stout  seanes  and  ^etiolp. 


§  2.  Ste,nless;  the  naked  scape  and  later  a  short  leaf  or  ttvo  from  a  hidhdike  conn  ■ 
calyx  slightly  bdohed,  campanulate,  free  from  and  nearli,  enclosing  the  two- 
tobed  capsvle. 

2.  S.  Panyi,  .Torr.  Somewhat  pubescent:  scape  iiliform  and  naked,  2  to  4 
inches  ngh,  bearing  3  to  7  shnrt-pedicelled  flowers,  followed  by  one  or  more  short- 
petiole.l  rouiKled-subcordate  slightly  several-lobed  and  crenate  toothed  leaves  (an 
inch  or  ess  in  diameter)  :  petals  white,  marked  with  brown-pnrple  veins,  ovate  and 
at  length  spatulate-oblong,  inserted  by  short  claws  nearly  in  the  sinuses  of  the  c.^m- 
panulate  brown-nerved  calyx  :  filaments  slender-subulate,  borne  lower  <lown  •  styles 
slemler,  m  fruit  exserted  out  of  the  calyx  :  seeds  minute,  somewhat  angled  ;  the  coat 
rather  loose.  —  Eot.  Mex.  Bound.  09,  t.  25. 

Dry  hills,  in  and  around  S.nn  Diego  and  San  Luis  Hey,  Prrrrv.  Knrhrrv^i,  Chvelmid  kc     Flower- 

Xoi"Z"^:2oX^"''T'''  "'""  '^''rr  '"«*"  '  *'"^"  ^•^"^••"«  "Pits  leaves  ;  'after  Huiting 
a  bro,mv  /  nnljSl  disappears  untd  the  ne.xt  rainy  season.    Cnlyx  hareiv  3  lines  long,  with 

Lb?t    , Jl  thp  1     ?         '  r""^  'r'  ^  *'''^"F"^"--ovate  short  erect  lobes.     Petals  2  lines  lon<:^     The 
habit  and  the  Ingh  insertion  of  the  petals  in  (he  orifice  of  the  campauulate  caly.v  are  pecuFiar. 


294  SAXlKltAGACE.K.  Sa.njmcju. 

§  3.  Stemless,  or  sometimes  a  leaf  or  two  on  the  lower  part  of  the  scape,  no  perma- 
nent caudex  rising  above  the  ground:  calyx  5-parled  or  5-cleft :  2ietals  almost 
alwai/s  ivhite. 
*   Leaves  not  cordate,  contracted  at  base  into  a  margined  petiole  or  nearly  sessile:  fila- 
ments not  enlarged  upivard  or  rarely  slightly  so:  herbage  or  at  least  the  mjlores- 
cence  more  or  less  glandular  or  viscid-pubescent. 

+  Naked  simple  scape  and  cluster  of  rather  large  thickish  leaves  rising  from  a  short 
and  thickish  root  or  caudex:  base  of  calyx  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  '1  parted 
ovary :  petals  roundish,  obovale  or  oblong-spatulate,  very  obtuse ;  the  claw  very  short 
or  none. 

3.  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx.  Leaves  IVuiu  rouiulish-  to  oblong-ovate  or  .spatulute- 
obovate,  coarsely  louLlietl  or  almost  entire,  an  inch  or  two  long,  and  tlie  margined 
petiole  often  as  long  :  sca[)e  a  si)an  to  a  I'oot  liigli,  at  length  loosely  many-flowered 
in  a  paniculate  cyme  :  some  of  the  pedicels  slender  :  petals  obovate,  twice  the  length 
of  the  merely  spreading  calyx. 

Shaded  rocky  jilaces  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and  Siena  Nevada :  also  in  Oregon,  the  IJocky  Moun- 
tains, and  conniiou  in  the  Atlantic  Status.  The  (.'ulilornian  specimens  resemble  slender  lurins  of 
the  common  venial  eastern  species. 

4.  S.  nivalis,  Linn.  Like  the  jirecoding,  but  mostly  smaller  and  cdndc^nsed  : 
scapo  2  to  5  inches  high  :  llowers  fewer,  sessile  or  very  short-pedicelled,  ami  crowthnl 
in  a  cajjitato  sinii)le  or  compound  cluster  :  petals  oblong  or  s[)atulate,  lil  tie  exceed- 
ing the  erect  calyx-lobes  :  styles  very  short  or  hardly  any  :  ovary  and  fruit  usually 
dark  puiple. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  above  the  Yosemite  {Brewer)  and  above  (!isco  (Bolander)  ;  thence  to  the 
arctic  regions,  &c.,  and  lound  the  frigid  zone.  The  var.  tenuis,  Walil.  (E.  Humboldt  Mountains, 
Watson,  thence  northward  and  eastward),  may  occur  in  the  State.  It  has  more  o|ten  inllores- 
cence,  ratiicr  larger  petals,  and  pi<)l)ably  passes  into  IS.  rirt/iuicnsis.  Its  lilaments  are  not  rarely 
distinctly  hroadcued  above  the  middle. 

5.  S.  integrifolia,  Hook.  Leaves  from  ovato  or  obovato  to  lanceolate-spatulate, 
1  to  5  inches  long,  denticulate  or  entire,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  very  short  anil 
niargineil  (or  rarely  longi^r  and  more  distinct)  petiole; :  scai)e  1  to  3  fei't  high,  viscid  : 
Howers  in  small  clusters  usually  in  a  narrow  thyrsiform  panicle  :  petals  obovate  or 
broadly  si^atulate,  somewhat  longer  than  the  rellexed  calyx-lobes  :  seeds  nuudi  larger 
and  with  a  loo.ser  coat  than  in  the  foregoing.  —  Fl.  i.  2-49,  t.  86  ;  Watson,  IJot. 
King  Exp.  93.  *S'.  hieracifulia,  var.  (?),  dray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xxxiii.  40'J. 
aS'.  nivalis,  var..  Gray  in  Pnjc.  Acad.  Phihid.  18G3,  G2. 

Swamps,  through  the  font-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  thence  northward  to  Wa.shiiigdin  Terri- 
tory, and  east  to  the  (!oloiado  ilocky  Mountains. 

+-  -<-  Slender  scapes  often  panicalately  branching  and  hracteate,  and,  with  the  tuft  if 
thinner  leaves,  from  a  small  annual  or  biennial  root  or  offset :  calyx  free  from  the 
two  almost  distinct  ovaries  and  rejlexed  :  petals  acute,  on  distinct  claws,  '2-spotted 
towards  the  base  :  filaments  Jillform :  info)-escence  not  rarely  bearing  leaf-buds  or 
hulblets  in  place  of  blossoms. 

6.  S.  bryophora,  (Iray.  Slender  root  or  offshoots  annual  :  leavtss  linear  ohlong 
or  spatulate,  (uitire,  ihickish  ami  muirly  veinless,  barely  half  an  inch  long,  almost 
sessile,  sparsely  ciliate  :  scape  glabrous,  loosely  paiaculate  and  with  filiform  branches 
and  pedicels,  flowering  only  at  the  apex  ;  the  lateral  branches  or  pedicels  bearing  a 
green  globose  leaf-bud  or  bulblet,  soon  deflexed  :  flower  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter  : 
petals  oblong-ovate,  slightly  unequal,  and  with  a  pair  of  yellowish  spots  at  the 
abrupt  base,  twice  the  length  of  the  broadly  ovate  and  rellexed  sepals:  styles  hardly 
any.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  533.  ,S.  leucanthemifolia,  var.  integrifolia,  Engler, 
Saxifr.  135. 


^^'VV-  '■"  ''"■  SAX  I  Fll  A  G  A  CE  JO.  |  Cj  5 

J:;c''7!;;?!;ri::ir^''''' '" ''""'  *°  ^'^•""^'  '^■'"^'  '^•°""  ^'^-  ^-^^  ^« «--  ^■"•.  ^'--.  ^- 

S    I.KUCANTHEMIKOMA,  Micl.x.,  or  a.,  ambiguous  form  b.-twccnit  an.l  S.  strMari,,  hum.  (affom- 

uparous  8tato  of  which  occurs  ...  tl.e  Rocky  Mountai.is  a.„l  ..orthward),  is  fou.i  1  f.on,  \& 

...gton  len-.tory  to  Alaska.     It  has  la.ger  a„.I  toothed  or  i,iciscd  leaves    narrow  a.,d     iss  „'n'  r 

petals,  evident  styles,  ai.d  is  generally  a  much  larger  plant.  u.ssin.ii.ii 

=.v  .V  Leaves  rounded  and.  cordate  on  lorn,  naked  petioles :  filaments  broadened  vv- 
tvard  spntnlate,  sometimes  almost  petnloid:  calyx  free  from  the  2-cleft  ovary  and 
capsule,  soon  reflexed :  petals  obovate  or  at  lemjth  ohlonq,  obtuse,  on  a  short  claw  ■ 
scape  panicidately  and  looselj/  mani/floivered  :  pedicels  filiform. 

7.  S.  Mertensiana,  Bongard.  Scape  ami  leaves  from  a  scaly  granulate  bulb 
more  or  less  glandular-pubescent:  base  of  petioles  dilated  into  thin  scarious  bud- 
scales  :  leaves  crenately  or  incisely  luany-lobed  ;  the  lobes  often  3-toothed  at  the 
end  :  panicle  effuse  ;  the  branches  mostly  flowering  only  at  the  apex  and  bearin- 
granulate  bulblets  down  the  sides:  filaments  sometimes  12  or  more,  occasionallv 
seno  and  petaloid:  capsule  inflated-ovate.  -  Veg.  Sitchn,  141.  S.  heterantha, 
Hook.  l-i.  1.  2.)2,  t.  (H.     ^.  a'stiralis,  var.  {heterantha),  Torr.  (^'  Gray,  Kl.  i.  tm. 

Wooded  banks  in  thn  (^oast  Ranges,  fioin  Sonoma  Co.  nortlnvaid,  oxtendiixr  to  Alaska  WpII 
.narked  by  the  stout  and  bulb-like  caudex,  producing  bulblets,  a.ld  usual^-by  tte  clusteJ  0 
ISSltl^'Sng""         ''"'"■  '"""^"^  °^  ""  1""'^'"    ^"'^^^-^  2  to  I  inches  in  diameten 

8.  S.  punctata,  Linn.  Scape  and  leaves  from  a  short  creeping  rootstock 
glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent  :  leaves  reniform  to  round-cordate,  of  rather  firm 

ext.ire  coarsely  and  almost  equally  many-toothe.l  or  somewhat  incised:  i,etioles 
banlly  dilated  except  at  the  insertion  :  panicle  usiially  iiarrow,  not  bulhlet-bearinc- 
.■,apsule  oblong.  —  .S.  restivalis,  Fischer,  (tc. 

Sierm  Nevada  at  8,000  feet  ami  over  {To^-rr,j,  Lcvwion),  and  on  the  mountains  eastward  to 
rolorado  ;  northward  to  Hehri.ig  Straits,  an.l  in  N.  Asia.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches  in  diameter 
Scape  a  span  to  2  feet  high.     Petals  about  2  lines  long.  uiaraeier. 

§    4.    Leaf/  stems  short,  cespitose,   and  thickly  be.^et  with  the  small  everr/reen  sessile 
leaves:  scapedike  pednncle  few-flmvered :  calyx  5-parted,  nearly  free. 

9.  S.  Tolmiei/i'orr.  &  Gray.  Forming  depressed  tufts,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  • 
leaves  much  crowded,  spat.dato,  coriace.u.s,  nerveless,  or  with  oKscure  unMrib  with' 
rnvolut.j  entin,  margins  ^.'1  (o  f)  lines  l.u.g)  :  po.hnwles  2  inches  long.  cvmoHelv  1  -{;. 
flowered:  petals  lanceolate,  white,  about  twi.-e  the  length  of  the 'ovate  oht.iso 
spreading  calyx-lobes  :  filaments  dilated  at  the  summit  :  carpels  (often  3  or  4)  in 
truit  very  obtuse  and  large,  united  only  at  the  base. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  at  9,000  feet  an.l  lipward  {Brcrcer,  Muir,  Lcmmon)  ■  also  northward 
lb,es  lol.g  ^^''""t'^"'^  to  Wnsh,.,gton  Territo.y.     Flowers  only  2  lines  long:  fruit  3  0^4 

2.  BOYKINIA,  Nutt. 
Calyx  r>-lobed  ;  the  lobes  valvate  but  early  open  in  the  bud  ;  the  t.ibe  at  kuvth 
glolndar  ,.r  ovate,  a.Iherent  to  the  ovary.  J>etals  f,,  entire  (varying  from  imbrir'at* 
lo  convolute  in  the  bud),  the  base  contracted  into  a  short  claw,  deciduous.  Stamens 
T),  short,  alternate  with  the  petals  :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled 
•  leluscent  down  the  styliferous  lieaks.  Seeds  small  and  very  numerous,  ovoid,  witli 
a  close  .'somewhat  crustaceous  coat,  very  minutely  and  evenly  pa])illose.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs  (N.  American);  with  creeping  rootst..cks,  leafy  .simi.le  stems,  and  panicu- 
late or  corymbose  cymes  of  white  flowers;  the  leaves  all  alternate,  round-reniform, 
palmately  lobed  and  incise<l  or  toothed,  the  teeth  with  eallou.s-glandular  tips,  and 
the  petiole  mostly  with  stipule-like  dilations  or  appenda.^.-^  at  ba.se. 


-j^gg  SAXIFIIAGACE.E.  lioykinla. 

1.  B.  occidentalis,  Ton-.  &  Gray.  Smootliisli,  or  with  some  rusty  hairs,  above 
somewhat  ylaiidul.U' :  stem  sleinler,  a  foot  or  two  hi^li  :  leaves  thiu-meiuhiaiiaceous, 
3-7-lobeJ:  petioles  with  slightly  ililated  base  l'ringe<l  with  some  rameiiLaceous 
bristles  :  calyx-lobes  lanceulatetiiau-'ular,  very  acute.  —  Fl.  i.  577.  S(ui/'ra</a 
raauHCulijotut,  Hook.  l-'l.  i.  241),  t.  HiJ,  probably,  but  surely  no  l)ulblets  in  the  axils 
of  the  radical  petioles.  *S'.  data,  iS'utt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  h\  i.  575,  iu  part  or 
wholly. 

Woods  of  tlie  Coast  Eanges,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Mendochio  counties  and  north  to  "Wash- 
ington Ti-rritory.     Leaves  1  to  3  inches  in  diameter.     Petals  2  or  3  lines  long. 

2.  B,  major,  Gray.  Stouter  ami  larger,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  4  to  8  inches 
in  diameter,  5  -  U-clelt :  petioles  abruptly  appendaged  at  base,  the  lower  with  i^cari- 
ous,  the  upper  with  I'oliaceous  and  rounded  nakeil  stipules  :  calyx-lobes  triangular. 
—  B.  occidentalis,  var.  tlata,  Gray,  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  383. 

Wooded  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward  {Bridijes,  Brewer,  Bulandcr), 
and  Oregon  {E.  Hall).  As  this  extends  to  Oiegon  it  may  possibly  be  Nuttall's  Saxifraga  data  or 
have  been  confounded  witli  it ;  but  llie  "tufts  of  long  chatfy  hairs"  at  the  base  of  the  petiole 
must  rather  refer  to  the  preceding.  The  stipules  in  this  are  conspicuous,  not  bristly-appendaged, 
the  upper  foliaceous,  partly  elasping  or  appressed  to  the  stem,  4  or  5  lines  long. 

B.  ACONITIKOLIA,  Nutt.,  of  the  Alleghany  Jlountains,  with  more  laciniate  leaves,  has  some 
ramentaceous  bristles  either  in  the  a.\ils  or  fringing  the  slightly  dilated  base  of  the  petiole. 

B.  RicuARUSoNii,  tjray,  tlio  Arctic  species,  has  contracted  thyrsoid  intlorescence  and  no  ramen- 
taceous bristles  on  tiio  dilated  base  or  in  llie  a.\il  of  the  ieuf-stalk. 

3.  BOLANDRA,  Gray. 
Calyx  broadly  campanulate,  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  triangular-lanceolate  and  acumi- 
nate, valvate  in  the  bud,  recurved;  the  tube  free  from  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  small,  very  slender-subulate,  recurved,  persistent.  Stamens 
5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  short:  anthers  2-colled,  cordate- 2-lobed.  Ovary  in- 
cluded iu  but  wholly  free  from  the  dilated  calyx,  ovato  with  a  broad  2-celled  base, 
deeply  2-(!h!l'l.  ubovcv  into  two  lupeiijig  horns,  each  tip[)od  by  ii  trunciitu  nearly 
sessile  stigma.  Capsule  membranaceous,  included  in  the  calyx,  early  opening  down 
the  inside  of  the  horns  or  beaks.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  minute,  with  a  thin 
rather  loose  coat.  —  A  single  species,  with  the  foliage  and  habit  of  Boyhlnia  or  some 
Saxifrages,  the  calyx  of  Tdllma,  petals  rather  of  Tolmiea,  and  perhaps  the  early 
dehiscent  fruit  ofTiarella,  but  the  beaks  equal.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  3-11. 

1.  B.  Californica,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  two  high,  weak  and  ascending  ai)par- 
ently  from  a  hliform  rootstock,  granulate- bulblet-bearing  at  the  base  of  the  stem, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaves  alternate,  membranaceous;  the  lower  round-renifurm, 
about  5-lobe(l,  on  long  and  liliforni  petioles  (the  base  of  which  is  sometimes  dilated 
and  stipule-like)  ;  the  upper  sessile  or  clasping,  merely  incised  or  few-tootiied, 
gradually  reduced  ui)ward  to  small  ovato  or  lanceolate  bracts,  borne  on  or  subtend- 
ing the  slendiu'  ono-lloweretl  somewhat  pauicuhito  peduncles  :  petals  dull  purpli.sh. 

On  wet  roeks  in  and  near  the  Yosemito  ;  Mariposa  trail  (liolantlc.r) ;  Ti'uaya  Falls,  ./.  (/rnii. 

iiiirger  hmveis  an  incli  or v  in  diiiinetur,  and  tiui  nltiniato  bracts  only  a  line  or  two  in  1.  ngtii. 

Oaly.x  3  lines  liigli.  Alti^niialed  pelals  '.J  lines  long.  \  linmblo  plant,  hut  a  very  distinil  gmns, 
which  commemorates  tlie  signal  services  rendered  liy  the  discoverer,  Dr.  H.  N.  Bolander,  to  ('ali- 
fornian  botany.  Thus  far  it  seems  to  have  been  collected  only  by  Dr.  Bolander  and  by  the 
founder  of  tbe  genus. 

4.    TOLMIEA,    Torr.  &  Gray. 
Calyx  funnelform,  free  from  the  ovary,  thin  antl  membranaceous,  gibbous  at  base ; 
the  5  short  lobes  somewhat  unequal  and  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  the  tube  in  age 


^''^^"»'^-  SAXIFRAaACE.1^.  ■JJ^w 

longitudinally  splitting  down  one  side.  Petals  5,  fdiform  or  capillary,  inserted  in 
the  s.nuses  ot  the  calyx,  recurved,  persistent.  Stamens  .3,  inserted  in  the  throat  of 
the  calyx  opposite  the  uppermost  and  lateral  lol^es  :  lilaments  short  •  cells  of  the 
anther  confluent  into  one.  Ovary  elongated-oblong  or  clavate,  nmch  attenuate  at 
base,  above  2-cleft,  1-cellod  with  2  parietal  plac-,ent,o  :  styles  sle.nl.r  :  sti-nnas  rapi- 
tellate.  Capsule  obversely  sagittate  (the  base  tapering  into  a  stipe  partlv  invested 
by  the  withering  cleft  calyx,  <tc.),  membranaceous,  strongly  few-veined  Tengthwi-se 
dehiscent  between  the  diverging  equal  beaks.  Seeds  numerous,  globose;  the  close 
hrm  coat  minutely  muricate.  —  A  single  species. 

hioV.  litf  s^o,f )?"'  ^'''-  *  ^'';Y-  ^  ^''T^^y  ]>"bescent  perennial  ;  a  foot  or  two 
high,  Mth  slender  creeping  rootstocks  an.l  some  summer  runners,  and  the  folia^^e 
and  inflorescence  of  a  Ttarella  or  J/euchera  :  leaves  roun.i-cordate,  more  or  lels 
lobed  and  crenately  toothed,  slender-petioled,  all  alternate,  tiiose  of  the  stem  2  to4 
scan.uis  s  ipules  more  or  less  manifest :  loose  raceme  a  span  or  two  Ion.  :  lowers 
and  capsule  nearly  hal  an  inch  long,  greenish  or  somewhat  tinged  with  In.r  de- 
i.  2;{7;t  HO  ^^''"^^e-^".  Tursh,  Fl.  i.  313.     Ifcur./>rra  Aremirsii,  llook.  1<1. 

Forosts  of  Mendocino  Co.  (Bolander),  and  north  to  Puget  Sound.    Propagati,,..  freelv  bv  ad 

5.   TELLIMA,  R.  Brown. 
Calyx  campanulate  or  turbinate,  5dobcd;  the  base  of  the  tube  coherent  with  the 
base   or  lower  half  of  the  ovary,  the  short  triangular  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Peta  s  5,  inserted  in  the  throat  or  sinuses  of  the  calyx,  laciniate-pinnatifid,  3-7- 
lobed   or  entire,  distant  and  sometimes  involute  in  the  bud.     Stamens  10,  short 
included  :  anthers  2-celled.     Ovary  short,   1-celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal  placenta! 
styles  2  or  3,  very  short  .  stigmas  capitate.     Capsule  conical,  either  all  but  the  base 
or  only  the  upper  half  free,  slightly  2  -  3-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks.    Seeds 
very  numerous,  and  with  a  close  cont.  -  Perennials  (all  ^V.  North  American) ;  with 
round-cordato  and  toothed  or  palmately  .livided  chiefly  alternate  leaves,  few  on  the 
simp  ..  stems,  their  petioles  with  stipulodike  dilatations  nt  base,  and  the  flowers  in  a 
simple  terminal  raceme ;  petals  white,  whitish,  or  pink.  _  Benth.  <^  Hook.  Gen 
PI.  1.  637.     relh7na  &  Lithophragma  (Nutt.),  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  583. 
§  1.   Petals  laciniate-pinnatijid,  sessile  with  a  broad  base,  small:  stales  and  placentcB 

F^Trr  mL   'fr^Z-'^^T/'^   (^/"//-coW)  Jloroers  propoHionally   large.- 
LuiELMMA.     {lelltma,  R  Brown.) 

tnfI;d^;^y^^"f^T^'  l^-  ^''      ^  ^"^*  ^'  ^'""   ^"■^''''  ^'••^'"  "I'^'-t  •'^"<1  ^-^tl'er  stout 
"bed    ^";f^'^^;'J'>'-^."te  or  pubescent:  leaves  rounded-crdate  and  more  or  less 

ne.rvl    ir  if  "'  ^^'^  ^^.^^^  =   ^^^^  innated-campanulate,   from  a  quarter  to 

nearly  half  an  inch  long,  enclosing  the  short  three-fourths  free  capsule  •  seeds  short^ 
oblong   minutely  rugose.  -  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1 1 78.     Miiella  gLdi^oraFnr^lu 
Woods,  from  Snnta  Cruz  Co.  northward,  extending  to  Alaska. 

§  2.  Petals  palmateb,Z-Uleft  or  sometimes  entire,  on  a  slender  claw,  larqe  for  the 
size  of  the  Jlower  bright  rohite  or  rose-color:  styles  and  placentae  commonly  3  • 
stem  and  rootstock  slender.  —  LiTnopiinAOMA,  Nutt. 

*  Petals  {white  or  vearb,  so)  with  the  limh  merely  ?,.lnhed  or  entire,  dilated:  radical 
leaves  undnnded  and  round-reniform :  vo  grain-like  bnlhlets  on  the  rootstocks. 


]^gg  SAXIFllAQACE.'i':.  Mlima. 

-»-  Ovarii  fttUij  half  free  :  petals  entire:  seeds  minutely  roughened. 

2.  T.  Cymbalaria,  Walp.  Stem  or  scape  iilitonn,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  bear- 
in"  mustiy  only  a  pair  ol'  upposito  3-lub(Hl  ur  partuil  leaves  :  railical  leaves  roiuul- 
renit'onn,  somewhat  3  -  r)-lol)e(l  (about  half  an  inch  in  diainelei) :  llowers  few  and 
slender-pedicelleil  :  cidyx  shoit  and  dilated-eanipanulate,  with  ;iii  acute  udnatc  l)asi;; 
its  lobes  very  short  anil  broad  :  petals  spatulate-obovate,  entire.  —  LUhojthraijina 
Cymbalaria,  Torr.  &i  tlray,  I'l.  i.  585  ;  CJray,  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  535. 

Moist  .sluuly  Wdoil.s,  Saiilu  IJuiliani  to  Sua  Dinyo,  Nuttall,  Jirewcr,  Cleveland.  Calyx  '.i  Vuwh 
and  {Hjtulti  3  ur  -i  liiU'S  loii^. 

■»-   +■  Ovary  and  Ciii>sulc  almost  wholly  free  from  the  broadly  i-anipanul((te  Iritncatc- 
or  round  liasid  calyx:  .seeds  minutely  roughened:  styles  smooth. 

3.  T.  Bolanderi,  Holand.  Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  not  rarely  branching,  i  -  4- 
leaved:  radical  and  lower  leaves  round-reniform  and  more  or  less  lobed  (1^  to  2^ 
inches  in  diameter),  the  upper  3  -  5-parted  :  llowers  very  short-pedicelled  :  petals 
obovate  or  oval,  entire,  rarely  with  ii  small  lateral  tooth  on  each  .side,  white.  — 
Lithojjhrayma  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c. 

Contra  Costa  to  Alcmlociiio  couiilius,  Brewer,  JJulamler,  kc  Calyx  '2^  ami  iictals  3  or  1  lines 
long. 

4.  T.  heterophylla,  Hook.  iK;  Arn.  Stems  .slender,  a  tout  or  less  in  height, 
I  -  3-leaved  :  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  preceding,  but  smaller  and  usually  more  hirsute  : 
Howers  fewer  and  smaller  :  i)etals  obtusely  3-lobed,  sometimes  llesh-colored.  — Jint. 
Ik'echey,  346.      Litkophragrna  heterophylla,  Torr.  it  Gray,  1.  c.  ;  (iray,  1.  c. 

Shady  grounds,  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  especially  near  San  Fiancisco  and  on  llie 
Sacramento.     Calyx  2  and  petals  3  or  4  lines  long. 

^_  4-  ^-   Lower  half  or  more  of  the  ovary  and  capsule  coherent  ivith  the  turbinate 
calyx-tube  :  seeds  smooth  :  styles  granulose. 

5.  T.  aflSniSjlJoland.  liougher-puboscentorscabrous-pidjerulent :  stem  a  span  to 
a  f(»ot  or  more  high,  slender:  leaves  nearly  as  in  tlio  preceding  or  smaller  (rarely  an 
inch  in  diamoLor)  :  llowers  5  to  12  in  the  lax  raceme:  pedicels  mostly  longtr  llian 
the  densely  rough  glandular-puberulent  caly.v  :  petals  somewhat  cuneate  and  with 
3  short  acute  lobes  or  teeth.  —  Lithophragma  aj/inis,  (J ray,  L  c. 

Uoclcy  and  shady  platxs,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  and  norllicast  to 
Plumas  County  in  tlie  Sierra  Nevada.  I^^tals  4  or  5  lines  long,  wiiite  (»r  llesh-color,  large  in  pro- 
portion to  the  calyx. 

*  *  Petals  (pink  or  sometimes  white)  with  lind)  palmately  3-7-parted  into  narrow 
divisions:  even  the  radical  leaves  mostly  W-b-parted  or  divided:  slender  or  fili- 
form rootstock  and  sometimes  even  the  few-flowered  raceme  bearing  clusters  of 
small  grain-like  bulblets. 

fi.  T.  parviflora,  TTook.  IJoughish-hirsute  or  scabrous-pubescent,  a  span  to  a 
foot  high  :  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  cuneate  and  once  or  twice  3-cleft  into 
narrow  lobes  :  pedicels  erect,  about  the  length  of  the  obconical  or  at  length  almost 
clavate  calyx  :  petals  deeply  3-cleft  into  linear  or  oblong  divisions  :  ovary  and  capsule 
fully  half  inferior.  —  Fl.  i.  239,  t.  78.  T.  parvifolia,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Lithophragma 
parviflora,  Nutt.  ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

Shady  and  rocky  places,  British  Columbia  to  the  mountains  of  Utah  and  Colorado,  and  pnd.a- 
Lly  in  the  northern  part  of  California.  "  N.  California,  Meuzics,"  according  to  Hooker  :  but  the 
plant  may  more  probably  be  T.  affmis. 

7.  T.  tenella,  Walpers.  Small  and  slemha-,  2  to  9  incljes  high,  roughish  with  a 
minute  glandular  pulxi.scenco  :  heaves  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  (about  half  an 
inch  in  diameter)  :  piidiitels  ascending  or  s|»reading:  calyx  c.ampanulate,  the  bas(» 
either  roundish  or  ar-utish  :  petals  3  -  5-parte.d  or  even  irregularly  7  parted  into 
mostly    linear   divisi.ms:    ovary  ai\(l    capsule    free   except    the   ba.se.      -  Hot.    King. 


^fiie^la-  SAXIFRAGACE^.  jgg 

Exp.   95      Litfwphracpna  tencUa  cl-   L.  glabra  (a  smoother  form),  Nutt.  in  Torr 
&  Gray,  11.  i.  584  ;  (Jiay,  1.  c. 

Rocky  moist  ground,  throufrl,  the  rmrtliorn  portion  of  the  Siena  Nevada  ;  tliencc  to  the  Rockv 
Mountains  Ca  y.x  1  or  2  lines  long.  Petals  2  or  3  lines  long,  generally  pink  or  rose-color 
Granulate  hulblets  copious  at  the  root,  and  sometimes  in  the  place  ^fllowers  in  the  raceme 

6.  TIARELLA,  Linn. 
Calyx  r)-parto(l ;  tho  hnao  almost  fivo  from  tlio  ovary,  tlio  lobes  moro  or  loss 
coIohmI.  Petals  5,  undivided,  small,  with  short  claws.  Stamens  10  :  fdaments  long 
and  slender:  anthers  with  2  parallel  cells.  Ovary  1-cellcd,  compressed,  2-horned 
(the  horns  or  lobes  tapering  into  long  filiform  styles),  soon  unequal  and  dehiscent, 
one  valve  or  carpel  in  fruit  lanceolate-elongated,  the  other  remaining  very  much 
shorter.  Seeds  rather  few  and  only  at  the  base  of  each  parietal  placenta,  globular, 
with  a  smooth  and  shining  crustaceous  coat.  — Perennial  low  or  slender  herbs,  often 
multiplying  by  summer  runners;  with  palmatoly  lobod  or  divided  altorimto  loaves, 
and  sometimes  scaly  stipules  at  tho  base  of  the  petiole,  and  a  terminal  raceme  or 
panicle  of  small  white  flowers. 

and  two'fh^Va'if'c  coasf^  North  Asiatic  genus  of  five  species,  one  inhabiting  the  Atlantic  States 

1.  T.  unifoliata,  Hook.  Somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy:  flowering  stems  a  span 
to  a  foot  or  more  ong  :  leaves  thin,  cordate,  either  rounded  or  somewhat  triangular 
,5-.)-iobed  and  the  lobes  creuate-tootluMl  ;  the  radical  ones  slender-poti..I(Ml  the 
cauliue  mostly  one,  smaller,  and  short-petioled,  or  sometimes  (maiuly  on  decunibcnt 
and  later  flowering  shoots)  2  or  3  similar  to  the  radical:  jianiclo  raceme-like  and 
loose:  petals  small  and  inconspicuous,  almost  filiform.— Fl.  i.  238  t  81  Heuchera 
loiH/ipetala,  Moyino,  Ic.  Ined.  t.  423. 

f1.?n,'wl'uT\"nr'\'^''""^-lV-'V^  .^l'^*'*?  ^*'-  (^^^"''.W).   Men.looino  Co.   (Bolandcr),  and  north 
through  Hr.  ish  Co  urnbia      The  (•al.fornian  and  .some  of  the  moro  northern  specimens  incline    o 
have  ..longatd  and  2-3- caved  flowering  stems,  and  whole  plant  moro  hairjs  the  var   ^'r^m 
but  tins  IS  merely  a  luxuriant  state.     The  lobing  of  the  leaves  varies,  so  that  il  may  piss  h'tT   ' 

\u7'''^TU'''tu  ^;'""-  i^-  •^'«"''^'^'''/^.  l''f^3l).  which  extends  from  the  mountains  of  Oregon  to 
Alaska  and  N.  W.  Asia,  has  most  of  Its  loavoH  divided  into  tinoo  dislinct,  leallcl^. 

7.   MITELLA,  Tourn.         MiiiiK-woirr. 

Calyx  short ;  the  broad  tube  coherent  with  tho  base  of  tho  ovary  and  dilated 
beyond  it,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  valvate  irv  the  bud,  spreading.  Petals  5,  inserted  on 
the  throat  of  the  calyx,  very  slender,  pinnately  parted  or  3-cleft ;  the  divisions 
almost  capillary.  Stamens  10  or  5,  very  short:  anthers  cordate  or  reniform  2- 
celled.  Ovary  short  and  broad,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  or  almost  basal  placentre, 
mainly  or  partly  superior  :  styles  2,  very  short :  stigmas  capitellate.  Capsule  glob- 
ular or  depressed,  hardly  at  all  lobed,  opening  across  the  broad  summit.  Seeds 
several  to  each  placenta,  obovate,  with  a  Arm  and  smooth  black  and  shining  close 
crustaceous  coat.  — Small  perennials  (N.  American  and  N.  E.  Asian);  with  more  or 
less  creeping  slender  rootstocks  and  summer  runners,  small  and  greenish  or  some- 
times white  flowers  in  a  simi)Ie  raceme,  and  conlate  or  round-reniform  simple  leaves, 
which  are  all  radical  and  long-petioled,  or  two  or  moro  on  (lowering  stems,  those  in 
one  species  (of  E.  North  America)  opjwsite.     Petioles,  etc.,  mostly  loosely  hirsute. 

I.  M.  Breweri,  Cray.  Leaves  all  in  a  rlusl(>r  on  the  mol slock,  roiind-rciiiforni, 
cren!il<>  and   crenntely  incised,  of  n-mpantivoly  (irm   foxfure.  s(.on   nearly  glabrous, 


200 


SAXIFRAGACE.E.  Miitlla. 


2  or  3  inchos  in  (Uaiucacr  :  Hcapo  lotillesa,  a  spun  liigli,  10- 2()-llo\veml  :  llowers 
grueiiish  :  peliils  pecLinalcly  unco  or  ovon  twice  pinnutuly  parted  :  stamens  5,  opi)o- 
bite  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Troc.  Am.  Acail.  vi.  533. 

Woods  of  the  Siurni  Ni'vailii  iit  6,000  to  11,000  feet,  Marii)osa  Co.  {JJrcar.r,  &c.)  to  Siena  Co., 
Torrcij,  Lcinino)i.     Cuiiilhiiy  luultilid  iicUils  t  Hues  long,  imicli  excelling  the  calyx. 

2.  M.  trifida,  Omliam.  Leaves  all  from  tlie  rootstock,  rouud-reniibrm  or  (ni 
date,  crenately  toothed  and  sometimes  incised  or  lobed,  thinnish,  sparsely  liauy,  1 
to  3  inches  in  diameter  :  scape  lililorm,  a  span  to  a  loot  high  :  llowers  whitirih, 
numerous  and  rather  scattered  in  the  commonly  one-sideil  slender  sijike  or  .s|)ike- 
like  raceme  ;  the  peilicels  mostly  very  short  :  petals  3-5-i)arted,  small  :  stamens  f), 
opposite  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  24:1,  t.  82. 

Mountain  woods  of  Mundoiino  Co.  (Ilu/nndcr),  thcnLc  uoiUi  to  Hiiti.sli  Cohnnliia  and  in  tlie 
Rocky  Mountains. 

M.  i-ENrANUi!A,  Hook.  1.  c.  &  liot.  Ma<,'.  t.  2'J\io,  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  another  .species 
with  naked  scape  and  5  stamens,  but  the  hitter  opposite  tlie  petals. 

M.  CAULESCENS  Nutt.,  has  oiic  or  more  alternate  j)etioled  leaves  on  the  Howering  stem  or 
scape,  similar  to  those  of  the  rootstock  anil  runners,  a  loose  raceme,  and  the  5  stamens  alternate 
with  the  pinnatilid  petals.  It  extends  from  British  C^ohimbia  to  Oregon,  and  may  probalily 
occur  on  the  northern  borders  of  the  State. 

M.  NtMiA  luitl  M.  Dii'iiYi.i.A  lire  the  two  binnuean'and  lO-undmus  s|H'.cies.  Thi^  hirnier  exti'iids 
wostwiird  1o  liritish  Cubunliin,  and  nrura  in  N.  Siberia  ;  tlui  liiller  Im  only  an  Allanli<'  f<pii us. 

8.  HEUCHERA,  Lnm.  Alum-koot. 
Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  obtuse,  sometimes 
rather  unequal ;  the  tube  coherent  with  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  un- 
guiculate,  small  and  entire,  sometimes  minute  or  wanting  or  early  deciduous,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5  :  filaments  either  slender  and  long,  or  some- 
times rather  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  and  capsule  1 -celled, 
with  2  parietal  placentoi,  more  or  less  2-beaked  ;  the  beaks  tapering  into  either 
filiform  and  elongated  or  subulate  and  shorter  styles ;  deliiseent  between  the  beaks. 
Seeds  numerous,  oval  or  globular,  with  a  close  crustaceous  black  coat,  minutely 
muricate-roughened.  —  Herbs  (all  N.  American) ;  with  stout  rootstocks,  sending  up 
slender-petioled  rounded  and  mostly  cordate  many-toothed  and  somewhat  lobed 
leaves,  and  scapes  or  alternately  1  -  3-leaveil  llowering  stems,  bearing  numerous 
small  and  mostly  dull-colored  llowius  ;  the  cymosc  clusters  either  open  in  a  loose 
ample  panicle,  or  sometimes  comlcnsed  into  a  spike-like  thyrsus.  Scarious  stipules 
adnata  or  partly  distinct. 

There  are  about  five  species  in  the  Athmtic  States,  as  many  more  ]ieciiUar  to  the  Rocky  JNloun- 
tain  region,  and  the  following  in  California,  Oregon,  kc.  A  sterile  plant  collected  on  fiuadalupe 
Island  by  Dr.  Palmer  may  belong  to  a  peculiar  Lower  Californian  species. 

§  1.   Floioers  in  an  open  or  somctwies  more  condensed  and  thyrsoid  jxinide :  jUaineida 
more  or  less  Jiliform,  mostly  exserted. 

>k   Calyx  ohloiig-camjianulate,  commonly  tinxjed  with  jmrple  or  rose-color. 

1.  H.  rubescens,  Torr.  Scape  a  span  to  a  foot  liigh,  from  stout  creeping  root- 
stocks,  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  thickish,  rounded,  crenately  lobed  and  toothed,  an 
inch  or  less  in  diameter  :  flowers  loosely  panided  :  calyx  2  lines  long,  more  or  less 
acute  at  base  :  filiform  filaments  and  styles  and  very  slender  white  or  flesh-colored 
petals  conspicuously  exserted.  —  Stansb.  Kep.  388,  t.  5  ;  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  63  ; 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  90. 

Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  rocks,  at  5,000  to  11,000  feet,  extending  to  Utah  and  New 
Mexico. 


Parnassia.  SAXIFRAGACE^l  201 

*   *   Calyx  i^hort-campa.nvlnte  a7id  greenish. 

H.  oi.ABRA,  Willd.,  is  a  slender  .species,  a  foot  or  two  liigh,  nearly  glabrous  except  the  calyx  ; 
leaves  acutely  lobed  and  incised  ;  panicle  loose  :  from  Oregon  near  the  coast  to  Alaska. 

2.  H.  micrantha,  Dougl.  Scape  or  few-leaved  flowering  stems  a  foot  or  two 
high:  loaves  rouiul-corclate  or  ovate-cordate,  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter,  obtusely 
lobcil,  crenate-toothed  :  petioles  and  at  least  the  veins  or  ribs  beneath  hirsute,  often 
with  rusty  hairs  :  ilowers  in  an  ample  loose  panicle  :  calyx  a  line  or  in  fruit  sorae- 
timoa  2  lines  long,  mostly  acute  at  base,  shorter  than  the  slender  pedicels,  merely 
puberulent  or  glandular;  tiio  lol)pa  erect :  lilameiils,  styles,  and  petals  slender  and 
exserted.  —  Lindl.  J5ot.  Keg.  t.  1302.     //.  Barharosm,  Tresl,  IJcl.  Ilicnk.  ii.  5G. 

Woods  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and  tlic  Sierra  Novsida,  from  Monterey  and  Mariposa  counties 
northward,  extending  to  the  borders  of  British  Columbia.  .Styles  variable,  llartwcg's  plant  from 
Monterey,  namnd  //.  pi/osisswi'i  in  PI.  llartw.  311,  No.  1142,  is  intermediate  between  this  and 
the  most  open  and  least  hairy  forms  of  the  next,  but  seems  to  belong  here. 

3.  H.  pilosissima,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  Very  villous-pubescent  or  hirsute  with 
spreading  viscid  hairs  :  scapes  or  few-leaved  flowering  stems  a  foot  or  two  high, 
rather  st«iut :  loaves  round-cordato,  obtusely  lobed  and  crenatc,  1  to  3  inches  in 
diameter  :  flowers  in  a  close  and  clustered  or  sometimes  loose  panicle,  usually  as 
long  as  their  pedicels  :  calyx  somewhat  globular,  being  rounded  or  obtuse  at  base 
and  the  broad  short  lobes  more  or  less  incurving,  1|  to  2^  lines  long,  densely  hairy  : 
filaments,  short  styles,  and  narrow  spatulate  petals  little  exserted.  — -  Ind.  Sem. 
Hort.  Petrop.  v.  56.  //.  hispida,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  347,  not  of  Pursh. 
//.  hirtijlora,  Torr.  &  (Jray,  ¥\.  i.  582. 

FroTn  near  Monterey  or  San  Frnncisoo  to  Tlumboldt  Co.,  in  the  Coast  Ranges.  Apparently  varies 
into  smoother  forms,  with  calyx  much  less  hairy. 

§  2.   Flowers  spicate  or  nearhj  so :  subulate  filaments  mvch  shorter  than  the  elongated- 
oblong  and  erect  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

4.  H.  cylindrica,  Dougl.  Commonly  hir.suto  and  above  glandular-pubescent : 
leaves  round-reniform  or  cordate-ovate,  crenately  doubly  toothed  and  commonly 
lobed  (1  to  2  inches  broad  or  sometimes  smaller)  :  scape  generally  leafless,  10  to  24 
inches  high  :  greenish  flo^yers  3  to  5  lines  long,  almost  sessile  ;  the  cylindrical  spike 
or  thyrsvis  H  to  4  inches  long  :  petals  inconspicuous  or  none  :  styles  very  short.  — 
Hook.  Fl.  i.'237;  Lindl.  Bot.  Uog.  t.  1024. 

Common  in  Oregon,  Nevada,  &c.,  chieny  in  the  interior  ;  probably  in  Northern  California. 

9.  PARNASSIA,  Tourn.  GaAss-OF-PAUNA.ssus. 
Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  base  free  from  or  adnato  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  the  divis- 
ions oval  or  oblong,  herbaceous,  somewhat  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  oval  or 
oblong,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  conspicuously  veined,  widely  spreading,  tardily 
deciduous.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals :  filaments  subulate,  persistent : 
anthers  2-cellod.  Appendages  or  sterile  stamens  a  cluster  of  more  or  less  united 
glan<l-tipped  filaments  at  the  base  of  each  petal.  Ovary  ovate,  entire,  one-celled, 
with  4  or  sometimes  3  parietal  placentic :  stigmas  as  many,  closely  sessile  and  very 
obtuse,  directly  superposed  over  the  placentae.  Capsule  3  -  4-valved  from  the  apex ; 
the  valves  bearing  the  many-seeded  placentfe  on  their  middle.  Seeds  with  a  thick- 
ish  and  somewhat  Avinged  loose  coat,  and  little  or  no  albumen.  —  Smooth  acaules- 
cont  perennials;  with  entire  and  rounded  or  reniform  petioled  leaves  in  a  cluster  on 
the  short  rootstock,  slender  simple  scapes,  not  rarely  bearing  a  small  and  sessile 
leaf  or  two, and  a  handsome  white  terminal  flower.  Petioles  with  somewhat  scari- 
ous-dilat«d  base,  but  no  stiptdes. 


202  SAXlFUAGACEylO.  J'anut.ssin. 

A  genus  of  about  a  dozen  s])ecie.s,  of  tliu  norlhfiu  temperate  and  frigid  regions,  one  .s[)e(ie.s 
extending  round  the  world,  and  two  peeuliar  to  tlio  Atlantic  United  States. 

1.  P.  palustris,  l-iim.  Lnnviw  IVom  ovuto  to  Hliglilly  liunluUs  u'l  i'"!l»  <'»"  !'!«« 
in  lon^'tli  ;  .s(;i|n)  ii  spiiii  to  a  font  liijih  :  iictiils  oval  or  ol)ovut('.,  naked  and  without 
a  claw,  liulC  an  intli  or  jc^s.s  in  li'n,i;tli,  tlio  veins  Hi)avingly  Itrancliing :  hiiHtlc  liko 
lilanionts  of  tlie  appunda-^cs  8  to  20  in  oacli  set. 

Var.  Californica,  tJiay.  Larger  :  leaves  one  or  two  inches  long  and  50:4)6  a 
foot  or  two  high,  often  leafless  :  petals  very  broad,  full  half  an  inch  long,  more 
veiny,  and  the  veins  more  numerous  and  freely  branching  :  bristles  of  each  ajjpen- 
dage  about  21:  anil  almust  capillary. 

Wet  places  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  kc,  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward,  and  on  lied  Mmuilain, 
Mendoeiiio  Co.  {KclUnj<j,  lUilnudcr),  eliietiy  the  var.  (\il ifornica.  Tlie  species  extends  fur  north- 
ward and  round  the  world  along  tiic  noithern  border  of  the  temperate  zone. 

2.  P.  fimbriata,  l>anks.  Leaves  from  reniform  to  cordate-ovate,  an  inch  or 
more  in  iliameter  :  scape  slen<ler,  about  a  fuut  high  :  petals  obovate  or  oblong  (i  ur 
6  lines  long),  with  a  narrowed  base  or  short  claw,  the  margins  fringed  below  the 
middle  or  towards  the  base  :  tilaments  of  the  appendages  5  to  9  in  each  cluster  and 
united  below  into  a  fleshy  earinate  scale,  or  sometimes  a  dilated  scale  destitute  of 
bristle-like  iilaments.  —  llook.  Eot.  Misc.  i.  43,  t.  23. 

Near  Shiusta  Mountain,  with  Darlinglonia,  Brcaxr.  Also  mountains  of  Nevada  and  Colorado, 
and  northward  to  British  CoUunbia.  Varies  in  the  form  of  the  leave.s,  form  and  size  of  the 
petals,   in  the  amoiuil  of  fringe,  antl  greatly  in  the  stamen-appendages. 

10.   PHILADELPHUS,  Linn.        Syuinga.     Mock  Orange. 

Calyx  with  turbinate  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  nearly  or  quite  to  its  summit ;  the 
limb  4  -  5-^parted,  A'alvate  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals  4  or  5,  large,  obovate  or 
roundish,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  20  to  40  :  Iilaments  subulate  or  liliform. 
Styles  3  to  5,  united  at  base  or  sometimes  almost  to  the  top  :  stigmas  oblong  or 
thicki.sh,  introrse,  sometimes  connate.  Cai)sule  inferior,  3  -  5-celled,  loculicidally 
3-r)-vulved  fnun  the  ape.\,  and  the  valves  in  ago  commonly  2-parted.  St;eds  vtu-y 
numerous  on  placenta;  i)rojecting  from  the  axis,  mostly  pendulous,  oblong,  with  a 
thin  and  loose  reticulated  coat,  usually  prolonged  at  both  ends  or  fimbriate  at  the 
hilura.  —  Shrubs  ;  with  opposite  and  entire  or  toothed  ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  more 
or  less  petioled,  deciduous,  and  without  stipules  ;  the  flowers  large  and  showy,  some- 
times odorous,  thyrsoid-  or  paniculate-cymose,  or  occasionally  solitary  in  the  axils, 
■white  or  i-arely  cream-culor. 

A  genus  of  a  dozen  or  more  ill-defined  speeies,  probably  reducible  to  five  or  six,  natives  of  both 
sides  of  temperate  North  America,  Japan,  and  the  Himalayas,  two  or  three  of  them  much  planted 
for  ornament. 

1.  P.  Lewisii,  Pursh.  Shrub  3  to  5  feet  high,  spreading,  glabrous  or  almost  so  : 
leaves  all  entire  or  nearly  so,  from  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long  : 
flowers  in  a  narrow  thyrsus,  short-petlicelled  :  calyx-lobes  rarely  twice  i\\v,  liuigth  of 
the  tube  :  petals  obovate  or  oblong,  half  an  in<;h  or  rather  nu»re  in  length  :  styles 
distinct  at^  the  ajicx  :  stigmas  nnrrow.  — Torr.  iV'  (Iray,  I'l.  i.  595. 

Var.  Californicus,  (!ruy  :  a  i'urm  with  the  ll(»\vcr.s  more  numerous  in  a  mainly 
leafless  and  pedunculate  terminal  cluster.  —  /'.  Callforiiicus,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw. 
309.      r.  Leivlsii,  var.  parvifolius,  Torr.  in  Pacif  Ii.  Pep.  iv.  90. 

Foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  along  streams,  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  the  Upper  Sacramento  ; 
chiefly  the  naked-flowered  variety.  The  species  extends  through  Oregon  and  Idalio  to  Briti.sh 
Columbia. 

2.  P.  Gordonianus,  Lindl.  Shrub  (5  to  12  feet  high,  Avith  spreading  or  re- 
curved braiudies,  aparscly  pulicsccut  lu-  hairy,  or  almost  gla'orous  :  leaves  ovate  or 


Whipplea.  SAXIK]iA(}ACK^C.  203 

obloiic^-ovate,  2  to  4  innlios  long,  mostly  sernito  witli  some  coarsn  acute  teotli  : 
flowers  in  loose  clusters  which  are  Icaly  at  base  :  petals  from  three  fourths  to  an 
inch  lon^r:  styles  mostly  distinct  to  the'miildle:  stigmas  more  or  less  dilated:  calyx- 
lohes  tw?ce  the  length  of  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Reg.  xxv.  t.  32. 

Shaded  banks  of  strcnmfl  in  tlio  Coast  Hiingcs,  Mniulocino  n\n\  lluiiiboldt  couuiicn  {Kellogg, 
linlnnder),  north  to  Washington  Territory. 

11.   CARPENTERIA,  Torr. 

Characters  of  PhUadclplim,  except  that  the  calyx  is  H-pjiried,  its  very  short  tube 
adnata  only  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  the  ovate-conical  capsule,  which  is  pointed 
with  the  undivided  persistent  style  :  a  thin  loculicidally  r)-valvcd  epicarp  separates 
from  the  body  of  the  capsule,  which  splits  septicidally  into  5  broad  valves,  each 
pointed  with  its  portion  of  the  style,  and  tardily  if  at  all  dividing  down  the  dorsal 
suture.  —  A  single  insufficiently  known  species,  named  in  memory  of  the  late  Prof 
Carpenter  of  Louisiana. 

1.  C.  Californica,  Torr.  Shrub,  apparently  tall,  with  light-colored  and  lami- 
nated loose  bark,  mainly  glabrous  :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  entire,  thickish,  per- 
haps persistent,  2  or  3  inches  long,  pinnately  veined,  whitened  beneath  with  a 
minute  and  close  pubescence,  tapering  into  a  petiole  :  peduncles  long  and  naked, 
terminal  and  from  the  ui)per  axils:  seeils  oblong,  with  a  short  and  obtuse  appendage 
at  both  ends.  —  PI.  Fremont,  in  Smiths.  Contrib.  vi.  12,  t.  7. 

Sierra  Nevada,  j.rolwl.ly  on  tlie  hend-wators  of  the  San  Joaqnin,  Fremont.  As  yet  known  in 
fruit  only  ;  witli  some  vestiges  of  llowers,  from  wliieh  Dr.  Torroy  aseertnined  that  there  were 
orbicular  netals,  and  numerous  slainons  with  iihfnnn  lilanients  :  also  that  tlic  i)arts  of  the  calyx 
nnd  cni)a\ue  are  sonietiincs  (i  or  7. 

12.   WHIPPLEA,  Torr. 

Calyx  5-cleft;  the  t>d)o  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary;  the  lobes  thin  and 
petaloid  (white  or  whitish).  Petals  5,  ovate  or  oblong  with  contracted  base. 
Stamens  10  (rarely  8  or  12):  lilaraents  subulate  or  lanceolate:  anthers  short,  2-celled. 
Ovary  3-5-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell.  Styles  distinct, 
subulate  :  stigmas  introrso.  Cajisido  septicidally  dehiscent  into  3  to  H  cartilaginous 
1 -seeded  portions,  which  open  down  the  ventral  suture  only.  Seed  oblong,  with 
a  close  coat.  —  Small  and  low  diffuse  shrubs,  pubescent  with  sim])le  hairs;  with 
opposite  slightly  petioled  and  somewhat  3-ribbed  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  small 
white  cyraose-clustered  flowers:  peduncle  terminal,  naked.  Parts  of  the  blossom 
occasionally  4  or  6. 

This  interesting  genus  commemorates  the  late  bieut.  (afterwards  (Jeneral)  Whipple,  tlie  leader 
of  the  survey  in  wliich  the  ("alifornian  species  was  discovered. 

W.  Utauensis,  Watson,  the  seeond  species,  is  an  upright  nnd  mueh-hrnneheil  little  ahruli : 
leaves  thickish,  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  iiieh  long,  elliptical  or  linenr-ol.long,  very  ohtuse,  en- 
tiro  :  cyme  rather  short-peduncled,  3-7-ilowcred:  calyx-tube  elongated-turbinatc,  adnate  to  the 
lower  lialf  of  the  eylindraeeous  .3-celled  capsule  :  styles  3,  persistent  :  seed  cylintlrical  :  bnd- 
scales  silky-villous.  —  S.  Utah  near  Kanab,  Mrs.  Thompson,  Cn.pt.  Bishop.  May  possibly  reach 
the  borders  of  California. 

1.  W.  modesta,  Torr.  Stems  slender,  spreading  or  trailing:  leaves  membra- 
naceous, ovate  or  oval,  obtusely  few  t.oothed  or  sometimes  i-iitire,  an  inch  ov  less 
long  :  peduncle  slender,  b(!aring  a  small  and  close  few-flowered  cluster  :  flowers 
hardly  2  lines  long  :  calyx-tube  almost  hemispherical,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
4-celled  (sometimes  3- 5-celled)  ovary  an<l  globular  capstde  :  styles  at  length  decid- 
uous :  seed  oblong.  --  Pacif  H.  Pi^p.  iv.  00.  t.  7. 


204 


SA  X I  FRAGACE.E.  Ribes. 


In  the  Coast  Kunges,  fiom  Monterey  to  Mendix.ino  counties,  mostly  under  HedwooiU.  Flowers 
fragrant.     Divisions  of  the  cajisnle  only  a  line  lung. 

13.  EIBES,  Linn.  OimitANT.  Gooseukuuy. 
Calyx  witli  tiil)i)  adiialu  lo  tlio  ^lohoso  ovary  lunl  iiiDrc  or  less  oxtciulud  beyond 
it;  tho  limb  o-clcl'L  or  rarely  4-clei't,  and  couunoiily  colored  or  petaloid.  Petals 
erect,  mostly  smaller  than  the  calyx-lobes,  inserted  in  the  sinuses.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them  :  anthers  commonly  very  short.  Ovary 
1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentiu:  styles  2,  or  more  or  less  united  into  one:  sti^^nias 
terminal.  Berry  crowned  more  or  less  by  tho  withered  remains  of  the  flower,  many- 
seeded,  rarely  rather  lew-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  gelatinous  outer  and  a  crustaceous 
inner  coat.  Embryo  minute  in  firm  albumen.  —  Siirubs,  often  resinous-glandular 
or  viscid  ;  with  alternate  (often  fascicled)  palmately  veined  and  lobed  leaves ;  stip- 
ules wanting  or  adnate  to  the  petiole,  and  peduncles  one-flowered  or  racemosely 
2 -many-flowered,  mostly  terminating  short  and  1  -  2-leaved  axillary  shoots;  pedi- 
cels subtended  by  a  bract,  and  usually  bearing  a  pair  of  bractlets.  I'lacentie  and 
styles  occasionally  3  or  1. 

A  ruther  large  genus  of  llm  norlhern  tini|)erate  zone,  with  a  few  .s|>ecies  (^\tl  iiding  down  tho 
Andes.  North  Aniurieu  is  rich  in  sjiecies,  imd  only  in  Californiii  are  all  tho  set:liuns  of  the  genus 
represonteil.  The  thorns  under  the  fascicles  in  the  lirst  two  scclions  answer  to  leaves,  as  in  the 
Barberry. 

§  1.  Thorn  I/:  parts  of  the  floiuer  more  covimonlij  4  :  calyx  turgid  at  base;  the  narrow 
lubes  erect :  stamens  lonc/exserted :  ovules  and  seeds  ratlier  feiv :  otho'zvise  as 
in  the  follou'ing  section.  —  IJoBSONiA,  IJerlandier. 

1.  R.  speciosum,  I'nrsh.  Tall,  the  trunk  sometimes  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm, 
and  attaining  G  to  lU  feet  in  height :  branches  bristly-prickly  and  armed  with  large 
triple  thorns  under  the  fascicles:  leaves  small,  coriacet)Us,  nearly  evergreen,  glabrous 
or  almost  so,  rouuilish  or  cuneiform  and  slightly  3  -  S-lobed  :  flowers  2  to  5  on  the 
bristly-glandular  peduncle,  drooping,  cylindraceous,  bright  red,  almost  an  inch  long 
and  the  stamens  as  much  longer  :  anthers  very  short :  berry  dry,  densely  glandular- 
bristly. —  r.ot.  Tteg.  t.  1557;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3530.     B.  stamtneimi,  Smith. 

Woods  and  ravines,  Bay  of  Monterey  to  San  Diego.  Kemarkablo  and  jjrized  in  cultivation  for 
its  showy  Fuchsia-like  blossoms.      Calyx-lobes  erect. 

§  2.  Mostly  thorny  under  the  fascicles,  and  sometimes  {but  variably)  scattered /nickly 
or  bristly  along  the  branches:  leaves  ]>laited  in  the  bud:  peduncle  (except  in 
the  last)  only  \  -  i-floivered :  calyx  mostly  recurved  or  rejiexed  at  Jlowering- 
time,  afterwards  erect  :  berry  many-seeded.  —  Grossularia,  A.  Richard. 
{Grossularia,  Dill.     Gooseberry.) 

*   Calyx-tube  campamdate  to  cylindraceous :  2'cduncle  1  -i-fowered. 

+■   Anthers  sagittate,  mucronate-tipjied :  berry  prickly,  large  and  ruther  dry. 

2.  R.  Menziesii,  Pur.sli.  Shrub  2  to  G  feet  high,  with  naked,  glandular-bristly 
or  more  prickly  l)rauc]ies  and  stout  usually  triple  thorns  under  the  fascicles  :  leaves 
pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrous  (from  a  half  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter), 
roundish  or  round-cordate,  3  -  5-lobed  ;  the  lol)es  crenately  toothed  and  incised: 
])eduncles  1  -  2-flowered  :  calyx  about  half  an  inch  long,  jjurijlish-red  ;  its  obh)ng 
lobes  spreading  or  ref^urved  in  anthesis,  elongated-oblong,  more  or  less  longer  than 
the  somewhat  funnelform  tube,  hardly  longer  than  the  stamens,  which  surpass  the 
whitish  petals  :  berry  4  to  G  lines  in  diameter,  besides  the  prickh'.s,  whicii  generally 
thickly   cover  it,   and   are  ciLlier  short  or   long,    usually  straw-colored,  sometimes 


fii^f'^-  SAXIFRAGACE>K.  205 

|>iil)(\sooiit  and  Roinofcimos  rallior  few  and  sparsn.  —  Hnok.  |'"1.  i.  '229;  'J'orr.  ]}ot. 
Mox.  Homul.  t.  23,  cusp  of  antlier  (imif,t,(!(l.  R.  fernx,  SiniMi.  //.  Ca/ifonncnm  Sa 
R.  occidentale,  Hook.  &  Am.  l>ot.  J>o(T.lipy,  310;  v(My  small  leaved  I'oriiis,  ^dabrous, 
but  sometimes  pul)escent.  R.  subveMitum,  Hook.  &  Am.  1.  c.  (not  of  liot  Mag.)  • 
a  form  with  densely  glandular  ovary,  the  glands  in  fruit  developing  mostly  into 
very  numerous  and  gland-tii)ped  short  prickles.  R.  Californicum,  dray  in  Pacif.  R. 
Re[>.  iv.  88,  combining  the  three,  last  named. 

Hillsides,  from  San  Dipgo  to  Humboldt  counties,  and  also  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Plumas 
Co.  Also  Oregon,  coll.  E.  Hall.  A  variable  species,  but  well  marked  by  its  sagittate  (ovate- 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate)  and  mucronate-pointed  anthers  ;  these  about  a  line  and  a  quarter  in 
length. 

+-   +-  Anthers  oval  or  didpnous,  very  obtuse  and  jiointless. 
++  Flowers  comparatively  large,  dark  ■purple-red. 

3.  R.  Lobbii,  Gray.  Minutely  pulxisccnt  or  glandular  :  stems  with  stout  triple 
thorns,  but  apparently  destitute  of  scattered  prickles  or  bristles  :  leaves  small  (less 
than  an  inch),  round-cordate,  3-5-cleft,  and  the  roundi.sh  lobes  obtu.sely  toothed: 
poduncles  mostly  Mlowcrod:  (lower  pendulous,  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  similar 
to  those  of  R.  Mmziesii,  but  the  anthers  oval  ami  very  obtuse,  the  back  beset  with 
scattered  warty  glands  :  ovary  densely  clothed  with  scssih;  glands. —  7e.  sicbvestitum, 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4931,  but  not  Hook.  Sc  Am. 

The  living  plant  figured  was  "sent  by  Mr.  Lohb  to  IMcssrs.  Veitch  and  Son,"  from  California, 
probably  from  the  northern  part  near  the  coast.  It  exactly  accords  with  an  indigenous  specimen, 
named  at  Kew,  " I{.  subvcstitum.  Hook,  k  Arn.,  Vancouver  Island,  JVood."  It  is  not  the  plant 
of  Douglas  on  which  R.  .inbvcMitum  v/ns  founded. 

+-H  Flowers  yellow  or  yellnwis/i,  .vnall :  leaves  very  small,  seldom  half  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter: anthers  oval  oblong. 

4.  R.  leptanthum,  (5 ray.  :Mnch  branched  and  rigid,  1  to  4  feet  high,  desti- 
tute of  scattered  prickles,  but  with  comparatively  large  single  or  triple  thorns:  leaves 
roundish  (often  oidy  a  quarter  of  an  inch  wide  and  shorter  than  the;  thorns),  3-5- 
cleft,  and  the  lobes  crcnately  incised  or  tof)thed  :  peduncles  very  short,  1  -  2- 
flowercd  :  calyx  pubescent,  commonly  4  lines  long,  cylindrical,  and  with  the' oblong 
lobes  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  slender  tube  :  style  undivided,  glabrous  :  berry 
glabrous.  —  PI.  Fendl.  r)3. 

Var.  brachyanthuid,  Gray.  Calyx  shorter,  only  2  or  3  lines  long,  campan- 
ulate  or  barely  cylindraceous  ;  tiio  lobes  even  longer  than  t.u  tube,  which  is  about 
as  broad  as  long  :  ovary  densely  glandular.  —  Jl  leptanthum,  Watson,  P>ot.  King 
Exp.  98,  as  to  Calif,  plant. 

Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  (where  it  was  first  collected  by  Dr.  Jnmcs  in  Long's  Expedition) 
to  New  ]\Iexico,  Sierra  Nevada  on  Mount  Raymond  at  8,000  to  9,000  feet,  and  above  Summit 
(Bolanckr)  to  near  Fort  Tejon  {Davidson)  ;  between  the  original  form  and  the  variety  which 
comes  from  foot-hills  near  Carson  City,  Anderson,  IVatson.  Tiiis  short-llowered  variety  is  remark- 
able ;  mature  fruit  of  it  unknown. 

-f-  +-  Flowers  greenish,  white  or  dull  purplish  :  leaves  mostly  an  inch  or  two  in  diam- 
eter: anthers  shorter,  mostly  didymons :  ovary  and  berry  unarmed  and  glabrous. 
(Stems  commonly  without,  but  vigorous  shoots  occasionally  with  scattered  bristly 
prickles  in  all  the  species.) 

5.  R.  divaricatum,  Dougl.  Nearly  glaltrous  or  soft-pubescent :  stems  from  5 
to  12  feet  high,  with  widely  spreading  branches  ;  the  thorns  single  or  triple  :  leaves 
roundish,  3  -  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  incisely  toothed  :  2-4-flowered  peduncle  and  pedi- 
cels slender,  drooping:  flower  one  third  of  an  inch  long:  calyx  livid-purplish  or 
greenish-white  ;  its  oblong  or  linear-oblong  lobes  about  twice  the  length  of  the  cara- 
panulate  tube  and  the  cuneate-dilated  or  fan  shaped  (white)  |)etals  :  these  only  one 
third   the   length  of  the   filiform   filaments  and   villous  2-cleft  style  :   berry  dark 


20G 


SAXIFKAGACE.*:.  •  Hibes. 


purple,  pleasant.  —  Hurt,  'rraiis.  vii.  015;  Liiull.  But.  Kog.  t.  1359.  R.  villotinm, 
jS'utt.  in  Ton-.  Sc  (iray,  VI  i.  547,  a  soil  downy  fonu. 

Var.  irriguum,  (iray.  Leaves  in(Jie  uervose-veiny  at  base  :  lloweis  narrower 
ami  winter,  hall'  an  inch  long.  —  A',  hriyuum,  Dougl.  1.  c.  (1) ;  AVatson,  liot.  King 
Exp.  98,  chielly. 

Shiidy  liuiilva  ami  (luLs,  liom  Simla  Hiiilmra  iicrlhwanl  to  Ihitish  (^Dlimiliia.  Tlui  vuri.ly 
N.  \V.  Nuvailu  to  liliilio,  iic.     i'uduiicles  a  liuU-iuch  to  an  hich  long  :  [ludiculs  2  to  4  linos  long. 

G.  R,  oxyacanthoides,  Linn.  Mostly  glabrous,  2  to  4  feet  high  ;  the  thorns 
single  or  trii)le,  small  :  leaves  rovmdish,  usually  deeply  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  incised 
and  coarsely  toothed  :  2  -  3-llowered  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels, 
and  these  seldom  longer-  than  the  (3  or  4  lines  long)  (lower  :  calyx  greenish-white 
or  litish-colored  ;  its  short-oblong  lobes  at  lirst  not  longer  than  the  campanulate 
tube,  a  little  longtu'  than  the  cunctatci-obovate  petals,  about  e([ualling  the  stamens: 
style  2-clei't,  villous  below,  rather  longer  :  berry  small,  purple,  pleasant.  —  A'.  Iiir- 
ttUum,  JNlichx.      li.  saxusum,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  231. 

In  tlic  Siena  Nevada  at  0,000  to  9,000  feet,  Ironi  ilari[>osa  Co.  (Brewer)  to  Sierra  Co.  {Letnvion)  ; 
thenee  eastward  and  nortliward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  Northern  Atlantic  States,  and  Uiit- 
isli  America  to  Hudson  l>ay.  This  wide-siuead  sj)ecies,  or  a  noitliein  Ibini  of  it,  is  most  proba- 
bly the  original  A'.  oJcyaanUhoidcs  of  Liiniicus  {Dillanus)  ;  that  of^Iiclianx  is  11.  laeudrc  ;  that 
of  Hooker  mainly  R.  sdusuiu  of  Liudley. 

*  *  C'ldj/.v-diit  siiticcr-sliai>td,  expaiuliiuj  iiinnediale/i/  above  the  ovarif :  judiincle 
racemose  1 1/  0-  \C)  jloivered  :  anlltera  very  short,  poiuflesn  :  berry  micall  and  ciirranl- 
li/ce,  beset  with  suiiw  scattered  yland-tipped  bristles. 

7.  R.  lacustre,  I'oiret,  var.  molle,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  bigb,  much  branched  : 
brancluis  brislly-prickly  or  naked,  armed  with  short  triple  or  nuiltiple  thorns  under 
the  fascicles  :  leaves  small  (usually  about  an  incli  in  diameter),  downy-pubescent, 
roundish  in  outline,  5-parted,  and  the  lobes  incisely  toothed  and  cleft :  racemes 
f)  -  9-llowered,  short-pe(luncled  :  llowcus  greenish-white;  tlio  open  calyx  3  linos  in 
iliameter,  its  short  lobes  rounded  :  small  petals  and  stamens  very  short  :  berry  light 
red,  not  larger  than  peas,  acid  (intermediate  between  a  goosoberry  and  a  currant), 
sometimes  lu-arly  or  (piito  naked. 

In  tlio  Sierra  Nevada  at  0,000  to  10,000  feet,  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward.  Extends  mainly 
in  the  form  of  the  var.  parvufuvi  (mistaken  for  A',  seto.mvi),  which  is  nearly  glabrous,  east  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  noith  to  Hritish  Columbia,  and  in  the  ordinary  and  larger  form  of  the 
species  to  the  Northern  Atlantic  States,  Labrador,  &c. 

§  3.  T/iornless  and  prickless  :  leaves  plaited  in  (he  bud:  racemes  few  -  viany-jlinuered : 
stamens  short  :  berry  unarmed  {rarely  ylandular-bristly),  many-seeded.  — 
KiiucsiA,   Jierlandier.      (('urrant.) 

*   Calyx  dilated  immediately  above  the  ovary,  rotate  or  saucer-shajied,  5-parted. 

R.  PUOSTiiATUM,  1/llir.,  and  11.  i.axiki.ouum,  I'nrsli,  liave  their  small  red  berries  beset  with 
scattered  gland-tipjicd  bristles,  in  the  manner  of  Ji.  lucusirc.  The  lirst  is  unknown  west  of 
the  mountains  of  Utah,  the  second  south  of  Washington  Territory. 

11.  IliiDsONlANUM,  liichardson,  is  between  the  above  and  the  following,  has  numerous  white 
flowers  crowded  in  an  erect  raceme,  minute  deciduous  bracts,  and  a  smooth  dark  berry.  It  has 
not  been  found  nearer  California  than  the  K.  Humboldt  Mountains,  N.  E.  Nevada  (A'.  braclcom)n, 
Watson  in  Bot.  King  ICxji.,  not  of  Douglas). 

8.  R.  bracteosum,  l>uugl.  Almu.st  glabrous,  at  least  with  ago,  sprinkled  with 
some  resincjus  dots,  4  to  10  feet  high  :  leaves  large  (3  to  9  inches  in  diameter), 
5-7-cleft;  the  lol)es  ovate  or  narrower,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  and  doubly 
serrate:  petioles  long:  racemes  erect  or  ascending,  many-llowered,  3  or  4  inches  long, 
or  in  fruit  sometimes  almost  a  foot  long  and  loose;:  bracts  persistent,  from  lililbrm  to 
spatulate,  or  the  lower  foliaceous  and  petioleil,  souu'times  pa.ssiug  into  leaves  :  (low- 
ers greenish-white  :  calyx-lobes  roundish  :  berry  black,  resinous-dotted,  a  third  (jf  an 
inch  in  diameter,  and  with  the  Uavor  of  black  currants  (().  —  Hook.  LI.  i.  233. 


/^'^''•'••-  SAXIFK'AGACE/E.  207 

^''"''^..yo^l^'  ^'"ttonaby  Cieck,  Men.locino  Co.,  lluhmd,:,:  Tl.n.n-1,  tlie  western  i.art  ol'  Ore- 
Ron  to  hitkft.  .  o  1  u 

9.  R.  cereum,  Bougl.  A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  mucli  branclied,  minutely 
pubescent,  usually  resmous-dotted  and  more  or  less  glutinous,  sometimes  -dabrous  • 
loaves  rounded  or  reniforni,  obscurely  or  more  decidedly  3dobed,  crenately  toothed 
or  mcisod,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter,  of  rather  firm  texture  :  racemes 
drooping,  compactly  3  -  5-llowcred  :  pedicels  hardly  any  or  shorter  than  the  bract  • 
calyx  waxy-white,  sometimes  greenish  or  pinkish  ;  the  tube  cylindrical,  4  or  5  lines 
long,  very  much  longer  than  the  ovate  recurved  lobes  :  petals  orbicular  :  berry  red- 
dish, sweetish. —  ]5ot.  iJog.  t.  12G3;   Hook.  Hot.  J\Iag.  t.  3008. 

Not  rare  through  tlie  drier  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mt.  Finos  {llothrock)  northward 
and  tlirongh  the  ulterior  to  Wasiiington  Tenitory,  New  Me.xieo,  and  Dakotah.  A  var.  pcdicellare 
trom  Alontana,  has  slender  pedicels  longer  than  the  bract.  ' 

>!=  *  Gah/x  prolonged  above  the  ovary  into  a  campanulale  or  ci/findrical  tube :  fruit 
and  foliage  more  or  less  glandular  :  leaves  rounded  or  ivith  'roundish  lobes  :  bracts 
conspicuous. 

-<-  Flowers  dull  ivhite  or  greenish,  or  sometimes  purplish-tinged :  raceme  somewhat 
corgmh-like  and  feiihjhu'ered. 

10.  R.  viscosissimum,  I'ursli.  A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  pubescent  and  viscid- 
glandular  :  leaves  cordate-rounded  and  moderately  lobed,  thinnish,  veiny,  1  to  4 
inches  in  diameter:  racemes  ascending:  flowers  slender-pedicelled,  about' half  an 
inch  long  and  comparatively  broad  :  calyx-tube  at  lirst  campanulate  ;  its  lobes  ob- 
long and  at  least  half  the  length  of  the  tube:  berry  black.  — Jlook.  Fl.  i.  234,  t.  76. 

Woods  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  6,000  to  8,000  feet,  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward  to  the  British 
boundary  and  also  in  the  Kocky  Mountains.     A  form  with  smooth  ovary,  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon. 

-(-  -J-  Ftou'ers  rose-red,  or  varying  to  white :  racemes  drooping,  mostly  many-floioered. 

11.  R.  sanguineum,  Pursh.  Shrub  2  to  12  feet  liigli,  varying  from  nearly 
glabrous  to  tomentose-canescent,  either  almost  glandless  or  glandular :  leaves 
rounded-cordate  and  obtusely  3  -  5-lobed  :  racemes  dense  :  calyx-tube  above  the 
ovary  from  campanulate  to  short-cylindraceous,  2  or  3  lines  long,  equalling  or  ex- 
ceeding the  oblong  lobes  :  berry  mostly  somewhat  hispid-glandular,  tough  and  not 
juicy,  blackisli,  rather  bitter. —  Dougl.  in  Hort.  Tnins.  vii.  t.  13;  Lindh  IJot.  Reg. 
t.  131<J  ;   Hook.  J5ot.  Mag.  t  3335.  —  Uuus  into  indelinito  varieties,  sucli  as 

Viir.  glutinosum,  a  more  glandular  and  less  pubivscent  form,  with  lurgo  many- 
llowcMcd  rac(>.mes.  —  R.  glutinosum,  l5enth.  in  flort.  Trans,  n.  ser.  i.  47G. 

Var.  malvaceum,  the  most  tomentose  form;  the  smaller  and  contracted  ra- 
cemes, ovaries,  and  calyx  also  tomeutose-villous ;  the  latter  often  flesh-color  or  white. 
—  It.  malvaceum,  Smith  ;  Don  in  Brit.  Fl.  Card.  ser.  2,  t.  340. 

Var.  variegatum,  Watson.  Low,  nearly  glalirous  :  racemes  short  and  dense, 
ascending,  barely  glandular :  calyx-tube  broadly  campanulate,  not  longer  than  the 
lobes,  rose-color  with  the  petals  white  (as  they  often  are  in  the  typical  form),  the 
Avhole  flower  only  3  lines  long.  —  ]]ot.  King  Exp.  100.  R.  Woliii,  Rothrock  in 
Am.   Naturalist,  viii.   358,  &  in  Wheeler,   Cat.   38. 

Common  througli  the  Coast  Ganges,  on  rocks  and  hills  ;  tlie  var.  ghdinosHin  and  var.  malva- 
ceum commoner  southward  ;  the  ordinary  form  extending  northward  to  r>ritisli  Columbia.  Var. 
varwiatnm  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  IMumas  to  Placer  counties  ;  also  in  tbe  mountains  of 
Colorado,  lloUirock. 

§  4.  Thnniless  and  prirkless  :  leaves  convolute  in  the  hud:  racemea  several-flowered : 
cahix-tube  eUmgadd :  berry  naked  and  glabrous,  many-seeded.  —  SiriloCALYX, 
JMidl.      {Chrysobotrya,  Si>ach.) 

12.  R.  aureum,  Pursli.  Shrub  5  to  12  feet  high,  glabrous  or  almost  so,  gland- 
less  :    leaves   3 -5-lobed,   rarely  at  all  cordate;    the   lobes  usually   few-toothed   or 


208 


CUASSULACE.E.  TilUta. 


incised:  racenics  sluni,  5  -  lO-llowored,  with  mostly  foliacooiis  bracts:  llowcra 
j,'uldcn-ycllo\v,  spicy  IVa^niiit  ;  lul)()  nf  tho  salvcirunu  calyx  (hall'  an  inch  or  less  in 
lcn[,'tli)  thi'co  or  lour  Liuu's  longer  than  the  oval  lohcs  :  stamens  short  :  berry  small, 
yellowish  turning  blackish,  mawkish.  —  Lindl.  Jiut.  Iveg.  t.  125.  Ji.  tenuijlorum, 
Lindl.  liot.  IJeg.  t.  ll'Tl.     li.  f rat/runs,  Ludd.  IJot.  Cab.  t.  1533. 

Banks  of  streams,  in  the  t'oast  Kanyes  ami  in  the  Siena  Nevaila  :  exteiuliii''  to  the  eubteiii 
aide  ol'  the  Rocky  Mountains.     Conmion  in  cultivaliun  in  the  Atlantic  Stales  anil  Euioiie. 

OuDER  XXXV.     CRASSULACE^. 

Succulent  or  lieshy  plants,  mostly  herbaceous,  and  not  stipulate,  with  completely 
symmetrical  as  well  as  regular  llowers,  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  all  of 
the  same  number  (3  to  12)  and  distinct,  or  the  stamens  twice  as  many,  and  the 
petals  sometimes  united  into  a  tube,  always  free  from  the  pistils,  generally  slightly 
perigynous,  and  instead  of  a  disk  a  series  of  hypogynous  scales,  one  behind  each 
carpel ;  these  become  follicles  in  fruit.  Otherwiso'as  in  SaxiJ'myacea'.  The  one  or 
two  exce[ttions  are  not  ('alifornian. 

An  order  of  ahout  400  Hpocics  in  httlu  over  a  dozen  genera,  of  tenii>erute  and  siil)ln>]»ical  re- 
gions, most  ahnnihuit  in  Kuropo  and  S.  Africa,  more  fully  represented  in  Caiifoiniu  tlian  in  tho 
Allanlie  Stales.  All  are  inert,  witii  watery  juieo  ;  many  are  lullivatod  for  ornament,  mostly  for 
tho  foUage  rather  than  tlie  llowers. 

Si:mi'i;uvivum  tkctoiu'm,  Linn.,  the  Ilouseleek  or  Live-forever,  of  Europe,  is  often  found 
half  wild  about  old  houses  :  i>arts  of  the  llowers  mostly  in  twelves  :  leaves  oval  or  ohovate, 
mueronate,  on  the  llowering  stems  oblong  and  elammyiiubescent,  as  well  as  the  clustered  purple 
or  greenish  flowers. 

1.  Tilleea.     Parts  of  the  flower  each  3  to  5  ;  the  stamens  only  as  many.     Small  annuals,  with 

opposite  leaves  and  minute  axillary  flowers. 

2.  Sedum.     Parts  of  the  flower  each  4  to  7  ;  stamens  twice  as  many.     Petals  distinct.     Low 

annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  cymose  con.spicuous  flowers. 

3.  Cotyledon.      Parts  of  the  flower  in  lives  ;  stamens  10.      Petals  .somewhat  united.      Stout 

perennial  herbs,  or  fleshy-woody  at  base,  with  showy  spicate  or  racemose  flowers. 

1.   TILL-ffiA,  Linn. 
Sepals  and  petals  3  to  5,  distinct  or  united  at  base.     Stamens  as  many.     Carpels 
distinct :  styles  short-subulate  :  ovules  one  to  many.      Seeds  longitudinally  striate. 
—  Small  and  slcmler  somewhat  suc(;ulent  glabrous  annuals  ;  leaves  opposite,  entire  ; 
llowers  minute,  axillary,   mostly   while. 

A  cosmopolitan  genus  of  about  20  speci.'s.  In  addition  to  tho  following,  there  is  a  single 
species  on  the  Atlantic  coast  and  another  in  Texas. 

-.v  Flowers  clustered:  petals  acuminate:  hypogynous  scales  viiniite  or  none:  carpels 
1  -  2-seeded.  —  TlLL/EA  proper. 

1.  T.  minima,  TNIiers.  Dill'usely  branched,  1  to  3  inches  high,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  connate  at  base,  acute,  about  a  line  long  :  llowers  in 
short  leafy  axillary  panicles,  nearly  sessile  or  on  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long  :  sepals 

4.  scarcely  half  a  line  long,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  a  little  exceeding  tho  linear  lanceo- 
late acuminate;  petals:  carpels  not  longer,  acute  :  seeds  usually  solitary.  —  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  557. 

Var.  subsimplex,  Watson.  Ihunchlets  more  elongated,  mostly  from  the  base  : 
pedicels  usually  shorter.  —  2'.  leptopetala,  Denth.  PI.  Ilartw.  310. 

On  sandy  soils,  in  the  rainy  season,  often  abundant,  from  Sonoma  Co.  to  San  Diego  ;  Guada- 
lupe Island,  Palmer.  Also  in  Chili,  and  very  similar  to  the  older  T.  vcrticillaris,  DC,  of  New 
Holland,  Tasmania,  and  New  Zealand.     Often  rcddisii. 


Sedum.  CRASSULACEJC.  209 

*  *    Flowers   solitary :    petals    oval   or   ohlonr/  :    liypogijnous   scales    linear  :    carpels 

several-seeded.  —  Bulliarda. 

2.  T.  angUStifolia,  Nutt.  Stems  decumbent,  rooting  at  base,  diirusely  branched, 
an  inch  long  :  leaves  linear,  acute,  connate,  a  line  or  two  long  :  flowers  sessile  or  on 
very  short  pedicels  :  sepals  4,  ovate,  obtuse,  a  half  shorter  than  the  oblong  petals 
and  broad  obtuse  8-  12-seeded  carpels.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  558. 

Var.  (?)  Bolanderi,  Watson.  Stems  2  to  4  inches  long,  less  diffusely  branched  : 
flowers  nearly  sessile,  the  parts  in  threes  or  fours  :  seeds  nearly  a  half  larger. 

Finin  Oregon  to  Coloratlo  ;  tlio  variety  on  the  muddy  banks  of  streams  near  San  Francisco, 
Bolavder.  The  typical  form  may  be  expected  in  Nortlicrn  California.  It  is  very  near  the 
T.  Drummjondii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  of  Texas,  being  distinguished  apparently  only  by  the  shorter  pedi- 
cels.    The  var.  Bolanderi  has  been  collected  only  in  truit,  and  may  prove  distinct. 

2.  SEDUM,  Linn.        Stone-ckop. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  base.     Petals  as  many,  distinct.     Stamens  twice  as  many. 

Carpels  distinct  or  rarely  connate  at  base,  few  -  many-seeded,   1 -seeded  in  a  single 

species.  —  Herbs,    mostly    perennial    and   glabrous ;    leaves  fleshy ;   flowers  rarely 

dia3cious,   in  cymes,  often  secund. 

About  120  species,  inhabiting  with  few  exceptions  the  cooler  and  temperate  regions  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  chiefly  of  the  Old  World.  Fifteen  species  or  more  are  found  within  the 
limits  of  the  United  State.s. 

*  Stout,  perennial:  flowers  mostly  dicecinus,   in  a  regular  compact   compound  cyme, 

deep  purple  or  becoming  so:  leaves  serrate,  flat. 

1.  S.  Rhodiola,  DC.  Stems  simple,  nearly  erect,  from  a  thick  fragrant  root, 
1  to  10  iuclies  hij^li,  leafy:  leaves  alternate,  oblong-oblanceolate,  acute,  rarely  entire, 
^  to  1^  inches  long:  cyme  sessile,  often  an  inch  or  two  l)road  :  flowers  on  short 
naked  pedicels,  usually  4-merous  :  .sepals  short,  oblong  :  petals  1|  lines  long,  linear- 
oblong  :  carpels  becoming  3  lines  long,  shortly  beaked. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  9,000  to  12,000  feet  altitude  (Brcircr,  Bolmider,  Ij'.mmon),  northward 
to  the  Arctic  Coast,  and  eastward  across  the  continent.     Also  in  the  mountains  of  Europe. 

%  *  Flowers  perfect,  decandrous,  secund  upon  the  branches  of  a  forked  cyme,  mostly 
yellow  or  yellowish  :  styles  filiform  :  leaves  entire,  very  fleshy:  low  and  comparatively 
slender. 

+-    Leaves  narrowed  toward  the  base,  obtuse :  perennials. 

2.  S.  spathulifolium,  Hook.  Glaucous  and  sometimes  n)ealy  :  stems  ascend- 
ing from  a  branched  rooting  caudex,  4  to  6  inches  higli,  simple  :  leaves  obovate  or 
spatulate,  flat,  6  to  10  lines  long  :  branches  of  the  cyme  approximate  :  flowers  on 
short  pedicels  or  sessile,  3  lines  long  :  petals  yellow,  lanceolate,  acute,  twice  longer 
than  the  ovate  acute  sepals  and  scarcely  exceeding  the  stamens  and  styles.  —  Fl.  i. 
227  ;  Torr.  k  Gray,  Fl.  i.  559. 

In  dry  rocky  places  from  Monte  Diablo  to  Vancouver  Island. 

3.  S.  Oreganum,  Nutt.  Similar  in  habit,  but  not  glaucous  :  flowers  larger,  4 
or  5  lines  long  :  petals  pale  rose-color,  narrowly  lanceolate  and  acuminate,  nearly 
twice  longer  than  the  stamens:  sepals  acute  or  acuminate. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i. 
559. 

Mendocino  Co.  (Rolandcr),  and  northwanl  to  Washington  Territory.     Rarely  collected. 

4.  S.  obtusatum,  (^iray.  Of  similar  habit,  lint  the  branchns  of  tlio  cyme 
usually  more  numerous  and  scattered  :  flowei-s  distinctly  jicdicellcd,  3  or  4  lines 
long :  petals  ol)long-lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute,  pale  yellow,  twice  longer  than  the 
broad  obtusish  sepals  and  little  e.xceeding  the  stamens  and  sfyle.s.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  342. 


210 


CRABSULACKyK.  >Scdu> 


On  gnuiite  rocks  in  tlie  Sierra  Nevada  :  Yoseiiiite  Valley  (Bolandv.r,  Torrey,  Gray,  kc);  Mt. 
llolliiiaiiii,  lit  10,000  feel  iiltituile,  iukI  Soiioni  i'lisa,  Brewer.  These  closely  allied  siMJcies  need  to 
bo  (IcIiniMl  IVoiu  living  siicciniens. 

S.  DKiiii.r,,  Wiilson,  Mot.  King  Kxp.  102.  Steins  weak,  2  to  4  imlies  liigli,  lioni  very  slender 
running  rootstocks  :  ieuvcs  rounded  or  ohovate,  1  to  3  lines  long  :  Uowers  on  rather  long  nedii:els, 
in  small  cynics,  '6  lines  long,  yellow  :  jietiils  lanceolate,  acuniinato,  twice  longer  than  ihe  acute 
sepals  ami  little  exceeding  ihe  stamens  and  styles.  —In  the  mountains  of  Northern  Nevada  and 
Utah  {irulson,  llaydcn),  and  probably  ot  Northeastern  Calil'ornia  ;   Urst  collected  by  Tulinie. 

+-   -t-   Leaves  broadest  at  base,  acute. 

5.  S.  Stenopetalum,  Pursh.  Stems  erect  or  ascending  from  a  branched  pcr- 
eunial  ruotstock,  3  to  (i  inches  high,  simple  or  sometimes  branclied  :  leaves  narrowly 
lanceolate,  sessile,  2  to  A  lines  long  or  more  :  flowers  bright  yellow,  nearly  sessile,  3 
to  5  lines  long  :  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  twice  longer  than  the  acumiiiato  se- 
pals, and  etiualling  or  exceeding  the  ytamens  and  elongated  styles.  — Torr.  &  (Jray, 
Fl.  i.  5G0;  Watson,  liot.  King  Exp.  101. 

Frequent  from  Oregon  and  Nevada  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  doubtless  to  lie  found  in  North- 
eastern California. 

6.  S.  variegatum,  Watson.  Probably  perennial  with  a  subterranean  rootstock, 
dwarf,  the  slender  simple  stems  only  2  inches  high  :  leaves  purplish,  ovate-obh.ng, 
2  lines  long  or  less  :  Uowers  3  to  G,  in  a  contracted  cyme,  nearly  sessile  :  petals 
broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  2  lines  long,  yellow  veined  with  purple,  twice  longer  than 
the,  purple  ovate  ac\ite  si'[)als  ami  a  Httle  exceeding  the  stamens  and  styli's.  —  Vvoc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  137. 

Near  San  Diego,  IJ.  Cleveland,  1875. 

7.  S.  Douglasii,  Hook.  Branching  at  base,  from  a  stout  proliferous  rootstock, 
the  rather  stout  stems  3  or  4  inches  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lowermost  linear- 
subulate,  acute,  membranaceous  when  dry,  3  to  G  lines  long  :  (lowers  somethues 
polygamous,  yellow,  sessile,  in  an  open  cyme  :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long,  lanceolatts 
acuminate,  twice  longer  than  the  acuminate  sepals  and  exceeding  the  stamens  :  ioUi- 
cles  at  length  divaricately  sj)readiug  from  their  united  bases.  —  Fl.  i.  228  ;  Torr.  S:, 
(J ray,  Fl.  i.  5riD. 

Mendocino  Co.  (Jiulander)  ;  among  limestone  rocks  on  Gavilan  Peak  (Brewer)  ;  and  northward 
to  Oregon.  Remarkable  for  its  divergent  follicles.  It  is  described  as  an  annual,  but  may  i.er- 
haps  be  more  jiersistent. 

8.  S.  pumilum,  Benth.  Annual,  slender,  branching  or  simple,  1  to  3  inches 
high  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  a  line  or  two  long  :  flowers  sessile  in  sparingly  branched 
cymes,  yellow  :  (;alyx-lobes  very  small,  triangular,  acute  :  petals  linear,  acute,  1^  lines 
long,  exceeding  the  stamens  and  styles  :  follicles  short,  1-seedeil  ;  the  seed  enict, 
filling  the  cavity.  —PI.  Hartw.  310. 

On  gravelly  soil  in  the  Sacramento  Valley  (Hartwcg)  ;  at  Placerville  {Italian)  ;  Table  Moun- 
tain (Mrs.  Ames)  ;  Oregon,  Nuttall.  It  was  also  collected  by  Freviont.  Peculiar  \\\  its  minute 
calyx  and  solitary  seeds. 

3.  COTYLEDON,  binn. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  united  into  a  5-lobed  pitcher-shai)ed  or  cylindrical  corolla. 
Stamens  10,  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube.  Carpels  tlistinct,  or  rarely  united  at  base, 
many-seeded,  beaked  by  the  subulate  styles.  —  Herbs,  or  soft-woody  at  base,  ours 
stout  perennials  ;  leaves  very  thick  and  fleshy,  entire,  the  lower  rosulato ;  flowers 
often  large  and  showy,  mostly  scarlet  and  yellow,  in  our  species  scorpioid-cymose 
or  in  long  racemes.  —  lienth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  i.  659  ;  Baker,  Kefug.  Bot.  i. 
(February,   18G9).      Echeveriu,  DC.    Prodr.   iii.   401. 

About  60  species,  belonging  to  the  dry  or  hot  regions  of  the  Old  World  and  North  America. 
The  Mexican  species  nuuiiier  2.5  or  30,  and  there  is  also  another  in  New  Mexico  near  the  boundary. 


Cutyledon.  ( IRASSULACMvE.  211 

besides  tlioHC  of  Cnlifoiiiia,  wliicli  iiic  still  iiniKTfcctiy  known.  These  American  forms  l)elong  to 
llie  gciius  KcJieveria,  \)(',.  (now  nieigeil  in  Voljilrdtm),  (listingiiislnHl  by  tin;  larger  often  foliaccous 
calyx,  and  the  terete  or  sulcato  i>itcher-8haixjil  corolla  more  (lefj)ly  parted. 

*   Leaves  terete :  petals  yellotvish,  spreadiiKj  :  carpels  divergent  above  the  united  base. 

1.  C.  edulis,  Ihewcr.  Glaucous,  nearly  acaulovscent,  tlio  stem  very  short,  thick, 
and  covered  with  the  bases  of  dead  leaves  :  rosulate  leaves  numerous,  terete  or 
somewhat  triangular,  acute,  dilated  at  base,  the  outer  ones  3  to  5  inches  long  : 
llowcring  sttiuis  a  ibut  high  or  more,  with  similar  scattered  It>avcH  an  inch  or  two 
long,  the  upper  and  iloral  ones  very  small :  inflorescence  paniculate,  the  scattered 
sjireading  brandies  2  to  6  inches  long  :  flowers  nearly  sessile  :  sepals  ovate,  acutish, 
1|  to  2  lines  long  :  petals  united  at  base,  narrowly  oblong,  3  or  4  lines  long,  acute  or 
acuminate,  widely  spreading  :  carpels  ovate-oblong,  united  above  the  base,  divei'gent 
above,  3  lines  long  :  seeds  rather  few,  linear-oblong,  very  acute  at  both  ends,  half  a 
line  long.  — Sednm  editte,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  .560. 

On  dry  banks  near  the  sea  at  San  Diego,  Nutlall,  Parry,  Coojynr,  &c.  The  young  leaves  are 
eaten  by  the  Indians.     A  very  peculiar  species. 

*   *   Leaves  flattened :  carpels  nearlif  distinct,  erect. 

-f-   Pc/als  united  to  the  middle,  red :  carpels  linear  :  pedicels  mostly  horizontal. 

2.  C.  pulverulenta,  Beath.  &  Hook.  More  or  less  whiti!-i)ulverident  through- 
out :  stem  short  and  very  stout :  leaves  rather  thin  and  flaccid,  in  a  flattened  rosette 
often  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter,  broadly  spatulate  and  very  abruptly  acute,  becom- 
ing 2  to  4  inches  broad  and  at  length  glabrate,  the  younger  heaves  very  mealy  and 
nu)re  gradually  acuminate:  flowering  sterna  1.^  feet  high  or  more,  stout,  with  very 
broadly  cordatt^  often  approximate  acute  leaves,  or  the  lower  ovalci  and  acuminate; 
floral  bracts  small  :  inflorescence  of  2  to  G  elongated  ascending  simple  racemes,  usually 
G  to  1 2  inches  long ;  pedicels  mostly  horizontal,  slender,  3  to  8  lines  long  :  flowers 
erect  or  ascending :  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  corolla  narrow,  sul- 
cate,  red  ("pale-scarlet  or  coral-color");  lobes  oblong,  acute:  carpels  6  lines  long: 
seeds  very  numerous,  smaller  than  in  the  last.  — Echeveria  pulverulenta,  Nutt.  in 
Torr.  Si  (iray,  Fl.  i.  560. 

Fre(|U(M)t  in  rocky  ravines  from  the  Sierra  Santa  Monica  (Brcurr)  southward  to  San  Diego, 
Nittlitll,  C/rrrfanit,  Palmrr.  Kiitcii  by  the  Indians.  The  figure  of  C.  pnlrcriihnta,  Hnkcr,  1.  c, 
t.  (i(5,  cannot  b(\  cited  na  a  roiirescnlation  of  the  tyoicul  form  of  the  specioi."  It  is  uncertain  to 
what  it  should  bo  referred.  'V\w  Krhcvrria  ptdm-vJcula  n.\\A  E.  /auivo/irfn  of  Hot.  Mox.  IJound., 
from  the  Coiinados  Islands  near  San  Diego  (T/iurher),  are  not  satisfactorily  dcteniiinable. 

+-  +-  Petals  united  only  near  the  base,  yelloio  more  or  less  tinged  ivith  red :  carpels 
ovate-  to  linear-oblong  :  pedicels  ascending. 

3.  C.  lanceolata,  Iknth.  Sc  Tlook.  Cilaucous,  the  leaves  more  or  less  densely 
white-puberulent :  stem  very  short,  more  slender  than  in  the  last :  rosulate  leaves 
less  spreading,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  outer  ones  2  to  4  inche^s 
long:  flowering  branches  II")  inches  higli  or  more,  slender,  the  lower  leaves  lanceo- 
late, becoming  above  broadly  triaugular-ovate,  clasping,  iicute  ;  the  Iloral  bract^s 
nnich  shorter  than  the  ]K>(licels  :  inflorescence  in  a  com]>ouud  cyme  or  often  of  2  or 
3  short  simple  racemes  ;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long  :  sepals  triangular-ovate,  acute,  2 
lines  long  :  petals  oblong,  acute,  4  to  6  lines  long,  erect,  reddish  yellow  :  carpels 
liiiear-oblong,  5  lines  long  inclmling  the  style  :  .seeds  oblong,  acutish  at  each  end, 
a  third  of  a  line  long.  —  Ech^reria  lanceolata,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  A-  (Jray,  Fl.  i.  r)61  ; 
Torrey,    Hot.   Mex.    Hound,   t.   24. 

Southern  Cnlifoinin,  near  the  sea  ;  San  Diego,  Nuftnll,  Parry,  Cleveland,  Pabner. 

4.  C.  farinosa,  Benth.  Sc,  Tlook.  Acaulescent,  more  or  less  mcaly-pulverulent : 
rosulate  Ifuves  ratlier  flaccid,  ascemling,   lanceolate,  acumiuafe,  the  larger  ones  2  to 


222  DROSERACEiE.  Cotyledon. 

4  inches  long,  very  ac-uLu  :  flowering  brandies  a  sikui  high  or  often  less,  with  scut-  • 
tered  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate  clasping  leaves  :  inflorescence  a  rather  close  and 
short  conipuimd  cyme ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  rather  large ;  pedicels  stout,  1  to  3 
lines  long  :  sepals  broailly  lanceolate,  about  3  lines  long  :  petals  yellow,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  \  to  G  lines  long  :  cari)el3  ovate-oblong,  about  3  lines 
long.  —  Baker,  1.  c,  t.  71.     A'chevtria  fariuosa,  LindU  in  Jour,  llort.  ISoc.  iv.  21)2. 

Mt.  Camiel  {JIartwcij)  ;  Paoheco's  Peak  (Brewer)  ;  Knight's  Ferry,  Bigclow.  It  probably  also 
includes  a  more  northern  I'onn  with  longer  pedicels,  collected  on  the  upper  tiibutaries  of  the 
Saciainento  {Fremont),  at  Sonoma  (Biyel-jw),  and  also  by  Bridges.  It  seems  to  be  a  variable 
species,  distinguished  from  the  last  by  its  more  lanceolate  and  narrowly  acute  less  farinose  leaves, 
shorter  llowei  ing  blanches,  longer  scpilk,  and  shorter  carpels.  A  cultivated  specimen  at  Cambiidge 
has  very  large  bracts,  much  exceeding  the  pedicels. 

5.  C.  CcGBpitOSa,  llaworth.  Acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  glabrous  :  rosulate  leavtis 
"glauctius-giceii,"  Dvate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  the  larger  1^  to  3  inches 
long;  llowering  branches  G  to  12  inches  high,  with  broadly  triangular-ovate  clasp- 
ing leaves  :  inllorescence  a  short  and  rather  close  conii)Ound  cyme  ;  bracts  broad  and 
rather  large;  i)edicels  short  and  stout:  sepals  ovate,  2  lines  long  or  less:  petals 
yellow,  broailly  lanceolate,  acute,  4  or  5  lines  long  :  carpels  ovate-oblong,  nearly  3 
lines  long. —  Misc.  A'at.  180;  DC.  liar.  PI.  Oenev.  50,  t.  14;  Baker,  \.  c,  t.  Gy. 
Sedimi  Cotykdoti,  Jac(p  Eclog.  i.  t.  17;  lleichenb.  llort.  Bot.  ii.  10,  t.  125. 

Near  San  Francisco  and  northward,  lirst  collect.td  by  Moizics  and  cultivated  at  the  Kew  Gar- 
dens in  UUO  ;  near  Clear  l.ako  (Turret/)  ;  also  from  (Jibbons  and  Pickering. 

G.  C.  laxa,  Benth.  6i  Hook.  Nearly  acaulescent,  very  glaucous:  rosulate  leaves 
lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate,  the  larger  3  or  4  inches  long  or  more  :  llowering 
branches  a  foot  or  two  high,  slender,  with  scattered  leaves,  the  lower  usually  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  the  upper  shorter  and  broader :  inflorescence  of  2  to  4  simple 
secund  racemes  3  to  5  inches  long ;  floral  bracts  .small ;  pedicels  2  or  3  lines  long  : 
sepals  ovate,  acute,  2  lines  long  or  more  :  ])etals  yellow,  oblongdanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  5  to  7  lines  long  :  carjjels  ovate-oblong,  4  lines  long.  —  Echeveria  laxa, 
Lindl.  in  Jour.  llort.  Soc.  iv.  292.     Cotyledon  Call/ornica,  Baker,  1.  c,  t.  70. 

Near  Monterey  (llttrtiroj);  Cajoii  Pass  (/;/(/(•/.///') ;  <>»  dry  rocks  in  IhoGavilan  Ihmgo  (Brewer) ; 
Ft.  Tojoii  (Xoiitus)  ;  rocky  hills' back  of  Sanla  Karliaia,  Uutltrock:  Some  of  the  latter  specimens 
liavo  reddish  llowers,  and  the  mature  carpels  are  linear-oblong. 

7.  C.  Nevadensis,  Watson.  Acaulescent,  glaucous  :  rosulate  leaves  obovate  to 
oblanceolate,  somewhat  rhomboidal,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  larger  2  to  4  inches 
long:  flowering  branches  G  to  10  inches  high,  with  scattered  lanceolate  to  broadly 
triangular  acute  leaves  :  inflorescence  a  rather  close  spreading  comi)ound  cyme  ; 
bracts  small  ;  pedicels  3  to  U  lines  long  :  sepals  ovate,  acute,  2  lines  long  or  less  : 
petals  lanceolate,  acute,  5  lines  long,  yellow  tinged  with  red  :  carpels  very  short, 
ovate-oblong,  3  lines  long  in  fruit. 

Hillsides  and  rocky  places,  Sonora  (Bigclow)  ;  Yosemite  VaUey,  Torrcy,  Oray. 


Order  XXXVI.    DROSERACE^. 

Herbs,  growing  in  bogs,  or  rarely  aipiatic,  most  resembling  Saxifrayen'  in  habit 

and  structure,  and  seemingly  somewhat  connecteil  with  that  tribe  through  J'aruassia, 

but  with  petals  and  stamens  hypogynous  or  nearly  so,  anthers  commonly  extrorse, 

and  the  leaves  provided  with  secreting  glands  of  some  kind,  which  appear  to  be  in 

some  way  subservient  to  the  capture  of  insects. 

A  small  order  of  five  very  small  and  local  "cnera  and  one  rather  large  and  widely  dilhiscd  one  : 
represented  in  N.  America  only  by  the  wonderful  Dioncca,  or  Venus's  Fly-trap,  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  by  a  few  species  of  the  principal  genus,  Drosent. 


Drom-n.  LYTIIRA(M^/K  213 

1.  DROSERA,  Linn.  Sundew. 
Calyx  5-parte(l,  imbricated  in  the  biul,  persistent.  Petals  5,  mostly  convolute  in 
the  bud,  withcring-[)ersistent.  Stamens  5.  Styles  mostly  3,  and  each  2-parted,  so 
as  to  appear  as  G  iiliform  or  somewhat  clavate  ones,  stigmatose  down  the  inner  side. 
Capsule  oblong,  1 -celled  with  3  parietal  placentna,  .3-valvod  from  the  top,  a  placenta 
on  the  middle  of  each  valve.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  small,  anatropous,  with  a 
small  embryo  at  the  base  or  in  the  axis  of  the  fleshy  albumen.  —  Low  perennials  or 
biennials,  of  brownish  or  reddish  rather  than  green  hue ;  the  herbage  beset  with 
bristle-stalked  glands  which  secrete  a  drop  of  clear  and  glairy  liquid ;  stipules  a  vil- 
lous fringe  at  the  base  of  the  petiole ;  leaves  inrolled  from  the  apex  or  the  blade 
inflexed  in  the  bud,  in  ours  all  crowded  in  a  rosulate  tuft  at  the  base  of  a  naked 
scape,  which  bears  a  unilateral  scorpioid  (apparent)  raceme  or  spike ;  but  the  flowers 
are  not  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts.  Flowers  generally  (in  ours)  white,  each  one  open- 
ing in  the  morning  for  a  single  day. 

Of  tlio  100  fl])Pc.io3,  or  lliproahout,  only  six  or  Boven  nro  KorUi  Aniorii-an,  nnd  liuH' of  those  are 
also  Kuropoan,  two  of  tlioin  occurring  rarely  in  California.  Tlio  greater  niunlicr  are  S.  Australian. 
All  at  leiust  of  the  common  species  are  insectivorous.  For  an  account  of  tlicir  ronmrkaVile  liabits 
and  structure  see  Darwin,  Insectivorous  Plants,  1875. 

1.  D.  rotundifolia,  Linn.  Leaves  spreading  ;  the  blade  rounded,  2  to  6  lines 
in  diameter,  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  slender  hairy  or  naked  petiole  :  scape  3  to 
6  inches  high,  few-flowered  :  petals  oblong,  2  lines  long,  a  little  exceeding  the 
oblong  sepals  :  styles  very  short  :  capsule  included  in  the  calyx  :  soiuls  linear,  with 
a  loose  coat. 

In  cold  swamps  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  (7?)r7r<;r,  Bolnudrr,  Lcmmon)  ;  Mendocino  Co.  (Bolander) ; 
and  northward  to  the  Arctic  circle.  On  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  continent  it  ranges  southward  to 
Florida;  it  is  also  found  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  D.  Anglica,  Hudson.  Leaves  ascending,  cuneate-oblong,  attenuate  into  the 
slender  naked  petiole:  scape  3  to  6  inches  high,  sometimes  forked  at  the  top,  few- 
flowered  :  petals  linear-oblanceolate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the 
oblong  sepals  :  capsule  exceeding  the  calyx  :  seeds  linear,  with  a  loose  coat. 

Sierra  County,  Lcmmon.  Common  in  Europe  and  Siberia,  Init  rnroly  collected  in  North 
America,  lieiuff  reported  only  from  liio  Norliiwost  Coast  {i\friizirs),  IJrilish  America  (Kkhnrdion), 
and  Newfoun(Uand.  The  more  frc(pient  I),  infrnncdia,  llayne  (the  JJ.  loiiglfnlia  of  authors  and  at 
least  in  part  of  Liunreus),  is  distinguished  by  the  close  rough  seed-coat,  rather  smaller  flowers,  &c. 


Order  XXXVIL    LYTHRACE.ffi. 

Herbs  (or  in  warm  countries  sometimes  shrubs  or  trees),  with  simple  and  entire 
leaves,  calyx  tubular  or  cainpanulato  and  free  from  the  ovary  and  capsule  but  en- 
closing it,  the  petals  (often  wanting)  and  definite  stamens  borne  in  its  throat,  a 
single  style,  numerous  small  anatropous  seeds  on  a  central  placenta,  and  no  albumen. 
Capsule  generally  becoming  one-celled  by  the  vanishing  of  thin  partitions.  No 
stipules,  and  no  translucent  dots  in  the  leaves.  Distinguished  from  the  two  follow- 
ing orders  by  the  free  ovary,  from  the  flrst  of  them  also  by  the  numerous  seeds. 

An  order  of  little  conse(pience  and  feeble  representation  in  temperate  regions,  espeei.illy  in.N. 
America,  the  plants  being  mostlv  inert  weeds.  Several  Mexican  and  S.  American  species  of  Cii- 
phca  are  cultivated  for  ornament  ;  also  the  beautiful  Crape-Mvrflc,  Lnficrstrmnin.  Ivdka,  which  is 
planted  in  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  and  which  would  llourisli  in  a  large  part  of  California. 
Punica  rirnnntum,  the  Pomegranate,  has  recently  been  referred  to  this  order,  instead  of  MurlAcca:., 
but  its  characters  do  not  accord  with  either. 


214  IIALORAGE.Ii:.  Ammannia. 

1.  Ammannia.     Calyx  baruly  4-aiigled,  short.     Slaiiiens  4  or  8.     Capsule  globular.     Leaves 

ojijiosile. 

2.  Lythrum.     Calyx  striate,  cylindrical.     Petals  commonly  6  (4  to  7),  and  stamens  as  many  or 

sometimes  twice  as  many.     Capsule  oblong  or  cylindraccous. 

1.  AMMANNIA,  Houston. 
Calyx  campuimlutc  or  short-tubuliir,  usually  4-angle(l,  4-tootlie(.l,  and  with  as 
many  intermediate  small  tooth-like  processes.  Petals  as  many,  small  and  fugacious, 
or  none.  Stamens  usually  4.  Capsule  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  nearly  globular, 
mostly  4-celled.  —  Low  and  smooth  annuals;  stems  4-angled;  leaves  opposite,  ses- 
sile ;  llowers  small,  axillary. 

A  genus  of  about  ;U)  s|i(Tii's,  inlialiiting  swanijis  and  wet  jilaces.  Oidy  1  species  are  found  in 
the  United  Slates,  of  wiiieh  the  following  is  of  wide  range. 

1.  A.  latlfolia,  Linn.  Stems  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  a  few  spreading 
branches  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  with  a  broad  auricled  base, 
acute:  Howers  1  to  5  in  each  axil,  mostly  closely  sessile:  calyx  oblong,  1^  lines 
long,  becoming  2  lines  in  diameter  in  fruit  :  stamens  sometimes  8  :  style  variable  in 
length,  as  well  as  the  lilaments. 

iianks  of  Cache  Creek  (iln/diulcr) ;  Carson  Valley,  Nevada  (IFnl.son)  ;  on  the  bower  Colo- 
rado (yy/(»iY) ;  on  Milk  Ifivcr,  N.  Montana  (.SVcZ/n/);  also  in  the  Southern  Atlantic  Slates,  the 
West  Indies  und  Ihuzil. 

2.   LYTHRUM,  binn.         Loosestrife. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  4  -  7-tuuthe(l,   with   as  many   intermediate   ti>oth-like 

])rocesses.     I'etals  4  to  7,  oblong-obovate,  often  conspicuous  and  sometimes  unequal. 

Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many.     Capsule  oblong,   2-celled.  —  Erect  slender 

herbs  (rarely  woody  at  base) ;    stems  angled ;  leaves    linear-oblong    or  lanceolate, 

alternate,  opposite,  or  rarely  whorled ;  flowers  axillary,  mostly  solitary. 

A  small  genus,  widely  tlistributed  over  the  world.  Four  or  live  species  are  found  in  the  I'nited 
States,  one  of  which  is  polymorphous  and  extends  across  the  continent. 

1.  L.  alatum,  Pursh.  Biennial  or  jierennial,  herbaceous,  with  straight  virgate 
branches,  a  loot  or  two  high,  glabrous  ;  the  stems  angled  and  narrowly  margined  : 
leaves  oblong-ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  an  inch  long  or  less,  tin; 
upper  scarcely  exceeding  the  llowt^s  ;  the  lowest  (i|i|)osite,  the  restusuully  scattered  : 
llowers  solitary,  siissile  nr  shortly  pcdiccUud  :  calyx  about  ."}  lines  long,  dticply  fur- 
rowed, the  teeth  usually  little  exceeding  the  intermediate  processes:  petals  li,  deep 
purple,  2  lines  long  :  stamens  G  :  capsule  narrow,  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Var.  linearifolium.  Gray.  Leaves  linear,  the  lower  cauline  ones  only  some- 
times lanceolate.^  I'l.  Lindh.  ii.  188.  L.  Cati/or/iicum,  Turr.  &  Cray,  Fl.  i.  482. 
L.  lineare,  Hook.  iSi  Arn.  Pot.  IJeechey,  343,  not  Linn. 

The  variety  only  has  been  found  in  California,  from  Najja  Valley  to  San  Diego,  and  langing 
eastward  to  New  Mexico.  The  species  is  very  variable,  and  extends  from  the  nurtliern  Atlantic 
States  to  Mexico. 

Order  XXXVIIL     HALORAGE^. 

Aquatic  herbs  (as  to  the  N.  American  rej)resentatives),  with  inconspicuous  and 
often  apetalous  flowers  sessile  in  the  axil  of  leaves  or  bracts,  calyx  adnate  to  the 
ovary  in  the  fertile  ones,  and  its  limb  then  short  and  almost  entire  or  obsolete  ;  the 
fruit  indehiscent  and  nut-like,  1  -4-celleil,  with  a  single  anatropous  seed  suspended 
from  the  summit  of  each  cell  ;  embryo  in  the  axis  of  copious  albumen,  its  cotyledons 


Myriophyllum.  HALORAGE^.  215 

small  and  short ;  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2  to  4  and  distinct,  or  in  Ilippuru  only 
one  and  sinii)le. 

All  the  higlily  developed  representatives  of  this  small  order  are  in  the  southern  hemisphere 
tlmn  i„  Uie  i'aoili'c  sSteT   '  '^  ''  '"'"''  '^  """  ^'^"^^  "''  '""'''  '""'■'  "^merous  in  the  Atkntic 

Callitiuciie  as  well  as  CEUATOPiiYLt,UM  is  referred  to  the  Apctalcc. 

1.  Hippuris.      Leaves  linear,  in  whorls  of  8  or  12.      Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  entire      Petals 

none.     Stamen  and  cell  of  the  ovary  one.  j  .     i  t-tais 

2.  Myriophyllum.     Inimnrscd  loaves  pinnatoly  dissocto.l.     Flowers  nioncrcious  or  iiolyKamoua 

Tarts  ol  the  llowcr  in  lours.  *    *^* 

1.  HIPPURIS,  Linn.  Maue's  Tail. 
Flowers  perfect  or  sometimes  polygamous.  Calyx-tube  globular;  the  limb  entire. 
Petals  none.  Stamen  1;  filament  subulate;  anther  large.  Ovary  1 -celled  :  style 
becoming  filiform  and  elongated,  stigmatic  the  whole  length.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid, 
nut  like.  —  Smooth  aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  erect  simple  leafy  stems  ^  leaves 
linear  or  oblong,  entire,  in  whorls  of  4  to  12;  flowers  minute,  solitary  and  sisile  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

rp^ry  ^r'n  'P'"?,  '""'^  known  or  perhaps  only  one,  distributed  through  the  temperate  and  colder 
regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  also  in  the  soutliern. 

nc:,!:ii?;T\?w"®' ■^•""i  ,^^'"^'  "  ^""*'  °'  ^^^"^  '"■"^''  '•■'^<'^'^''  «tout:  leaves  acute, 
usually  a  halt  to  an  jnch  long  but  often  much  longer,  especially  the  submerged 
ones:  cayxhanlly  hall  a  hue  h.ng  :  stylo  and  stamen  comparatively  conspicuous 
persistent :  fruit  nearly  a  line  long.  ^  i  . 

fool"  ulf"?'"  T"*''  '  TrT''?  ^^%iJ^>9''Jfw,  Pnlandcr)  ■  Soda  Springs,  near  Mono  Pass,  at  8,600 

Old  Woild),  and  southward  in  tlu-  Rocky  Mountains  as  far  as  New  J\lexico. 

2.  MYRIOPHYLLUM,  Linn.  Water-Milfoil. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous.  Limb  of  the  calyx  4-lobed  in  the  sterile 
flowers,  wanting  or  minutely  toothed  in  others.  Petals  2  to  4,  minute  or  wanting 
in  pistillate  llowors.  Stamens  2  to  8 ;  filnnuMits  fl]ir.,rm.  Ovary  4-c('llo(l :  stigmas 
4,  recurved  and  plumose.  Fruit  nutliko,  deeply  4-lobed  longitudinally.  —  Smooth 
aquatic  perennial  leafy  herbs ;  leaves  mostly  verticillate  or  opposite,  the  submersed 
ones  pinnately  parted  with  capillary  segments  ;  flowers  small,  solitary  and  mostly 
sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  reduced  upper  leaves,  the  upper  ones  usually  staminate, 
tho  lower  i)iatillate,  and  tho  intermcdiato  ones  perfect. 

bei^ifrcfiuirthS  XitS'sSef  "^^"^  ''^^^  "''^■■^^ "-  '-'-'^  ^^"»-' «- '-''  «f  '^^  --^^ 

1.  M.  spicatum,  Linn.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  3  or  4,  all  l)elow  the  inflorescence 
pinna  ely  parted  ;  the  filiform  segments  often  an  inch  long :  flowers  in  an  inter- 
rupted spike:  bracts  ovate,  entire  or  toothed,  usually  shorter  than  the  flowers- 
petals  ovate,  greenish  white,  nearly  a  line  long,  .leciduous  :  stamens  8  :  fruit  sub- 
globose,  deeply  lobed  ;  tho  rounded  carpels  smooth,  a  line  long. 

wnwfl'^'^ri^  \"  California  {Kdlogcj),  but  locality  not  given  ;  Washington'rerritorv  {Lyall),  north- 
ward to  A Inslca  and  enstwnid  across  Iho  continent.  Also  in  K.urope  nn<l  Asia.  TbeVerv  similar 
M.  vrrtmllatmn,  Linn,,  is  distinguishml  by  tl.o  larger  and  pcctinatdy  pinnalind  iloial  bVncU. 

2  M.  hippuroides,  Nutt.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  tho  lower  pinimto  nnd 
capillary;  u])p(T  leaves  linear,  acute,  acutely  and  rather  reniotolv  toothed,  3  to  6 
lines  long,  tlie  uppermost  nearly  entire:  petals  white,  obovate,  somewhat  persistent: 


21Q  ONAGRACE.E. 

stamens  4:  carpels  nearly  smoolh,  leas  rouiuled.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  530.     M. 
scabratum,  Cham,  k  Sclileclit.  ill  Liuiiieu,  iv.  r)()(),  iiot  of  Miclix. 

Collocteil  ill  Ongou  {A'utln/l,  Hall),  uml  ruiioilcil  us  IVcmi  near  Him  Kniiu'isci.,  witlioiit  IViiil, 
Cliamisso. 

Okder  XXXIX.     ONAGRACEJE. 

Herbs  (or  in  warmer  regions  one  or  two  genera  of  shrubs),  with  perfect  symmet- 
rical (lowers,  the  parts  of  which  are  most  commonly  in  fours,  the  calyx-tube  adnate 
to  the  ovary  and  its  (often  colored)  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  i)etals  borne  on  its 
throat  or  at  the  sinuses  and  convohile  in  the  bud,  the  cells  of  the  ovary  usually 
of  the  same  number,  and  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many.  Style  always 
single:  stigma  of  as  many  lobes  as  cells  to  the  ovary,  or  capitate.  Seeds  auatropous, 
tilled  by  the  embryo :  no  albumen.  i>eaves  simple,  but  sometimes  lobed  or  divided, 
either  alternate  or  opposite  :  no  stipules.     Flowers  often  showy. 

An  order  of  over  300  speiacs,  wiildy  distrihuted  over  the  world,  lint  for  the  larger  part  Ameri- 
can, especially  N.  Aniericun  and  Mexican,  inert,  and  of  no  economical  importance  except  in  tnna- 
nuMital  cnltivation,  and  that  the  large  llushy  seeds  of  rrupa  or  Water  Caltrops  in  the  Ohl  World 
are  eaten  as  nuts. 

Fuchsia,  Linn.,  the  principal  shrnbhy  or  arborescont  gonns,  of  the  Mexican  ami  H.  American 
Andes,  well  niarl<ed  by  the  brightly  colored  calyx,  long  and  straight  stamens  and  style,  opposite 
leaves,  and  a  berry  for  fruit,  is  too  familiar  in  ornamental  cultivation  to  be  overlooked. 

Tribe  1.     JUSSIE/E.     Limb  of  the  calyx  divided  quite  down  to  the  ovary,  and  persistent  on 
tlie  many-seeded  capsule.     Seeds  naked. 

1.  Jussi»a.     Petals  4  to  G.     Stamens  twice  as  many.     Capsule  elongated. 

2.  Lud'wigia.     Petals  4  or  none.     Stamens  4.     Caftsule  short. 

Tribe  II.  ONAGllEiE.  Limb,  with  the  free  tube  of  the  calyx  when  there  is  any,  deciduous 
from  the  ovary  or  capsule  ;  the  latter  loculicidal,  many-seeded,  or  the  cells  rarely  only 
several-seeded.     Parts  of  the  llowor  in  fours. 

♦  Seeds  coniose  at  the  apex  :  stamens  8  :  lower  leaves  often  opposite. 

3.  Zauschneria.     Calyx-tube  continued  much  beyond  the  ovary,  funnelform. 

4.  Epilobium.     Calyx  4-parted  nearly  down  to  the  ovary,  or  with  a  short  and  campanulate 

tube  beyond  it. 

*  *  Seeds  naked  (not  comose)  :  leaves  all  alternate. 

-H  Anthers  attached  near  the  miihlle  and  versatile :  petals  generally  yellow  or  white  or  sometimes 
changing  lo  rose-color. 

5.  Qayophytum.     C^alyx-tubo  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary  ;  this  and  the  membranaceous 

capsule  only  2-celled.     The  stamens  opposite  the  petals  usually  sterile.     Slender  and 
very  small-flowered  annuals. 

6.  Eulobus.      Calyx- tube  hardly  at  all  produced  beyond  the  ovary.      Stamens  opposite  the 

petals  shorter  and  with   rounded   anthers.      Capsule  long-linear,   straight,    refracted. 
Annual. 

7.  CEnothera.     Calyx  produced  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  linear  or  olwonical  tube.     Anthers  all 

uniform.      Petals  without  claws. 

-H  +■  Anthers  attached  nt  or  near  the  base,  remaining  erect ;   those  opposite  the  petals  nuich 
shorter,  or  sterile,  or  rarely  wanting  :  petals  never  yellow  :  annuals. 

8.  Godetia.     Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconical  ;  its  lobes  reflexed.     Petals  sessile,  entire, 

rarely  2-lobed.     Capsule  coriaceous.     Seeds  numerous,  angled  or  margined. 

9.  Clarkia.     Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconical  ;    its  lobes  ntlexed.      Petals  with  claws, 

either  lobed  or  entire  :  the  stamens  opposite  them  often  sterile.     Capsule  coriaceous. 
10.  Eucharidium.    Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  filiform  ;  the  lobes  reflexed.     Petals  with  claws, 

lobed  ;  the  stamens  opposite  them  wanting.     Capsule  coriaceous. 
n.   Boisduvalia.    Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconical ;  its  lobes  erect.    Petals  sessile,  2-lobed. 

Capsule  membranaceous  ;  the  cells  few-seeded.     Seeds  smooth. 


Znui^chneria.  ONAGRACE/K. 


217 


TiUBE  111.     nAURINEiE.      Linil)  or  pnnliiccd  tube  of  the  ciilyx  deciduous  from  tlie  dry  and 
indehiscent  1  -  4-seeded  fruit.    Parts  of  the  (lower  in  fours  or  rarely  threes.    Leaves  alternate. 

12.  Gaura.     Stamens  8,  nil  perfect  :  anthers  attached  by  the  middle,  versatile. 

13.  Heterogaura.     Fertile  stamens  4,  with  anthers  atta(,'hcd  at  the  base  ;  sterile  stamens  before 

the  petals  4. 

Tribe  IV.     CIRCiEE/E.      I>imb  of  the  calyx  deciduous  from  the  iiidehi.scent  bur-like  1-2- 
seeded  fruit.     Parts  of  the  flowers  in  twos  throughout.      Leaves  opposite. 

14.  Circeea.    The  only  genus. 

1.  JUSSI^A,  Linn. 

Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  above  the  elongated  ovary,  the  4  to  6  herb.aceous  lobes 
persistent.  Petals  as  many,  obovate,  spreading,  yellow.  Stamens  8  to  12.  Ovary 
4  -  6-celled  :  style  simple  :  stigma  capitate,  4  -  6-grooved.  Capsule  clavate,  4-6- 
valved,  dehiscing  septicidally,  or  soraewhtit  irregularly  bctweeti  the  ribs,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  in  several  rows  in  each  cell  (or  in  one  row  in  the  following  species, 
and  surrounded  by  a  thick  epicarp),  naked.  —  Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs;  leaves  entire, 
altcrnato,  with  very  small  stipules ;  flowers  solitary,  axillary,  usually  on  2-bracteo- 
lato  pedicels. 

Species  about  40,  belonging  mostly  to  Tropical  America. 

1.  J.  repens,  Linn.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  puberulent  :  stems  creeping  and 
rooting  at  base,  1  or  2  feet  long,  the  branches  ascending  :  leaves  oblanceolate  or 
elliptical,  1  to  3  inches  long,  rather  obtuse,  tapering  below  into  a  long  slender  peti- 
ole :  flowers  nearly  an  inch  broad  :  stylo  stout,  hairy  :  caj)sulo  1  to  U  inches  long, 
nearly  t(;rcte,  1^  lines  broad:  pedicels  1  to  2  inches  long,  bractod  : "seeds  in  one 
row,  covered  by  a  thick  white  spongy  adherent  epicarp. 

Var.  Californica,  Watson.  Flowers  smaller,  G  to  8  lines  broad  :  style  slender, 
glabrous  :  capsule  smaller,  8  to  10  lines  long,  2  lines  broad  :  pedicels  shorter,  4 
to  6  lines  long :  seeds  slightly  larger. 

Cedar  Lake,  Cache  Creek  (Bolandcr)  ;  Northern  Sonora  (Coulter,  Thurhrr) ;  the  variety  only, 
which  is  probably  to  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  species.  Forms  of  the  Linnean  species  are  of  wide 
range  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent  and  also  occur  in  the  East  Indies. 

2.   LUDWIGIA,  Linn, 

Calyx-tube  not  produced  beyond  the  short  ovary,  the  4  lobes  usually  persistent. 
Petals  4,  often  small  or  wanting.  Stamens  4  ;  fdaments  short.  Capsule  short  or 
cylindrical,  many-seeded,  4-valved,  dehiscent  septicidally  or  by  openings  at  the  sum- 
mit. Seeds  minute.  —  Aquatic  or  marsh  perennials  ;  leaves  entire  (opposite  in  our 
species) ;  flowers  axillary,  mostly  solitary  and  sessile. 

About  20  species,  mostly  North  American,  a  few  belonging  to  the  Old  World.  A  single  specie.s 
is  native  to  the  Western  Coast,  of  rare  occurrence. 

1.  L.  palustris,  Ell.  Smooth,  creVping  or  floating:  leaves  all  opposite,  ovate 
or  oval,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  tapering  to  a  short  i>etiole,  acute  :  flowers  solitary,  sessile: 
petals  none  or  short  and  reddish  :  capsule  short-oblong,  2  lines  long  or  less,  some- 
what 4-angled. 

Sierra  Co.  {Lemmon) ;  Oregon  {Douglas,  Hall)  ;  and  on  the  Atlantic  side  from  the  Saskatcha- 
wan  and  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  :  also  in  Europe. 

3.   ZAUSCHNERIA,  Presl. 
Tube  of  the  calyx  funnolform  and  deeply  colored  above  the  ovary,  with  a  small 
globose  base  and  a  4-lobed  limb,  deciduous,  appendaged  within  with  8  small  scales, 


218 


ONAGllACEJi.  Zauschnen 


4  erect  and  4  deflexed.  Petals  4,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  tlie  calyx  and  rather 
shorter  than  its  lobes,  obcordate  or  2-cleft,  scixrlet.  Stamens  8,  exserted ;  the  lila- 
luents  opposite  to  the  petals  shorter;  anthers  linear-oblong,  attached  by  the  middle. 
Ovary  4-cellcHl :  style  long  and  exserted  :  stigma  capitate  or  [n;ltate,  4did)ed.  Cap 
sulo  linear,  obtusely  1-angled,  4-valved  und  imperfectly  4-celled,  many-seetled. 
Seeds  oblong,  with  a  tul'L  of  hairs  at  the  apex.  —  Low  decumbent  perennial,  some- 
what woody  at  base ;  leaves  sessile  (the  lower  opposite) ;  the  large  scarlet  Fuchsia- 
liko  llowers  in  a  loosii  spike.     A  single  variable  species. 

1.  Z.  Californica,  Tresl.  !More  or  less  villous  and  often  tomentose,  much 
branched,  the  as('eudiiig  or  dec\uubent  stems  a  loot  or  two  long:  leaves  narrowly 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  \  to  1^  inches  long,  acute,  entire  or  denticulate:  llowers  10  to 
IG  lines  long  above  the  ovary;  the  calyx-lobes  4  lines  long  :  capsule  attenuate  to 
the  slender  base,  .V  to  1  iuch  long,  sometimes  shortly  pedicellate.  —  liel.  llaenk.  ii. 
:38,  t.  b-1;   l^ot.  Mag.  t.  -14<):i.      Z.  AtcxianKi,  I'resl,  1.  c,  ii.  21). 

Var.  micropliylla,  <Jray  in  heil).  l'ul)e.scenco  tomentose,  scarcely  or  not  at  all 
villous  :  leaves  linear,  often  very  small  (3  to  1  lines  long),  fascicled  in  the  axils. 

In  dry  locaUties  from  Napa  and  Plumas  counties  to  S.  California  and  Northern  Mexico,  and 
eastward  of  the  Great  Basin  I'loni  N.  AV.  Wyoming  (Parry)  to  the  Wahsateh  (IViUson)  and  New 
Mexico  {WrUjIU)  ;  the  variuly  in  S.  California.  Very  variable  in  its  foliaj^e  and  puhescence,  and 
in  its  llowers,  which  are  broadly  or  narrowly  funnelfonn,  more  or  less  deeply  colored,  and  with 
the  style  and  stamens  more  or  less  exserted. 

4.  EPILOBIUM,  Linu.        Willgw-IIeub.     (By  W.  Baubey.) 

Tube  of  the  calyx  not  conspicuously  prolonged   beyond   the  ovary  ;    the  limb 

deeply  4-cleft,  campanulate  or  funnelform,  or  4-partod  to  the  base  with  the  lobes 

spreading,  deciduous.     Petals  4,  spreading  or  somewhat  erect.     Stamens  8,  the  4 

alternate  ones  shorter;  anthers  elliptical  or  roundish,  lixed  near  the  middle.    Stigma 

oblong,  clavate,  or  with  4  spreading  or  rovoluto  lobes,      ('apsule  linear,  4-sided, 

4-celled,  4-valved.    Seeds  numerous,  ascending  ;  the  summit  furnished  with  a  coma  or 

tuft  of  long  hairs.  —  Perennial  or  annual  herbs ;  leaves  alternate  or  oi)posite,  nearly 

sessile,  denticulate  or  entire,  often  fascicled  ;  flowers  rose-colored,  purple  or  white, 

very  rarely  yellow. 

A  genus  of  about  100  species,  inhabiting  the  temperate  and  colder  regions  of  the  globe,  many 
of  them  very  variable,  and  the  number  greatly  multiplied  by  authoi-s. 

*   Flowns  large  :  stamens  and  style  declined :  stigma-lohes  spreading  :  perennial. 

1.  E.  spicatum.  Lam.  Stem  erect,  simple,  often  4  to  7  feet  high,  mostly 
glabrous  :  leaves  scattered,  lanceolate,  sessile,  nearly  entire,  the  veins  anastomosed 
near  the  edge  :  flowers  in  a  long  spicate  raceme,  bracteate,  purplish  lilac  :  limb  of 
the  calyx  nearly  4-parted,  often  colored,  spreacling  :  petals  obovate,  ungui(!ulate, 
spreading  :  stamens  purph;  :  style  yellow,  hairy  at  the  base,  at  lirst  deflexed  ;  stigma- 
lobes  linear  :  ca{)sulo  canescent.  — -  7i'.  angudifolium,  Linn. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  (liriclijcs)  ;  nortliwunl  to  Behring  Straits  and  eastward  across  the  con- 
tinent.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  E.  obcordatum,  Gray.  Roots  diff'use  :  stems  branching  from  the  biise, 
decumbent,  3  to  5  inches  long,  1  -  5-flowered,  glabrous  throughout :  leaves  oi>posite, 
ovate,  sessile,  numerous,  mostly  longer  than  the  internodes  (4  to  8  lines  long), 
glaucous,  opaque  :  llower-buds  of  somewhat  irregidar  shajie  :  calyx-lind)  4-cleft,  the 
lobes  of  irregular  width  :  petals  obcordately  2-lobetl,  spreading,  of  a  bright  rose-color, 
half  an  inch  long  :  stamens  yellow,  shortiM-  than  the  purple  (ledinate  style  :  stigma 


I'lpihhiuvi.  ON  AGRA  CE.E. 


219 


shortly  4-l()l)o<l  :  capaulo  short,  tliiok,  pod  ice]  Into,  witli  (•oinpurntivcly  fow  sncds. 

I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  TVi2  ;   iSarhpy,  Men.  Kpil.  iiiod.  t.  .3. 

In  tlio  Sierra  Novailn,  IVoni  Tulnns  (!oiiiitv  nortliwiird,  nt  iiii  iillitiido  of  8,000  to  1]  000  fpct 
{Brewer,  Bolnvder,  Tnrrei/,  Muir,  Ro/krock) ;  also  in  tlio  East  Ilnnil.oldt  Mountains, 'Nnvada, 
IVatsmi.  A  cliarming  alpine  species,  connecting  tliis  section  (C'/inmimrrion)  with  tlie  others  of 
the  genus. 

E.  LATiFOMUM,  Linn.,  of  Europe  and  Asia,  differing  from  E.  spicntnm  in  its  short  ascendinsr 
oecasionally  branched  stem,  ovate-lanceolate  somewhat  pubescent  rather  thick  and  ri<^id  leaves, 
veins  not  apjmrent,  very  large  axillary  and  terminal  flowers  on  short  pedicels,  and  tho'somowhat 
erect  ^dahvons  style  shorter  thnu  the  staiuens,  is  found  from  Arctic  America  to  the  higher  moun- 
tains m  Colorado  and  perhaps  reaches  California.  The  7i'.  opactim,  Lvhrn.  in  Hook.  El.  i.  205 
from  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  (Doiujlns,  Scou/rr),  with  erect  pubescent  stem,  narrowly  lanceo- 
late leaves,  and  the  flowers  of  E.  latifolium,  may  be  a  hybrid  between  it  and  E.  spkntum. 

E.  LUTEUM,  Pursh,  may  be  mentioned  as  our  only  other  allied  species,  and  remarkable  in  the 
genus  for  its  large  yellow  flowers.      It  ranges  from  Alaska  to  Oregon. 

*   *   Flmvers  small:  petah,  sUimem,  and  ^tyle  erect:  stir/7tm  clavate  or  cylindrical: 
limb  of  llie  calyx  \-cleft. 

+-  Herbaceous  perennials. 

++  Leaves  not  strictly  sessile  :  more  or  less  pubescent. 

3.  E.  Watsoni,  IJarbey.  Iloary-pubescent  throughout:  roots  spreading  in  raud, 
with  stolons  (I):  stems  terete,  branching,  about  18  inches  high:  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  (the  length  thrice  the  width),  denticulate-.serrulate.  shortly  petioled": 
petals  elongated  obcordate,  comparatively  narrow  :  stigma  cylindrical  and  not  ex- 
panded :  seeds  granulately  furrowed.  —  Mon.  Epilob.  inod.  t.  0. 

Near  the  Ihissian  settlement,  Sonoma  Co.  ;  only  from  Hussinn  collectors,  'i'he  (lowers  are  of 
medium  size.  Much  resembling^,  hirsidnm,  Linn.,  differing  in  its  smaller  petals,  cylindrical 
not  e.\panded  stigma,  furrowed  seeds,  and  leaves  not  clasping. 

4.  E.  coloratum,  Muld.  Roots  spreading  in  rich  wet  soil  :  stem  nearly  terete, 
erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  much  branched,  puberulent :  leaves  mostly  opposite,  lanceo- 
late, acute,  on  very  short  petioles,  denticulate-serrulate,  the  veins  often  reddish  : 
flowers  small,  purplish  :  stigma  clavate  :  capsules  on  short  pedicels,  slightly  pubes- 
cent. —  Barbey,  Mon.  E})ilob.  iued.  t.  9. 

Throughout  the  Sierra  Nevada,  nnd  to  the  Cniamaca  Mountnins  (Pnlwrr)  ■  also  northward  and 
eastward  through  the  Northern  United  Stiites.  With  better  materinl  it  is  probable  thnt  the 
I'n(!ilic  form  will  have  to  bo  distinguished  from  the  eastern  by  the  form  of  (he  seeds,  the  L'labroug 
teeth  of  the  leaves,  kc.  • 

5.  E.  alpinum,  Linn.  Alpine:  roots  capillary,  with  occassionid  (ilifonn  stolons: 
stems  creeping  at  the  base,  2  to  6  inches  high,  usually  with  two  pubescent  lines : 
leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obscurely  denticulate  or  nearly  entire,  hardly 
petioled,  glabrous  :  flower-buds  ovoid  :  sepals  hairy,  not  acuminate  :  petals  pale  rose- 
color,  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  outer  surface,  little  longer  than  the  calyx  :  anthers 
nearly  spherical;  fdamonts  broader  at  base:  stigma  undivided:  capsules  long,  thick, 
purple,  often  partly  nodding,  as  also  the  top  of  the  plant :  seeds  rather  rounded  at 
the  top. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Westfall's  Meadows  {Bnlandc.r) ;  near  Soda  Springs,  nt  9,000  feet  alti- 
tude, Brrurr.  Throughout  the  northern  iiart  of  the  continent,  as  well  as  Northern  Europe  and 
Asia.     Distinguished  from  the  following  elostdy  allied  species  by  its  ovoid  buds. 

6.  E.  origanifolium,  Lam.  Roots  spreading  on  the  banks  of  alpine  rivulets, 
Avith  occasional  stolons  :  stem  generally  simple,  terete,  with  two  pubescent  lines,  6 
to  12  inches  high  :  leaves  mostly  opposite,  moro  or  lo.^s  petiolod  ;  the  lower  rounded, 
the  middle  ones  oval  and  ocpially  iminted  at  each  (Uid,  the  upper  acuminato  :  buds 
somewhat  angular  at  the  base  :  flowers  largo,  varying  from  dark  purple  to  pure 
white  :  sepals  half  the  length  of  the  obcordate  jmtals  :  capsules  sometimes  nodding: 
Roed.s  rather  long-acuminate  nt  both  ends,  somewhat  lighf  colored. 


220  ONAGRACE^E.  Epilobium. 

In  the  Siena  NevaJu,  iVom  tlio  head  of  Kern  Kivor  (Vio/Arofi)  northward  ;  at  Ebhittt's  Pass 
and  Mt.  Shasta  (Brewer) ;  at  Cialrr  Pass  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  (Newberry)  ;  through  all  tlic 
colder  portion  of  Morth  AniiMica,  and  also  in  the  European  Alps  and  liio  Himalayas. 

+  +  ++  Leaves  slrictli/  sessile:  not  aljjiue. 

7.  E.  Franciscanum,  linrbcy.  Soinuwluil  lioury,  roots  Bpreudiug  in  llio  mml : 
stem  stniight,  bnuicliiug  iibt)Vi;,  with  2  to  4  elevated  longitudinal  lines,  12  to  20 
inches  high  :  leaves  mostly  opposite,  connected  at  base,  nearly  glabrous,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rounded  at  base,  serrulate  :  bud  ovoid  :  top  of  the  ovary  much  contracted 
at  the  insertion  of  the  calyx  :  sepals  slightly  hoary  :  petals  purple,  emarginate  : 
stamens  shorter  than  the  style  :  stigma  cylindrical  :  capsido  hoary  :  seeds  with 
striate  testa  and  broad  sides  to  the  furrows.  —  Mon.   E\n\.  iniid. 

Near  San  Vviiuchco  (Jiiytlow,  Turret/)  ;  \m\mh  Ciwk  {Ke/lo(j(j) ;  also  at  llie  Sliunnigin  Islands, 
Alaska,  Jlarrintilon. 

8.  E.  brevistylum,  IJarbey.  Somewhat  hoary  :  stem  terete,  erect,  10  to  18 
inches  liigli,  slighliy  branched  at  top,  marked  Avith  2  or  4  decurrent  glabrous  lines, 
tinted  with  purple  :  leaves  mostly  opposite,  sessile,  broadly  lanceolate,  slightly  den- 
ticulate with  rigid  teeth  :  flowers  small :  calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle,  almost 
glabrous:  ])etals  slightly  cleft,  obcordate,  j)inkish  :  inner  row  of  stamens  short;  the 
outer  ones  longer  than  the  style:  capsule  nearly  sessile:  seeds  acuminate  at  the  tu]), 
tufted  with  silvery  hairs.  —  Mon.  Epilob.  ined. 

Sierra  County,  Lciiunon.     Corre8i)onding  somewhat  to  the  i'^uropean  E.  roseuni,  Schreher. 

9.  E.  glaberrimum,  Barbey.  Whole  plant  glaucous  and  perfectly  glabrous, 
stoloniferous  :  stem  terete,  straight,  siniple  or  somewhat  curved  and  branching, 
6  to  15  inches  high:  leaves  mostly  opposite  and  connected  at  the  base,  broadest 
below,  bluntly  lanceolate,  slightly  serridate :  sepals  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
petals,  which  are  deeply  notched  :  tilamonts  rather  short  and  thick  :  stigma  club- 
shaped,  Avith  a  slight  depression  at  top  :  capsule  very  slightly  hoary  :  seeds  Avith 
furrows  terminating  below  the  ajiex,  tufted  Avitli  very  tine  hairs.  —  Mon.  Epilob. 
ined.  t.  5. 

Var.  latifoliuni,  Harbey,  1.  c.     Lisaves  broader  :  stem  more  branching,  curved. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  Yosemite  A''alley  (Bolander)  ;  Sierra  Valley  (Lemmon)  ;  and  collected 
also  by  Bridges.  The  variety  in  Sierra  Co.  (Lemmmi),  and  above  Carson  City,  Anderson.  Rather 
variable  and  perhaps  embracing  several  species. 

4-  -t-    Annuals. 

10.  E.  paniculatum,  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  pubescent  above  (rarely  throughout): 
roots  spreading  :  slrni  erect,  slender,  10  inches  to  10  feet  high,  terete,  dichotoiuous 
above  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  obscurely  serrulate,  acute,  attenuate  at  the  base, 
mostly  alternate  and  fascicled  ;  the  uppermost  subulate  :  llowers  few,  terminating 
the  spreading  liliform  and  almost  leafless  branches  :  pedicels  pubescent  :  calyx-tube 
funnelform  :  petals  obcordate,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx-lobes  :  capsule 
short,  acute  at  each  end,  straight  or  a  little  curved,  erect  or  speading.  —  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  490 ;  IJarbey,  j\lon.  Epil.  ined.  t.  8. 

From  the  Cuianiaca  Mountains  and  the  Southern  Sierra  Nevada  to  Washington  Territory,  and 
eastward  to  the  li'ucky  Mountains  ;  frequent. 

11.  E.  minutum,  Lindl.  Roots  bright  and  shining:  stem  terete,  erect,  puber- 
ulent,  occasionally  branching,  3  to  IQ  inches  high  :  leaves  mostly  alternate,  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  nearly  entire,  slightly  pubescent :  flowers  nunute,  con- 
tracted at  the  base  of  the  calyx :  petals  pale  rose-color,  obcordate  :  the  four  longer 
stamens  equalling  the  style  :  stigma  clavate,  the  lobes  at  length  expanded  and  fim- 
briate :  capsule  short,  somewhat  pedicelled,  slightly  arcuate,  at  length  erect :  seeds 
large  and  not  very  numerous. — Hook.  El.  i.  207;  Uarbey,  Mon.  Eitil.  ined.  t.  7. 
Crossostii/nia  Lutdlei/i,  Spach,  Mon.  Unag.  84. 


Eulohtis.  ONAGRACEyK  221 

Var.  foliosum,  Torr.  h  Gray.  Leaves  lincar-spatulate,  nearly  glabrous,  with 
smaller  ones  fascicled  in  tlio  axils  :  petals  nearly  white.  — Fl.  i.  490. 

Napa  Valley  and  Knight's  Ferry  {BigcJow)  ;  Geysers  {Grcme)  ;  dry  woods  near  Ukiah  (Bolan- 
der)  ;  and  northward  to  Oregon.     Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer. 

5.  GAYOPHYTUM,  A.  Juss. 
Calyx-tube  not  produced  above  the  ovary  ;  the  4-parted  deciduous  limb  reflexed. 
Petals  4,  white  or  rose-colored,  very  small,  obovato  or  oval  with  a  very  short  claw. 
Stamens  8  ;  anthers  broad  or  rounded,  attached  by  the  middle,  those  oi)posito  to  the 
petals  on  shorter  filaments  and  usually  sterile.  Ovary  2-(!elled  :  stylo  short :  stigma 
capitate  or  clavato.  Capsule  membranaceous,  clavato,  2-celled,  4-valvcd.  Seeds 
few  to  many,  in  one  row  in  each  cell,  small,  smooth,  oblong,  naked,  ascending.  — 
Very  slender  branching  annuals,  of  western  North  America  and  Chili,  with  alter- 
nate linear  entire  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  The  following  are  the  only  North 
American  sjiecies. 

1.  Gr.  ramosissimum,  Torr,  &  Gray,  (ilabrous  or  the  inflorescence  sometimes 
puberulent,  diffusely  much  branched,  6  to  18  inches  high  :  leaves  an  inch  long  or 
less  :  flowers  half  a  lino  long,  mostly  near  the  ends  of  the  branches  :  capsule  oblong, 

2  or  3  lines  long,  on  pedicels  of  about  the  same  length  or  shorter,  often  deflexed, 

3  -  5-seeded.  —  Fl.  i.  513;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Eep.  105. 

From  Oregon  to  Mariposa  Co.  and  eastward  to  Colorado,  in  the  mountains  on  dry  slopes. 

2.  Gr.  racemosum,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  more  or  less  canescent  with 
short  appressed  pubescence,  6  to  18  inches  high,  the  elongated  branches  mostly 
simple:  flowers  half  a  line  long,  axillary  the  whole  length  of  the  branches  :  capsules 
linear,  sessile  or  very  shortly  pedicelled,  8  to  10  lines  long,  usually  many-seeded.  — 
Watson,  1.  c.     G.  NuttaUii  and  G.  caesium,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  Central  California  and  eastward  to  Colorado. 

3.  G.  diffusum,  Torr.  &  Gray,  I.e.  Nearly  glabroiis,  fi  to  18  inches  high: 
flowers  larger,  1^  to  3  lines  broad,  mostly  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches  :  capsules 
3  to  6  lines  long,  a  little  exceeding  the  pedicels,  often  deflexed,  the  cells  4  -  8seeded. 
—  Watson,  1.  c. 

liOss  fro<inont  ;  from  Orogon  to  Hoiilhcrn  Cnlironiia  nnd  ciistward  to  Idaho  and  N.  Utah. 

6.  EULOBUS,  Nutt. 
Calyx-tube  scarcely  at  all  produced  beyond  the  ovary;  the  4-partcd  limb  reflexed. 
"Petals  4,  rhombic-ovate,  sessile,  light  yellow  turning  to  red.  Stamens  8  ;  anthers 
oblong,  attached  near  the  middle  ;  the  filaments  opposite  to  the  petals  much  shorter 
and  with  smaller  globose  anthers.  Ovary  4-cellcd :  stigma  capitate.  Capsule 
linear,  elongated,  4-angled,  4-valved,  imperfectly  4-celled,  strongly  refracted.  Seeds 
very  many,  obovate-obhuig,  naked,  erect.  —  A  smooth  erect  annual,  with  somewhat 
of  the  habit  of  some  s])ccies  of  (Enothera  ^Chi/Iismin ;  leaves  few,  alternate;  flowers 
sessile  along  the  virgate  branches.     A  single  species. 

1.  E.  Californicus,  Nutt.  Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  rather  stout,  with  a  few 
spreading  virgate  branches  :  leaves  linear,  1  to  2  inches  long,  sinuately  pinnatifid 
with  numerous  short  unequal  divaricate  acute  teeth  :  calyx  tube  prolonged  les(s  than 
half  a  lino  above  the  ovary  :  petals  4  or  5  lines  huig,  the  IIo\vei-s  rather  showy  : 
capsidca  3  or  4  inches  long  :  seeds  smooth,  3-angled,  two  thirds  of  a  lino  long.  — 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  515. 

Dry  places,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego  ;  Camp  Grant,  Arizona,  Palmer. 


ONAtJUA*;!-:.!!:.  iKnoth, 


7.  CENOTHERA,  Linn. 


C/ulyx-tubo  nioio  or  loss  itii)li»ii}^cil  ubovo  llm  ovary  (obcoiiio  to  liiioar),  dociduous 

(except  ill  §  2)  ;  segnieiits  relluxod.     Petals  4,  obconlate  to  obovato,  sessile,  yellow 

to  wliite,  often  tinged  with  red  or  turning  red  in  fading.     Stamens  8,  eijual  or  those 

opposite  to  the  ])etals  shorter;   anthers  perfect,  versatile.      Ovary  4-celled,  iiiany- 

ovuled  :  style  filiform  :  stigma  4  lobed  or  capitate.     Capsule  coriaceous  or  somewhat 

woody  to  membranaceous,  dehiscing  loculicidally  and  more  or  less  perfectly  4-valved  ; 

the  partitions  more  or  less  coberent  to  the  valves.    Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows  in  each  cell, 

horizontal  or  ascending,  often  somewhat  margined.  —  Herbs,  or  sometimes  Avoody  at 

base;  leaves  alternate;  lloweis  axillary,  si)i(:ate,  or  racemose.  —  Watson,  l^roe.  Am. 

Acad.  viii.  573. 

A  genus  of  jierhaps  100  .s|)i.-uies,  aluiost  excUisively  American,  there  being  over  50  in  tlie  United 
States  and  most  of  the  remainder  Mexican  or  South  Ameriean.  Many  of  them  are  ornamental 
and  several  liave  long  been  in  cultivation.  Our  sixi  ius  are  usually  found  freiiuenting  dry  valleys 
and  hillsides. 

♦  Calyx-tube  linear  above  the  ovary  :  antliers  and  stignia-lobes  linear  :  capsule  rigid-coriaceous. 

Tall  :  flowers  yellow,  erect  in  the  bud  ;  calyx-tips  free :  seeds  in  two 

rows  in  each  cell.  1.  (K.  UlKNMs, 

Low  :  lloweis  iaige,  whitish,  nodding  in  the  hud  :  capsule  narrow  : 
seeds  in  1  row. 
Perennial  :  calyx-lii)s  free  :  capsule  linear  :  seeds  not  compressed. 
Smooth  or  jjuberulent  :  calyx  not  villous  :  seed  terete,  narrowly 

oblong.  2.   (E.  ALBiCAULls. 

Villous  and  pubescent:  seeds  oblong,  turgid,  somewhat  angled.      3.  Qi.  C'ALlFoitNiOA. 
Annual,  villous  and  pubescent :  calyx-tips  not  free  :  capsule  thicker 

toward  the  base  :  seeds  ovate-oblong,  compressed.  4.   CE.  tkichocalyx. 

Acaulescent  or  nearly  so  :  flowers  large,  erect  in  hud  :  capsule  ovate- 
oblong,  winged  or  crested  :  seeds  in  2  rows. 
Capsule  strongly  ribbed  or  tuberculately   crested  :    more   or   less 

jMibe.scent.  .5.   (E.  CACSI'ITOSA. 

Capsule  winged  at  the  angles  :  nearly  glabrous.  (5.  (E.  tuiloua. 

♦  *  Calyx-tube  liliform  :  anthers  oblong  :  stigma  capitate  :  cajisule  ovoid-oblong,  membranaceous, 

sessile  :  seeils  in  2  rows.    Acaulescent,  mostly  perennial  :  flowers  yellow,  ere<;t  in  bud,  tips 
of  calyx  not  free. 

Densely  pubescent  :  leaves  deeply  pinnatitid.  7.  (E.  Nuttallii. 

Glabrous  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  nearly  entire.  8.  <E.  iiETliitANTllA. 
Somewhat  pubescent:  leaves  ovate-  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  cili- 

ate:  .seeds  jjunctate.  i».  (K.  ovata. 

Annual,  dwarf,  hirsute  :  leaves  linear  :  capsules  winged  above.  ID.  (E.  i;uA(ai.ii''i.(HtA. 

♦  ♦   ♦  Calyx-tubo  obconic  :  anthers  oblong  :  stigma  capitate  :  capsule  narrow,   membranaceous, 

sessile  :  seeds  in  1  row  :  caulescent,  mostly  annual. 

Flowers  axillaiy,  yellow,  mostly  showy,  often  turning  green  :  capsule 
usually  contoit<'d,  sliar|)ly  4-angled. 
Canesceutly  ])ubescent  :    leaves  thick,   mostly  entire  :   maritime, 

often  woody  at  base.  11.  (E.  CIIEIUANTIIIFOI.IA. 

More  or  less  hirsute  :  leavt^s  thinner,  denticulate. 

Petals  4  to  7  lines  long,  usually  with  a  brown  spot  at  base.  12.   (E.  ukstouta. 

Petals  a  line  or  two  long,  not  siiolletl.  13.  Ui.  micuantua. 

Flowers  axillary,  yelhiw,  mostly  very  snuill  and  usually  turning  red. 
Capsule  elongated,  very  narrowly  linear,  obtusely  angled  :  slender, 
with  narrow  leaves. 
More  or  less  hirsute  :  petals  rarely  reddening  :  capsules  shortly 

beaked.  14.   (E.  dentata. 

Somewhat  apiiressed-jtuberulent  or  hirsute  :  petals  usually  red- 
dening :  capsules  obtuse,  often  pedicellate.  15.   (E.  STKi(;uLOSA. 
Capsule  short,  attenuated  upward  from  the  base  :  dwarf.  16.  (E.  ANDINA. 
Flowers  in  a  nodding  spike,  white  or  rose-colored  :  capsule  narrowly 
linear,  terete,  much  contorted. 


^»othera.  ONAGRACE/K.  223 

Cancscently  pubornlent,   slon.ler  :   leaves   nearly  entire  :   cnpsulo 

very  slender,  not  iittenuate  upward.  I7    a<:   AiTSSoinrs 

Viscully  pubescent :  leaves  dcnticulnto  :   capsule  attenuate  frou,  altssoides. 

the  haso.  ,0    ..,.    ,^ 

Olabrous  :  stem  white  and  shining:  spike  nearly  erect  :  capsule       '      "     ""'^""" 

attenuate  from  the  base.  ,  9.  d,^   OAim>f:FL0RA. 

♦  ♦  *   *  Capsule  pedicellate,   linear  or  somewhat  clavate,  obtuse,  not  contorted  :   otherwise  aa 

in  the  preceding. 
Flowers  in  a  nearly  naked  raceme  :  calyx-tubo  funnelform. 
Leaves  all  near  the  base,  usually  lyrato. 

Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  calyx-tips  not  free  :  cai.sule  an 

inch  long  or  less.  nn    <-p 

Villous  :  calyx-tips  free,  stout  :  capsule  1  to  3  inches  long.  21.'  (K  mSr" 

Leaves  scattered,  cordate  or  ovate  :  calyx-tube  long-funnefform  •  «'^'='VIPE8. 

tips  not  free.  '  00    n-. 

Flowers  with  leafy  bracts,  ve^^  small  :  calyx-tube  obconie  :    seeds  ''^   ^^  ^^«^'«-'^^'^-- 

w.th  mvobite  margins  :  dwarf,  slender.  23.   (E.  rrERo.sPF.KMA. 

§  1.   ^V,/y.r,«».A;,ro/o»;7..<?i.yo,^./^A.omry.•  sfamens  nearly  equal;  anthers  linear 

or  linear-oblong:  stigma-lobes  linear:  capsule  m7•^V,ceo«.s.  — Eucenothera. 
*    Tnll,  erect :  flowers  yellow,  in  a  leafy  spike,  erect  in  the  bud,  opening  at  evening  ■ 
tips  ofthecMlyx-lohesfree:  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  sessile,  straight:  seeds  in  2 
rows  m  each  cell.  —  Lvening  Puimuosb. 

1.  CB.  biennis  Linn.  Bieimial,  stout  an<l  usually  simple,  1  to  5  feet  \xw\, 
canescently  puberulnnt  and  more  or  less  hirsute  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblonR-^o^ 
rarely  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2  to  6  inches  long,  rcpandly  denticulate 
mosty  sessile  :  calyx-tube  1  to  2^  inches  long  :  petals  6  to' 9  lines  Lig :  camui; 
about  an  inch  long  or  less  :  seeds  obloug,  with  somewhat  margined  miglesr 

Var.  grandlflora  Lindl.  Petals  as  long  as  the  caly.x-tube  :  capsule  more  or 
less  puhes.ent._-  JJot.  Heg.  t.  1C.04.      (U.  grandiflora,  Ait.  ;  P,.t.  Mag.  t.  20G8 

Var.  hirsutlSSima  (Iray.  Flowers  as  in  the  last,  but  the  ovary  especially  more 
hirsute.  —  PI.  l^endl.  43.      (E.  Uooheri,  Torr.  &  Gray,  PI.  i.  493. 

From  Ore-on  to  the  Atlantic  an<l  from  British  America  to  Mexico  ;  forms  of  it  are  also  widelv 
naturnlm.d  in  Kurope  (where  it  has  long  been  cnltivate.l),  as  well  as  in  S  Africa  Indir  and 
Australia.  1  he  var.  hirsn>U.Unn  is  the  more  eomn.on  form  in  California,  ranging  to  New  Mexico 
the  others  being  more  prevalent  east  of  the  Sierra  Ncva.la.  ^  iuexico, 

*  *  Usually  low:  stems  white :  flowers  large,  white  becoming  pinkish,  axillar,,,  nod- 
ding m  bud,  opening  by  day:  capsules  long  and  narrow,  sessile,  often  curved:  seeds 
m  a  single  row  m  each  cell,  ascending. 

2.  CE^  albicauUs,  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  puberulent :  stems  herbaceous,  from  a 
perennial  subterranean  running  rootstock,  erect,  ^  to  4  feet  high,  simple  or  branched  : 
leaves  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  or  attenuate  at  base  or  abruptly  petioled 
entire  or  repand-denticulato  or  sinuate-pin natifid  toward  the  base,  I  to  3  inches 
long  :  tips  of  the  calyx-  obes  free  in  the  bu.l ;  the  tube  an  inch  long  or  less  :  petals 
abou  as  long  as  the  tube,  entire  or  emarginate  :  caps.de  an  inch  or  two  loni,  not 
broader  at  base:  seeds  narrowly  oblong,  terete,  a  line  jnug.-Pngolm.  in  Am.  Jour 
Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiv.  334.      OiJ.  pallida,  Dougl.  ;   Liudl.  P.nt.  K'eg.  t.  1 142. 

A  variable  snecies,  common  eastward  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  ranging  fn.n.  Washington  Territory 
to  the  Snskatcfiewan  and  southward  to  the  Mexican  boundary.  ^        lounoiy 

3  CE.  Californica,  Watson.  Hoary-pubescent  and  more  or  less  villous:  stems 
herbaceous  from  a  running  rootstf.ck,  decumbent,  about  a  span  long  :  leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  acuminate,  mostly  petiole.!,  sinuately  toothe.l  or  irregularly  piniiatifid, 
J  to  4  inches  l.)ng  :  fL.wers  as  in  the  last  but  often  larger;  the  ovary  aii.l  calyx  vil- 
lous and  the  ^.etals  lobed  with  a  roundel  sinus  :  capsule  2  inches  long,  not  thick- 
ened at  base:  .seeds  oblong,  turgid,  someudiat  obtusely  angled.  ~  a\  albicauUs,  var 
taliformca,  V\  atson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  582. 


224  ONAGRACE^.  (Euutlitra. 

Central  and  Soutlu'ra  California  :  at  Larken's  station,  east  of  San  Diego  {Palmer)  ;  Fort  Mo- 
have (Cooper)  ;  also  by  fFaltacc,  and  others.     Flowers  fragrant. 

4.  Qj.  trichocalyx,  Nutt.  A  very  simihir  spccius  in  appearance,  glabrous  or 
canesccnlly  itulH'nileiiL  (»r  somewhat  villous  :  root  annual  :  stem  mostly  erect,  often 
stout,  a  span  lii^'li  :  caly.\  very  villous,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  not  free  in  the  biul  : 
petals  large,  usually  with  a  deep  ainus:  ea[)sulo  thickeni'd  toward  the  base:  seeds 
ovate-oblong,  somewhat  eomj)rt;ssed.  —  Torr.  &  CJray,  Fl.  i.  4i)4.  (E.  ddtoidea, 
Torr.  in  Fremont  Kep.  315;  AVatson,  Bot.  King  Rep.  107. 

Cliiefly  eastward  of  the  Sierm  Nevada  from  Northern  California  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  ; 
Fort  Mohave  (Coojicr)  ;  also  in  Corral  Hollow  and  Tularo  I'lain,  Brewer. 

*  *  *  Acaulesctnt  or  nturli/  so:  Jionrrs  large,  axillary,  ei'ect  in  bud,  opening  by  day: 
capsule  ovate  ur  ovate-obloinj,  mostly  sessile:  seeds  large,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

5.  CE.  caespitosa,  iS'utt.  Glabrous  or  usually  more  or  less  villous  with  spreail- 
iug  hairs  :  root  ajiparently  biennial  :  leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  oblanceolate,  on 
long  })etiole.s,  usually  irregularly  sinuate-toothed  or  repand-denticulate,  often  some- 
what pinnatiliil  :  <;aly.x-tidje  2  to  7  ineht-s  long,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  not  free  in  the 
bud:  petals  white  or  rose-color,  In-oadly  (>l)eordatc,  |  to  1|  inches  long:  capsules 
ovate-obloug,  attenuate  above,  usually  sessile,  1  to  1|  inches  long,  strongly  ribbed 
on  the  sides  and  with  a  thick  more  or  less  tuberculate  crest  on  each  side  of  the 
sutures:  seeds  Ih  lines  long,  i)val-oblong,  with  a  narmw  groove  along  the  ventral 
side,  minutely  tuberculati;  on  the  back. — Sims,  liot.  Mag.  t.  1593.  C/i'.  VKintana  & 
CE.  maryinata,  IS'utt.  in  Torr.  k  Cray,  Fl.  i.  500;  Hook.  f.  Eot.  Mag.  t.  5828. 

Near  Carson  City  {Anderson,  Stretch) ;  Oregon  {Nevius) ;  and  frequent  eastward  to  the  Upper 
Missouri,  Nebraska  and  New  Mexico. 

G.  CE.  triloba,  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous:  root  annual  or  biennial:  leaves  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate,  often  large,  usually  irregularly  pinnatiiid  with  narrow  lobes  : 
calyx-tube  2  to  4  inches  Kuig,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  free  in  the  bud  :  petals  ye.llow, 
broadly  obovate,  .^  to  \\  inches  long,  somewhat  3  -  5-nerved  :  capsule  sessile,  ob- 
long to  obovate  with  moiti  or  less  broadly  winginl  angles,  9  to  15  lines  long,  usually 
somewhat  beaked  above,  the  sides  ribbed  and  at  length  net-veined  :  seeds  a  line 
long,  angled  and  nunutely  tuberculate.  —  Hook.   Bot.   Mag.  t.   25GG. 

Sierra  Valley  {Mrs.  Avies,  Lemvwn)  ;  Truckee  Valley  ( IFatson)  ;  Oregon  {A'evhis) ;  and  east- 
ward to  the  Saskatchawan,  Colorado  and  Texas. 

§  2.  Calyx-tube  fi I i/onn  above  the  ovary,  somewhat  persistent:  stamens  opposite  to  the 
petals  shorter  ;  anthers  oval  or  oblong  :  stigma  capitate :  capsule  sessile,  ovate- 
oblong  to  linear,  someivhat  membranaceous:  seeds  ascending,  in  2  rows  in  each 
cell :  Jloivcrs  yellow,  erect  in  bud  and  the  tips  of  the  lobes  not  free:  acaulescent. 
—  Tauaxia. 

7.  CB.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  (iray.  Canescently  pubescent  :  root  biennial  or  jJcnMi- 
nial  :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  2  to  G  inches  long,  petioled,  deeply  sinuute-pin- 
natihd ;  the  numerous  very  unequal  segments  usually  rounded  or  obtuse  :  calyx- 
tube  1  to  2h  inches  long  :  petals  about  half  an  inch  (5  to  9  lines)  long  :  capsules 
rarely  d(',velo])ed,  narrow,  attenuate  upward,  (i  to  10  lines  long,  obtusely  4 -sided  : 
seeds  oblong,  t(irete,  a  Hue  l<Mig,  obscurely  lined. —  Fl.  i.  5()G.  C/i.  tauacetifulia, 
Torr.  h  (Jray,  I'acif  ll.  l{e|i.  ii.  121,  t.  4;  Watson,  Hot.  King  Kxp.  110. 

At  the  eastern  biuse  of  the  Sierm  Nevada,  from  Carson  City  {Anderson,  Slrctc/i,  &c.)  to  tin; 
Columbia  Kiver. 

(E.  BREViFLOiiA,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  similar  species,  but  nearly  glabrous,  flowers  smaller  and 
shorter,  and  segments  of  the  leaves  acute  or  aciitish  :  seeds  more  numerous,  half  a  lini;  long.  — 
Oregon  (Neoius)  to  W.  Wyoming  and  Colorado  ;  may  be  i'ouud  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

8.  OS.  heterantha,  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous  :  root  biennial  or  perennial  :  leaves 
oblong-lunceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  sliglitly  repand-denticulate,  G  inches 


(Knothem.  ONAGRACE^^].  225 

long :  calyx-tul)o  1  to  3  inches  long  :  petals  3  to  0  lines  long  :  capsules  ovoid- 
oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  nearly  an  incli  long,  rather  acutely  angled,  sometimes 
shortly  pedicellate:  seeds  minutely  pitted. — Torr.  Si  (iray,  V\.  i.  507. 

Var.  tarazacifolia,  Watson^  Leaves  larger,  more  or  less  lyrately  pinnatilid.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  589. 

East  of  the  Siena  Nevada  in  moist  meadows,  from  N.  Nevada  to  Idaho  and  Utoh  ;  the  variety 
in  riuinns  and  Sierra  counties  {Mrs.  Ames,  Lcw.mon),  and  near  Austin,  Nevada,   IVatson. 

9.  CE.  Ovata,  Nutt.  Reaemhling  the  last :  leaves  ovato-  to  ohlong-lanccolato, 
entire  or  denticulate,  ciliate  with  short  hairs  :  calyx-tube  1  to  4  inches  long  :  petals 
3  to  10  lines  long  :  capsules  obtusely  angled,  strongly  torulose,  short :  seeds  ovoid- 
oblong,  few,  smooth,  a  line  long.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  507. 

Near  the  coast,  from  about  San  Francisco  to  Monterey. 

10.  CE.  graciliilora,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Canescently  villous:  root  annual:  leaves 
linear,  sliort,  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate:  calyx-tube  nearly  equalling  the  leaves, 
^  to  1^  inches  long  :  petals  obcordate,  3  to  6  lines  long,  turning  greenish  :  capsule 
somewliat  coriaceous,  half  an  inch  long  or  less,  angled  at  base  and  4-winged  above 
the  middle;  the  wings  obliquely  truncate  and  hairy:  seeds  smooth.  —  Bot.  Bcechey, 
341  ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  338. 

Dry  hillsides  and  valleys  near  the  coast,  from  the  Sacramento  Kiver  to  Monterey. 

§  3.  Calyx-tuhe  ohcnni.c  or  shortly  funnelform :  stamens  somewhat  unequal ;  anthers 
oblong :  stigma  capitate :  capsules  narrow,  sessile,  terete  or  angled,  membrana- 
ceous, often  contorted :  seeds  ascending  hi  1  row  in  each  cell.  Caulescent  an- 
nuals or  biennials:  flowers  nsnnlbj  spicate :  the  tips  of  the  calyx-lobes  not  free 
in  the  hid.  —  Spiiverostioma. 

*  Flowers  axillary,  yellorv,  often  turning  greenish,  mostly  showy :  calyx-tube  obconic  : 
capsules  linear-oblong  to  linear,  sharply  A-angled,  often  much  contorted:  seeds  ovate- 
oblong  :  stem  leafy  throughout  or  early  specimens  acaulescent. 

11.  CB.  cheiranthifolia,  Hornemann.  Canescently  pubescent :  stems  decumbent 
or  ascending,  often  2  feet  long  or  more  :  leaves  thick,  oblong  or  narrowly  oblanceo- 
late,  sometimes  broadly  ovate  and  cordate,  A  to  2^  inches  long,  mostly  entire ;  the 
lower  ])otiolate,  the  u])per  sessile  and  often  clasping:  ovary  and  calyx  villous;  calyx- 
tube  a  Hue  or  two  long,  about  half  the  longtlt  of  (he  pnt/ds  :  ciiitsulcs  stout,  linear- 
oblong,  4  to  8  lines  long  :  soeda  oblong-ovnto,  comimmsed,  smooth,  nearly  half  a 
lino  long.  — Lindl.  Bot.  lieg.  t.  1040.     OJ.  spiralis,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  214. 

Var.  suffniticosa,  Watson.  Woody  at  base  and  very  le^afy,  densely  lioary- 
I)ubescent  with  short  appressed  hairs,  rarely  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong, 
mostly  small  and  sessile :  flowers  larger,  the  i)etals  4  to  9  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  592.     (E.  viridescens,  Ilook.  Fl.  i.  214. 

Near  the  sea  on  dry  drifting  sand.s,  often  abundant,  from  San  Francisco  southward  ;  the  variety 
from  Monterey  to  San  Diego.     The  typical  form  is  said  also  to  be  Chilian. 

12.  CE.  bistorta,  Nutt.  Somewhat  hirsute,  the  leaves  sometimes  appressed- 
pubescent  :  stems  rather  stout,  decumbent  or  ascending,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves 
thinner,  narrowly  lanceolate  to  ovate,  the  upper  mostly  sessile  and  rounded  or  cor- 
date at  base,  all  denticulate  or  dentate :  petals  4  to  7  lines  long,  usually  with  a  dark 
brown  spot  at  base  :  capsule  4  to  9  lines  long,  a  line  or  more  wide,  attenuate  up- 
ward :  seeds  nearly  black.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  508. 

Var.  (i)  Veitchiana,  Hook.  More  slender  :  capsule  more  elongated  and  nar- 
rowed (1  to  I  .'^  inches  long  and  less  than  a  line  broad),  attenuate  into  a  narrow 
beak.  — Bot.  Mag.  t.  5078. 

On  snnd-hills  near  the  sen,  Snn  Diego;  the  variety  from  T/os  Angeles  .southward.  Early  flower- 
ing flpecinuMiH  are  often  very  sutnll  mid  nearly  or  (piilo  nen\ilesiTnf,  uuieh  resembling  (K.  gracili- 
flora,  from  which  they  are  readily  distinguished  liy  the  linear  ovary. 


i^2^\  ONAORACE/K.  ihJnothcru. 

13.  m  micrantha,  lli)rneiimiwi.  A  very  vaiiublo  specioa  closely  roseiiibling 
the  last :  llowers  very  siiiiiU  :  tlio  potivls  a  lino  or  two  long,  not  spotted  at  the  base, 
entire  or  eiuarginalo  or  aonioLiiues  3-lobe(l  at  the  summit :  capsules  8  to  18  linos 
Ion",  about  a  line  wide,  usually  much  contorted. — Jorr.  &  Gray,  Fl  i.  509. 

From  tlie  Lower  Sacraiueuto  to  San  Diogo.     Probably  a  more  variety  of  CE.  bijitortu. 

*   *   Flowers  axillary,  yellow,  often  reddish  or  turning  red,  mostly  very  small :  calyx- 
lube  obconic,  very  short. 

+-  Capsule  elongated,  very  narroioly  linear,  obtusely  angled,  slightly  curved :  slender 

leafy  annuals. 

14.  CEj.  dentata,  Cavanilles.  Usually  diffusely  branched,  a  span  high  or  less, 
more  or  less  hirsute  with  short  spreading  hairs  especially  below,  the  |)ubesceuce 
above  often  shorter  and  somewhat  glandular  or  wanting  :  leaves  linear,  sessile,  usu- 
ally narrowed  at  base,  denticulate,  ^  to  1^  inches  long  :  petals  rounded,  entire,  2  to 
4  lines  long,  rarely  reddening  :  capsules  an  inch  long  or  more,  less  than  half  a  line 
broad,  somewhat  attenuate  at  the  summit.  —  Icon.  iv.  67,  t.  398  ;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  511. 

Var.  cruciata,  Watson.  Petals  narrowly  obovate  to  obh)ng,  often  emarginate, 
2  lineslong. —  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  594. 

From  San  Francisco  soulliwanl  ;  also  in  tlm  foot-liilla  of  the  Sienu  Nevada  :  lusa  fruniiont  than 
the  following.     A  (Jhiliun  Hiiocioa  ;  purlnipa  also  Aualndian. 

15.  CE.  Strigulosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Like  the  last:  nearly  glabrous,  the  ovary 
and  calyx  usually  somewhat  appressed-puberulent :  leaves  entire  or  sparingly  dentic- 
ulate :  petals  a  line  or  two  long,  usually  reddening  :  capsules  sessile  or  upon  a  very 
short  pedicel  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  leaf,  abruptly  obtuse  or  scarcely  attenuate  at 
the  summit. — Fl.  i.  512.  (U.  contorta,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  214.  CE.  parvula,  Nutt.  in 
Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Var.  pubens,  Watson,  1.  c.  Pubescence  hirsute  and  spreading  as  in  (E.  dentata, 
especially  below,  often  somewhat  glandular  above  and  shorter. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  San  Diego,  frequent ;  the  variety  also  ranging  eastward  through 
Northern  Nevada  to  the  Wahsatch  Mountains. 

^_    +.  (japsult  shorter,  atttuuated  upivard  from  the  base:  dwarf  annuals. 

16.  CE.  andina,  Nutt.  Canescently  puberulent,  only  1  to  3  inches  high, 
branched:  leaves  linear-.spatulate,  entire,  attenuate  into  slender  petioles,  a  half  to 
an  inch  long  :  s[)ikes  leafy,  numy-nowered  :  petals  a  line  long  or  less  :  capsules  3  to 
6  lines  long,  obtusely  angled,  somewhat  curved.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  512. 

From  Oregon  and  N.  W.  Nevada  to  Colorado  ;  probably  in  Northeastern  California. 

CE.  GiTADALUi'iiNsis,  Watsou,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  137,  collected  by  I'alinsr  on  (iiuidalupe 
Island,  is  stouter,  with  larger  oblanceolate  leaves,  few  (lowers,  and  the  capsule  oblong-pyramidal, 
half  an  inch  long,  rather  acutely  angled. 

«  *  *  Flotvers  ivhite  or  rose-culo7-ed,  in  a  nodding  .y>ike:  calyx-tube  shorlfunnclform  : 
capsule  narrowly  linear,  terete  or  obtusely  angled,  much  contorted:  seeds  linear- 
ohlong :  annuals. 

17.  CB.  alySBOides,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Slender,  canescently  puberulent:  .sUiuis 
simple  or  branching  from  the  base,  erect  or  ascending,  3  to  12  inches  high  :  leaves 
oblanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  slender  petiole,  entire  or  repand- 
denticulate,  1  to  2\  inches  long ;  the  floral  leaves  much  smaller  but  similar  :  sjjike 
often  many-flowered,  becoming  elongated  :  calyx-tube  2  or  3  lines  long,  equalling 
the  rounded  petals  :  capsules  an  inch  long  or  less,  very  slender,  not  attenuate 
upward  from  the  base,  puberulent  :  seeds  ash  colored,  very  minutely  pitted.  —  Bol. 
Beechey,  340  ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  339. 


(Knothera.  UNAC.RACK/K.  227 

Viir.  villosa,  WalsoM,  1.  c.     ^loro  or  loss  villous  tlirougliont. 
Viir.  minutiflora,  Watson.     Flowers  much  reduced,  scarcely  more  than  a  line, 
long.  —  Bot.  King  Exp,  111. 

Through  the  interior  from  the  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  to  Utah. 

18.  (E.  Boothii,  Dongl.  Like  the  last,  but  viscidly  pubescent :  leaves  ovate  to 
lanceolate :  capsules  soniewhat  broader :  seeds  brownish,  angled,  very  minutely 
tuberculate.  —  Hook.  Y\.  i.  213.     (E.  pygmcBa,  Dougl.  1.  c. 

Eastward  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  S.  Oiegoi)  to  N.  W.  Nevada. 

19.  CB.  gauraeflora,  Torr.  &.  (4ray.  Often  stout,  erect,  |  to  2  feet  high,  gla- 
brous or  the  inilorescen(^e  and  younger  leaves  sparingly  puberulent ;  the  bark  loose, 
white,  and  shining  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblanceoliit(!,  attenuate  into  the 
])etiole,  usually  denticulate  :  spike  often  luany-Uowered,  nearly  erect :  calyx-tube 
and  the  obovate  petals  1 1  to  3  lines  long  :  capsules  attenuate  from  the  base  to  a 
narrow  beak,  8  to  15  lines  long  :  seeds  dark,  a  line  long,  angled,  —  Fl.  i.  510. 

From  the  I^owcr  Sacramento  to  the  Colorado  Desert  and  eastward  to  S.  Utah. 
§  4.   Capsule  pedicellate,  linear  or  sometnliat  clavate,  obtuse,  not  contorted :  otherwise 
as  in  §  1,     Caidescent  annuals  :  tips  of  the  calj/x-lobes  sometimes  free  in  the 
bird.  —  CllYLlSMiA. 
-.^    Racemes  usually  fciv-Jlowered,  loose  ami  with  minute  bracts  :  cali/x-tube  funnelform  : 
seedx  tiarrov'hj  oblong,  smooth  :  leaves  mostly  lyrate  or  jnnnatifid. 

20.  CE,  scapoidea,  Nutt.  Erect,  usually  branching  from  near  the  base,  ^  to  1^ 
feet  high,  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  mostly  near  the  base,  with  long 
petioles,  lyrately  pinnate ;  the"  terminal  leallnt  mu(;h  the  largest,  ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  cuneate  or  cordate  at  base,  sinuate-toothed,  the  pi'ominent  veins  often 
darker  colored ;  lateral  leaflets  few  or  many,  sometimes  wanting,  very  irregular  : 
raceme  at  first  nodding  ;  bracts  very  small  or  none  :  calyx-tube  a  line  or  two  long  ; 
tips  not  free  :  petals  yellow,  1  or  2  lines  long:  capsules  glabrous,  clavate,  4  to  12 
lines  long  :  jiedicols  spreading,  2  to  8  lines  long.  — Torr.  k.  (Iray,  Fl.  i.  50G. 

Var.  purpurascens,  Watson.  Usually  stouter  :  flowers  larger  and  rose-colored 
or  pur])lish,  rarely  yellow  :  calyx-tube  2  or  3  lines  long  :  petals  3  or  4  lines  long.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  595.  CE.  clamfformis,  Torr.  ^'.  Gray,  Pacif  R.  Rep.  ii.  121. 
(E.  cruciformis,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Gali'f.  Acad.  ii.  227,  fig.  71,  (E.  scapoidea,  var. 
chiM'/orniiH,  Wnlrtoi),  llol.  Kiiip;  I'.xp.  109. 

Viir.  aurantlaoa,  Watson,  1.  c.  Low:  inllorescence  piiberiiloiit  :  flowers  of  the 
Hi/,0  of  the  Inst,  but  the  caly.K-tulm  tinged  more  or  h^sa  deeply  with  orange  :  pntais 
light  roso-color  or  orange  :  capside  usually  puberulent.  —  (E.  clava'formis,  T'orrey  in 
Fremont  Rep.  314. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Oregon  to  Mono  Lake,  W.  Wyoming  and  Utah ; 
tlie  var.  nnrantiaca  from  Southeastern  California  to  Southern  Utah. 

21.  CE.  brevipes,  Gray.  Like  f7s'.  scapoidea,  but  usually  stouter,  more  or  less 
villous  with  stiff  hairs,  not  puberulent :  calyx-tube  obconic  to  funnelform,  1  to  3 
lines  long  ;  the  lobes  strongly  nerved  and  their  stout  ti])s  free  :  ])etals  ap))arently 
pale  yellow  or  whitish,  3  to  0  lines  long:  capsulns  1  to  3  iuchfs  long,  1]  linens 
broad  :  pedicels  2  to  12  lines  long.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  87. 

Near  t)ie  Colorado  River  and  eastward  to  Southern  Utah. 

22.  OEj.  cardiophylla,  Torr.  Ganescently  hirsuU'  witli  sliort  spreading  haii-s: 
steins  leafy,  often  rather  slender,  3  to  10  inches  high,  simple,  eroct  or  ascending  : 
leaves  simple,  cordate  or  ovate,  vepandly  serrate,  long-petioliMl,  an  inch  long  or  loss: 
calyx-tube  rather  narrowly  funnelform,  3  to  8  lines  long,  usually  tinged  with  red  ; 
tii)S  of  the  lobes  not  free  :  petals  yellow  becoming  reddish.  3  or  4  lines  lone  :  cap- 
sule I  to  1  inch  long  :  pedicel  only  1  to  3  lines  long.  —Pacif  R.  Rep.  v.  3G0, 

Near  the  Colorado  Kiver,  and  eastward  in  ArJTiona. 


228 


ONAGRACE^.  (Enothera. 


*   *  FUnversfew,  with  leafy  bracts :  cali/x-tuhe  short,  ohconic :  leaves  simple:  tips  of 
the  calyx  not  free  in  the  bud. 

23.  CG.  pterosperma,  AVatson.  Slender,  erect,  2  or  3  inches  high,  sini])le  ur 
branchcil,  luuiv,  or  less  liuspid  or  glabrous  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire, 
G  to  1)  lines  lung  :  lluwcis  very  small  :  |u'tals  obcordato,  ruse-colored,  a  line  long  or 
less  :  capsule  linear-clavate,  G  to  9  lines  lung,  on  a  spreading  pedicel  half  as  long  : 
seeds  nearly  a  line  long,  with  thin  incurved  margins,  nunutely  ccUularly  papilluse. 
—  Bot.  King  Kxp.  112,  t.  U. 

Foot-hills  oftho  Trinity  Moiuituiiis,  N.  VV.  Nevudu  (Watson.)  ;  S.  Utah,  Parry.  Very  peculiar 
in  tho  character  of  ita  sectls. 

8.   QODETIA,  Spach. 

Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconic  or  shortly  funnelform,  deciduous  ;  lobes 
reflexed.  Petals  l,  broad  and  sessile,  entire  or  emarginate  or  very  rarely  2-lobed, 
lilac-purple  or  rose-colored.  Stamens  8,  unequal,  the  filaments  opposite  to  tho 
petals  shortest ;  anthers  perfect,  oblong,  attached  at  the  base  and  erect  or  arcuate. 
Ovary  4-celled,  many-ovuled  :  style  filiform  :  stigma-lobes  short,  linear  or  roundish. 
Capsule  ovate  to  linear,  4-sided,  somewhat  coriaceous,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds 
ascending  or  horizontal,  in  1  or  2  rows,  obliquely  angled,  the  upper  surface  with 
a  thin  tuberculate  margin.  —  Annuals,  simple  or  branched,  erect ;  leaves  alternate, 
denticulate  or  entire ;  fiowers  mostly  showy,  in  usually  leafy  racemes  or  spikes.  — 
(Enothera  §  Godetia,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  502 ;  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  596. 

A  genus  confined  to  the  western  coast  of  North  and  South  America,  chiefly  Califoruian.  Sev- 
eral of  the  species  are  ornamental  and  have  been  introduced  into  cultivation. 

♦  Flowers  in  a  strict  mostly  compact  spike  ;  capsule  ovate  to  oblong  :  stems  leafy. 

Calyx-tips  not  free  in  tho  l)ud  :  sides  of  the  capsule  not  2-co3tate  : 
seeds  in  2  rows. 

Flowers  very  large  :  stigiua-lobeH  a  lines  long  :  capsule  puberulent.     1.  (!.  nuANOii'i.ouA. 

Petals  i  inch  long  or  less  :  stiguia-lobes  very  short  :  capsule  villous.     2.  U.  I'UKI'UKKA. 
Calyx-tips  slightly  free  :   capsule   somewhat   2-costate  on   alternate 


sides  :  seeds  in  1  row. 
Flowers  in  a  short  simple  spike  :  petals  1  inch  long  or  less.  3.   G.  lepida. 

Flowers   in   lateral   mostly  crowded  spikclct.s  :  petals  half  an  inch 

long  or  less.  t-  t!.  aluicsckns. 

»  ♦  Flowers  in  a  simple  usually  loose  sjnke  or  raceme,  mostly  nodding  in  bud  :  capsule  linear 
seeds  in  1  row  :  leaves  distant. 

Capsule  sessile  :  calyx-tips  slightly  free. 

Calyx-tube  funnelform  and  villous  ;  lobes  villous  :  capsule  short, 

puberulent,  attenuate  from  the  base.  .'').   G.  Williamsoni. 

Ovary  and  short  capsule  villous  :  (lowers  small.  <).   G.  QUAOUivui.NiiKA. 

Capsule  puberulent,  8  to  14  lines  long,  not  costate  :  floweis  small.        7.   G.  tenkli-A. 
Capsule  smoother,  8  to  18  lines  long;  sides  2-costate  :  ilowers  large.     8.   G.  VIMINEA. 
Capsule  pedicellate,  not  costate  :  caly.v-tips  not  free. 
Capsule  attenuate  at  each  end. 

Anthers  ])urplc  :  stigma-lobes  linear  :  petals  8  to  15  lines  long  : 
cajisule  1  to  lA  inclies  long:  leaves  mostly  entire.  Cen- 
tral and  Nortli.rn  Caliloinni.  !».  G.  AMQiNA. 
Stigma-lobes  mostly  short :  petals  C  to  12  lines  long  :  cajjsule  10 
to  15  lines  long,  long-pedicellate:  leaves  often  dentate: 
nearly  glabrous.  Southern  California.  10.  G.  Botta;. 
Tomentose-puberulent :  stigma-lobes  short  :  petals  3  to  6  lines 

long  :  capsule  ti  to  14  lines  long  :  pedicels  short.  11.  G.  EPiLomoiDES. 

Capsule  abruptly  narrowed  at  base. 

Calyx  and  ovary  with  short  spreading  pubescence  :  stigma-lobes 


linear  :  capsule  I  to  U  lines  long. 
Puberulent  :  pedicels  short  :  petals  2-lo 


12.   G.  ni.si'iDiii.A. 
bed.  13.   G.  lili.uiiA. 


Oodetia.  ONAGRACEiE.  229 

*  Flotvers  in  a  strict  mostly  compact  spike :  stems  leafy :  capsule  ovate  to  oblong. 

+-  Tips  of  the  calyx-lnhes  not  at  all  free  in  the  bud :  sides  of  the  capsule  not  2costate  : 
seeds  in  2  rotvs  in  each  cell. 

1.  O.  grandiilora,  Lindl.  Puberulent :  stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  stout,  simple 
or  with  a  low  short  hianches  near  the  top  :  leaves  lanceolate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  acute 
at  each  end,  shortly  petioled,  obscurely  ropand-denticulate  or  entire  :  spike  dense, 
leafy  :  calyx-tubo  broadly  obconical,  4  to  fi  lines  long  :  petals  an  inch  or  two  long, 
oinarginate,  light  purplo  with  often  a  largo  crimson  spot  in  \\w  ciMitro  :  Btigiiia-lobofl 
linear,  3  linos  long:  capsule  jiubcrulent,  oblong  to  linear,  8  to  15  lines  long,  a  lino 
or  two  broad  or  more,  4-toothed  at  the  apex  :  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  —  Hot. 
Keg.  xxvi,  t.  61.  (Ennthera  Whitneyi,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  340  &  400; 
Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  58G7.      (E.  grandijiora,  Watson,  1.  c.  59G. 

On  hillsides,  Humboldt  and  Mendocino  counties,  Bolander,  Kellogg  k  Harford.  With  larger 
flowers  than  any  other  sjiecies  ;  in  cultivation. 

2.  Gr.  purpurea  Watson.  Mostly  very  leafy,  a  foot  or  two  high,  puberulent, 
the  ovary  densely  villous  :  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  usually  an  inch  or 
two  long,  entire,  sessile  with  an  obtuse  or  narrowed  base  :  flowers  mostly  in  a  leafy 
terminal  cluster :  calyx-tube  2  or  3  lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  deep  purple 
petals  :  stylo  shorter  than  the  stamens  ;  stigma-lobes  very  short,  purple  :  capsules 
ovate  to  linear-oblong,  6  to  9  lines  long,  2  to  2|  lines  broad,  acute,  obtuse  at  base, 
hairy;  the  sides  nearly  flat,  with  a  strong  midvein.  — Oenothera  purpurea,  Curtis, 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  352  ;  Watson,  1.  c.     Godetia  Willdenowiana,  Spach. 

FroTn  tho  valley  of  tlio  Columbia  to  Monterey. 

+-   +-   Tips  of  the  calyx-lobes  slightly  free  in  the  hid:  capsule  2-costate  on  at  least  the 
alternate  sides :  seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell. 

3.  G.  lepida,  Lindl.  Canosccntly  puberulent,  tho  stem  usually  white  and 
shining,  ^  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  mostly 
obtuse,  sessile  and  scarcely  narrowed  at  base,  sparingly  denticulate  :  flowers  in  a 
short  simple  spike  :  calyx-tube  2  or  3  lines  long  :  ))etals  rose-colored  with  a  dark 
spot  n*ir  the  summit,  9  to  1 2  lines  long  :  stigmas  very  short,  purple :  caj)sulo  short- 
hairy,  5  to  8  lines  long,  2  lines  broad  Jienr  tho  base  and  nttenuato  to  tho  apex.  — 
]iot.  Reg.  t.  1849.     (Etwthera  lepida,  Hook.  <t  Arn.  I'.ot.  J?ecchoy,  342. 

Var.  parviflora,  Watson,  1.  c.  Flowers  and  capsules  somewhat  smaller ;  the 
petals  3  to  8  lines  long,  purple  to  rose-colored  :  stems  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  3 
inches  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  linear  to  oblong,  a  half  to  an  inch  long.  —  (E.  decurn- 
bens,  Dougl. ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2889 ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1221  ;  Terr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  504. 

Var.  Arnottii,  Watson,  1.  c.  Nearly  glabrous  or  somewhat  puberulent :  leaves 
linear  to  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate,  1  to  1  ^  inches  long : 
petals  4  to  8  lines  long  :  capsules  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  (Enothei-a  Arnottii,  Torr. 
&  Gray,  1.  c. 

From  the  f'olunibia  River  to  Monterey  nnd  San  Simeon. 

4.  Qr.  albescens,  T-indl.  Canescently  puberulent:  stem  erect,  simple  or  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish, 
sparingly  deiiticulate,  an  inch  long  :  flowers  small,  in  numerous  short  lateral  mostly 
crowded  spikelets  :  calyx-tube  2  lines  long  :  petals  purplish-blue,  3  to  5  lines  long : 
stigmas  greenish  to  purplo  :  capsules  oblong,  3  to  0  lines  long,  1^  lines  broad, 
shortly  hirsute  or  pubi<scent.  —  r>ot.  Reg.  xxviii,  t.  9.  (JiJnothera  albescens,  Watson, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  597. 

In  woods  near  Monterey  (ffnrl.urg)  ;  Napa  Valley  nnd  near  Rorax  Ijiko  (Torrctj)  :  rarely  col- 
lected.    Said  to  have  been  first  received  from  the  Columbia  Valley. 


230 


ONAGRACEyE.  Godeiiu. 


■i   *  Flowers  in  a  simple  sjnke  or  raceme,  mually  scattered  and  mostly  noddiuij  in 
bud  :  capsules  linear  :  seeds  in  one  roio  :  stems  slender,  xvith  leaves  rather  distant. 

4-    Capsules  sessile  :  cali/x-tips  slightly  free.     Exceptions  in  No.  8. 

5.  G.  WiUiamsoni,  Wutsoii.  Canesi;ently  i)nl)uruloiit,  tlio  (;alyx-tiil)o  and 
lobes  vilUms  :  .sLoui  cR'ct,  a  Ibcit  lii^h  :  loavua  linear,  Missile,  enliro,  I  to  1  ^  inelies 
long  :  calyx-tube  fiinneU'onn,  3  to  5  lines  long;  tips  of  the  lobes  IVee:  petals  yellow 
at  base  anil  with  a  deep  purple  spot  in  tlie  centre,  6  to  12  lines  long  :  stignia-lobes 
short,  oblong,  yellow  :  capsules  attenuate  upward  from  the  base-,  G  to  8  lines  long, 
puberuleut,  2-costate  on  the  sides.  —  (Enothera  WiUiamsoni,  Duraud  &  llilgard, 
Pacif.  li.  liep.  V.  7,  t.  T)  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  597. 

Ill  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sicrni  Nevada  from  Millurtoii  {Heerniann)  to  Placer  Co.,  Rattan. 

().  Gr.  quadrivulnera,  Spacli.  l*ul)erulent,  ovary  and  capsule  more  or  less 
villous  :  stem  usually  very  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  linear  to  linear-lance- 
olate, sessile  or  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole,  entire  or  slightly  denticulate,  an  inch  or 
two  long  :  calyx-tube  obconic,  2  (rarely  3)  lines  long  :  petals  deep  purine  or  pur- 
plish, 3  to  6  lines  long  :  stigma-lobes  short,  piu[ile  :  capsules  5  to  10  lines  long, 
usually  short,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  2-costato  at  the  alternate  angles.  —  Oenothera 
quadrivulnera,  Dougl. ;  Liudl.  Bot.  Ueg.  t.  1119  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  598. 

Near  thu  const  from  I'ugct  Sound  to  San  Diego. 

7.  G.  tenella,  Watson.  Puberulent,  erect  and  slender,  (i  to  18  inches  high, 
very  rarely  decumbent:  leaves  linear,  acute  or  obtuse,  mostly  entire,  more  or  less 
attenuate  at  base,  ^  to  2  inches  long  :  calyx-tube  shortly  obconic,  1  to  3  lines  long  ; 
tips  of  the  lobes  rarely  Jiot  free  :  petals  deep  purple,  3  to  5  lines  long  :  stylo  shorter 
than  the  stamens  ;  stigma-lobes  purplish  :  capsules  puberulent,  attenuate  at  the 
apex,  8  to  14  lines  long,  nearly  flat  upon  the  sides.  —  (Enothera  tenella,  C'av.  Icon, 
iv.  t.  396,  iig.  2;  Uuiz  &  Tavon,  Fl.  Teruv.  iii.  t.  316;  Sweet,  lirit.  Fl.  (iard.  t. 
1G7.     Collet ia  Cavanillesii,  Spach,  Monog.  Onagr,  71. 

Near  tlie  const  from  Oregon  to  San  Diego;  also  in  (!hili  and  Peru. 

8.  Gr.  viminea,  8pach.  Like  the  last:  sometimes  stout,  1  to  3  feet  high:  leaves 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  narrowed  at  base,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  calyx-tube 
2  to  4  lines  long  :  petals  deep  purple  or  purplish,  sometimes  yellowish  at  base  with 
a  dark  spot  in  the  centre,  9  to  15  lines  long:  capsules  smoothish,  8  or  18  lines 
long,  2-costate  on  the  sides,  occasionally  shortly  pedicellate.  —  Monog.  Onagr.  G9. 
Qynothera  viminea,  Dcnigl.  ;  Hook.  Hot.  Mag.  t.  2873;  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1220. 

Prom  the  t'oliiniltia  southward  to  the  Sacramento,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Yoscmito 
Valley. 

G.  RoMANZuvii,  Sjiacli  ((Enothera,  Ledehour),  is  known  only  from  cultivated  specimens,  origi- 
nally from  seeds  collected  hy  Chamisso  on  the  "Northwest  t'oast."  It  is  rather  stout,  puberu- 
lent, the  ovai-y  white  with  a  silky  pubescence  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  petioled  :  calyx-tube  very 
short,  and  tips  not  free  :  filaments  stout,  the  alternate  anthers  nearly  sessile  ;  stigmas  included 
within  the  calyx-tube  :  capsule  attenuate  at  each  end,  sometimes  shortly  pedicellate,  the  sides 
2-costato. 

■k-  ■^r  Capsules  pedicellate.,  not  costate :  stic/ma  lobes  mostly  yellow:  calyx-tips  not  free 
in  the  bud,  or  rarely  so  in  the  Jirst  species. 

9.  Gr.  amoena,  Lilja.  Minutely  puberulent,  usually  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high: 
leaves  linear  to  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  sometimes  lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so, 
petiolate,  1  to  3  inches  long:  calyx-tube  obconic,  2  to  4  lines  long:  petals  frequently 
rather  villous  (as  also  the  purple  anthers),  varying  from  nearly  white  to  rose-color, 
with  more  or  less  of  purple,  8  to  15  lines  long:  filaments  rather  stout  :  stigma-lobes 
linear,  1^  lines  long:  capsules  1  to  1^  inches  long,  attemuite  to  each  end :  pedicel 
2  to  6  lines  hmg.  —  Linnsea,  xv.  265.  Oenothera  ama'na,  Lehni.  Nov.  Act.  Leop. 
xiv.  811,  t.  45;  Kegel,  Gartenfl.  xiii.  t.  443.    (E.  roseo-alha,  Hornera.    (E.  Lindleyi, 


Clarkia.  ONAGRACEiE.  231 

Doii^l.;  Hook.   ]i()l.   Mu|?.  i.  2S.32  ;   Lindl.   H-.t.  Hog.  I.  HOf..      CW^^a  ruhiauula 
k  a.  vhom,  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  18r)f)  &  t.  1880. 

From  Vancouver  Island   and  Fraser  lliver  to  Santa  Cruz  ;  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Ames. 

10.  Gr.  BottSB,  Spach.  Canescently  puherulent  or  nearly  glabro>i.s,  erect  or 
somewhat  decumbent,  1  to  1|  feet  high:  leaves  narrowly  linear  to  lanceolate,  entire 
or  sparingly  toothed,  an  incli  or  two  long,  on  slender  petioles  :  calyx-tube  short : 
petals  light  purple,  6  to  12  lines  long:  filaments  usually  slender  and  stylo  elongated: 
stigma-lobes  yellow  or  purple,  a  line  or  two  long  :  capsule  attenuate  at  each  end, 
10  to  15  lines  long  :  pedicel  3  to  9  lines  long.  —  (Enothera  Bottoe,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl. 
i.  505. 

In  the  Coast  Raiigps,  from  Monterey  to  San  Diego. 

11.  Gr.  epilobioides,  Watson.  Tomentosely  pubernlent,  erect,  1  to  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate,  an  inch  or 
two  long,  petioled  :  calyx-tube  a  line  or  two  long  :  petals  light  purj)le  or  rose-color, 
3  to  6  lines  long  :  stigma-lobes  short :  capsules  acuminate,  attenuate  to  a  short 
jmdicel  or  rarely  nearly  aessilo,  G  to  14  lines  long.  —  (Kiinthera  fpihhioides,  Nutt. ; 
Torr.  ^  <«ray,  V\.  i.  51 1  ;  Wntsoii,  Proc;.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  51)'.). 

Frequent  in  llio  foot-hills  of  tlio  Sierra  Novaila  upon  both  sides,  and  ranging  from  Oregon  to 
Mariposa  Cotuity  and  southward  ;  San  Diego,  Nuttall,  Thurbcr,  Clcvclnnd. 

1 2.  O.  hispidula,  Watson.  Hispid  with  short  spreading  pubescence,  especially 
above,  erect,  mostly  simple  and  often  1 -flowered,  about  a  span  high  :  leaves  very 
narrowly  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  calyx-tubo  2  or  3  lines  long  :  petals  purple, 
6  to  12  lines  long:  filaments  rather  slender:  style  elongated  and  stigraa-lobes  linear: 
capsules  attonnato  at  top,  abruptly  contracted  at  base,  4  to  9  lines  long,  perhaps 
costate  :  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long.  —  O'hiothera  hiyndn/a,  Watson,  1.  c.  599. 

Sacramento  and  Tulare  Valleys,  Fremont,  Prnlten,  Rattan. 

13.  Gr,  biloba,  Watson.  Minutely  puherulent,  erect,  a  span  or  two  high  :  leaves 
nearly  glabrous,  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  obscurely  den- 
ticulate, the  lower  on  long  slender  petioles  :  calyx-tube  a  line  or  two  long  :  petals 
light  purple,  cuneate-obovate,  more  or  less  deeply  2-lobed,  4  to  9  lines  long  :  cap- 
sules puherulent,  6  to  9  lines  long,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  contracted  at 
base  into  a  pedicel  alnmt  a  line  in  length.  —  CEnothera  hilohn,  Durand,  PI.  Pratten. 
87  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

In  the  foot-hilla  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Tuolunuic  to  Novudii  comities. 

9.  CLARKIA,  Puish. 

Calyx-tube  obconical  above  the  ovary,  deciduous;  the  4-cleft  limb  reflexed. 
Petals  4,  with  claws,  lobed  or  entire,  purple  or  violet.  Stamens  8,  those  opposite 
to  the  petals  often  sterile  or  rudimentary  ;  anthers  oblong  or  linear,  attached  by  the 
base.  Ovary  4-cclled  :  stylo  elongated  :  stigma  with  4  broad  lobes,  sometimes  un- 
equal, at  length  sjireading.  Capsule  linear,  attenuate  above,  coriaceous,  erect,  some- 
what 4-angled,  4-celled,  and  4-valved  to  the  middle.  Seeds  numerous,  angled  or 
margined.  —  Annuals,  with  erect  brittle  stems  and  alternate  leaves  on  short  slender 
petioles,  the  uppermost  sessile ;  flowers  showy,  nodding  in  the  bud,  in  terminal 
racemes. 

A  genus  confined  to  our  Pacific  coast,  some  of  the  species  well  known  in  cultivation. 

1.  C.  pulchella,  Pursh.  Stem  (^  to  2  feet  high)  and  inflorescence  pubenilent: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear,  1  to  3  inches  long,  nearly  glabrous,  entire  :  petals 
6  to  9  lines  long,  3-lobed,  attenuate  to  n  long  claw  wliich    lia--^  a  spreading  tooth  on 


QQo  .     ONAGRACE.E.  Clarkia. 

each  side  :  perfect  stamens  witli  a  linear  scale  on  each  side  at  base,  the  alternate 
stamens  rudimentary  and  lililorm  :  stigma-lobes  ciiual,  dilated:  cai)sule  8  to  12 
lines  long,  8-angled,  on  a  spreading  pedicel  2  to  3  lines  long:  siaul  olilitpiely  cid)ical, 
minutely" tnbcrculate,  two  thinls  of  a  lino  long.  —  Fl.  2G0,  t.  11. 

Wiishinjjtou  Territory,  ()n'},'i>ii  and  Idalio  ;  not  yet  collei:k'(l  iu  Caliroiniu.  ImciiiuiiI  in  i  iilti- 
viition,  ill  .lovoral  viuiiiiics,  and  ollon  ligiuvil. 

2.  C.  Xantiana,  Clray.  .Stem  glabrous,  about  a  foot  high  :  leaves  lini-ar  or 
narrowly  lanceolati'.,  entire,  ashy-puberulent,  as  also  the  inllorescence :  petals  2dobed 
with  a  subulate  tooth  in  the  sinus  ;  the  claw  short  and  broail,  not  hairy  iu)r  appeu- 
da<'ed  at  base :  stamens  8,  all  |)f,rfect,  without  scales  at  the  base  :  stigmadobes 
broadly  oval,  short :  capsule  nearly  sessile,  U  lines  long.  —  I'roc.  JJost.  !Soc.  Mat. 
Hist.  vii.  llf). 

Near  Korl  Tcjon,  Xdidua. 

3.  C.  elegans,  Dougl.  Glabrous  or  puberulent,  J  to  G  feet  high,  simple  or 
branched  :  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  linear,  repandly  toothed  :  ])etals  entire,  rhom- 
boidal ;  the  long  slender  claw  without  teeth  :  anthers  all  perfect ;  lilaments  with  a 
densely  hairy  scale  at  each  side  of  the  broader  base  :  stigmadobes  equal  :  capsule 
nearly  sessile,  6  to  9  lines  long,  obtusely  4-angled,  lather  stout  and  often  curved, 
somewhat  villous.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  lieg.  t.  157f).  C.  «y((/«/6'«/a/rt,  Lindl.  Bot.  lieg. 
under  t.  1081.     riuiosUnna  Douglasii,  Spach,  Monog.  Onagr.  74. 

Valleys  and  hillsides,  I'roni  Mendocino  Co.  to  Los  Angeles  and  the  loot-hills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada.     Common  in  cultivation. 

4.  C.  rhomboidea,  Dougl.  Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  1  or  2  feet  high  : 
leaves  oblongdanceolate  to  -ovate,  2  inches  long,  the  upper  narrower,  all  on  slender 
petioles,  entire  :  petals  entire,  rhomboidal,  with  a  short  broad  claw  which  is  often 
broadly  toothed:  anthers  all  perfect;  lilaments  with  hairy  scales  at  the  base:  stigma- 
lobes  short:  capsules  8  to  12  lines  long,  4-angled,  nearly  glabrous,  on  pedicels  about 
a  line  long. —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  214;  Lindl.  IJot.  Reg.  t.  1981.  C.  gauroides,  Don  iu 
Swoct,  Ih-it.  Fl.  Card.  2  sia-.  t.  379.      Oj>sianthes  gaurouhs,  Lilja,  Linniea,  xv.  20 1. 

or  widi'r  range  than  the  preceding,  hnt  not  IVenin'nt.  San  Wwgo  {Chwchind)  \  in  tlio  Sierra 
Nevada  nortliward  to  Washington  Territory,  and  iu  liio  mountains  eastward  through  Nevada  to 
the  Wahsateh. 

10.   EUCHARIDIUM,  Fischer  &  Meyer. 

Calyx-tube  linear-elongated  above  tlie  ovary.  Stamens  4,  oi)posite  to  the  sepals, 
not  appendaged  at  base.  Otherwise  as  Clarkia,  to  which  it  should  probably  be 
referred.  —  Only  the  following  species. 

1.  E.  concinnum,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Glabrous  or  puberulent,  closely  resembling 
Clarkia  rliomboidea  in  habit  and  foliage  :  calyx-tube  nearly  liliform,  an  iiu;h  long  : 
petals  Sdobed,  without  teeth  ujHjn  the  claw,  G  to  9  liiuis  long  :  lilaments  iiliform  : 
.stigma-lobes  unecpial  :  capsules  8  to  12  lines  long,  sessile:  seeds  imbricated,  papil- 
lose, concave  and  margined  on  the  upper  side.  —  Ind.  Sem.  Petr.  ii.  11;  Lindl. 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  1902  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3589.  E.  grandiflorum,  Fisch.  &l  ]\Iey.  1.  c. 
vii.  40  ;  C.  A.  Meyer,  Sert.  Petr.  t.  13. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Mendocino  County,  and  esi>ecially  about  the  Bay 
of  San  Francisco. 

2.  E.  Breweri,  Gray.  A  foot  high  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  an  inch  long 
or  more,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole  :  calyx-tube  12  to  18  lines  long  :  petals  large, 
cuneate-obcordate,  with  a  narrow  subulate  lobe  in  the  (h-ep  sinus  :  lilaments  clavat(! : 
stigmadobes  linear:  cajjsido  stout,  sessile,  15  to  18  lim^s  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vi.  532. 

On  tiio  dry  summit  of  Mount  Oso,  Stanislaus  Co.,  IJrcivcr. 


Gaura.  ONAGRACE^. 


233 


11.  BOISDUVALIA,  Spach. 
Calyx-tube  funnclform  above  the  ovary,  deciduous;  the  lobes  erect.  Petals  4, 
obovate-cuneiform,  sessile,  2-lobed,  purple  to  white.  Stamens  8,  tliose  opposite  to 
the  petals  shorter ;  lilaments  very  slender,  naked  at  base ;  antliers  all  perfect,  ob- 
long, attached  near  their  base.  Ovary  4-celled,  several-ovuled :  style  filiform : 
stigma-lobes  short,  somewhat  cuneate.  Capsule  membranaceous,  ovate-oblong  to 
linear,  iioavly  toroto,  acute,  aossilc,  dehiscent  to  the  base.  Seeds  ascending,  few 
(3  to  8)  in  one  row  in  each  cell,  ovatc-ohlong,  somewhat  angled,  smooth. — Erect 
leafy  annuals;  leaves  alternate,  scssih^  simple;  flowers  small,  in  leafy  simple  or 
compound  spikes.  —  Oenothera  §  Boisduvalia,  Torr.  Si  Gray,  Fl.  i.  505  ;  Watson, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  GOO. 

A  smaU  genus  confined  to  Western  America,  there  being  two  Chilian  species  in  addition  to  the 
following. 

1.  B.  densiflora,  Watson.  Canescently  pubescent  and  more  or  less  villous, 
often  stout,  |  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
mostly  denticulate,  1  to  3  inches  long ;  tlie  floral  leaves  usually  much  shorter  and 
broader :  flowers  in  a  usually  close  terminal  spike  or  numerous  short  lateral  spike- 
lets  :  calyx  1  ^  to  3  lines  long,  about  half  the  length  of  tlie  petals  :  capsules  ovate- 
oblong,  smooth  or  slightly  villous,  2  to  4  lines  long;  cells  3-G-seeded,  the  parti- 
tions wholly  separating  from  the  valves  and  adherent  to  tlie  placenta  :  seeds  nearly 
or  quite  a  line  long.  —  OCnothera  densifora,  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1593.  Boisduvalia 
Dovglasii,  Spach,  Monog.  Onagr.  80,  t.  31,  fig.  2. 

From  Washington  Territory  to  Monterey  {Nnttall),  near  Fort  Tejon  (Rothrock),  aTid  in  the 
foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Tuolumne  County  :  near  Carson  City,  Anderson.  Very 
variable. 

2.  B.  Torreyi,  Watson.  Villous  tliroughout  with  short  stifTish  spreading  hairs, 
rather  slender,  a  span  or  two  high  :  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  usually  narrow  at 
])ase,  entire  or  somewhat  denticulate,  4  to  9  lines  long ;  the  floral  leaves  similar 
and  scarcely  smaller:  flowers  in  a  loose  simple  spike,  very  small  (a  line  or  two 
hmg),  purplish  :  capsules  linear,  acuminate,  4  to  G  lines  long;  cells  G-8-seeded, 
the  partitions  adiieront  to  the  valves  :  hcwIs  more  ovate  and  smaHer,  half  a  lino 
long  or  less.  —  (^nnopht/lmn  stn'dim,  CJray,  Pi'oc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  340.  (JCnothera 
Torre j/i,  Watson,  1.  c, 

Oregon  (RaU)  and  southward  in  the  Coast  Ranges  ;  New  Ahnaden,  Tmrcy. 

3.  B.  glabella,  Walpers.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  slender,  a  foot  high  : 
leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  a  half  to  m\  inch  long  ;  the  floral 
bracts  scarcely  smaller :  flowers  in  a  simple  sjiike,  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  petals 
deep  purple,  less  than  a  line  long  :  capsules  ovato-o])long,  2  to  4  lines  long  ;  parti- 
tions adherent  to  the  valves  :  seeds  4  to  G  in  each  cell,  linear-lanceolate,  a  lino  long. 
—  (Enothera  glabella,  Nutt. ;  Torr.  k  Gray,  Fl.  i.  505. 

Valley  of  the  Columbia  {Nuttall,  Hall)  ;  Truckee  and  Carson  River  valleys,  Nevada,  BaiUy, 
Watson. 

12.  GAURA,  Linn. 
Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  obconic  or  clavate  ovary ;  the  4-parted  limb 
deciduous.  Petals  4,  with  claws.  Stamens  8,  nearly  equal ;  fdaments  furnished 
with  a  Hcalo-likn  iippendage  on  tlio  itiside  next  tlm  basc^ ;  authors  oval,  vcirHatilo. 
Ovary  4-celled  :  ovules  1  to  2  in  each  cell,  pendulous  :  stylo  filiform,  hairy  bo- 
low  :  stigma  4-lobed,  surrounded  by  an  obseun^  ring  or  imlusium.  Kriiil.  init-liko, 
indchiscent  or  splitting  at  the  apex,  obtusely  4-nngled  ami  ridged  ujum  the  sides.  — 


284 


ONAGRACE.E.  Oaura. 


llorbs,  with  mostly  sessilo  altonmlo  leaves ;  llowoi-s  in  spikes  or  lacenies,  white  or 
ruso-colored,  turning  to  reil. 

A  gcmis  (if  uhout  2i>  Mpeciis,  Imlongiiig  chiclly  to  tlio  wiuiiior  portions  of  N.  Aiiiorica  ciist  of  tlio 
Rocky  ilountuiiis,  exteiuling  into  Mexico. 

1.  G.  parviflora,  Dougl.  Auuuul,  usually  with  a  dense  solt  spreading  pubes- 
cence, erect,  1  to  5  I'eet  high  :  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  repand-denticulate  :  liowcrs 
very  small,  in  ratiier  dense  strict  spikes  :  petals  si)atulate-ol)long,  scarcely  ungnicu- 
late,  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes  :  t'luit  3  to  4  lines  long,  obscurely  4-angled  at  the 
summit,  4-norved,  about  2-secded,  iudehiscent. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  519;  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  350G  ;  Watson,  Lot.  King  Exp.  113.  Schizocarya  micrantha,  Si)ach, 
Monog.   Onagr.   02. 

Fort  Moliuve  {Cooper) ;  Oregon  (Douglas,  Ila/l);  Salt  Lake  {IFalsou) ;  more  common  ea.stward 
from  Colonulo  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

13.   HETEROGAUBA,  Rothrock. 

Calyx-tube  with  a  short  obcouic  prolongation  above  the  small  ovary  ;  limb  4-cleft, 
spreading,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  entire,  with  claws.  Stamens  8  ;  hlaments  naked  ; 
anthers  ovato-conlate,  attache*!  by  tlni  base  and  not  versatih) ;  those  opposite  to  the 
petals  on  shorter  lilamunts,  lanceolate,  acute,  sterile.  Ovary  4  celled,  Avith  a  solitary 
poMtluloua  ovule  in  tiach  cull:  wtylu  long:  stigma  discoid,  entire.  Kruit  nutlikc, 
indehiscont,  obovoid,  2-4-celled,  I-2-seeded.  —  Kothrock,  Proc,  Am.  Acad.  vi.  354. 

A  single  species  :  a  Clarkia  in  every  respect  but  the  fruit  and  stigma. 
1.  H.  Californica,  liothr.  1.  c  Smooth  or  sparingly  puberulent,  1  to  1|  feet 
high  :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  1  or  2  inches  long,  tapering  to  a  slender  petiole  : 
petals  purple,  narrowly  spatulate,  2  lines  long  :  anthers  very  small  :  fruit  2  lines 
long,  obovate,  4  angled,  1^  lines  long,  smooth,  on  a  short  spreading  pedicel. — 
Gaura  heterantha,  Toirey,  Pacif.  K.  liep.  iv.  87. 

In  the  mountains  from  Fort  Tejon  to  Placer  Co. 

14.   CIRC^A,  Linn.        Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged  above;  the  ovoid  ovary,  the  base  nearly  Idled  by 
a  cup-shaped  disk  ;  the  limb  2-parted,  deciduous.  Petals  2,  obcordate.  Stamens 
2,  alternate  with  the  petals;  anthers  small,  nearly  round.  Ovary  1  -  2-celled  : 
ovule  solitary  in  eacli  cell,  ascending.  Fruit  indtdiiscent,  pear-shaped,  coviuvd  with 
liookeil  bristles. —  Low  slender  erect  perennial  herbs;  leaves  thin,  opposite,  petio- 
late ;  flowers  small,  white,  in  termiiuil  and  lateral  racemes  ;  fruit  on  slender  spread- 
ing or  deflexed  pedicels. 

A  genus  of  3  or  4  species,  inhabiting  cool  damp  woods  throughout  the  northern  portion  of  the 
hemisphere. 

1.  C.  Pacifica,  Aschorson  I't  Magnus.  Mostly  glabrous:  stem  usually  simple, 
I  to  1  foot  higli,  from  a  jxirennial  slender  running  rootstock  :  leaves  ovate,  mundod 
or  cordate  at  base,  somewhat  acuminate,  repandly  denticulate,  1  to  2.J  inches  long; 
the  slender  petioles  about  as  long:  racemes  without  bracts:  flowers  half  a  line  long: 
calyx  white,  with  a  very  short  tube:  fruit  a  line  long,  rather  loosely  covered  with 
soft  hairs  curved  above,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  —  liot.  Zeit.  xxix.  392.  V.  alpina,  var. 
intermedia,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  113. 

In  the  mountains  from  Washington  Territory  to  the  Yosemite  Valley,  and  eastward  to  Colorado 
and  the  Saskatchewan.  Distinguished  from  C.  alpina  by  its  less  toothed  leaves,  and  more  clearly 
from  C.  Lutcliarm  by  its  smaller  less  ncuminate  leaves,  smaller  flowers,  and  smaller  less  bristly 
1-celled  fruit. 


Menize.Ua.  LOASACE/E.  235 

Orpeii  XL.    LOASACEiE. 

Herbaceous  plants  with  either  stinging  or  jointed  and  rongh-harbcd  liairs,  no 
stipules,  calyx-tube  adnate  to  a  1 -celled  ovary,  parietal  placent.T.,  or  sometimes  a 
solitary  suspended  ovule,  a  single  style,  and  anatropous  seeds  with  a  straight  em- 
bryo, mostly  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Stamens  usually  very  numerous,  rarely 
few  and  definite,  some  of  the  outer  occasionally  petaloid  or  intermediate  between 
stamens  and  petals.     Flowers  i)erfect,  often  showy. 

An  Amcriran  order  (with  one  African  exception),  of  nl)out  100  species,  many  in  orniuncntal 
cultivation,  esi)c(;iany  species  of  Loana  and  lilumenhachia  of  S.  America  (wliioh  twine  and  sting), 
and  of  our  first  two  genera.     Of  no  other  economical  importance. 

1.  Mentzella.     Stamens  many,    inserted  below  tlic  petals.     Style  3-clcft  at  the  apex.     Seeds 

few  to  many,  on  3  parietal  pla(;cntic. 

2.  Eucnide.     Stamens  many,  adnate  to  the  united  bases  of  the  petals  and  deciduous  with  them 

in  a  ling.     Style  5-cleft.     Seeds  minute,  very  numerous,  covering  5  expanded  placenta;. 

3.  Petalonyx.     Stamens  5.     Style  entire.     Seed  solitary. 

1.   MENTZELIA,  Linn. 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical  to  ovoid  or  turbinate ;  tlie  limb  5dobed,  persistent.    Petals 

5  or  10.     Stamens  numerous,  inserted  below  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx 

and  not  adnate  to  them  :  hlaments  free  or  in  clusters  opposite  the  petals,  hliform, 

or  the  outer  more  or  less  dilated  or  sometimes  petaloid  and  barren.     Ovary  truncate 

at  the  summit,  1-cellod  :  stylo  3-cleft,  the  lobes  often  twisted  :  ovules  pendulous  or 

horizontal,  few  to  many  in  onn  or  two  rows  on  the  {\\\v{\  linear  parietal  piacentu'. 

Capsule  short-oblong  to  cylindrical,  few -many-seeded,  ojiening  by  valves  or  usually 

irregularly  at  the  truncate  apex.     Seeds  flat  or  angled.  —  Annual  or  biennial  herbs, 

erect,   more  or  less   rough  with  rigid  tenacious  barbed  hairs,  the  stems  becoming 

white  and  shining  ;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  coarsely  toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  flowers  . 

cyniose  or  solitary,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  orange,  golden  yellow,  yellowish,  or  white. 

About  30  species,  nearly  all  confined  to  western  North  and  South  America  ;  forming  several  well- 
marked  subgenera.     Confined,  like  the  other  genera,  to  dry  hillsides  and  valleys. 

§  I.  Seeds  few,  pendnlom,  ohlonp  (1  to  2  lines  lovp),  someirkat  fnftened,  not  winged, 
minutely  jlexunns-striate  lo7i(/itndinallt/ :  petals  .'i,  vo(  large  :  filaments  all 
filiform:  leaves  pelioled,  serrately  toothed.  —  Eumentzelia. 

M.  ASPFRA,  Linn.  Annual,  slender  :  leaves  hastately  3-lobed,  on  slender  ]-ietioles  :  flowers 
axillary,  sessile  :  petals  about  3  lines  long,  but  little  exceciling  the  calyx-lobes :  capsule  narrowly 
linear-clavate,  an  inch  long.  — A  tropical  species  reaching  to  Lower  California  (Xanlus),  Sonora 
(Thurber),  and  Arizona  (Eothrock),  and  to  be  looked  for  in  Southeastern  California.  This  is  the 
only  species  of  true  Menzelia  that  approaches  the  borders  of  the  State. 

§  2.   Seeds  pnidnlotis,  fem  to  rather  inani/,  small,  in  1  to  .3  7-au's,  irregnlarli/  angled 
or  sometvhat  cuhical,  not  ininged,  opaque,  miuntelg  fidirrrnlafe  :  Jjourrs  vi  ter- 
minal cymes,  mostly  small:  calyxlimh  ly-jiarfed :  petals  ,")  :  filaments  all  fili- 
form or  the  5  outer  more  or  less  dilated :  capsule  linear :  leaves  sessile,  fiat, 
sinnately  toothed  or  pinnatifid:  animals.  —  TuAOUvrnvruM,  'iorr.   Sc  Gray. 
( Trachyphyt um,  Nutt. ) 
1.   M.  albicauliS,  Dougl.      Slender,    \   to   1    foot  high  or  more:  leaves  linear- 
lancoolato,  piiniatilid  with  numerous  narrow  lobes,  \\w  upper  leaves  broader  and 
often  lobed  or  toothed  at  base  only  :  flowers  mostly  approximate  near  the  ends  of 
the  branches:  calyx-lobes  1^  to  2  lines  long,  a  little  shorter  than  the  spatulatc  or 
obovate   petals  :  filaments   not  dilated  :  capsule  linear-clavate.   fi   tn  9    lines   long : 
seeds  numerous,  rather  strongly  tuberculate,  irregularly  angled  with  oVitnse  margins. 


236 


LOASACE.'^:.  Menlzelia. 


less  than  half  a  line  long.  —  Torr.  <^  Gray,  Fl.  i.  534;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp. 
113,  excl.  vars.     M.  Veatchiana,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  Di),  lig.  28. 

Dry  valleys  aiul  foot-hills  in  early  spring.  Southetistorn  California  (Fort  Tojon,  Xanlus ;  Mo- 
havo  Cruck,  liiijclow,  Cdn/iir),  and  on  tin-  I'astisrii  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Oregon  ;  also  oast- 
ward  to  ('ol(tnid()  ami  New  Ali'xi('o.     The  liihereulato  seeiU  distinguish  it  from  the  next  two. 

2.  M.  dispersa,  W'uL.sou.  Very  siinilai'  to  tlio  last,  hut  tho  Icave-s  ainuato- 
touthed,  soiiiutimos  entire,  rarely  piiinatilid,  the  uppermost  often  ovate  :  calyx-lohes 
a  line  long:  capsule  narrnwly  linear-clavate:  seeds  very  often  in  a  single  row,  some- 
what cubical,  more  ov  h'ss  grooved  upon  the  angles,  very  nearly  smooth. — I'roc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  137.     J/.  albicauUs,  var.  intei/ri/olia,  Watson,  liot.  King  Exp.  114. 

Washington  Territory  and  Oregon  to  Colorado  ;  Yosemite  Valley  {BolaiuUr)  ;  Gnadalupo 
Island,  rainier.     Aii|)arently  eonlined  to  rather  higher  altitudes  than  tiie  last. 

3.  M.  micrantha,  I'orr.  ^  (J  ray.  Leafy,  branched,  1  to  2^  feet  iiigh  :  leaves 
ovate,  an  incii  long  or  less,  somewhat  sinuately  toothed  :  flowers  clustered,  shorter 
than  the  broad  floral  leaves  :  calyx-lobes  a  line  long  ;  the  ovate  petals  a  half  longer  : 
outer  lilaments  more  or  less  dilatiul  :  capsule  broadly  linear,  3  to  5  lines  long:  seeils 
few,  irregularly  angled,  a  line  long,  very  nearly  smooth.  —  Fl.  i.  535.  Bartonia 
micrantha,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  343,  t.  85. 

Rarely  collected.  California  (Z)oit(/te,  Wallace);  Clear  Lake  ( yu/Te//) ;  Ojai,  Peck/uim.  Dis- 
tinguished from  the  last  by  its  foliage  and  habit,  and  especially  by  its  shorter  broader  and  few- 
seeded  capsules  and  larger  secils. 

4.  M.  COngesta,  Torr.  &  (!ray.  Habit  and  foliage  of  M.  alhicaulis ;  a  foot 
high  :  flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  tlie  branches,  conspicuously  bracted  with 
broad  toothed  bracts,  Avhich  are  membranaceous  at  base:  calyx-lobes  1^  to  2  lines 
long  :  petals  bright  orange,  3  to  G  lines  long  :  lilaments  all  filiform  :  capsule  clavate, 
half  an  incli  long  :  seiids  irregularly  angled,  minutely  tuberculate,  nearly  a  lino 
long. —  V\,  i.  534  ;  Watson,  Hot.  King  Kxp.  114. 

A  rare  specic^s,  on  dry  hillsides.  Interior  of  Oregon  {Nuttall)  ;  Sierra  County  {Lcinmvn)  ; 
near  Austin,    Nevaihi,    ll'til.soii,. 

5.  M.  gracilenta,  'I'orr.  it  (Iray.  Stems  often  simple,  1  to  H  feet  high  :  leaves 
narrowly  lancecdati'.,  pinnatilid  with  many  narrow  lobes  or  sometimes  only  coarsely 
sinuate-toothed  :  flowers  usually  clustered  at  the  summit :  calyx-lobes  2  to  5  lines 
long :  petals  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  rounded  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  4  to  8  lines 
long  :  capsule  linear-clavate,  ^  to  1  inch  long  :  seeds  in  3  rows,  irregularly  angled, 
very  minutely  tuberculate,  two  thirds  of  a  line  long.  —  Fl.  i.  534.  M.  albicauUs, 
var.  (jracilenta,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  114. 

From  Los  Angeles  northward  to  the  Sacramento  ;  also  in  Northwestern  Nevada,  Watson.  Pos- 
sibly a  small  form  of  the  next  species. 

■  G.  M.  Lindleyi,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Slender,  1  to  3  feet  high,  branched  :  leaves 
ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  pectinately  pinnatilid  or  only 
coarsely  sinuate-toothed  :  flowers  axillary  and  terminal  :  calyx-lobes  5  to  D  lines 
long,  lanceolate  :  petals  obovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  an  inch  long  :  filaments  all 
very  slender:  capsule  linear-clavate,  12  to  15  lines  long:  seeds  as  in  the  last. — 
Fl.  i.  533.     Bartonia  aurea,  Lindl.  Bot.  Ileg.  t.  3649  ;  etc. 

Ikrely  collected  ;  fust  found  by  Jhuijlas,  ]irobably  in  Central  California,  and  introduced  into 
Hritish  gardens,  ami  al'terwanl  by  liriilijfH  ;  Corral  Hollow,  Brewer.  It  is  also  reported  as  found 
by  Jiiijeioto  on  gravelly  iiills  near  the  Colorailo  Kiver,  but  this  locality  is  somewhat  uncertain. 

§  3.  Seeds  numerotis  in  double  rows  upon  tlte  3  broad  placentce,  horizontal,  Jlatfened, 
suborbicular-winf/ed,  minutely  tuberculate  or  nearli/  smooth :  Jlowers  often 
large  and  shou'ij :  cali/x-limb  5-cle/l  nearli/  to  the  base:  pet(ds  5  or  10: 
filaments  numerous,  the  outer  often  more  or  less  dilated  or  petidoid :  capsule 
broad,  oblong :  leaves  sessile  (or  petioled  in  No.  8),  sinuately  toothed  or  pia- 
natifid:  biennials.  —  Bartonia,  Torr.  &  Gray.      {Bartonia,  Mutt.) 


Eucnide.  LOASACEJO. 


237 


7.  M.  laBVicanlis,  Torr.  ^  Gray.  Stout,  2  or  3  foot  lii<,'li,  branching;  :  loaves 
latiooolato,  2  to  8  inches  long  :  llowors  seasili*  on  short  branchos,  very  largo,  light 
yellow,  opening  iu  sunshine:  calyx-tube  naked,  tho  lobes  I  to  1|  inches  long: 
petals  acute  at  each  end,  2  to  2\  inches  long,  the  lilanionts  and  slender  style  a  little 
shorter:  capsule  1^  inches  long,  3  to  4  lines  in  diameter:  seeds  very  minutely 
tuberculate,  \\  lines  in  diameter. — Fh  i.  535;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  114. 
Bartonia  Icevicaulis,  Dough;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  221,  t.  G9. 

From  Santa  Barbara  ( rorrcy)  to  tlie  Columbia  River,  and  more  frequent  east  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  in  the  valleys  and  on  dry  foot-hills,  to  Salt  Lake  and  Western  Wyoming.  Other  si)e- 
cies  of  this  section  are  common  iu  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

8.  M.  tricuspis,  Gray.  Apparently  anniial,  0  inches  high  or  more,  rather  stout : 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  sinuate- 
toothed,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  petiole,  the  upper  ovate  and  sessile  :  flowers  sessile 
on  the  short  branches  :  calyx-limb  half  an  inch  long  :  petals  broadly  spatulate, 
light  yellow,  12  to  15  lines  long  :  filaments  very  numerous,  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
linear,  somewhat  dilated  above  and  marked  by  a  transverse  orange  band,  and  pro- 
longed into  two  lateral  linear  cusps  nearly  equalling  tho  oblong-linear  anther  :  style 
stout  and  rigid,  3-cloft,  equalling  the  stamens  :  capsule  half  an  inch  long.  —  Am. 
Naturalist,  ix.  271. 

Only  two  specimens  have  been  oollectod,  one  at  Fort  Mnliavo  {Cnopr.r),  tlin  other  in  S.  Utah, 
Parry.  Tlie  mature  fruit  and  seed  are  unknown,  and  tlie  species  is  probably  to  bo  excluded  from 
this  section. 

§  4.  Seeds  few,  oblong,  pointed  at  base,  obscurely  angled,  smooth  ami  shining,  some- 
what rugose:  calyx-limb  f^-cle/t  to  below  the  middle:  petals  5  :  Jilaments  all 
filiform:  capsule  nrcenlafe :  leaves  sessile,  coarsely  ]>innatifid,  with  revolute 
margins  :  a  cespitose  perennial,  very  densely  and  tenaciously  hispid. 

9.  M.  Torre3ri,  Gray.  Stems  several  from  a  perennial  root,  much  branched 
and  densely  tufted,  3  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  oblong,  an  inch  long,  acuminate, 
attenuate  at  base,  deeply  jnnnatifid  with  about  2  (1  to  3)  lobes  on  each  side,  which 
are  acujuinate  by  the  strong  revolution  of  the  margin  :  flowers  solitary,  axillary, 
shorter  than  tho  leaves  :  calyx-limb  3  lines  long  :  ])etal.s  oblanceolate,  5  lines  long, 
pubescent  on  the  outside  :  style  cleft  to  the  middle,  not  twisted  :  capsule  ovate,  con- 
tracted below  tho  broad  summit,  2^  linos  long:  seeds  a  lino  long.  — Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  72. 

A  very  peculiar  species,  collected  by  Dr.  Tormj  iu  tho  dry  valleys  of  Humboldt  County, 
Nevada,  and  also  by  Lemmon  iu  similar  localities  in  Washoo  County. 

2.  EUCNIDE,  Zuccarini. 
Calyx-tube  oblong  ;  the  limb  5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  5,  \inited  at  base  and 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  tho  calyx.  Stamens  numerous ;  fdaments  all  filiform, 
adnato  to  tho  base  of  tlio  petals  and  dociduoua  witli  tliom  in  a  ring.  Ovary  short- 
conical  at  tho  summit,  l-cellod  :  stylo  5-angle(1,  fi-oloft,  tho  loboa  often  twisted : 
ovules  very  numerous,  covering  tho  5  prominent  expanded  i)laccnta\  Capsule 
obovate,  very  many-seeded,  opening  by  5  valves  at  tho  short-conical  summit.  Seeds 
minute,  longitudinally  striate. — Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  armed  with  stinging 
hairs  and  barbed  pubescence ;  leaves  alternate,  cordate  or  ovate,  pctioled,  lobed  and 
serratcly  toothed  ;  flowers  yellow,  j)edicellcd,  in  terminal  cymes. 

A  genus  of  three  species  (or  more),  confined  to  Northern  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  region  ;  made 
a  section  of  Mentzdia  by  Bentham  &  Hooker. 

1.  E.  urens,  Parry.  Stout,  low,  very  hairy  and  pubosrent  :  leaves  broadly 
ovate,    1   or  2  inches  long,  cordate  or  rounded  at  base,  obscurely  lobed,  coarsely 


9Qg  CUCUKBITACE.'K.  Pdalonijx. 

toothed,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  on  i-uther  short  petioles  :  tlowers  large,  on 
pedicels  3  to  6  lines  long,  in  terminal  bracteate  cymes  :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  6  to 
10  lines  long;  petals  twice  longer,  broadly  spatulate,  abrupUy  acuminate,  haiiy  at 
the  apex,  united  at  base  into  a  tube  3  lines  long  :  liUuuents  equalling  the  calyx- 
lobes  ;  style  slout,  cleil  to  the  miildlo  :  cai)sule  broadly  obovoid,  half  an  inch  long, 
oijcning  by  5  erect  valves  as  in  the  other  species;  the  seinls  also  exceedingly  numer 
uus,  linear-oblong,  about  a  lifth  of  a  line  long,  marked  by  a  few  longitudinal  striiu. 
—  Am.  Naturalist,  ix.  1-14.  MentztUa  urens,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  71,  Am. 
Naturalist,  ix.  271. 

Collected  by  Bu/dow  in  rocky  urroyos  near  tlie  conlluenco  of  the  Williams  River  with  the  Colo- 
imlo,  and  eastward  to  tSouthern  Utah,  Parnj. 

3.  PETALONYX,  (Jiay. 

Calyx-tube  very  small,  cylindrical,  with  5  linear  deciduous  lobes  as  long  as  the 
ovary.  Petals  5,  with  long  connivent  claws  and  ovate-spatulate  blade.  Stamens  5, 
with  free  filiform  filaments,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  outer  edge  of  an  epigy- 
nous  disk  ;  anthers  small,  didymous.  Ovary  1-celled  :  style  simple,  elongated  : 
stigma  entire  :  ovule  solitary,  pendulous  from  the  sunnnit  of  the  cell.  Cajjsule  very 
small,  oblong,  bursting  irregularly.  Seed  oblong,  smooth.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs, 
or  shrubby  at  base,  pubescent  or  rough  with  short  barbed  hairs;  leaves  alternate, 
entire  or  toothed;  flowers  small,  yellowish,  in  terminal  heads  or  short  leafy  spikes. 
Three  species,  of  Arizona  an<l  the  ailjacent  region. 

1.  P.  Thurberi,  Gray.  Stems  1  to  2  feet  high  from  a  somewhat  woody  base, 
branching:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  an  inch  long  or  less,  smaller  and  becoming  bract- 
like (2  to  3  lines  long)  on  the  branches,  sessile,  acute,  entire  or  rarely  few-tootlied  ; 
the  floral  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  toothed  at  base  :  flowers  in  short  and  dense 
spikes,  sessile:  cidyx  2  lines  long:  petals  light  yellow,  2  lines  long  or  more,  slightly 
hisi»id  :  lilamonts  and  style  half  an  inch  long:  capsule  a  lino  long,  not  angled  or 
winged. —  PI.  Thurb.  311) ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  t.  22. 

San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino  counties,  and  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona  to  S.  Nevada,  Thur- 
ber,  Cooper,  Scholt,  Palmer,  kc. 

P.  NiTinus,  Watson,  is  found  in  S.  Nevada  and  jjrobably  extends  into  S.  E.  California  ;  dis- 
tinguished by  its  ovnto  poliolcd  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  rounded  at  base,  not  greatly  reduced  on 
the  brandies,  anil  with  a  somewhat  vitreous  and  shining  surface. 

P.  Pakuyi,  Gray,  is  a  more  eastern  species,  of  S.  Utah,  decidedly  shrubby,  the  leaves  rhoui- 
l>oidal-ovate,  cuneate  into  a  short  petiole,  scarcely  smaller  above. 

OiiDEii  XLI.     CUCURBITACE^. 

Herbs,  mostly  tendril-bearing  and  climbing,  rather  succulent,  with  alternate  and 
palmately  veined  or  lobed  leaves,  no  j^roper  stipules ;  the  flowers  monoecious  or  dioi- 
cious,  with  petals  more  commonly  united  into  a  cup  or  tube  and  also  blended  with 
the  calyx.  Sterile  flowers  with  2h  stamens,  that  is,  two  complete,  with  2-cclled 
anthers,  and  one  with  a  1-celled  anther;  the  cells  usually  long  and  contorted.  Fer- 
tile flowers  with  calyx-tube  adnate  to  a  1-celled  or  2  -  3-celled  ovary  ;  the  i)lacentai 
either  parietal,  or  confluent  in  or  projecting  from  the  axis.  Seeds  anatropous,  with- 
out albumen. 

A  peculiar  but  familiar  family,  of  great  divei-sity  as  to  tlie  fruit,  kc,  yet  easy  to  recognize, 
widely  distributed  over  the  world,  but  maiidy  indigenous  to  warm  regions.  Cliiefly  inipoi  tant 
for  the  esculent  fruits  it  produces  (Melon,  Watermelon,  Cucumber,  Pumpkin,  Squash,  &c.),  and 


Cucurhita.  CUCURBTTACEyE.  239 

for  tlio  hnrd-riiKJnd  Ooiircl,  used  for  vessels,  l^ut  tho  flosliy  fniits  of  several  nro  arid  and  jjur^ativc 
(as  in  Klalcrinm  and  Colocynth,  vahiahlo  in  medicine),  and  so  arc  Mio  roots  of  all  the  perennial 
sjiecies.  Tho  Mcgarrhiza-roots  of  r'alifornia  in  this  rcsucct,  as  in  size,  are  like  those  of  l5ryony  in 
Rurope. 

*  Seeds  flattened  :  cotyledons  thin,  rising  out  of  the  giound  and  foliaceous  in  gennination  :  fruit 
fleshy  :  united  calyx  ajid  corolla  tubular-campanulate. 

1.  Cucurbita.     Flowers  all  solitary,  large,  yellow.    Filaments  distinct,  but  the  flexuous  anthers 

confluent. 

2.  Mislothria.     Sterile  flowers  racemose,  small,  Yellowish.    Filaments  and  antliere  distinct ;  the 

cells  of  tho  latter  .straight,     lieriy  small  and  juicy. 

♦   *  Seeds  large,  turgid  :  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination. 

3.  Megarrhiza.     Flowers  small,  white  ;  the  sterile  racemo.se.      Corolla  rotate.     Fruit  becoming 

dry  and  fibrous,  few-seeded. 

1.  CUCURBITA,  Linn. 
Flowers  monoecious,  solitary.  Calyx-tube  cnunmuulato ;  lobes  5.  Corolla  cam- 
panuiato,  5-clcft  to  the  middlo  or  lower ;  lobes  recurved.  Sterile  llowers  with  the 
staraeus  at  the  base:  filaments  free;  anthers  linear,  conlluont,  lloxuous.  Fertile 
flowers  with  3  rudimentary  stamens  :  ovary  oblong,  with  3  placentas  and  numerous 
horizontal  ovules  :  style  short :  stigmas  3,  2-lobed.  Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent,  often 
with  a  hard  rind.  Seed  ovate  or  oblong,  flattened.  —  Annual  or  perennial,  mostly 
prostrate  and  rooting  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  cordate,  lobed  ;  tendrils  compound  ; 
flowers  large,  yellow ;  fruit  often  large. 

A  genus  of  half  a  dozen  or  more  species,  from  some  of  which  have  come  by  cultivation  all  the 
many  different  varieties  of  Pumpkin  and  Squash. 

1.  C.  perennis,  Gray.  Root  perennial,  very  large  and  fusiform:  stems  long, 
trailing  :  leaves  thick  and  scabrous,  slightly  tomentose  beneath,  triangular-cordate, 
6  to  12  inches  long,  4  to  8  wide,  acute,  the  basal  lobes  rounded  or  angled,  usually 
raucronately  denticulate,  rarely  sinuate ;  petioles  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  tendrils 
3-5-cleft :  flowers  violet-scented,  3  or  4  inches  long,  with  obtuse  mucronate  lobes  : 
calyx-tube  half  an  inch  long,  equalling  the  linear  lobes  :  ovary  pubescent :  fruit 
globose  or  obovoid,  2  or  3  inchos  in  dianioler,  smootli,  yellow,  on  u  slender  i)edicol 
an  inch  or  two  long;  shell  lillod  with  bitter  llbrous  pulp  :  seed  thin,  obovato,  4  or 
5  lines  long,  obtusely  margined.  —  PI,  Lindh.  193.  Cucumis  (1)  perennis,  ^i\\\\QB; 
Terr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  543. 

Temescal  {Brewer),  San  Diego  (Cfrvchmd,  Palmer),  and  through  Arizona  and  Northern  Mexico 
to  Texiis.  The  root  sometimes  descends  4  to  6  feet  in  the  ground,  with  a  circumference  nearly 
as  great.  In  Southern  California  the  plant  is  known  as  Ciiili  Cojote  and  Calnba~iVa,  and  the 
pulp  of  the  green  fruit  is  Ti.sed  with  soap  in  washing  and  to  remove  stains  from  clothing.  The 
macerated  root  is  also  used  a.s  a  remedy  for  piles,  and  the  seeds  are  eaten  by  the  Indians. 

2.  C.  digitata.  Gray.  Eoot  perennial,  fleshy:  stems  .'jlender,  elongated,  usually 
prostrate  and  rooting:  tendrils  short  and  delicate,  3-5-cleft:  leaves  scabrous,  pal- 
mately  3  -  5-parted  ;  the  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate,  2  to  4  inchos  long,  entire  or 
soniewhat  sinuate-toothed,  or  the  lower  lobed  at  ba.se,  about  equalling  the  petioles  : 
flowers  2  or  3  inches  long,  acutely  lobed,  on  slender  pedicels  1  to  4  inches  long  : 
calyx-tube  ^  to  1  inch  long,  the  narrow  teeth  only  a  line  or  two  long  :  fruit  subglo- 
bose,  2  or  3  inches  in  diameter,  yellow,  long-pedicelled  :  seeds  thin,  oval.  —  PI. 
Wriglit.  ii.  GO. 

Lower  Colorado  Valley  to  Now  Mexico;  authentic  specimens  liave  not  been  collected  within 
the  limits  of  the  State. 

3.  C.  palmata,  Watson.  Canescent  wiUi  short  rough  pubescence,  apjires-^ed  on 
the  leaves  :  stems  leafy  :  leaves  thick,  cordate  in  outline,  2  or  3  inches  broad,  pal- 


240 


CUCURBITACE^.  Cucurbita. 


inately  5-cloft  to  the  middle  with  lanceolate  acumiiuto  lobes,  whicli  are  oltcu  ob- 
tusely tootluul  near  the  base,  usually  exceeding  the  petioles  :  llowers  3  inclirs  long, 
on  stout  i)edicels,  lobes  acutish  :  ealyx-tube  an  inch  long,  the  teeth  broailer  and 
three  lines  long  or  more:  iVuit  globt)se  :  seeds  5  lines  long.  —  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  xi. 
137. 

Sail  Diego  t'ouiity  ;  I'ujoii  Vuiloy  (JJlcocland) ;  Liiiken's  Slutiou,  near  tliu  Jacuiiiba  Aloiuitains, 
Palmer. 

4.  C.  Californica,  Torrey  iu  herb.  Canescent  with  a  short  white  rigid  pubes- 
cence :  leaves  tliick,  S-lubed,  two  inches  broad,  the  triangular  lobes  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, mucronate  :  tendrils  slender,  parted  to  the  base :  flowers  an  inch  long  or  more, 
on  pedicels  ^  to  1  inch  long;  calyx  4  or  5  lines  long,  the  linear  teeth  2  lines  long. 
—  Watsi>n,  r.  c.  1 38. 

Imperfect  specimens  of  this  eviileiitly  distinct  species  were  collected  by  Dr.  Pickerimj  on  the 
Wilkes  Exploring  Expedition,  in  Sacramento  Valley,  and  what  is  apparently  the  same  was  also 
found  by  Emory  on  Cariso  Creek  iu  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

2.   MELOTHRIA,  Linn. 

Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  sterile  in  axillary  racemes ;  the  fertile  solitary.  Calyx 
campanulate,  shortly  5-toothed.  Corolla  5-parted  into  oblong  or  linear-oblong  seg- 
ments. Sterile  llowers  with  the  stamens  on  the  calyx-tube  :  lilaments  short,  free  ; 
anthers  Tree,  short  and  ovoid,  rarely  all  2-celled  ;  the  cells  straight  and  connective 
usually  produced.  Pistillate  flower  on  a  long  and  slender  pedicel,  with  3  abortive 
or  rarely  perfect  stamens  :  ovary  ovoid,  constricted  below  the  flower,  with  3  pla- 
centas and  numerous  horizontal  ovules  :  style  short,  on  an  annular  disk  :  stigmas 
2-lobed.  Fruit  snmll,  baccate,  juicy.  Seed  ovate,  flattened.  —  Slender  herbs,  with 
simple  tendrils,  and  small  yellow  or  white  flowers. 

About  30  species,  in  the  warmer  regions  of  the  world. 

1.  M.  pendula,  Linn.  Stems  very  slender,  climbing  :  leaves  rather  thin,  cor- 
date, an  inch  or  two  broad,  repand-toothed,  or  acutely  5-angled  or  lobed,  scabrous 
or  nearly  smooth  :  sterile  flowers  few,  in  small  racemes,  '2  lines  long,  yellowish  ; 
calyx-teeth  minute  :  fertile  flowers  on  iiliforni  ])edicels  at  length  as  long  as  the 
leaves:  ovary  oblong:  fruit  subglobose,  half  an  inch  long,  blackish  when  ripe:  seed 
numerous,  \\  lines  long.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  [)-ll. 

From  the  soutliern  Atlantic  Stales  westward  across  the  continent.  In  Southeastern  Calilornia, 
on  tlio  Colorado  Uivcr,  Iliijduw. 

3.  MEGARRHIZA,  Torrey.  Big-Root. 
Flowers  monoecious ;  tlie  sterile  racemose  or  panicled  ;  the  fertile  solitary,  from 
the  same  axils.  Calyx-tube  broadly  campanulate  :  teeth  obsolete  or  very  small. 
Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5  -  7-lobed,  with  oblong  ]Kii)illoso  segments.  Sterile  flowers 
Avlth  the  stamens  at  the  base :  lilaments  short  and  coniuite :  anthers  free  oi-  somewhat 
adherent;  the  cells  somewhat  horizontal,  llexuous.  Pistillate  flowers  pedicclled  : 
abortive  stamens  i)resent  or  none  :  ovary  oblong  to  globose,  usually  more  or  less 
echinate,  2-celled  or  more  :  cells  1  -  several-ovuled  :  ovides  ascending,  horizontal,  uv 
pendulous,  the  attachment  mostly  parietal  :  style  short :  stigma  2-  3-lobed  or  parted. 
Fruit  mostly  echinate,  more  or  less  iibrous  within,  bcconting  dry,  at  length  bursting 
irregularly'*  Seed  large,  turgid,  ovoid  or  subglobose,  smooth,  not  margined;  hiluiu 
linear,  acute  :  cotyledons  thick,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination.  —  Stems 


:\!pgarrhiza.  CUCURHITACE^.  241 

olongiited  <'uid  climbing,   from  largo  fusiform   perennial  roots  ;    leaves  cordate,  pal- 

mately  5  -  7-lobcd  or  angled  ;  tendrils  2-5-cleft;    llowers  small,  white.     Fhnvering 

in  early  spring.  ■ — Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  138. 

A  genus  confined  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  the  species  not  well  known,  nearly  allied  to  the  Echiiw- 
cystis  of  the  Atlantic  St.ates,  to  which  it  has  liecn  referred,  but  from  which  it  is  separated  by  its 
thick  perennial  roots,  its  large  turgid  iinuiarginate  seeds,  and  its  tliick  fleshy  cotyledons,  which 
remain  under  ground  in  germination.    The  fiiiit  in  some  species  ai)pears  to  be  wholly  indidiiscent. 

1.  M.  Californica,  Torr.  Nearly  glabrous,  with  short  scattered  curved  haii-s  : 
stem  20  to  .'50  feet  long  :  leaves  2  to  G  inches  broad,  with  a  deep  closed  sinus,  more 
or  loss  deeply  5-7-lobwl,  but  rarely  to  the  middle  ;  lobes  broad-triangular,  abruptly 
acute,  mncronate,  the  sinuses  obtuse:  sterile  llowc^ra  (5  to  20)  in  slender  racemes  3  to 
5  inches  long,  somewhat  pubescent,  on  slender  i)edicels  a  lino  or  two  long  ;  corolla 
3  or  4  lines  broad  :  fertile  flowers  5  or  G  lines  broad,  without  abortive  stamens  : 
ovary  globose,  densely  echinato,  2- (rarely  3-4)- celled,  the  cells  1-2-ovuled  ;  lower 
ovule  ascending,  the  upper  horizontal,  attached  to  the  outer  side  of  the  cell :  fruit 
globose  or  ovoid,  2  inches  long,  densely  covered  with  stout  almost  pungent  spines 
{\  to  1  inch  long),  1  -  4-seeded  :  seed  obovoid,  10  lines  long,  G  in  diameter,  sur- 
rounded by  a  shallow  groove  or  darker  lino,  the  hilum  at  the  narrow  base.  —  Pacif. 
P.  Pep.  vi.  74.  Echinocystis  fabacea,  Naudin,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xii,  154,  t.  9, 
and  xvi.  188. 

Near  the  coast  from  San  Diego  to  Punta  de  los  Reyes.  A  specimen  from  Knight's  Ferry  on  the 
Stanislaus  (Biyelow)  has  the  ripe  fruit  much  less  strongly  armed.  Specimens  from  Cocoimmgo 
(Biffcloin)  may  also  belong  here,  though  having  the  leaves  more  deeply  divided  with  narrower 
lobes,  and  the  4-celled  fruit  with  4  or  5  seeds  in  each  cell. 

2.  M.  Marah,  Watson,  1.  c.  Scabrous  or  nearly  smooth  :  stems  10  to  30  foot 
long  :  leaves  cordate  or  reniform,  3  to  G  inches  broad,  lobed  nearly  as  in  the  last : 
sterile  flowers  a  half  to  an  inch  l)road,  in  simple  or  panicled  k)osoly  flowered 
racemes,  4  to  12  inches  long;  pedicels  slender,  2  to  G  lines  long:  fertile  flowers 
with  abortive  stamens  :  ovary  oblong-ovate,  more  or  less  covered  with  .soft  spines, 
2  -  3-cellod  ;  ovules  1  to  4  or  more  in  oaclj  coll,  ascending  or  horizontal,  attacheil 
to  the  outer  side  of  the  cell :  fruit  ovate-oblong,  4  inches  long,  somewhat  attenuate 
at  each  end,  more,  or  less  niuricate  all  over  with  weak  spines  :  seeds  horizontally 
im})osed,  flattish,  suborbicular  or  irregularly  ellijitical,  an  inch  in  diameter,  about 
half  as  thick,  with  an  obscuri^  marginal  furrow  and  pronunent  lateral  hilum, — 
Marah  mnrlcalnH,  luillogg,  Troc.  (Jalil'.  Acad.  i.  3H. 

Connnnn  nrouiid  and  near  Sun  Francisco  Iky.    Cat^alina  Island  {linker),  hut  Rtorilo  (loworsoiily. 

3.  M.  Oregona,  Torr.  Much  resembling  the  last :  fertile  flowers  without  abor- 
tive stamens  :  young  fruit  similar  in  shape,  sparingly  muricate  with  soft  spines, 
3-4-cell(!d,  the  cells  imbricated  above  each  other,  l-.sceded  :  mature  fruit  (so  for  as 
known)  an  inch  or  two  long,  unarmed,  with  very  thin  walls  :  seeds  as  in  the  last, 
or  somewhat  smaller  (8  to  11  lines  broad),  attached  to  the  outer  side  of  the  cell.  — 
Pacif.  P.  Pep.  vi.  74. 

CouHuon  in  Washington  Territoi7  and  said  to  range  from  Paget  Roiuid  to  Klamath  Lake. 

4.  M.  muricata,  Watson,  1.  c.  Nearly  glabrous  or  .somewhat  scabrous,  often 
more  or  less  glaucous  :  stems  G  to  8  feet  long  :  leaves  2  to  4  inches  broad,  orbicular- 
cordate  with  a  nearly  closed  sinus  or  broadly  reniform,  deeply  r)-lobed,  the  divisions 
all  broader  above  and  sharply  sinuate-toothed  or  -lobofl  :  sterile  racemes  slender,  often 
very  few-flowered  :  fertile  llowers  3  to  4  lines  broad,  without  abortive  stamens,  on 
slender  pedicels  an  inch  or  two  long  :  ovary  smooth  or  sparingly  muricate,  oblong, 
acute  at  (Mu;h  end  :  fruit  nearly  globoH(\  an  inch  in  diameter,  indeed  or  with  a  few 
short  weak  spines  near  the  base,  2-cell(Ml,  2-seeded  :  .sped  nearly  globose,  half  an 
inch  in  diameter,  ascending,  attached  to  the  outer  side  of  the  cell  near  the  base,  the 
margin  smooth. —  Echinocystis  muricata,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  i.  bl . 


242  DATISCACE.E.  Majurrhlzn. 

Angela  (-ami»,  Caluvcnis  t'ounty  {lUth,  liUjdow)  ;  near  riacerville,  Kello(j(j,  Bolanulc.r.  Sjieci- 
inens  collected  by  Fremont,  llulse,  antl  oliicis,  in  tlie  same  legion  (.IVom  the  Mokchimne  Hiver  to 
the  Upiicr  Sacramento),  may  belong  here  tiioiigh  with  the  ovary  3-  or  4-celled,  and  in  some  other 
minor  resjiects  ilillcrent. 

5.  M.  Guadalupeiisis,  ^V^ltson,  1.  c.  Nemly  glabmus,  the  inllurcacunco  suiue- 
M'liut  iiiibcdceiiL :  liiuvus  tliiu,  3  to  8  iuciii's  bruutl,  3-51ubeil  to  the  luiddle,  tlio 
lower  lobes  qiiiuh-angiilar,  the  upper  acuuiinute,  with  few  short  teeth  ;  racemes 
nearly  simple,  4  to  G  inches  long  :  eulyx-tecth  liliform  :  comlla  G  to  8  lines  broad : 
fertile  llowers  without  abortive  stamens  :  ovary  on  a  slender  pedicel  an  inch  lonf(, 
ovoid,  densely  covered  with  short  scd't  spines,  2-celled  ;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell, 
ascending  :  fruit  ovoid,  H  to  2  inches  long,  acute  above,  somewhat  pubescent  and 
with  short  scattered  still  spines,  usually  2-seeded  :  seeds  subglobose,  an  inch  in 
diameter,  attached  to  the  inner  side  of  the  cell,  the  margin  smooth. 

Guadalupe  Island,  on  high  rocks  near  the  centre  ol'  the  island,  Paiiiier,  1875. 


Order  XLII.     DATISCACEiE. 

A  very  small  and  peculiar  order,  chielly  represented  by  the  following  genus  of 
only  two  species. 

1.  DATISCA,  binn. 

Flowers  dioecious,  sometimes  perfect.  Calyx  of  sterile  flowers  very  short,  with  4 
to  9  unequal  lobes  :  stamens  10  to  25  ;  iilaments  short :  rudimentary  ovary  none. 
Pistillate  flowers  witii  calyx-tube  ovoid,  somewhat  3-angled,  3-toothed  :  stamens 
three,  when  present,  alternate  with  the  teeth  :  styles  3,  bifid,  opposite  the  teeth,  the 
linear  lobes  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side.  Capsule  oblong,  coriaceous,  1 -celled,  open- 
ing at  the  apex  between  the  styles.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  small,  in  two  to 
several  rows  upon  the  3  parietal  i)lacentie  :  embryo  cylindrical,  in  the  axis  of  small 
albumen.  —  Smooth  stout  perennial  herbs;  leaves  une(]ually  I'innatifid,  with  coarsely 
toothed  lanceolate  segments,  the  U]iper  scarcely  lobed  ;  flowers  axillary,  fascicled, 
nearly  sessile. 

Only  two  species  known,  one  native  of  W.  Asia,  the  other  of  California. 

1.  D.  glomerata,  llfnMi.  <K;  Hook.  Erect,  2  or  3  feet  high  or  more,  branching  ; 
Icavi's  ovate  to  iaiHcolatc.  in  outline,  acuuduate,  (i  incluss  long,  the  numcrdus  lloral 
ones  shorter  and  more  narrowly  lanceolate  :  llowers  4  to  7  in  each  iixil  td'  the.  elon- 
gated leafy  raceme,  the  fertile  mostly  perfect  :  anthers  nearly  se-ssile,  2  lines  long  : 
styles  longer  than  the  ovary  :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  slightly  nar- 
rowed toward  the  truncate  triangular  3-toothed  summit.  —  Gen.  PI.  i.  845.  2'ri- 
cerastes  glomerata,  Presl,  Piel.  Huenk.  ii.  88,  t.  64;  Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  310,  fig. 

On  stream-banks  from  Napa  County  to  San  Dernardino,  and  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  SiiM  ra  Nevada 
from  Amador  to  Tuolumne  County. 


Order  XLIIT.     CACTACE^.    (By  Dr.  George  Engelmann.) 

Green  fleshy  and  thickened  persistent  nio.-stly  lealless  i)lants,  of  peculiar  abj)ect  : 
globular  or  columnar,  tuberculated  or  ribbed,  or  jointed  and  often  flattened,  usually 
armed  with  bundles  of  spines  from  the  "  areola;,"  which  constitute  the  axils  of  the 
(mostly  absent)  leaves.     Flowers  with  numerous  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  usually 


MamilUiria.  CACTACEtI*:.  248 

ill  many  series,  the  coliering  bases  of  all  of  which  coat  the  inferior  1 -celled  iiiaiiy- 

ovuled  ovary,   and  above  it  form  a  tube  or  cup,  nectariferous  at  base.     Style  1, 

with  several  or  numerous  stigmas.      Fruit  a  pulpy  or  rarely  dry   1 -celled  berry, 

with  numerous  campylotropous  seeds  (without  or  with  some  albumen)  on  several 

parietal  placentae. 

An  order  of  few  genera,  comprising  a  large  innnl)cr  of  species,  i)eculiar  to  the  warmer  parts  of 
America,  and  confined  in  California  to  the  southern  and  southeastern  districts. 

suiioHDKH  1.    cAcri':,!':. 

No  leaves  proper  :  spines  never  barbed.  Flower-bearing  and  spine-bearing  areolne 
distinct.  Tube  of  the  sessile  solitary  flowers  well  developed,  often  long.  Seeds 
brown  or  black,  mostly  small.  — The  limits  between  the  genera  are  arbitrary. 

1.  Mamillaria.     Globose  or  oval  plants,  covered  with  spine-bearing  tubercles.     Flowei-s  (usually 

small)  from  between  the  tubercles.     Ovary  naked.     Seeds  without  albumen. 

2.  Echinocactus.     Globose  or  oval  plants,  stouter  than  the  last,  usually  ribbed  ;  bundles  of 

spines  on  the  ribs.    Flowers  mostly  larger,  from  the  youngest  part  of  the  ribs  clo.se  above 
the  nascent  bunches  of  spines.     Ovary  covered  with  sepals.     Seeds  albuminous. 

3.  Cereus.     Oval  or  columnar  ])laiits,  sometimes  tall,  ril)bed  or  angled  ;  bundles  of  spines  on  the 

ribs.     Flowers  usually  larger,  close  above  bundles  of  full  grown  (older)  spines.     Ovary 
covered  with  sepals.     Seeds  without  albumen. 

Si'nounRK  n.     OPUNTIE/E. 

Leaves  small,  subulate,  early  deciduous.  Sessile  and  solitary  flowers  from  the 
same  areola  as  the  always  barbed  spines  :  tube  <if  the  (lowi^-s  short,  cui)-shaped. 
Seeds  larger,  whitish,  covered  with  a  bony  arillus. 

4.  Opuntia.     branching  or  jointed  jilants  :  joints  flattonod  or  cylindrical. 

SuiiouDKii  III.  l'EIRES('IF/K,  with  flat  persistent  leaves,  sjiines  never  barbed,  flowci-s 
usually  peduncled  and  often  ]wnicnlate,  with  a  very  short  tul)e,  and  large  black  albuminous  secd.s, 
includes  the  genus  Pc.ire.icia  of  the  tropics,  in  aspect  very  unlike  the  rest  of  the  order.  No  species 
have  been  found  in  California,  but  they  may  be  e.xpected  in  the  Peninsula. 

1.   MAMILLARIA,  ll.nvorth. 

Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide  ;  the  tube  canipanulate  or  funnel-shaped.  Ovary, 
often  hidden  between  the  bases  of  the  tubercles,  as  well  as  the  exsert  succulent 
berry,  naked.  Seeds  yellowish-brown  to  black,  exalbuminousor  nearly  so.  Embryo 
mostly  short  and  straight,  with  extremely  short  cotyledons  parallel  to  the  sides  of 
the  seed.  —  Small  more  or  less  globose  or  oval  simple  or  cespitosc  jdantg,  the  spine- 
bearing  areolic  borne  on  cylindric,  oval,  conic,  or  angular  tubercles,  which  cover  the 
body  of  the  plant.  Flowers  from  a  distinct  woolly  or  bristly  areola  at  the  base 
of  these  tubercles,  fully  open  in  sunlight,  mostly  only  for  a  few  hours. 

§  1.    Floirrrs  umally  small,  lateral  from  the  axils  of  older  or  full -<jr own  tubercles. 
Our  species  have  limpid  juice  and  exsert  ovaries.  —  EuMAMliiLARiA. 

1.  M.  GrOOdridgii,  Scheer.  Oval  to  subcylindrical,  mostly  single,  covered  with 
crowded  ovate  tubercles  and  a  den.se  mass  of  gray  and  ilusky  thin  sj)ines  ;  axils  of 
the  younger  tubercles  woolly  and  bristly  :  the  10  to  15  outer  spines  radiating  and 
whitish  ;  the  1  to  .'J  itiiKU"  ones  longer,  stouter  and  dark  brown,  of  which  l\u\  Rtout- 
est  is  strongly  hooked  :  lower  sepals  Iringcd  :  p(>lMls  about  H,  ovate,  awned  :  Htigmns 
5  to  G  :  club-shaped  berry  scarlet:  seeds  obovate,  minute,  black,  delicately  jjitted.  -- 
Salni.  ('act.  1849,  91  ;  Engelm.  Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  8,  t.  8,  fig.  9-14. 


,^A4  CACTACE/E.  Muviilluriu. 

("oinmoii  on  siindy  or  gravelly  soil  or  among  rocks  about  Sun  Diego  {Parry,  Aifnssiz,  IlUcha>ck), 
un.l  on  the  niiglilM.ring  islun.l.s,  anil  southwanl  tlirongh  tlui  rouinsula,  /K.  (Jiil'h.  From  2  or  3 
lo  (!  or  7  indicsliigli,  1  lo  lA  lliick  ;  tiiliercK^.s  '2^  to  :5  lini's  long  ;  radial  siiincM  '2\  to  5,  and  cen- 
tral ones  6  to  7  lines  long  ;  llowurB  D  to  I'ilinea  in  dianiuler,  ilirty  yellowish  tinged  with  red. 

2.  M.  Grahami,  Ku'^irliii.  yimilur  tu  tlio  lust :  siiiuHcr,  with  HiuuUur  loss  cldsdy 
pitted  amis,  but  Imi-cr  ami  more  iiuiikuuus  (If)  lo  'M))  .si-inua,  uiul  without  uxilhiry 
bristles.  —  Cact.  Mex.  liouiiJ.  7,  t.  G,  lig.  1  -  8. 

Common  on  the  most  nigge.l  rocks  on  l>oth  sides  of  the  Colorado  (.VcA(///,  Neirlj.rri/),  and  cast- 
ward  into  New  Mexico.      Heads  1  to  a  inches  high,  1  to  1^  thick. 

3.  M.  phellosperma,  Kngehn.  Ovate  to  cyliiulrical,  usually  simple  :  tubercles 
lung-oval,  with  wuul  ami   bristles  in  their  axils,  aiul  30  to  GO  spines  at  the  apex,  in 

2  or  3  series  ;  the  outer  thinner  ami  paler;  the  inner  stouter  and  often  darker;  the 

3  or  4  central  spines  stouter,  daik  brown,  and  one  or  several  hooked  :  ilowers  with 
ciliate  sepals  and  12  to  13  acuminate  petals  :  stigmas  5  :  berry  obovate  or  clavate, 
crimson,  containing  rather  li;w  large  globose  reticulated  and  warty  brown  seeds,  with 
a  large  spungy  appentlage.  —  Cact.  Mex.  iiound.  G,  t.  7. 

From  the  eastern  slope  of  the  mountains  near  San  Feliiie  to  the  Mohave  country,  and  through- 
out Western  Arizona.  Heads  2  to  [>  inches  high,  1  ^  to  2  inches  thick  ;  tubercles  i  to  7  lines  long, 
not  as  much  crowded  as  in  the  last  two  species,  hut  with  a  nuich  larger  number  of  spines,  4  to  9 
lines  in  length  ;  tiower  dirty  yellowish  red,  about  an  inch  wide.  The  seed  is  partially  imbedded  in 
a  curious  spongy  mass,  an  aril-like  enlargement  of  the  funiculus. 

^  2.   Fluircrs   liin/cr,   vertical,  from  the  base,  of  a  </roovc  on  the   i/ouii<j  ur  nasctnt 
tubercles.  —  CoiiVl'llANTllA. 

4.  M.  Arizonica,  Engelm.  n.  sp.  Globose  or  ovate ;  tubercles  long-cylindrical, 
ascending,  deeply  grooveil,  bearing  numerous  straight  rigid  spines  :  the  15  to  20 
exterior  spines  whitish  ;  the  3  to  G  interior  ones  stouter,  deep  brown  above  :  llowera 
large,  rose-colored  :  sepals  30  to  40,  linear-subulate,  fimbriate  :  petals  40  to  50, 
lance-linear,  awned :  stigmas  8  to  10,  white:  berry  oval,  green,  with  obovate  com- 
pressed pitted  light  brown  seeds. 

On  sandy  and  rocky  soil  in  Northern  Arizona,  from  the  Colorado  eastward  (Cones,  Palmer,  F. 
Bischojf),  and  into  Soutliern  Utah  (./.  E.  Johnson)  ;  probably  in  Southeastern  California,  l-arger 
in  all  its  jiarts  than  the  foregoing  sjiecies  ;  3  or  4  inclies  thick  ;  tubercles  au  inch  long  ;  spines  6 
to  15  Uncs  long  ;  (lowers  2  to  2^  inches  wide,  very  showy. 

2.  ECHINOCACTUS,  Link  &  Otto. 
Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide.  Ovary  covered  with  sepaloid  scales,  naked  or 
woolly  in  their  axils.  Fruit  succulent  or  sometimes  dry,  covereil  with  the  persistent 
calyx-scales,  sometimes  enveloped  in  copious  wool,  and  usually  crowned  with  the 
persistent  remnants  of  the  lloAver.  Seed  obliquely  obovate,  black.  Embryo  curved 
over  the  small  albumen  ;  cotyledons  parallel  to  the  sides  of  the  seed.  —  Mostly 
larger,  sometimes  gigantic,  globose  or  depressed,  or  ovate,  or  rarely  subcylindric, 
simple  or  very  rarely  cespitose  ;  bunches  of  spines  on  the  more  or  less  vertical  ribs. 
Flowers  contiguous  to  and  above  the  sjiines,  on  the  latest  growth  of  the  jdant,  often 
from  the  nascent  woolly  areola)  and  therefore  more  or  less  vertical,  open  only  in 
sunlight. 

*   Scales  of  the  ovary  ovate,  orbicular,  or  cordate,  and  mostly  fringed,  their  axils 
almost  naked:  fruit  scaly,  never  woolly.  —  Leiocarpi. 

+-  Spines  smooth. 
1.  E.  Whipple!,  Engelm.  &  Big.     Heads  solitary,  globose  or  ovate,  middle-sized, 
with  13  (to  15)  compressed  and  interrupted  ribs  :  of  tlie  7  to  11  outer  and  4  inner 
spines,   the  ivory-white  upper  ones  are  the  longest  and  l)ruadest  and  recurved  or 


J'Jchinocacius.  CACTACE^.  245 

twisted  ;  the  lower  are  shorter,  darker,  and  terete,  and  the  lowest  middle  one  hooked  • 
flowers  1  to  1|  inches  long,  yellow:  few  (2  to  5)  rounded  fringed  sepals  on  the 
ovary,  10  to  If)  oblong  ones  on  the  tube:  petals  about  8:  stigmas  5  to  7,  short- 
seeds  large,  minutely  tuberculated.  —  Cact.  of  Pacif.  K.  Hep.  iv.  28,  t.  1  :  Bot  Ives 
Colorado  Exp.  12. 

On  the  lower  Colorarlo  on  the  ronfincs  of  ralifornia,  Arizona,  and  Utah  (Bigelow;  Ncwbcmi 
H  Enfjelmmin),  and  to  Southern  Colorado,  Jirandcgcc.  Heads  .•}  to  .'>  inches  hifih  ;  spines  3  to  20 
or  24  hues  lonR,  on  prominent  tul.ereles,  which  give  the  rihs  a  wavy  or  intorrnpte.l  appearance  : 
seeds  I, J  to  If  hncH  loiij^.  '  ' ' 

2.  E.  polyancistnis,  ICngelm.  .^  I'.ig.  Heads  solitary,  mid.lle-sized,  ovate  to 
eylindncal,  with  13  (to  1 7)  interrupted  ribs:  outer  spines  20  or  more  wliite  tlio 
uppermost  broader  and  longer;  central  spines  5  to  10,  the  upper  one  broadest,  long- 
est, recurved,  white,  the  others  brown,  terete,  and  mostly  hooked  :  flowers  yellow, 
2  to  21  inches  long,  with  about  8  rounded  fringed  sepals  on  the  ovary  •  seeds  as  in 
the  last.  —Cact.  of  Pacif.  K.  Rep.  iv.  29,  t.  2,  lig.  1,  2. 

From  the  head-waters  of  the  Mohave  River  {Biffdmo)  to  the  sage  plains  of  Southwestern  Nevada, 
Gahh.  I  erhnpa  too  nonr  the  last,  from  which  it  is  (Hstinguisliod  by  tlin  more  muneious  spines 
inanvof  thoninoroneshemg  hooked,  tlie  larger  (lowers,  and  more  numerous  sepals  and  petals 
1  ends  3  to  10  inches  high,  2  to  4  thick  ;  larger  spines  of  the  Moliave  form  3  to  5  of  the  Nevada 
plant  only  1  or  2  inches  long. 

+-   +-   Spines,  at  least  the  larger  ones,  transversely  ribbed  or  anmdated. 

3.  E.  Viridescens,  Nutt.  Heads  solitary,  middle-sized,  globose  or  depressed 
with  about  13  obtuse  tuberculated  ribs  and  a  woolly  depressed  summit-  spines 
stout,  reddish,  straight  or  recurved,  all  annulatod,  about  12  radiatin"  and  4  (to  6) 
stouter  central  ones  :  flowers  greenish  {\\  inches  long),  witli  numerous  (25  or  more) 
roundisli  denticulate  imbricated  sepals  on  the  ovary,  as  many  on  the  tube,  and  about 
tlie  same  number  of  oblong  obtuse  denticulate  petals  :  stigmas  12  to  15,  linear  :  berry 
pulpy,  green,  scaly,  with  numerous  small  pitted  seeds.  —  Torr.  &  Gray  Fl  i  554  • 
Engelm.  Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  24,  t.  29.  ' 

About  Ran  Diego,  from  the  sea-l.each  to  tlie  arid  liilis  and  ri.lges  inland  ;  cultivated  in  Europe 
under  the  name  oi  E.  Cahfornicm.  Heads  4  to  7  inches  in  diameter,  3  to  5  inches  high,  more 
rarely  globose  ;  woolly  vertical  area  (the  youngest  growth,  where  the  spines  are  not  yet  d^veloiH>d) 
an  inch  wide,  surroimded  l)y  the  numerous  flowers.  J  l     / 

4.  E.  cylindraceus,  Kngelm.  Heads  middle-siml  or  largo,  ovnl  or  cylindrical 
ofbni  proliferous  at  base,  with  21  (to  27)  obtuse  somewhat  tuberculate  ribs,  and  a 
woolly  spineless  dejiressed  top  :  reddish  spines  all  stout  and  nnnulated,  recurve.l  or 
flexuouR,  12  to  18  exterior,  tlio  lowest  usually  hooked,  and  4  very  stout  central  ones  : 
yellowish  flowers  2  inches  long,  with  40  to  50  rounded  fringed  sepals  on  the  ovary, 
and  about  25  fringed  petals  :  stigmas  and  fruit  as  in  the  last.  —  Cact.  Mex.  Bound 
25,  t  30.  E.  viridescens,  var.  (?)  ^..cylindraceus,  Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser. 
xiv.  338. 

Colorado  desert  {ralmcr,  Bischof),  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  mountains  near  San  Felipe,  Parry. 
Cose  y  allied  to  the  last,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  higher  growth,  more  numerous 
rihs,  larg.T  and  more  numerous  snincs,  and  larger  flower  and  fruit.  Young  i)lants  glohose,  with 
fewer  ribs  ;  older  ones  much  higher  than  thick,  2  or  3  feet  high,  a  foot  in  diameter,  witli  20  to 
nearly  ,{()  ribs  ;  radial  spines  1  or  2,  the  central  2  inches  or  over  in  length  ;  green  beny  about  an 

5.  E.  Emoryi,  Engelm.  Heads  solitary,  large,  globose  or  oval,  with  13  to  20 
obtuse  tuberculated  ribs:  on  the  ovate  areobne  8  or  9  robu.st  reddish  spines,  angled 
and  annulated  and  slightly  recurved,  a  stouter  and  longer  one  in  the  centre,  turned 
downward  or  more  or  le.is  hooked  :  flowers  large,  i)urple,  with  numerous  (25)  reni- 
form  ciliato  sepals  on  the  ovary  and  as  many  spntulate  ones  on  the  tube  :  pclals 
about  the  same  number,  lanceolate,  laciniate-tootlicd  towards  the  acuminate  tip: 
stigmas  18  to  20,  erect,  almost  as  long  as  the  very  robust  style.  —  Eniorv  Ken.  156  ; 
Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  23,  t.  28.  J       i  > 


24g  CACTACE/E.  Echinocactns. 

Arizona  and  Sononi  to  the  Mohave  region  (Emory,  Bigclow,  Schoft),  ami  into  Lower  Californiu, 
Oabb.  Plants  1  or  2  and  >vin  3  IWt  high,  1  or  2  IVot  tliiiik  ;  nil  tlif  si.inus  viiy  stout  ainl 
strongly  cross  rilihcd,  1.^  to  :i  imthcs  long  ;  llowi-rs  3  inchea  long,  imriilish  l.rowu  outsidu  ;  ii.lals 
red,  with  yellow  margin  ;  sends  murli  like  those  ol'  the  next  spciiis. 

(5.  E.  Wislizeni,  iMi^'flm.  Vt^ry  Inri^o,  oval,  nl  lust  cyliinlriciil  or  ullvn  cliil)- 
sIuijhhI,  with  l!l  to  ."{()  coiiiiirc.s.si'il  crDimlu  ribs:  (diloiig  iireohu  bouring  various 
spines  ;  in  the  centre  -1  stout  crossribbeJ  ones,  the  lower  one  Ihittened  ami  curved 
or  hooked;  abt)ve  and  below  G  to  10  slightly  ribbeil,  and  laterally  10  to  20 
long  slender  often  llexuous  ones:  flowers  greenish  yellow,  2  to  2^  inches  long: 
ovary  anil  I'ruit  inibricatcly  covered  with  30  or  40  to  GO  or  100  roundish  cordate 
sepals ;  inner  sej)als  spatulate,  20  to  30  :  petals  as  many,  lanceolate,  crenulate  :  style 
divided  to  the  middle  into  12  io  20  stigmas  :  yellowish  berry  at  last  hard  and  dry  ; 
seeds  over  a  line  long,  reticulated. -- W'islizeuus  Kep.  1818,  note  14;  Cuct.  MiiX. 
Jjound.  23,  t.  2i),  2G. 

From  the  Kio  (haiidc  to  the  Colorado,  northward  into  Utah  and  west  into  California  ;  flower- 
ing throughout  the  summer  anil  autumn.  Ol'tun  3  and  even  4  feet  high  and  1  or  2  iu  diameter, 
with  a  woolly  spineless  top  ;  spines  H  to  24  iuehes  long,  grayish  red,  the  thinner  ones  whitish. 
E.  Lecmitei,  Engelm.,  seems  to  have  heen  founded  on  weaker  plants  of  this,  with  the  seeds  of  per- 
haps No.  4. 

*   *   Scales  of  the  ovari/  subulate,  often  sj)ijiesceiit,  copioaslt/  woolly  in  their  axils  ;  fruit 
eiivelojK'd  in  wool.  —  Eriocar[)i. 

7.  E.  polycephalus,  luigehn.  &  iJig.  Middle-sized  or  large,  globose,  at  last 
cylindric,  sprouting  from  the  base;  ribs  13  to  21,  acute  :  circular  areolui  bearing  8  to 
12  .stout  compressed  annulated  curved  reddish  gray  spines:  flowers  enveloped  in  a 
nniss  of  dense  white  wool:  i)etals  about  30,  lance-linear,  yellow  :  stigiuas  8  to  11, 
linear:  dry  berry  full  of  largo  angular  seeds.  —  (Jact.  of  Pacif.  K.  Kep.  iv.  31,  t.  3, 
fig.  4-G. 

Gravelly  or  stony  soil  on  the  Colorado  and  Mohave  rivers,  and  in  the  Califoruian  desert  {Bigc- 
low) ;  flowering  in  Fehruary,  fruiting  in  Mareh.  Heads  sometuues  20  or  30  from  a  single  hase, 
4  to  IJ  feet  high,  tlie  larger  eyliudrie  ones  2  to  2.\  feet  high  ;  spines  either  all  radial,  or  «  to  8 
outer  ones  surrounding  t  sloudr  central  ones  ;  flowers  1  k  inches  hmg  ;  ahout  100  rigid  dark  pointed 
sepals  upon  the  ovary  are  hidden  in  the  wool,  those  of  the  tuhe  sinnlar  and  ahout  as  many  ;  petals 
ahout  30,  narrow,  yellow,  just  emc-rging  from  the  wool  ;  seeds  2  lines  long,  wrinkled  and  minutely 
tulierculate. 

3.  CEREUS,  ilaworth. 
Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide  or  elongated.  Scales  of  the  ovary  distinct,  with 
naked  or  woolly  axils,  or  almost  obsolete  and  the  axils  spiny.  Ik-rry  succulent, 
covered  with  spines  or  .scales  or  almost  naked.  Seeds  black,  without  albumen. 
Embryo  short  iind  straight  or  curved  or  hooked ;  cotyledons  usually  contrary  to  the 
sides  of  the  seed.  —  Plants  of  all  sizes,  low  or  climbing  or  erect,  sometimes  enor- 
mous ;  spine-bearing  areoke  on  vertical  ribs.  Flowers  from  the  older  or,  at  least, 
fully  formed  parts  of  the  j)lant,  not  from  any  preformed  areola,  but  bursting  through 
tlie  epidermis  just  idiove  the  ])unche8  of  spines;  some  open  only  in  sunliglit,  otiiers 
only  at  night,  others  again  are  not  thus  iidluenced.  Fruit  often  edible,  sometimes 
of  very  largo  size. 

§  1.  Lo7o  and  vsualli/  cespitose  plants,  mostly  with  numerous  oval  or  cylindric  heads, 
short  Jlowers,  c/reen  sti(/inas,  and  spiny  fruit :  seeds  snbf/lubose,  covered  with  con- 
Jluent  tubercles  :  embryo  straight,  with  very  short  cotyledons.  —  ECHINOCERICUS. 

1.  C.  Engelmanni,  Parry.  Heads  several  from  a  single  base,  oval  or  cylin- 
drical, with  11  to  13  interrupted  ribs:  radial  spines  about  13,  whitish,  often  some- 
what angled,  straight  or  curved,  the  lateral  ones  the  longest ;  central  oiu's  4,  longer, 


Opuntia.  CACTACE^:.  247 

angular,  variously  colored  :  largo  purplo  (lowei-s  open  only  in  sunlight :  ovary  and 
fruit  with  25  to  30  spiny  areola;,  15  to  20  upper  scjiala,  and  as  many  lance-ohlong 
petals:  stigmas  about  12,  erect. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xiv.  338;  Cact.  of  Pacif. 
R  Rep.  iv.  35,  t.  5,  fig.  4-10. 

From  tlie  eastern  slopes  of  the  Southern  Sierra  Nevada,  at  San  Felipe,  into  Arizona  and  Utah, 
apparently  abundant,  Parry,  Newberry,  Palmer,  and  others.  Heads  usually  4  to  6  together,  5  to 
10  inches  hidi,  2  or  3  thick  ;  outer  spines  {  to  |,  inner  1  or  2  inches  long  ;  flowers  2^  to  3  inches 
long  and  wide,  appearing  in  .June. 

§  2.  Prumatic  or  cylindric,  mos^thj  hvanchwg :  Jloirers  nsna/fi/  lomier  than  wide  : 
stirjmas  whitish :  secdi^  obovate,  usuaUi/  smooth  or  pitted :  embryo  ivith  foli- 
aceous  curved  cotyledons.  —  P^ucereus. 

*     Ovary  and.  fruit  spiny. 

2.  C.  Emoryi,  Engelm.  Stems  erect,  branching  from  the  base,  cylindric,  with 
16  to  20  ril)s,  closely  set  with  prominent  hemispherical  areohe  bearing  numerous 
(30  to  50)  thin  straight  yellow  spines  ;^  to  1  or  1|  inches  long;  the  3  to  6  inner 
ones  longer  and  dellexed :  flowers  short,  greenish  yellow,  crowded  on  one  side  of  the 
top  of  the  stems  :  ovary  with  few  sliort  spines,  which  become  formidal)le  upon  the 
subglobose  fruit.  — Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c. ;  Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  40,  t.  GO,  fig.  1-4. 

On  the  gravelly  mesas  near  the  sea-shore  at  San  Diego  {Parry,  Jgnssiz,  Hiiclicock),  and  quite 
abundant  on  rocky  hills  from  Los  Angeles  to  the  Salinas  Valley  {Brewer),  and  into  the  Peninsula 
to  Kosaiio,  Guhb.  Stems  2  to  4  feet  nigh,  1^  to  2  inches  thick,  often  from  a  prostrate  rooting 
base,  and  forming  dense  thickets  ;  areolic  2  lines  wide  and  3  or  4  lines  apart,  densely  covered 
with  the  thin  sharp  and  very  brittle  spines  ;  flowers  usually  on  one  side  only,  like  tliose  of  §  Pilo- 
cerr.vs,  '[^  to  IJ  incihcs  long  and  a  little  loss  wide  ;  fruit  about  an  inch  long  ;  seeds  over  n  line 
long,  flhiiiing,  minutely  tuherculato. 

*    *    Ovary  and  fruit  scaly. 

V,.  oioANTEUS,  Engelm.,  If)  to  30  or  even  40  feet  high,  very  stout,  with  few  erect  bmnches 
towards  the  upper  jmrt,  cream-white  short-tubed  flowers,  and  iaige  oval  edible  fruit,  which  at 
maturity  bursts  irregularly,  and 

C.  TniTiiBEni,  Engelm.,  10  to  1,5  feet  high,  more  slender,  with  many  equally  high  ascending 
branches  from  the  base,  similar  flowers,  and  larger  globose  delicious  fruits,  are  found  in  the 
.adjoining  territories  of  Arizona  and  Lower  California,  and  may  be  looked  for  in  this  State. 

§  3.  Tall,  cylindric,  viostly  tinhranched ;  up>per  flower-bearinr/  portion  ivith  more 
crowded  areola'  and.  lonyer  denser  thinner  bristly  or  hairy  spines :  flowers 
short :  seeds  as  in  the  last.  —  Pilocerrus. 

C.  ScHOTTli,  Engelm.,  4  to  10  feet  high,  the  lower  part  5-anglcd,  with  distant  areolae  and  few 
very  short  and  stout  spines  ;  the  upper  flowering  portion  deeply  5-ribl)cd,  with  close-set  areolre 
bearing  numerous  setaceous  spines,  almost  hiding  the  small  flowers  and  small  berries,  —  from 
the  same  localities  as  the  last  two  species,  —  may  also  be  foiuul  in  Southern  California. 

4.  OPUNTIA,  Tourn.,  Miller. 
Tube  of  the  flower  very  short,  cup-shapod.  Petals  spreading  or  rarely  erect. 
Ovary  with  bristle-bearing  areola}  in  the  axils  of  small  terete  deciduous  sepals. 
Berry  succulent  or  sometimes  dry,  marked  with  bristly  or  spiny  areolae,  truncate 
with  a  wide  umbilicus.  Seeds  large,  white,  compressed,  with  the  embryo  coiled 
around  the  albumen  :  cotyledons  large,  foliaceous.  —  Articulated  much-branched 
plants,  of  various  shapes,  low  and  prostrate,  or  erect  and  shrub-likn;  young  branches 
with  small  toroto  subulate  early  docidu(Mis  leaves,  and  in  lh(Mr  axil^  an  areola  with 
numerous  short  easily  detached  bristles  and,  u.'^ually,  stouter  s]tine?,  all  barbed. 
Flowers  on  the  joints  of  the  previous  year,  on  the  same  areola;  with  the  spines, 
mostly  large,  open  only  in  sunlight.     Fruit  often  edible,  often  large. 


248  CACTACE/E.  OpuHtki. 

§  1.  Joints  compressed :  rhaphe  forming  a  pi'ominent  hony  margin  around  the  seed  : 
embri/u  com/detiug  a  little  more  than  one  circle  around  the  scanty  albumen  ; 
cotyledons  contrary  to  the  sides  of  the  seed.—-  I'latoI'UNTIA. 

«     /''riiit  pul/iy. 

1.  O.  Engelmanni,  Siilm.  lUisliy,  cma-sintMuliiig,  much  bmiicliud  :  dhovalo 
joints  h  to  1  i'odt  long,  .spui'suly  iirnicd  with  hundlcrf  of  1  to  3  or  sometimes  even  f) 
spines, llie  stouter  ones  jingled,  yellow,  sometimes  with  a  red-brown  base;  old  trunks 
losing  their  spines  :  llowei-s  yellow,  about  3  inches  wide  :  petals  broailly  obovate, 
truncate  :  the  i)urplo  oval  juicy  berry  allout  2  inches  long,  with  a  large  Hat  um- 
bilicus, and  witli  20  to  2;')  i)rown-woolly  and  slightly  bristly  areolic.  —  Salm.  Cact. 
cult.  1840,  2;<r)  ;   Kng(  111).  C;aet.  Mex.  Bound.  47,  t.  75,  lig.  1  -  4. 

Var.  /3.  occidentalis,  Engelm.  Spines  fewer,  stouter,  farther  apart  :  seeds 
larger.  —  0.  orucU'iitnlis,  Kngelm.  &  liig.  in  Cact.  of  Pacif.  Iv.  Pep.  iv.  38,  t.  7. 

Var.  (Oy-  littoralis,  lOngelm.  Joints  often  larger,  1  to  1  ^  feet  long:  bunchi'S 
of  longer  and  more  slender  .s])ines  closer  togtdlier  :  fruit  similar,  but  with  40  to  50 
areoluj  :  seeds  smaller. 

Apparently  a  polynior})hous  species,  extending  from  Southern  Texas  to  the  i'lic'ltic,  wliiili  will 
jirobably  be  ulentilied  with  .some  older  Mexican  species  when  these  jjlants  come  to  be  better 
uuilerstood.  The  two  i'orms  of  (California  are  eaaily  distinguished  by  the  charueteis  given  above;. 
The  var.  occidadalis  has  been  found  on  the  western  slojie  of  the  ino\intains  oast  of  bos  Angeles 
anil  south wanl  to  San  Isabel,  etc.,  at  an  elevation  of  1,(»0()  to  2,000  feet,  rarnj,  Sc/iol/.  'i'hi! 
areolte  of  the  joints  are  H  to  2  inches  apart ;  spines  ^  to  1|  inches  long  ;  flowers  3  to  3^  inches 
wide,  yellow  with  orange  centre;  fiuit  often  1^  inches  thick  ;  seeds  2^  to  2|  lines  wide.  The 
second  form,  var.  litloralis,  extends  on  the  coast  from  Santa  Barbara  and  the  islands  in  its  gulf 
(0.  TUlmann)  to  San  Diego,  and  southward,  O.  N.  Hitchcock.     Seeds  2  to  2J  lines  in  diameter. 

—  The  limits  of  tlu:se  sjiecics  arc  dillicult  to  circumscribe,  e8i)nciaily 'because  comiilete  sjieci- 
mens  are  so  hard  to  preserve  and  extensive  observations  in  the  Held  have  not  yet  been  nuule.  Of 
the  three  following  no  more;  is  known  now  than  there  was  twenty  years  ago. 

2.  O.  chlorotica,  luigelm.  tt  Jiig.  Erect,  bushy ;  old  trunks  covered  with 
largo  areoliu  which,  retaining  tluiir  vitality,  constantly  produce  new  spines ;  joints 
large,  pale  green,  orbicuiar-obovate,  with  close-set  areoliie,  each  bearing  1  to  f)  slemh;r 
dellexed  yellow  spines  :  llowers  yellow,  2i  to  3  inches  wide,  with  spatulate  petals. 

—  Cact.  of  Pacif.  P.  Pep.  iv.  38,  t.  G,  lig.  1  -  3. 

From  Mohave  Oieek  eastward  to  Bill  Williams  Mountain  in  Arizona  {Bifjelow)  ;  4,  5,  or  even  7 
feet  high,  reatlily  recognized  by  the  very  spiny  trunk  and  very  pale  broad  joints  j  to  1  foot  long. 

3.  O.  angustata,  luigelm.  &  Big.  Prostrate  or  ascending,  with  obovate  elon- 
gated joints  :  large  oblong  areohe  sparse,  bearing  brown  bristles  aiul  few  (1  to  3) 
deflexed  spines  :  fruit  rather  small,  deeply  umbilicate,  with  few  large  seeds.  —  Cact. 
1.  c.  39,  t.  7,  fig.  3,  4. 

From  Cajon  Pass  eastward  into  Arizona,  Biyclow.  Joints  10  inches  long  or  more,  not  half  iis 
wide  above,  nanowed  downward  ;  berry  1^  inches  long,  uariow  ;  seeds  3  lines  wide. 

4.  O.  Mohavensis,  Engelm.  &  Big.  Prostrate,  with  large  nearly  orbicular 
joints,  and  more  numerous  (2  to  6)  stout  and  long  often  curved  brown  spines.  — 
Cact.  1.  c.  40,  t.  9,  lig.  G  -  8. 

On  Mohavo  Creek,  Biijdow.  A  doubtful  form,  of  which  flowers  and  fruit  are  unknown.  It 
.seems  to  apitroach  ().  phmcantha  of  New  Mexico,  and  |icriiaps  even  the  stouter  western  forms 
of  0.   liajiiic.s(iuii.     It  is  indiiNileil  iient  merely  for  the  attention  of  future  explorers. 

0.  Tuna  ami  0.  Ku!Uh-1ni)I(!A,  Mill.,  are  probahly  both  naturalized  alniut  the  old  missioiis ; 
one  with  stout  yellow  spines  and  insipid  fruit,  the  last  with  weaker  whitish  spines,  fruit  delicious. 

*   *  Fruit  dry. 

-»—  Joints  and  fruit  spiny. 

5.  O.  rutila,  Nutt.  Prostrate,  Avith  thick  obovate  or  elongated  joints  :  areole 
close,  armed  with  numerous  slender  reddi.sli  or  gray  flexible  spines  :  large  flowers 
purple  :  stigmas  green  :  berry  deeply  umbilicate,  with  large  flat  broadly  margined 


Opmilia.  CACTACE/K.  249 

ivory-white  seeds. — Nutt.  in  Torr.  tt  (Jray,  Fl.  i.  155.     0.  erinacea,  Engelm.  & 
Eig.  Cact.  1.  c.  47,  t.  13,  fig.  8-11. 

From  the  Mohave  region  (liiffc/ow)  to  Southern  Utah  {Pahnrr),  and  up  tlie  Colorailo  Valley, 
Nuttall.  This  plant  seems  to  he  Nuttall's  long-lost  0.  rnlila,  and  also  0.  erinacea  of  the 
Mohave,  the  flower  of  which  is  unknown.  Joints  2  to  4  ineiies  long,  IJ  to  3  wide,  and  often, 
especially  iu  young  plants,  thick  and  almost  terete,  thus  apjtroaching  to  0.  fragilis :  seeds  3 
lines  wide. 

-»-  -t-  Joints  a7id  fruit  2}ubescent,  ivithout  spines. 

6.  O.  basilaris,  Engelm.  &  Big.  Low,  with  obovate  often  rctuso  or  fan-shaped 
joints,  ])nin(;liing  only  from  the  base  :  areolic  very  close,  densely  covered  with  short 
brown  bristles  :  flowers  large,  rose-purple  :  fruit  subglo])ose,  with  deep  umbilicus, 
and  rather  few  large  and  tliick  seeds.  —  Cact.  1.  c.  43,  t.  13,  Hg.  1  -  5. 

From  the  eastern  base  of  the  mountains  near  San  Felipe  through  the  desert  and  into  Arizona, 
Bitjelow,  Newberry,  Palvier,  he.  Joints  5  to  8  inches  long,  and  often  as  wide  near  the  top  ;  dis- 
tinct from  all  other  species  of  this  region  in  its  mode  of  growth,  its  pubescence,  absence  of  spines 
proper,  and  its  very  laige  seeds  (3J  to  5  lines  wide),  which  have  a  thicker  but  less  prominent  lim 
than  any  other  of  this  section. 

§  2.  Joints  q/lindrical,  more  or  less  tuherculoted :  rhaphe  vsually  not  prominent, 
therefore  seed  not  margined :  emhri/o  forminrf  less  than  one  circle  around  the 
more  copious  albumen  ;  cotyledons  inconstant,  contrary,  oblique,  or  parallel  to 
the  sides  of  the  seed.  —  Cylindropuntia. 

*  Low  plants  with  clavate  joints,   rvithout  a  firm  ligneous  skeleton :    larger  spines 

angular-compressed,  without  sheaths :  berries  dry  and  very  bristly. 

7.  0.  Emoryi,  Engelm.  Joints  long,  clavato-eylindrical,  with  linear-oblong  and 
very  ))rominent  tuliercles  :  spines  numerous  (15  to  30)  in  the  upper  bundles,  the 
5  to  9  inner  ones  stouter,  angular-compressed  :  seeds  large,  irregular,  the  rhaphe  in- 
distinct. —  Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  53,  t.  70,  71. 

Colorado  deseit  from  San  Felipe  {Pnrrii,  Birfr/ow)  eastward,  and  into  Arizona  (Schott,  Palmer) 
and  the  Peninsuln,  Gnhb.  Joints  5  to  9  inches  long,  1  to  IJL  thick;  tubercles  1  to  IJ  inches 
long  ;  fruit  2  to  2^  inches  long  ;  seeds  2i  to  3  lines  wide. 

8.  O.  Parryi,  Engelm.  Joints  short,  ovate-clavate  with  oblong  tubercles  :  spines 
12  to  20,  reddish  gray,  the  3  or  4  inner  ones  stouter,  triangular-compressed  :  seeds 
smaller,  regularly  circular,  with  a  broad  and  disfinet  rhaphe. —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser. 
xiv.  339  ;  Cact.  of  I'acif.  U.  l?ep.  iv.  48,  t.  22,  lig.  4  -  7. 

Gravelly  plains  near  the  Mohavo  IHver  {Bhjelow),  and  through  the  desert  to  the  base  of  the 
mountains,  Parry.     Joints  3  or  4  inches  long,  1^  thick  ;  tubercles  aliout  |  incli  long. 

9.  O.  pulchella,  Engelm,  Joints  smaller,  slender  :  tubercles  small:  spines  15 
to  25,  of  which  usually  one  only  is  stouter,  flattened,  deflexed  :  flowers  purple  : 
ovary  and  fruit  Avith  long  flexuous  bristles  :  seeds  small,  with  a  broad  rhaphe.  — 
Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis,  ii.  201  ;  Hot.  King  Exp.  119  ;  fig.  in  Simpson  TIep.  ined. 

Sandy  deserts  of  Southeastern  Cnlifoniia  and  Nevada,  and  among  the  snge-bushes  of  the  monn- 
tnins,  II.  JCiKjchnnnn,  ]V.  (hihh,  U'nhon.  The  juctlicMt  and  smiiilest  i>i  the  clavate  Opunliw, 
the  only  one  with  purple  (lowers  ;  joints  rarely  longer  than  1  or  2  inches  ;  flowers  l.{  lo  1^  inclics 
wide  ;  seeds  2  lines  in  diameter. 

*  *    More  or  less  erect,  much  branched :  joints  cylindric :  ligneou,^  skeleton  solid  or 

tubular  and  reticulated :  larger  spines  terete,  coated  irith  a  loose  sheath. 

■¥-  Fruit  dry  and  spiny :  flowers  ycllou>. 

10.  O.  tessellata,  Ejigelm.  Much  branched,  bushy,  from  a  stout  ligneous 
trunk  :  joints  slender,  covered  with  angular  flattened  ashy-gray  tubercles,  bearing 
above  long  single  loosely  sheathed  spines :  flowers  small,  yellow  :  small  oval  fruit 
covered  with  long  brown  bristles  :  seeds  with  a  very  broad  flat  rhaphe.  —  Cact.  of 
Pacif  R.  Rep.  iv.  52,  t.  21. 


(;,rQ  FICOIDE^.  Opunlia. 

Tbrou<'bout  the  Californian  desert  from  the  mountains  to  the  Colorado,  and  into  Arizona. 
Bushes  4  to  6  feet  high  ;  trunk  solid,  sometimes  2  inches  in  diameter  ;  joints  only  i  or  i  inch 
thick  •  spines  an  incli  or  two  long  ;  llowers  ti  to  9  lines  wide  ;  fruit  9  lines  long  ;  seeds  2  lines 
wide. 

11.  O.  echinocarpa,  Eii<,'oliu.  &  lUg.  A  low  much-bramihud  aiul  ai.rcudiii^^ 
shrub  :  joints  uvulc  rluviiLu,  iloiiscly  covuri'd  with  imnieru\is  spines  (."5  or  4  slouti-r, 
8  to  16  weaker  ones  in  a  huncli),  wliieli  are  loosely  coated  witli  a  wliilish  glistening 
sheatli  :  flowers  i)ale  greenish  yellow,  about  1^  inches  wide  :  fruit  depressed,  deeply 
unibilicate,  very  spiny  :  seeds  lew  {'2  lines  wide),  with  a  broad  Hat  rhaphe.  —  Cact. 
1.  c.  51,  t.  18,  lig.  5-  10  ;  IJot.  Ives  Colorado  Kxp.  U. 

Common  in  the  desert  from  the  mountains  to  the  Colorado  Uiver,  and  into  Arizona.  UMudly 
only  1  to  li  fell  high,  vny  showy  from  its  eonsiiicuous  shining  sinuoa,  an  inch  or  two  long. 

\'l.  O.  serpentina,  Kngilm.  A  large  straggling  dcuisuly  bmncliud  shrub:  joinl.s 
elongated,  covereil  with  oljlong  i)roniinent  tubercles,  which  bear  bunches  of  numer- 
ous 'short  spines,  very  soon  losing  their  inconsi)icuous  sheaths  :  Howers  clustered, 
greenish  yellow,  reddish  externally  :  petals  siKitulate,  obtuse  :  stigmas  8,  whitish  : 
fruit  broadly  oval,  deeply  umbilicate  :  seeds  thick,  irregular,  with  a  narrow  rhaphe. 
—  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xiv.  338. 

Common  near  the  coast,  at  San  Diego,  Purnj,  Hitchcock.  Bushes  3  to  5  feet  high  ;  spines 
8  to  15  in  a  bunch,  3  to  ti  lines  long  ;  llowers  IJ  inches  wide  ;  fruit  about  9  lines  long. 

++  Fruit  green,  fleshy,  and  without  spines  :  flowers  red. 

13.  O.  prolifera,  Engehn.  An  arborescent  shrub  with  elongated  joints,  covered 
with  oblong  obtuse  tubercles,  which  bear  3  to  G  or  8  spines,  obscurely  sheathed  : 
flowers  densely  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  small,  brick-red  ;  fruit  clavate, 
obovate,  or  subglobose,  strongly  tuberoled,  deeply  umbilicate,  almost  always  sterile 
and  often  proliferous  :  seeds  large,  regular,  with  a  broad  prominent  rliaphe.  —  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  1.  c. 

San  Diego  (Parry,  Sckott,  Jtjassk),  ui>  the  coast  to  San  Buenaventura,  and  soutliward 
into  tlie  rcninsula,"r/a/A  Larger  tlnui  tlie  last,  with  stouter  more  strongly  tuberded  joints, 
and  fewer  and  .nliorter  spines,  and  easily  distinguiah.Ml  from  it  in  llower  antl  fruit  :  longest  spines 
1  to  U  inches  long  ;  llowers  U  inches  wide  ;  seeds  3  linos  in  diameter,  with  a  more  pronunent 
and  broader  rhaphe  than  its  allies. 

Several  other  OpmilicE,  belonging  to  this  la.st  section,  all  with  red  flowers  and  fleshy  fruit,  are 
found  in  Western  Arizona  and  may  also  be  expected  on  the  western  side  of  the  Colorado.  Tliey 
are  all  erect  much-branched  bnsiies,  covered  with  shining  sheathed  spines.     The  more  northern 

0.  BloEi-OVii,  Engelm.,  has  sliort  tubercles. 

O.  FULOIDA,  Engelm.  &  I5ig.,  ami  0.  mamii.lata,  Scliott,  both  south  of  the  Gila  (perhaps 
forms  of  a  single  species),  have  very  jirominent  tubercles,  and  small  curiously  irregular  sceils 
IJ  to  2  lines  long,  with  a  linear  rhaplie. 

0.  LEi'TOCAVl.ls,  DC,  including  O.  frulescem,  Engelm.,  0.  vaginala,  Engelm.,  and  several 
other  synonym.s,  is  the  slenderest  of  all  Ojmutice,  with  long  branches  scarcely  thicker  than  a 
goose-nuill,  small  yellow  llowers,  and  a  small  puli)y  scarlet  fruit  ;  connnon  throughout  all 
Northern  Mexico,  ranging  into  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Western  Arizona,  and  may  also  be 
found  west  of  the  Colorado   Uivcr. 

Order  XLIV.     FICOIDE^. 

A  miscellaneous  group,  chielly  of  Hcshy  or  sm;cident  plants,  with  mostly  opposite 
leaves  and  no  stipules ;  dilfering  from  Cari/ophyllacete  and  Fortulacaceie  by  having 
distinct  partitions  to  the  ovary  and  capsule  (which  are  therefore  2  -  many-celletl) ; 
the  petals  and  stamens  sometimes  numerous  in  the  manner  of  Caclaceoi  (but  the 
former  wanting  in  most  of  the  genera) ;  agreeing  with  all  these  orders  in  the  campy- 
lotropous  or  aiuphitn.pous  seeds  ;  the  slender  embryo  curveil  i)artly  or  completely 
round  a  mealy  albumen. 


Scmvmm.  FICOIDK.F,.  251 

It.  is  nininly  a  tiopicnl  and  stil>tr(iiiicnl  fnniily,  "f  tlif^  *^Mil  AVorlil.  Ottr  Pncific  ('mist  lias  only 
two  iixligoiiona  rppipsoiitativcs,  both  insif^nirKniil,  nnd  ns  ninny  niiliiiiili/cd  oin's,  wliicli  n|>|i('iir  iis 
\(  wild  on  tlio  sea-slioin. 

*  Calyx-tiibe  adnatc  to  the  ovary  :  petals  and  stamens  very  miiniTons. 

1.  Mesembryanthemum.     Capsule  5-valvcd  or  nioic.     Very  flcsliy. 

♦   *   Ovary  free  :  ])ptal9  none  :  stamens  few  or  many. 

2.  Sesuvium.     Calyx-lobes  5,  pctaloid.     Stamens  5  to  00.     Capsvdc  cinuimsci.ssile.     Succulent. 

3.  MoUugo.     Sepals  f).     Stamens  3  or  5.     Capsule  3-valvcd.     Not  succulent 

1.  MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,  Linn.  Ici>Plant.  Fig-Marygoi-d. 
("alyx-tube  adnato  to  the  ovary;  tlie  lobes  usually  5,  unequal,  foliaceous.  Petals 
very  numerous,  linear.  Stamens  innuinerablo,  with  slender  filaments,  inserted  with 
the  petals  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Styles  4  to  20,  usually  5.  Capsule  4  -  20- 
eelled,  dehiscing  in  a  star-like  manner  at  tlie  depressed  summit.  Seeds  minute, 
very  numerous. —  Fleshy  herbs  or  shrubs,  rarely  annual;  leaves  mostly  oi)posito, 
without  stipules  ;  flowers  mostly  showy,  terminal  and  in  the  forks  of  the  branches. 

A  genus  of  about  300  species,  principally  S.  African,  but  a  few  found  in  the  Mediterranean 
region,  Western  S.  America,  nnd  Australia.     The  Calilornian  species  arc  probably  introduced. 

1.  M.  cequilaterale,  Haworth.  Perennial,  with  stout  prostrate  or  ascending 
stems  and  sliort  ascending  flowering  branches  :  leaves  very  fleshy,  oppo.sitc  and 
clasping,  linear,  acutely  triangular,  1  to  3  inches  long,  smooth  :  flowers  solitary, 
red,  pedicnllato  or  nearly  aoasilo,  abotit  1  h  inches  in  diameter  :  ealyx-tubn  turbinate, 
half  an  inch  long  or  more,  angled  or  tcr.  to ;  the  larger  lobes  oft(Mi  as  long  :  stigmas 
6  to  10.  —  DC.  Prod.  iii.  429. 

On  the  sea-shore  and  in  saline  soils  from  San  Diego  to  Punta  de  los  Reyes.  Also  in  Chili  and 
abundant  in  Australia  and  Tasmania,  and  very  similar  to  ilA  acinaciformc  of  S.  Africa.  Fruit 
edible  and  pleasant,  and  the  flowers  veiy  fragrant. 

2.  M.  crystallinum,  Linn.  Annual  or  biennial,  diffusely  jirocumbent,  covered 
with  large  white  glistening  papillre :  leaves  flat,  fleshy,  often  alternate  on  the 
branches,  clasping,  ovate  or  spatulate,  undulate  :  flowers  axillary,  nearly  sessile, 
wliito  or  roso-colored  :  calyx-tube  campamilate,  terete,  4  or  T)  lines  long  ;  lolies  ovat.c, 
rctuso  or  acute  :  stigmas  f).  —  DC.  Prodr.  iii.  '148. 

San  Diego  {Clevchind)  ;  Santa  Cru7,  Island  (Rolhrnd-) ;  rollected  also  by  Firimmt.  Ai.pnrontly 
identical  with  S.  African  specimens. 

2.   SESUVIUM,  Linn.        Ska  Purslane. 

Calyx-tube  turbinate,  free  from  the  ovary ;  the  lobes  5,  oblong-lanceolate,  apic- 
ulate  on  the  back  near  the  top,  nierabranously  margined,  often  colored  within. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes,  or  many,  inserted  at  the  top  of 
the  calyx-tube.  Styles  3  to  5.  Ca])sule  ovate-oblong,  membranaceous,  3  -  5-celled, 
circumscissile  at  the  middle,  many-seeded.  —  Succulent  smooth  branching  mostly 
prostrate  herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  base ;  leaves  opposite,  linear  to  spatulate, 
entire,  without  stipules  or  united  by  a  stipule  like  membrane  ;  flowers  axillary  and 
terminal,  solitary  or  clustered. 

Al)out  4  species  are  known,  frequenting  the  sea-coast  ami  saline  loi-alifios  through  the  tropics 
and  warmer  regions  of  the  globe. 

1.  S.  Portulacastrum,  T.inn.  Perennial  :  stems  prostrate  or  n.^cending.  herba- 
ceous, often  a  foot  long  or  more:  loaves  linear-  t^  oblong  fiblanceojnte,  ^  to  H 
inches  long,  acute  or  obtuse  :  flowor*  sessile  or  pedicellate  :  calyx  3  to  T)  lines  long  ; 


252  UMBELLIFER.E.  MoUugo. 

the  lobes  more  or  less  purple  :  stamens  many,  —  Ilohrbach  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras,  xiv^ 
310,  t.  70. 

A  vory  viiriiiblo  .siioi;ies,  widely  (listril)uteil  around  tho  glol)e.  It  lias  been  collected  ncsir  Fort 
Moliavo  (C'ooiur),  and  is  l'rei|Ui.'nt  in  saline  or  alkaline  viilleyn  tluough  the  interior  i'loiii  N.  Nc^vuda 
to  Colorado  and  New  Ml^\il■o,  olUin  willi  naioli  liroader  leaves  llian  is  ii.siiul  in  liie  sea-eoa.st  luiins. 

3.  MOLLUGO,  Linn.  Caupet-weeu. 
Calyx  5-clelt  nearly  to  the  busi; ;  the  lobes  herbaceous,  membranously  margined. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  3  or  5,  rarely  twice  as  many,  hypogynous.  Styles  3.  CJap- 
sule  free,  thin-membranaceous,  3  -  5-celled,  loculicidally  3  -  5-valved,  the  partitions 
breaking  away  from  the  })ersistent  central  placenta.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell, 
longitudinally  sulcato  on  the  back. — Annuals,  low  and  nmch  branched,  glabrous, 
not  succulent  ;  leaves  linear  to  obovate-spatulate,  entire,  opposite  and  apparently 
verticillato  ;  stipules  obsolete  ;  flowers  mostly  on  long  pedicels  and  axillary. 

About  a  dozen  s|)ecies  in  the  wanner  regions  of  tlie  globe.  The  following  is  tlie  only  one  in- 
digenous to  N.  America. 

1.  M.  verticillata,  Linn.  Prostrate,  covering  tho  ground,  slender:  leaves  s])at- 
\date  ti)  liiH'iu-olilaacenlate,  an  inch  long  or  less:  pedicels  unibellatuly  t'a.sc.ic.led  at 
tho  nodes,  slender,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  siipals  and  oblong-ovoiil  capsule  about  1^  lines 
long  :  seeils  renitbrm,  shining.  —  Itohrbach,  1.  c.  240,  t.  55. 

On  light  sanily  soils  from  tlie  Columbia  lliver  southward  ;  at  Eagle  Creek,  near  Sliostfi,  and 
at  McCumber's  Flat  {Brewer,  Newberry)  ;  from  Arizona  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  fre- 
quent in  the  Atlantic  States  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  grounds  :  thence  southward  to  the  W.  Indies 
and  Brazil. 

Order  XLV.     UMBELLIFER^. 

Herbs  with  small  flowers  in  umbels  (sometimes  contracted  into  heads),  five  epi- 
gynous  stamens  and  petals,  and  two  styles ;  tho  calyx  adnate  to  the  2-celled  ovary, 
which  contains  a  solitary  ovule  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell ;  and  tho 
fruit  splitting  into  a  j)air  of  dry  seed-like  indehiscent  carpels.  Seed  with  a  minute 
embryo  in  hard  albumen.  Petals  mostly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stem  couimoidy 
hollow.  Leaves  mainly  alternate,  mostly  compound,  often  decompound  :  the  jietiole 
expanded  or  .sheathing  at  base.  Umbels  usually  themselves  umbellate,  forming  a 
compound  umbel :  this  is  then  usually  called  the  umbel,  and  the  partial  umbels  are 
called  umhellets.  The  bracts  under  the  general  umbel,  when  present,  form  an  invo- 
lucre; those  under  the  umbellets,  an  involucd.  The  enlarged  base  of  the  styles,  or 
the  common  base  of  the  two,  takes  the  name  of  stylopodium :  it  is  often  surrounded 
by  or  confluent  with  an  epigynous  disk,  Etich  of  the  two  carpels  is  commonly 
traversed  by  5  longitudinal  ribs  :  in  the  intervals  between  them  are  usually  lodged 
one  or  more  longitudinal  canals  containing  aromatic  oil,  tho  vittce  or  oil-tubes.  'J'ho 
face  by  which  the  two  carpels  cohere  is  the  commissure :  a  slender  prolongatiun  of 
the  axis  between  them  is  the  carpophore:  it  is  apt  to  split  into  twu  branches,  a 
carpel  suspended  for  some  time  from  the  tip  of  each. 

A  family  of  almost  200  genera  and  much  above  a  thousand  si)ccies,  dispersed  over  all  parts  of 
tlie  world,  but  abundant  only  in  warm,  temperate,  or  eooliM-  regions.  Many  are  ])oisonous  (Hem- 
ln.;k,  Waler-llemlock,  kc.)  :  others  allbrd  esculent  roots  (I'arsnip,  Carrot),  or  their  herbage  may 
be  eaten  after  blanching  (Celery)  ;  several  are  innocent  and  aromatic  (l'ifl>  Fennel),  at  least  tho 
fruits  (Caraway,  Anise,  &c.). 


UMBELLIFERiE.  253 

The  genera  arc  difficult,  as  they  have  to  rest  mainly  on  the  fruit  and  seed  :  these  are  Ixjst  ex- 
amined in  transverse  slices.  The  whole  order  is  divided  into  numerous  tribes.  These,  being 
somewhat  recondite,  are  here  dispensed  with. 

I.  Umbels  simple,  or  irregularly  or  imperfectly  compound,  the  flowers  .sessile  or  slightly  pedi- 

cellate.    Oil-tubes  none  or  obscure. 

♦  Leaves  simple,  not  strongly  lobed  nor  toothed  :  umbels  simple  or  proliferous  :  flowers  white, 

without  bracts  :  oil-tubfs  none. 

1.  Hydrocoty-le.     Leaves  peltate  or  orbicidar.     Fruit  rounded,  laterally  compressed,  smooth  : 

ribs  fdiform.     Creeping,  aijuatic  or  subaqt\atic. 

2.  Bowlesia.     Ijcaves  ronii'orm,  opposite  !     Fruit  ovate,  turgid  and  ribloss,  pubescent. 

♦  *   Loaves  spinosely  toothed,  or  palmatoly  lobed  or  pinnatifid  :  oil-tubes  obscure. 

3.  Eryngium.     Loaves  rigid,  spinosely  toothoil.     Flowers  jiorfect,  bracteato,  sessile  in  dense 

heads,  bluish.     Fruit  covered  with  hyaline  scales. 
4."  Sanicula.     Leaves  lobed  and  incised.      Flowers  polygamous,  in  irregularly  compound  um- 
bels, mostly  yellow.     Fruit  covered  with  hooked  j)rickles  or  tubercles. 

II.  Umbels  regularly  compound.     Fruit  without  prominent  secondary  ribs  and  not  furnished 
with  hooked  or  barbed  prickles.     Oil-tubes  rarely  wanting. 

♦  Fruit  more  or  less  compressed  laterally,  broadly  ovate  or  subglobo.so  to  elliptic-oblong,  not 

broadly  winged. 
+-  Seed  terete,  with  involute  margins  :  oil-tubes  conspicuous  :  carpophore  entire  :  flowers  yellow. 

5.  De'weya.     Fruit  oblong  or  nearly  orbicular  ;  ribs  filiform  or  prominent :  oil-tulM!S  2  or  3  in 

the  intervals. 

-f-  +-  Seed  deeply  sulcate  on  the  face  :  oil-tulms  wanting  :  carpophore  2-parted  :  flowers  white. 

6.  Conium.     Fruit  broadly  ovate,  with  prominent  equal  obtuse  ribs. 

-H  -f-  -H  Seed  nearly  terete  or  but  slightly  concave  on  the  face  :  flowers  white. 

++  Fruit  small,  not  prominently  ribbed  :    oil-tubes  solitary  :    stylopodium  depressed  :    umbels 
naked,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

7.  Apium.     Fruit  broadly  ovate  :  seed  not  concave  :  carpophore  entire.     Biennial. 

8.  Apiastrum.   Fruit  cordate  :  seed  concave  and  longitudinally  incurved  :  carpophore  2-partcil. 

Annual. 

++  ++  Fruit  not  prominently  ribbed  :  stylopodium  more  or  less  jiromincnt  :  carjwphore  bifid  or 

2-parted. 

9.  Carum.     Fruit  ovate  or  oblong  ;  ribs  filiform  :  oil-tubes  .solit<iry.     Involucre  and  involucels 

usually  pre.sont.     Leaflets  linear,  entire. 

10.  Plmplnelift.  Fruit  ovato,  with  a  broad  ronimissure  ;  ribs  slightly  proininont  :  oil-tulws 
inimi^rouH.     Unibols  neiuiy  naked.     LeallclH  cunente-ovnte,   pinimtiliil. 

n.  Berula.  Fruit  nearly  globose,  emarginnte  at  l)ase,  with  thickened  epicnrp  :  oil-tubes  numer- 
ous and  contiguous.  Involucre  and  involucels  present.  Loallcts  ovate-oblong  to  linear, 
laciniately  toothed. 

++  ++  ++  Fruit  with  prominent  corky   wings,  didymous  :    stylopodium  depressed  :    carpophore 
2-parted.     Stout  perennials,  with  involucels  and  often  involucres  also. 

12.  Cicuta.     Fruit  broadly  ovate,  with  thick  obtuse  wings  :  oil-tubes  .solitary. 

13.  Sium.     Fruit  oblong  or  ovate  :  ribs  wing-like  :  oil-tubes  2  or  3  in  the  intervals. 

♦  *   Fruit  somewhat  conipressed  laterally,  linear-oblong,  with  broad  commissure,   not  winged  ; 

seed  sulcate  or  rcnifbrm  in  section  :  carpophore  2-partcd,  persistent  :  flowers  white. 

14.  Osmorrhiza.    Fiuit  narrowly  attenuate  at  base,  hisiiid  on  the  acutish  angles  ;  oil-tubes  very 

obscure  :  seed  sulcate  on  the  face  or  somewhat  involute.     Umbels  nearly  naked.     I>eaf- 
lets  ovate,  cleft  and  toothed. 

15.  Glycosma.     Similar  ;  fruit  not  attenuate  at  ba.se,  very  rarely  hispid  :  seed  broadly  sulcate. 

16.  Podosciadium.     Fruit  not  attenuate  at  base,  glabrous  :  ribs  filiform  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  or 

in  j>airs  :  seed  reniform  in  section  and  longitudinally  ridged  on  the  fftce.     Involucre  and 
involucels  present.     Leaflets  linear. 

♦  ♦  ♦   Fruit  not  compressed,  or  morn  or  loss  compressed  dorsally,  obhmg  to  orbicular. 
-H  Fruit  not  compressed  :  flowers  white. 

17.  OEInanthe.     Fruit  oblong  to  glolwso  :  ribs  corky  and  rcumded,  with  very  narrow  intervals 

and  solitary  oil-tubes. 


254  TJ.M15KLLIFEK/E.  J/i/drucoh/lr. 

-t-  +-  Fruit  somewhat  couipresaitl  dorsuUy  ;  tlio  dorsal  ribs  rutlier  naiTowly  winged  ;  the  lateral 
wings  broader,  distinct  :  styloijodiiun  somewhat  proniiueut  :  seed  bulcuto  or  concave  :  tall 
herbs,  with  wliile  Mowers. 

18.  Ligusticum.  Dorsal  ribs  narrowly  winged;  oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals,  obscure;  seed 
reniloiin  in  section. 

It).   Beliaum.     Dorsal  wings  Ijroader  ;  oil-tnbos  solitary  :  seed  nearly  Hat  on  the  face. 

•i-  -i-  +■  l'"ruit  much  llattened  dorsally. 

++  Lateral  wings  broad,  distinct,  the  dorsiil  more  or  less  prominent  :  seed  concave  on  the  face  or 

nearly  Hat. 

20.  Angelica.     Dorsal  wings  narrower  than  the  lateral  :  oil-tubes  solitary.     Stout  herbs,  with 

white  llowers  and  naked  or  nearly  naked  umbels. 

21.  Cymopterua.     Dorsal  wings  as  broad  as  the  lateral  ones  :  oil-tul)es  one  to  several  in  the 

intervals.     Low  perennial  herbs  ;  llowers  yellow  or  white  ;  involucres  present. 

++  ++  Lateral  wings  coherent  till  maturity  ;  dorsal  ribs  iilitbrm  ;  seed  nearly  Hat  on  the  lace. 

22.  Peucedaiium.     Lateral  wings  thin  :  oil-tubes  Jis  long  as  the  fruit.     Involucre  none.     Low 

perennials  ;  llowers  yellow  or  white,  not  radiate. 

23.  Heracleum.     Lateral  wings  thin  :  oil-tubos  solitary,  ilavate,  not  reaching  the  base  of  the 

fruit.     Stout  pubescent  perennials,  with  white,  often  radiate  flowers. 

24.  Ferula.     Lateial  wings  corky,  as  thick  as  the  fruit  ;  oil-tubes  numerous,  mostly  obscure. 

in.  Umbels  regularly  compounil.  Secondary  ribs  most  prominent,  armed  with  barbed  or 
hookeil  pricldes  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  under  the  wings  or  ribs,  consj)icuous.  Hispid  herbs, 
wilh  while  llowers. 

25.  Daucu8.     Seed"  Hat  on  the  face.      Biennial  or  annual. 

20.  Caucalis.     Seed  furrowed  on  the  face  or  involute.     Annuals. 

1.   HYDROCOTYLE,  Tourn.        M.a.k.sii  Pennywort. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  slightly  concave,  valvate.  Fruit  flattened  laterally, 
suborbiculur,  acutely  margined,  and  with  2  or  3  more  or  less  prominent  nerve-like 
ribs  on  each  sitle  ;  oil-tubes  none  ;  carpels  not  separating.  —  Stuooth  herbaceous 
perennials,  growing  in  or  near  water,  with  slender  creoi)ing  stems  ;  leaves  orbicular- 
peltate  or  reniform,  with  scale-like  stipules ;  flowers  inconspicuous,  ai)pearing 
through  the  summer,  the  umbuls  simple  or  proliferous  one  above  the  other,  on 
slender  peduncles. 

A  genus  widely  dispersed  over  the  globe,  of  about  70  species,  the  larger  number  belonging  to 
the  southern  hemisplieie  ;  sparingly  represented  in  the  United  States. 

1.  H.  prolifera,  Ktliogg.  Lcavtis  ptiltate,  cnmrgiimte  at  base,  simply  <;r(!nate, 
on  pctioKis  1  to  ;j  iuchi's  long  :  peduncles  about  et|ualling  or  exceeding  tin!  leaves  : 
whorls  1  to  4,  about  8-ilowered  (12-20-llowered,  Ketlogg),  witli  numerous  bractlets, 
the  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long  (3  to  G  lines,  Kellogg)  :  fruit  a  line  broad,  slightly 
emarginate  at  base  ;  ribs  two  on  each  side,  prominent ;  commissure  narrow.  — 
Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.   15. 

A  slender  species,  growing  about  San  Francisco  and  elsewhere,  first  collected  by  C'hamisso  ; 
collected  also  by  Coulter  in  "  Sonora  Alta,"  and  by  others  in  Me.xico.  It  has  been  referred  to 
//.  vuhiaris  of  the  Old  World,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  nmch  longer  peduncles  and 
pedicels,  the  fruit  in  //.  cahjaris  being  nearly  sessile. 

2.  H.  ranunculoides,  Linn.  lil.  Stouter,  usually  floating  :  leaves  not  peltate, 
orbicular,  with  3  to  7  cienate  lobes,  on  ])etioles  2  to  9  inches  long:  ijediiiiclcs  much 
shorter  than  the  petioles,  ^  to  3  inches  long,  relk'X(!d  in  fruit  :  llowers  T)  to  10  in  a 
capitate  umbel:  fruit  1  to  1|  lines  broad,  with  thickened  scarcely  angled  margins, 
rather  obscurely  3-nerved  on  each  side,  longer  than  the  pedicels. 

About  San  Francisco  ;  San  Diego  Co.  {Pahncr)  ;  and  probably  elsewhere.  Connnon  also  in  the 
Atlantic  States,  and  from  Florida  westward  tlirougli  Me.\ico. 


Satucula.  U  M  BELLI  I<ER.E. 


255 


2.  BOWLESIA,  Ruiz  k  I'avoii. 
Calyx-teeth  rather  prominent.  Petals  elliptical,  obtusish.  Fruit  broadly  ovate 
in  outline,  with  a  narrow  commissure,  turgid,  becoming  depressed  on  the  back, 
without  ribs  or  oil-tubes.  Seed  flat  on  the  face,  slightly  hollowed  on  the  back,  not 
filling  the  calyx.  —  Slender  herbs,  with  scattered  stellate  pubescence ;  leaves  oppo- 
site, simple,  with  scarious  and  lacerate  stipules;  flowers  white,  minute,  in  simple 
fow-floworod  umbels  on  axillary  poduiiclcs. 

A  down  species,  cliiofly  South  Amoricaii,  oiio  inngiiig  nortliwnnl  lo  Moxico,  Av'mma,  nini 
Cixlifornin. 

1.  B.  lobata,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.  Annual,  weak  and  slender,  thiidy  pubescent,  the 
stems  dichotomously  branched,  a  foot  or  two  long:  leaves  thin,  reniform  to  cordate, 
i  to  1^  inches  broad,  shorter  than  the  slender  petioles,  do('])ly  .^-lobcd,  the  acutish 
lobes  entire  or  1  -2-toothed:  peduncles  much  shorter  than  tlie  petioles;  the  umbels 
1  -  4-flowered  :  fruit  a  line  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  pul)escent,  the  inflated  calyx 
not  adherent  to  the  carpels,  Avbich  are  at  first  but  partially  occupied  by  the  seed.  — 
Fl.  Peruv.  iii.  28,  t.  251  ;  Torr.  &  dray,  Fl.  i.  GOl. 

In  damp  shady  places,  from  the  Sacramento  Valley  southward,  rather  rare.  The  species 
doubtless  mcludes  B.  tcncra,  Spreiigel. 

3.  ERYNGIUM,  Tonrn.  Button  Snakkuoot. 
Calyx-teeth  manifest,  rigid  and  persistent.  Fruit  ovoid  or  obovoid,  scarcely  com- 
pressed, covered  with  hyaline  scales  or  vesicles  ;  the  ribs  obsolete,  and  oil-tubes  (in 
our  species)  wanting;  carpels  and  seeds  somi-torcto.  —  Herbs,  chiefly  perennial; 
loaves  rigid,  coriaceous,  spinosely  toothed  or  divided  ;  flowers  white  or  blue,  sessile 
in  dense  heads,  bracteate,  the  outer  bracts  forming  an  involucre. 

A  genus  of  100  or  more  species,  of  the  warm  and  temperate  regions  of  the  glolw.  Tlic  15  to 
IS  American  species  are  mostly  confined  to  the  Southern  Atlantic  and  (".ulf  States. 

1.  E.  petiolatum,  Hook.  Erect,  1  to  .5  feet  high,  dichotomously  branched 
above,  glaucous  :  ratlical  leaves  oblanceolate,  spinosely  and  unequally  serrate,  atten- 
uate into  an  elongated  fistulous  petiole,  the  cauline  "mostly  se.>?sile  :  heads  globose, 
half  an  inch  in  diameter,  peduncled  ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  spinosely  tipped,  at 
least  the  outer  ones  much  exceeding  the  bluish  flowers  :  calyx-teeth  a  line  long, 
exceeding  the  fruit,  which  is  covered  with  subulate  at  length  rigid  scales.  —  Fl.  i. 
250;  Torrey,  Bot.  Wdkes  Exp.  315.  E.  articulatuvi,  Hook,  in  Lond.  Jour.  Bot. 
vi.  232. 

Var.  armatum,  Watson.  Bracts  broader,  entire,  all  similar  and  much  exceed- 
ing the  flowers,  scarcely  dilated  at  base,  rigid  and  with  a  thickened  margin  :  stylo 
shorter  than  the  calyx  :  usually  less  glaucous. 

In  marsliPs  from  San  Diego  to  tlio  Cohiml)ia  ;  or  in  drier  places,  a  dwarf  state  but  2  or  3 
inches  high.  Tlio  submerged  leaves  consist  only  of  tlio  terete  jointed  petiole  without  lamina. 
The  usual  form  lias  tlie  bracts  more  or  less  tootlied,  the  inner  ones  but  little  exceeding  the  flowers 
or  rarely  as  long  ns  the  outer  ones,  the  styles  exceeding  the  calyx-teetli.  The  variety  is  men- 
tioned by  Dr.  Torrey,  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Kxp.'.'nf),  as  jierhaps  distinct.  It  has  been  collected  from 
Monterey  to  Humboldt  County,  Brewer,  i^mnncls,  Kellogri,  kc. 

4.    SANICULA,  Tourn.        Sanicle. 

Cnlyx-toeth  nomewhat  foiiacoous,  persistent.    Fruit  subglobose  or  obovoid,  donRcly 

covered  with  honked  juiokles  or  tubcrctdate  ;    ribs  obsolcle  ;    oil-tubes  ninnerous. 

Seed  hemispherical.  —  Smooth  ]ierennialR,  with  nearly  naked  steins  ;    leaves  pal- 

mately  divided,  the   lobes   more  or  less  pinnatifid  or  incised  ;    flowers   unisexual. 


25G 


UMBWLLIFER.'E.  iianicula. 


in  irregularly  compound  few-rayed  umbels,  involucrate  with  sessile  leafy  usually 

toothed  bracts,  the  bracts  of  the  involucels  small  and  entire. 

A  gouus  of  II  few  btiittiroil  .sjiecios,  moro  tliaii  liiilf  of  tlieiii  imtivo  of  North  Aiiiericti,  and  of 
these  only  two  uru  contiiu'd  to  tho  n-f^ioii  oast  of  tho  Hocky  Monntaius.  The  Califoniiaa  siiccicjs 
arc  chiolly  liiuitud  to  tho  Coaat  Itunyua  uiul  arc  imculiar  in  tlmir  habit,  siiuiU  fruit,  kc. 

*  Leaves  pabnately  diokleJ,  the  lobes  toothed,  or  lacerate,  or  pinnatijid  ivith  dccur- 
rent  seymaits :  rootstocks  thickened. 

-4-  Mature  fruit  shortly  pedicellate  :  Jlowers  yellow. 

1.  S.  arctopoides.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stems  very  short,  with  several  divergent 
scape-like  branihes,  ulteu  much  exceeding  the  leaves  (3  to  G  inches  long),  each  bear- 
ing an  umbel  uf  1  to  3  elongated  rays  :  leaves  deeply  3-lobed,  the  cuneato  divisions 
once  or  twice  laciniately  cleft,  with  lanceolate  acute  spreading  segments  :  involucre 
of  1  or  2  sindlar  leallets  :  heads  large,  3  to  G  lines  in  diameter,  with  conspicuous 
involucels  of  8  tu  10  narrowly  oblanceolate  nu>.stly  entire  bracts  :  fruit  shortly 
pedicellate,  1,',  lines  long,  naked  at  base,  strongly  ariiicd  above.  —  liut.  Ijcechey, 
Ml  ;  lluuk.  M.  i.  25S,  t.  91. 

About  Sun  Fi-ancisi;o  ami  eastwunl  in  thu  Sacramuiito  Valley,  in  the  jilaiiis  ami  on  dry  hillsides. 
Strongly  marked  by  its  low  s(;a\>e-like  biamdies,  large  inviducels,  and  laciniately  lobed  leaves  ; 

Idant  yellowish  {^reen.     Tlu!  figure  in  Hook.  Fl.  repiescnts  tlie  sjieeies  potirly,  and  but  for  tlie 
argc  solitary  head  might  lie  supposed  to  be  fioni  a  low  fuiin  of  <S'.  luciuiala. 

'I.  S.  Menziesii,  lluuk.  «fe  Arn.  Stem  solitary,  erect,  1  to  2.^  feet  high,  branch- 
ing: leaves  rounded-cordate,  2  or  3  inches  broad,  very  deeply  3-5-lobed  ;  the  })road 
lobes  sharply  toothed  or  st)mewhat  cleft  and  the  teeth  tip[)ed  with  slender  bristles ; 
upper  leaves  more  narrowly  lobed  and  laciniately  toothed  :  umbel  of  3  or  4  slender 
i-uys ;  involucre  often  small,  of  2  or  3  narrow  leallets,  the  involucels  of  G  to  8  lan- 
ceolate entire  bracts  a  line  or  two  long:  sterile  llowers  nearly  sessile:  fruit  4  to  8 
in  each  head,  beconiing  distinctly  pedicellate  and  divergent,  obovate,  a  line  long  or 
more,  covered  with  hooked  prickles.  —  Bt)t.  Heediey,  112;  Hook.  Kl.  i.  258,  t.  DO. 

in  shaded  woods  from  Santa  t'lara  County  to  tho  British  boundary. 

-I-  -t-   Fruit  sessile. 

3.  S.  Nevadensis,  Watson.  Stem  very  short,  the  peduncles  mostly  from  the 
base,  1  tu  (')  inches  lung  :  leaves  tornate,  tho  divisions  oblong-ovate,  3-5-lobed  ;  the 
segments  lobed  or  toothed  :  involucre  pinnatihd  and  toothed,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  : 
rays  about  5,  sometimes  branched,  2  to  5  lines  long  in  flower,  becoming  |  to  U 
inches  long ;  involucels  somewhat  one-sided,  of  several  oblong  acute  bracts  more  or 
less  united  at  base  :  flowers  yellow,  the  sterile  equalling  the  pedicels  :  fruit  covered 
with  stout  hooked  jnickles.  — IVoc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  131). 

Indian  Valley,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  M.  E.  P.  Ames,  1874  ;  Lcmmon. 

4.  S.  laciniata,  Hook.  &  Arn.  With  the  habit  of  *S'.  Menziesii:  leaves  cordate 
or  triangular,  3-jjartetl,  the  divisions  laciniately  1  -  2-pinnatilid  and  the  segments 
laciniately  tuothed  ;  the  teeth  spinusely  pointed  :  flowers  yellow  :  mature  he-ads 
small,  globose  ;  the  numerous  fruit  naked  at  base,  hooke<l-bristly  above.  —  Lot. 
Ik'echey,  317.     S.  nitdicanlis,  Hook.  tVi  Arn.  1.  c. 

From  Sun  Diego  Id  llumluildt  County.  A  form  is  eolli'i'tod  at  San  Diego  and  on  tlio  Muena- 
vciilura  with  liirgiT  liciids  of  IhiwerH  and  Iho  divisioni  of  tho  UtavuM  more  oblong;  peihaps  dJH- 
tinet,  but  tlie  fruit  is  uukuowu. 

5.  S.  bipinnatifida,  Dougl.  Erect,  a  foot  high  or  less,  with  usually  a  pair  of 
opposite  leaves  at  base  and  1  to  3  leaves  above  :  leaves  long-petioled,  triangular  to 
oblong  in  outline,  2  or  3  inches  long,  ])innately  3  -  5-lobed  ;  the  segments  distant, 
incisely  toothed  ur  lubed,  decurrent  on  the  tootli(;d  rachis ;  teeth  spinose-pointed  or 
unly  acute  :  umbel  with  usually  3  or  4  elongated   rays,  the  cleft  involucre  lateral  : 


Deweiid.  UMBKLLIFEH.E.  257 

liojiils  dense,  3  lines  in  dianieter :  llowers  ptirple  or  sometimes  yellowisli  ;  involucels 
very  sliort :  fruit  eovercd  with  hooked  liristles.  —  Hook.  ¥\.  i.  2r>S,  t.  1)2  ;  Torrcy, 
]Jot.  Wilkes  Exp.  314. 

From  the  Sacramento  Valley  to  the  Columbia  ;  Sierra  Co.,  Lcmmon. 

*   *   Leaver  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  the  segmenta  small  and  not  decurrent  :  Jlowers 
ydlow :  fruit  sesxile :  erect,  very  slender,  hranchin;/. 

6.  S.  bipinnata,  Hook.  S:  Am.  Koot  fusiform,  slender:  steins  a  foot  higli  or 
more  :  ultimate  .segments  of  the  leaves  3  or  4  lines  long,  acutely  toothed  :  umbels 
about  3-rayed,  with  a  leafy  involucre  ;  heads  small,  two  lines  in  diameter,  with  a 
small  membranaceous  0  -  8-parted  involueel  :  fruit  tuberculate  at  base,  armed  above, 
H  lines  long.  — Bot.  Beechey,  347. 

From  Monterey  to  tlie  Upper  Sacramento  Valley. 

7.  S.  tuberosa,  Torrey.  Stem  3  inches  to  a  foot  high,  from  a  small  tuberous 
root  :  leaves  usually  very  finely  divided,  the  segments  less  than  a  line  in  length  : 
rays  1  to  4  ;  involucres  leafy  ;  involucels  small,  of  unetpial  lobed  segments  :  heads 
small,  the  sterile  flowers  on  long  pedicels  :  fruit  few,  depres.sed,  strongly  tuberculate, 
unarmed.  — Pacif  IJ.  Hep.  iv.  91. 

I)?y  hills,  Mendocino  County,  to  the  Sacrnmcnto  Valley.  In  the  Sierm  Nevada  (DuflTiekl's 
IJancli,  lii(jdoK\  and  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Ames)  there  is  found  a  low  form  with  less  finely 
divided  leaves. 

5.  DEWErA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Di.sk  and  stylopodium  depressed  or  wanting. 
Fruit  oblong-elliptical  or  orbicular,  compressed  laterally  ;ribs  somewhat  prominent, 
and  with  2  or  3  obscure  secondary  lines  between  each  pair ;  oil-tubes  2  to  3  in  the 
intervals,  conspicuous.  Seed  terete,  involute,  often  enclosing  a  central  cavity. 
Carpophore  entire.  —  Smooth  erect  perennial  herbs,  1  or  2  feet  high  ;  leaves  pin- 
nate or  })i pinnate,  mostly  radical  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  large  umbels  ;  involucre  none 
or  partial,  the  involucels  1 -sided. 

An  exclusively  Califoinian  genus,  distinguished  from  Conium  by  the  conspicuous  oil-tubes, 
from  Arracacia  (to  which  it  is  refeired  by  JJcntii.  k  Hook,  in  Oen.  PI.  i.  SS.*))  by  the  depressed 
stylojiodiuni  and  terete  seed,  and  from  botli  by  tlio  undivided  cinpophoro  and  more  involute 
seed. 

1.  D.  arguta,  Torr.  k  Gray.  Leaves  simply  pinnate;  leaflets  7,  ovate  to  oblf)ng- 
ovate,  the  lowest  shortly  pctiolulate  and  often  subcordate,  1  to  1^  inches  long, 
finely  and  sharply  serrate  with  niucronate  teeth,  the  terminal  one  often  3-lolied  : 
peduncle  elongated:  rays  about  12,  without  involucre,  2  or  3  inches  long:  invo- 
lucels of  2  or  3  linear  acuminate  entire  or  toothed  bracts  :  pedicels  two  lines  long  : 
fruit  oblong,  three  lines  long,  acutely  ribbed,  with  rather  broad  commissure  and 
somewhat  prominent  erect  calyx-teeth.  —  V\.  i.  041  ;  Torr.  I'ot.  Mex.  Bound,  t.  26. 

Southern  California,  near  the  const,  from  Santa  Paibnra  to  Snu  I>iego.  In  woods  and  on  dry 
hillsides,  rarely  collected  :  root  large  and  fusiform. 

2.  D.  HartTVegi,  Hray.  Bather  .<5tout  :  leaves  bitcrnato  and  quinate,  the  leaf- 
lets more  deeply  lobed  and  less  sharply  toothed  than  in  the  ]a.st  :  umbels  similar  ; 
involucre  none  or  of  1  or  2  loallets  :  fruit  broader,  3  lines  long  ;  calyx-teeth  obso- 
lete ;  ribs  iirominent,  and  oil-tubes  marked  by  intervening  ridges:  S5ed  involute, 
enclosing  a  central  cavity.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  342. 

Hills  liordering  the  lower  Sacramento  (Hartirrg)  ;  near  Snii  Francisco,  Kdloffg. 

3.  D,  Kelloggii,  Gray.  More  slender,  leafy  at  bnse  :  leaves  3-ternate,  the  leaf- 
lets a  half  to  an  inch  long,  mostly  3-lobed,  murronately  toothed  :  involucre  none  : 
rays    10   to    12,   an  inch  long  or  more;  involucels  of  very  small  subulate  bracts  : 


258 


UAIBELLIFER.'K  doniuiu. 


fruit  two  lines  long  and  broad,  with  narrow  commissure  and  no  calyx-teetli,  the  ribs 
liliform  :  seed  involute,  enclosing  a  central  cavity.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acud.  vii.  343. 
About  San  Francisco  anJ  Bolinas  Bay,  Kellogg,  Bolandcr. 

0.   CONIUM,  Linn.        Poison  Hemlock. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.      Fruit  broadly  ovate,  laterally  compressed,  the  carpels  with 
5  prominent  obtuse  equal  ribs;  oil-tubes  none.      Seed  terete,  with  a  deep  narrow 
groove  on  the  inner  lace.     Carpophore  2-parted.  —  Tall  smooth  biennials  ;  leaves 
largo,  decompound;  involucres  and  involucela  small,  3-5-bracted;  llowers  white. 

A  gcnns  of  only  '2  or  3  siiecies,  nutivfb  of  llii-  Old  World,  willi  viridontly  iioisouous  but  viilii- 
iiblo  niocliciiml  inoju  rlii>,. 

1.  C.  maculatum,  Linn.  iSttni  2  to  5  I'eet  high,  from  a  white  fusiform  root, 
branching,  often  spotted  with  purple  :  leaves  bright  green,  the  segments  half  an 
inch  long,  pinnatilid,  with  acute  lobes:  umbels  12-20-rayed,  the  rays  1  to  1^ 
inches  long  :  petals  obtuse  or  with  a  very  short  indexed  \nm\i  :  fruit  H  lines  long, 
shorter  than  the  pedicels. 

Sparingly  introduced  in  waste  places  in  the  neigliborlioocl  of  the  older  towns.  The  bruised 
leaves  exhale  a  sickly  disagreeable  odor.  The  extract  of  the  ]ilant  has  pow.rfid  narcotic  and 
alterative  jiroperties,  and  is  a  valuable  remedial  agent  in  the  hands  of  eonii)eteiit  jihysicians.  The 
root  ignoranlly  eaten  by  childicn  and  others  has  not  larely  proved  fatal  in  its  etlects. 

7.  APIUM,  Linn.  Cici.euy. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit  broadly  ovate,  laterally 
compressed,  the  carpels  nearly  straight,  somewhat  ribbed  obtusely ;  oil-tubes  solitary 
in  the  intervals.  Seed  nearly  terete,  not  channelled  nor  concave  on  the  face.  Carpo- 
phore entire.  —  Smooth  ;  leaves  decompound  ;  umbels  terminal,  often  nearly  sessile 
opposite  the  leaves  ;  flowers  white  ;  involucre  and  involucels  small  or  none. 

Including  about  u  dozen  species,  as  limited  by  Beutham  k  Hooker,  Rome  widely  distributed,  but 
half  of  them  confuied  to  the  Southern  United  States  east  of  the  Kocky  Mountains.  The  only 
species  found  in  California  is  a  native  of  the  coasts  of  Europe,  widely  naturalized,  under  cultiva- 
tion much  changed  and  ini])roved,  becoming  the  garden  Celery.  The  cultivated  Parsley  is  another 
member  of  the  genus  {A.  I'ctroscUnuin). 

1.  A.  graveolens,  Linn.  liiennial,  witli  a  fibnms  root,  erect,  branching  and 
rather  leafy,  a  foot  <ir  two  liigh:  leaves  pinnate  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  broadly  cuneate- 
ohovato  or  rliond>oiilal  lealhits,  3-5-lol>ed  and  si)aringly  toothed,  an  inch  or  two 
long,  the  ui»i)er  ternate  with  nearly  entire  oblanceolatu  leallets  :  umbels  sessile  cu- 
very  shortly  pedunculate,  naked  ;  rays  G  to  12  or  fewer,  slender,  an  inch  huig  or 
less  :  fruit  two  thirds  of  a  line  long. 

Rare  in  California,  but  has  been  collected  in  salt  marshes  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  and 
also  at  Fort  Tejon. 

8.   APIASTRUM,  Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  ovate,  concave,  obtuse.  Stylopodium  depressed  ; 
styles  short.  Fruit  cordate  in  outline,  laterally  compressed  with  a  narrow  commis- 
sure ;  carpels  incurved  when  mature,  witlt  5  often  obscure  rugulose  ribs  ;  oil-tubes 
broad  and  solitary  in  the  intervals,  and  a  narrow  one  under  each  rib.  Seed  con- 
cave and  somewhat  incurved  longitudinally.  Carpophore  2-parteil,  rigid.  —  A 
smooth  slender  branching  Califoriuan  annual ;  leaves  dissected,  with  linear  seg- 
ments ;  umbels  sessile,  naked,  fewrayed,  in  the  forks  or  ojjposite  to  the  leaves ; 
llowers  small,  white. 


Pimpinrlln.  UMBELLIFER.E.  259 

1.  A.  angUStdfolium,  Nutt.  A  span  or  two  Ingli  ;  bninclics  soiucwliiit  diclioto- 
mous  :  Iciivos  1  or  2  inches  long,  bitoruately  or  tritcrnately  divided,  with  liiu'ur  or 
nearly  liliforui  scgnioiits  :  umbels  and  unibellets  very  uiieiiually  .■{-4-rayed,  the 
slender  pedicels  at  length  sjjiuosely  pointed  Avith  the  persistent  carpophore  :  fruit 
half  a  lino  long,  somewhat  broader,  variable  in  the  curvature  of  the  carpels  and  in 
the  prominence  of  the  ribs,  which  are  sometimes  nine,  the  i)rimary  and  intermediate 
ones  being  nearly  equally  develoi)ed.  —  Torr.  &  Cray,  Fl.  i.  044  ;  Torrey,  Dot.  Mex. 
Bound,  t.  28.  A.  ladfolium,  Nutt.  1.  c,  the  more  coar.sely  dissected  form,  llelo- 
sciadiitm  leiytnphi/Uum,  var.  (!)  Iniifolium,  Hook.  &  Arn.  JJot.  IJcechey,  347. 

Frnnuitit  in  spring  in  tlic  western  portion  of  tlie  Stato,  from  San  Diego  to  Mendocino  County, 
on  hillsides.      In  tlie  figure  cited,  .some  of  the  cliaracters  of  tlie  fniit  arc  incorrectly  shown. 

9.   CARUM,  Linn. 

Caly.\-teeth  small.  Stylopodium  conical.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblojig,  laterally  com- 
pressed;  ribs  obtuse,  scarcely  prominent  or  nerve-like;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  inter- 
vals. Seed  subtereto  or  somewhat  dor.sally  compressed,  convex,  flat,  or  slightly 
concave  on  the  fiico.  Carpophoro  2-partod.  —  The  Ainorican  species  form  the  sec- 
tion 7iWo.<!?«uf,  —  smooth  erect  slender  l)iennial  herbs,  with  tuberous  or  fusiform 
fascicled  roots;  leaves  mostly  simply  pinnate  with  few  linear  Icailets  ;  involucre 
and  involucels  of  few  to  many  entire  Jeaflets ;  flowers  white ;  calyx-teeth  rather 
prominent ;  section  of  the  seed  very  variable  in  outline. 

Tlie  genus  as  limited  by  Bentliam  &  Hooker  includes  about  50  species  in  tenii)crate  and  sub- 
tropical regions,  chielly  of  the  Old  World,  one  si>ccies  (0.  Cnrvi,  the  garden  Carroway)  bemg 
often  cultivated  and  extensively  naturalized.  The  roots  of  both  the  ("alifornian  species  are  a 
prominent  article  of  food  among  the  Indians. 

1.  C.  Gairdneri,  lienth.  &  Hook.  Stem  1  to  4  feet  high,  from  a  tuberous  root : 
leaves  few,  usually  simply  pinnate,  with  3  to  7  linear  leaflets  2  to  0  inches  long,  the 
lower  leaflets  rarely  pinnate  with  entire  or  toothed  divisions  ;  upper  leaves  usually 
simple:  umbels  on  long  peduncles,  6  to  12  rayed;  the  involucre  of  a  single  linear 
leaflet,  or  often  wanting ;  rays  an  inch  or  two  long ;  involucels  of  several  linear 
acuminate  bracts  equalling  the  flowers:  fruit  1  to  4  lines  long,  ovate  to  oblong, 
the  styles  usually  half  as  long  as  the  fruit.  — yltniia  Gainfnrn,  Hook.  <l'  Arn.  Bot. 
Boechey,  349.     Edoamia  Oairdneri,  NuM.  in  'Jorr.  i^  (iray,  Kl.  i.  012. 

Frcfiuent  from  Washington  Territory  and  Idaho  to  Southern  California  (chiefly  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada)  and  Utah,  on  hill.'iides  and  in  the  mountains  ;  flowering  in  Juno  and  July.  The  most 
southern  locality  is  Julian,  San  Diego  Co.,  Pnlmcr.  A  broader  leaved  form  (leattct-s  2  to  8  hnos 
wide)  is  the  var.  latifolium  of  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  344. 

2.  C.  Kelloggii,  Clray.  Root  tuberous  and  fascicled  :  stein  2  to  5  feet  high  : 
lower  leaves  ternatc  or  biternate  with  pinnate  divisions  and  linear  segments  ;  upper 
leaves  becoming  linear  :  involucre  and  involucels  of  1  to  9  linear-subidato  l.-ailets  : 
fruit  ovate  to  oblong,  1|  to  2^  lines  long,  with  prominent  stylopodium  and  very 
short  s^des,  the  ribs  filiform.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  344. 

Central  California,  near  the  const.    A  rather  stouter  plant  with  larger  flowei-s  and  fruit. 

10.  PIMPINELLA,  Linn. 
Calyx-teeth  miiuite  or  obsolete.  Stylopodium  cushiondike  or  conical.  Fniit 
ovate  or  broader  than  long,  laterally  compressed,  with  a  broad  commissure  ;  carpels 
fi-angled,  with  distant  usually  slender  ribs  and  several  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals. 
Seed  subtereto  or  dorsally  compressed,  nearly  flat  on  the  face,  often  free  from  the 
locso  ppicarp.  Carpophore  divided. —  Mostly  smooth  ].erennials  ;  leaves  decom- 
pound ;  umbels  nearly  naked ;  flowers  white  or  yellow. 


2g(j  UMBELLlFERiE.  Pimpmdla. 

A  luige  x^^mis  ill  llu)  Dill  World  uf  CO  to  7o  siicck-s,  tho  I'ollowiiig  almost  its  only  luiiiuseiilii- 
tivo  ill  Ainurica. 

1.  P.  apiodora,  Ciniy.  Smooth,  erect,  2  or  3  feet  high,  rather  stout:  heaves 
mostly  radical,  2  -  iMeriiate,  the  cuneate-ovute  leaflets  laciniately  pinnatilid  and 
toothed,  ail  inch  lung:  umbela  long-pedimcled ;  uiys  G  to  15,  hiapidly  puberiilent, 
an  inch  or  two  long;  involucre  and  invuhicels  of  1  or  2  bracts,  or  wanting  :  liuwers 
•white  or  pinkish  :  iVnit  broadly  ovate,  1^  lines  long,  the  carpels  5-angled  with 
slightly  prominent  ribs  :  oil-tubes  numerous  (-t  to  5  in  the  ilorsal  intervals,  G  in  the 
lateral,  and  8  or  more  in  the  commissure)  :  styles  short  :  carpophore  2-parted.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  345,  &  viii.  385;  Watson,  But.  King  Exp.  121. 

Sau  Francisco  and  noithward  ;  Mendocino  County  {Bulunder)  ;  Oregon  (Hull) ;  Eastein  Ne- 
vada, IVatson.  i*eifeetly  mature  I'ruit  has  nut  yet  been  collected.  The  plant  has  a  strong 
pleasant  odor,  like  that  of  Celery. 

11.  BERULA,  Koch. 
Calyx-teeth  minute.  Stylopodium  conical  and  styles  short.  Fruit  nearly  globose, 
with  a  broad  commissure,  emarginate  at  base,  tho  ribs  nerve-like,  not  raised  above 
the  tiiick  epicari) ;  oil-tubes  numerous  ami  contiguous,  surrounding  the  terete  seed. 
Carpophore  2-parted,  very  slender.  —  A  smooth  [xuennial  a(piatii! ;  leaves  jjinnate 
and  serrate  ;  involucres  ami  involucels  of  several  lealleta  ;  liowors  white. 

A  single  species  (often  luferrftd  to  the  genus  Slum)  coniinon  iu  Europe,  and  widely  though 
sparingly  distributed  through  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 

1.  B.  angustifolia,  Koch.  Erect  but  usually  low,  ^  to  3  feet  high,  the  stem 
stout  and  angled  :  leallets  about  G  pairs,  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  ^  to  2  inches  long, 
often  laciniately  lobed  at  base,  and  the  upper  ones  especially  more  or  less  deeply 
cut-toothed  :  peduncles  I  or  2  inches  long:  rays  an  inch  long  or  less;  involucre  and 
involucels  of  G  to  8  entire  linear-lanceolate  leaflets  :  fruit  two  thirds  of  a  line  long. 
—  Siuvi  anguatifoHuia,  Linn. 

Collected  at  Fort  Tejon  {Xantns,  Rothrock)  though  without  fruit,  and  reported  from  San  Fran- 
cisco ;  Sierra  Co.,  LcvDnon.  The  Ilelosciudiuvi  (0  CaliJ'urnkum  of  Hook,  k  Arn.  Hot.  Bcechey, 
H'2,  lins  been  doulitfully  referred  to  this  apecie.s,  but  is  described  as  jnocunibent,  the  lower  leallets 
jiinnatifid  or  pinnate,  and  the  styles  long.  Benth.  k  Hook.  (Gen.  PI.  i.  893)  speak  of  the  fruit 
of  the  specimen  in  herb.  Kew  as  having  the  epicarp  thin  over  the  intervals  as  in  species  of  Sium. 
The  reference  is  therefore  probably  incorrect  and  the  s])ecies  remains  uncertain. 

12.   CICUTA,  lann.         Water  Hemlock. 

Calyx-teeth  small,  acute.  Stylo[)odium  de[)ressed.  Fruit  broadly  ovate  or  sub- 
orbicular,  slightly  compressed  laterally  but  the  commissure  narrow ;  ribs  broad  and 
obtuse,  corky  ;  the  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.  Seed  subterete,  Hat  or 
rounded  on  the  face.  Carpophore  2-parted.  —  Smooth  tall  branching  marsh  peren- 
nials, with  stout  hollow  stems  ;  leaves  pinnate  or  pinnately  decompound  ;  umbels 
of  white  flowers  many-rayed,  the  involucre  small  or  none,  and  involucels  of  several 
small  bracts  :  routs  thick  and  fascicled,  very  poisonous  :  flowering  in  sumnuir. 

A  small  genus  of  about  half  a  do/en  species,  growing  in  dain|)  or  wet  places,  two  of  them  very 
widely  distribute*!  round  the  world  in  the  northern  hemispliere.  The  aromatic  roots  of  the  first 
species  have  often  proved  fatal  to  those  eating  them,  and  the  others  are  probably  as  dangerous. 

1.  C.  maculata,  Linn,  Stout,  3  to  G  feet  high  :  lower  leaves  on  ])etioles  1  or 
2  feet  long,  bipinnate ;  the  leaflets  (1  or  2  inclies,  sometimes  4  inches,  long)  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate  with  the  veinlets  running  to  the  sinuses, 
occasionally  lobed,  the  lower  petiolulate  :  rays  an  inch  or  two  long,  rather  slender ; 
involucre  usually  wanting;   involucels  of  0  to  8  narrow  lanceolate  leaflets:   fruit 


Osmorrhiza.  UMBELLIFER^.  261 

nearly  1^  lines  lonj^,  broadly  ovate;   ribs  and  broad  oil-tii])os  conspicuous:   seed 
nearly  terete  or  soniewlmt  hollowed  on  the  face. 

Across  the  continent  from  New  England  and  Florida  to  Wasliington  Territory  and  the  Sierra 
Nevada  ;  Mono  Pass  (Hnlander),  and  rejiorted  from  Fort  Tcjon,  Xanhui.  It  is  doubtful  wliether 
it  extends  to  the  coast,  most  of  the  specunens  repoi  ted  fiom  that  region  belonging  apparently  to 
C.  Californica.     The  species  is  also  native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  C.  Bolanderi,  Watson.  Leaves  bipinnate,  the  leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate, 
sharply  long-acuniiuate,  two  inches  in  length,  very  acutely  serrate,  the  veinleta 
passing  to  the  sinuses ;  the  lower  leaflets  petiojulate  and  oi'ten  d(>eply  lobcd  :  in- 
volucre of  several  linear  leaflets  :  fruit  two  lines  long,  nearly  orbicular,  strongly 
ribbed  and  with  broad  oil-tubes,  which  are  sunk  in  tlie  chiinnellod  seed.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  139. 

At  Suisun,  in  salt  marshes,  Bolandcr. 

3.  C.  Californica,  Gray.  Very  stout,  3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  pinnate,  or  the 
lower  bipinnate  at  base ;  the  leaflets  2  to  4  inches  long,  lanceolate,  shortly  acumi- 
nate, rounded  at  base,  serrate  with  the  voinlets  running  to  the  teeth,  often  deeply 
lobed  on  the  lower  side  :  involucre  none,  or  a  narrow  leaflet ;  involucels  of  several 
lanceolate  bracts  :  fruit  broadly  ovate,  1|  lines  long,  strongly  ribbed  :  seed  not 
channelled  under  the  oil-tubes,  rhomboidal  or  ovate  in  section,  thinnest  at  the 
commissure.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  344. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  San  Francisco  and  southward  to  Santa  Cruz  (Ilartweg)  and  Monterey, 
Brewer. 

13.    SIUM,  Linn.         Watf.k  Parsnit. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Stylopodium  dejjressed  and  styles  short.  Fruit  oltlong  or 
ovate,  laterally  compressed  with  a  narrow  commissure,  the  ribs  j)rominent  and  wing- 
like, corky ;  oil-tubes  2  or  3  in  the  intervals.  Carjwphore  2-iiarted,  slender  and 
usually  deciduous  Avith  the  fruit.  —  Smooth  perennial  aquatics,  witli  angled  stems  ; 
leaves  pinnate  and  leaflets  serrate  or  pinnatifid  ;  involucre  and  involucels  of  several 
bracts ;  flowers  white. 

Half  a  dozen  species  are  found  in  the  northern  temperate  zone  and  a  single  one  in  Soutli 
Africa.     The  following  sjtecies,  also  Asiatic,  is  the  only  one  indigenous  in  Californin. 

1.  S.  Cicutaefolium,  Gmelin.  Stout,  3  to  H  f(>et  high,  branchiug:  lower  leaves 
long-petiolcd,  the  caulino  with  a  sluui  dilated  base  ;  leaflets  fi  to  8  jmirs,  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  linear,  2  to  4  inches  long,  acuminate,  sliarj>ly  serrate  or  i-arely  pinnat- 
ifid, the  upper  ones  shorter  and  narrower:  rays  1  to  l|  inches  long;  involucre 
and  involucels  of  6  to  8  linear  bracts  :  fruit  oblong,  l^  lines  long,  very  strongly 
ribbed. — S.  lineare,  Michx. 

Reported  from  Pose  Creek,  and  mentioned  by  Torrey  in  Pot.  Wilkes  Kxped.  and  by  Bolander 
as  growing  near  San  Francisco.  It  is  certainly  found  on  the  eastern  slojie  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
in  Sierra  and  Truckee  Valleys,  and  thence  ranges  to  Washington  Territory,  Colorado,  the  Sas- 
katchewan, and  the  Atlantic.  It  is  also  identical  with  the  plant  of  Siberia,  the  older  name  of 
which  is  here  adopted.  Iknthnni  &  Hooker  refer  both  this  species  antl  the  eastern  S.  Carxoni  to 
the  genus  yipium,  but  they  are  certainly  not  to  be  separated  from  the  typical  species  i<f.  lati- 
JoHnm  and  landfolinm  of  the  Old  World.  In  all,  the  carpophore  though  delicate  is  always 
2-parted,  and  the  oil-tubes  are  2  or  3  (perhaps  rarely  solitary)  in  tiie  intervals. 

14.   OSMORRHIZA,  Hafinesque.        Sweet  Cicfxy. 

Calyx-teoth   obsolete.      Fruit  linear-oblong,    narrowly  alleinmle  at  base,  acuto 

above  and  tipped  by  the  erect  stylo,  compressed  laterally  ami  narrowed  at  the  com- 

missuro;  carpels  5-angled,  with  somewhat  prominent  slightly  corky  wings,  his|)id 

with  short  ascending  bristles  ;   oil-tubes  numerous  and  very  obscure.     Seed  terete, 


262  UMBELLIFER/K.  Osmonhiza. 

sulcate  on   the  iaco  or  with  margins  contiguous  and  enclosing  a  central  cavity. 

Carpophore  i-clel't.  —  Perennials,  witli  thick  aromatic  roots,  more  or  less  hirsute ; 

leaves  large,  2-3-ternately  compound;  involucre  small  or  none;  umbels  fuw,  few- 
rayed  and  few-fruited  ;  lluwers  wliit(j. 

A  genus  of  liiilf  ii  doziii  species.  Tlio  two  species  of  Eastern  America  extend  to  Asia,  wliiln 
tlie  two  of  California  are  conlined  to  the  western  coast. 

1.  O.  nuda,  Torrey.  Eather  slender,  2  or  3  feet  high,  more  or  less  pubescent 
with  spreading  hairs  :  leaves  twice  ternate  ;  leatiels  ovate,  an  inch  or  two  long, 
acute  or  obtusisli,  rather  deeply  cleft  and  toothed:  umbel  long-peduncled,  3-5- 
rayed,  naked  or  witli  small  caducous  involucre  and  involucels ;  rays  2  or  3  inches 
long  :  pedicels  3  to  i)  lines  long  :  fruit  slender,  G  or  7  lines  long  and  a  line  broad  or 
less,  acutely  ribbed  ;  the  style  and  «tyh)podium  very  short ;  the  attenuated  base  2 
lines  long  :  seed  terete,  sulcate  on  the  inner  face.  —  Pacif.  li.  Pep.  iv.  93.  0.  bre- 
visti/lls,  Hook.  PI.  i.  272  in  part,  t.  U7. 

In  the  mountains  from  8an  Diego  ()o.  to  Alaska  and  eastward  to  Colorado.  It  is  doubtful  if 
the  allied  O.  brcvi.slylis  extends  so  far  west  as  the  Rocky  Mountiiins.  That  s[)ecies  is  distinguished 
by  its  larger  and  more  acuminate  leaflets,  involucrate  umbels,  and  larger  fruit,  and  the  seed  more 
angular  and  involute. 

2.  O.  brachypoda,  Torrey.  About  a  foot  high:  leaves  2-3-ternato;  leadets 
ovate,  an  inch  long  or  li;.s.s,  acute,  laciniuLely  lobeil  and  tootiied :  rays  rather  shorter; 
involucre  of  one  or  few  and  involucels  of  \  to  0  linear-acuminate  bracts,  the  latter 
equalling  the  llowcrs  ;  pedicels  very  short  :  fruit  strongly  and  acutely  ribbed,  G 
lines  long  by  1^  broad,  the  stout  base  but  a  line  long  ;  stylopodium  depressed  and 
styles  very  short :  seed  strongly  5-angled,  the  margins  contiguous  and  closing  the 
deep  central  sulcus.  —  Pacif.  P..  Pep.  iv.  93. 

A  strongly  marked  species,  seemingly  confined  to  Central  California  ;  Nevada  Co.  {Bigelow, 
Prattcn),  Santa  Clara  Valley  (Goudulc),  and  Monterey,  Parri). 

15.   GLYCOSMA,  Nutt. 

Characters  as  in  Osmorrhlza  except  as  regards  the  fruit,  which  is  linear  but  not 
attenuate  to  a  narrow  base,  and  usually  glabrous ;  stylopodium  depressed  and  styles 
very  short :  seed  sennterete  or  angled,  witli  a  rather  broad  sulcus  on  the  face.  In- 
volucre and  involucels  wanting. 

A  group  of  plants  of  Western  Ameiica,  moi'e  nearly  allied  to  Osmnrrhiza  than  to  Myrrhis  of 
the  Old  World,  to  whicii  it  is  referred  by  IJcnthani  k  Hooker.     The  simcies  are  very  much  alike. 

1.  Qt.  OCCidentale,  Nutt.  Rather  stout,  2  feet  high  or  more,  linely  puberulent 
throughout,  exce]»ting  the  inllorescenco:  leaves  2-ternate,  the  leallets  oblongdanceo- 
late,  H  to  2|  inches  long,  serrate  :  rays  somewhat  erect ;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long, 
exceeding  the  sterile  llowers  :  fruit  7  or  8  lines  long,  rather  acutely  angled.  — Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  639 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  38G.  Myrrhis  occidentcdis,  Benth. 
&  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  i.  897  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  346. 

In  the  mountains  from  Oregon  to  Mono  Pass,  and  eastward  to  the  Wahsatch  ;  S.  Utah,  Parry. 

2.  G-.  ambiguum,  Gray.  Glabrous,  or  somewhat  hairy  near  the  nodes:  leaflets 
rather  smaller  and  more  deeply  gash-toothed,  an  inch  or  two  long,  ovate-oblong, 
acute  :  rays  more  spreading ;  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long,  not  exceeding  the  barren 
flowers  :  fruit  6  or  7  lines  long,  rarely  bristly  on  the  ribs  at  base.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  386. 

Collected  by  KeUotjr/  &  Harford  in  shady  woods  at  Cahto,  California,  and  by  Hall  at  the  foot  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon. 

3.  G-.  Bolanderi,  G.ray.  iStout,  .somewhat  puberulent :  leaflets  ovate,  acute, 
rather  deeply  gash-tuotlicd  and  lobcil  :  rays  spreading  ;  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long, 


(Enanthe.  UMBELLIFER.^.  263 

shorter  than  tlie  storile  flowers:  fruit  9  or  10  lines  long,  li  lines  broad  — Proc  Am 
Acad.  vii.  346  &  viii.  38G. 

Shady  woods  of  Humboldt  and  Mondocino  rounties,  Bolandcr,  Kellogg. 

16.  PODOSCIADIUM,  Gmy. 
Calyx-teeth  small,  scarious,  subulate.  Stylopodiuiu  short,  conical.  Fruit  linear- 
oblong,  laterally  compressed,  with  a  rather  broad  commissure,  somewhat  contracted 
at  the  apox  ;  ribs  narrow  and  filiform  ;  oil-tubes  1  or  2  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the 
commissure.  Seed  reniform  in  section,  slightly  channelled  on  the  back  under  tlio 
oil  tubes,  broadly  furrowed  on  the  face,  with  a  central  longitudinal  ridge.  Car- 
pophore 2-parted. —  Smooth  branching  Californian  perennials;  leaves  pinnately  or 
somewhat  ternately  decompound,  with  linear  leaflets ;  umbels  long-peduncled,  with 
involucres  and  involucels  of  several  lanceolate  acuminate  subscarious  bracts;  flowers 
white,  polygamous. 

1.  P.  Californicum,  Gray.  Stem  3  or  4  feet  high:  segments  of  the  leaves 
linear,  entire  or  toothed,  the  terminal  one  elongated,  an  inch  or  two  long  ;  upper- 
most leaves  simple  :  umbels  9  -  12-rayed,  the  primary  umbel  fertile,  with  rays  two 
inches  long ;  the  others  sterile,  with  rays  an  inch  long  and  very  slender  pedicels 
exceeding  the  bracts  :  petals  shortly  acuminate  :  fruit  4  lines  long,  shorter  than  the 
pedicels,  \\  lines  broad,  with  obtuse  ribs:  oil-tubes  and  seeds  as  described  in  the 
generic  character.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  346.  Chcerophylluvt  (?)  Californicum, 
Torrey,  Pacif.  R  Pep.  iv.  93. 

Collected  only  by  Diijchw  nt  Knight's  Ferry  ;  Mny. 

2.  P.  Bolanderi,  Cray.  Two  feet  high  :  leaflets  pinnate,  the  segments  moro 
narrowly  linear  :  und)els  many-rayed  ;  rays  /)  to  9  linos  long  ;  the  conspicuous 
scarious  involucels  exceeding  the  pedicels  :  ])etala  very  loiig-ncumiuate,  with  the 
niidvein  strongly  impressed  :  fruit  1^  lines  long,  oblong,  the  narrow  ribs  becoming 
elevated  and  undulate ;  oil-tubes  more  numerous  and  obscure,  2  or  3  in  the  inter- 
vals :  seed  more  compressed  dorsally,  and  broader  in  proportion,  not  grooved  on  the 
back,  the  facial  sulcus  broad  and  shallow  and  but  slightl}-^  raised  in  the  centre.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  346. 

Mariposa  Trail,  among  rocks,  Bolander. 

A  closely  allied  plant,  but  difTciing  from  any  of  the  preceding  genera,  has  been  collected  in 
the  Yosemite  Valley  by  both  Dr.  Torrey  and  Dr.  Gray,  with  the  fruit  however  too  immature  for 
its  satisfactory  determination.  Tiie  fruit  as  found  is  narrowly  oblong,  4  lines  lon<r,  latenilly  com- 
pressed with  a  rather  wide  commi.ssurc,  slightly  ribbed  on  the  back  ;  disk  evident,  but  stylopodium 
depressed  ;  oil-tubes  obscure,  probably  solitary  in  the  intervals  ;  seed  subtcretc,  with  a  deep  tri- 
angular facial  sulcus  ;  carpophore  2-pai-ted.  The  idant  is  a  foot  high  or  less,  glabrous,  slender, 
shortly  caulescent ;  leaves  ternate  or  bipinnato,  with  linear  acute  segments,  1  to  3  lines  long  ; 
umbels  few-rayed,  the  rays  very  unequal,  an  inch  long  or  less  ;  involucre  none  ;  involucels  of  1 
or  2  small  bractlets  ;  flowers  yellow,  the  calyx-teeth  obsolete. 

17.  CENANTHE,  Linn. 
Calyx-teeth  rather  prominent,  acute.  Stylojiodium  short-conical,  the  styles  at 
length  elongated.  Fruit  oblong  to  globose,  not  compressed,  with  a  broad  commis- 
sure, the  ribs  rounded  and  corky,  with  very  narrow  intervals ;  oil-tubes  solitary. 
Seed  somewhat  compressed  dorsally,  flat  on  the  face.  Carpophore  iione.  —  Gla- 
brous linrbs,  mostly  acpmtic  ;  leaves  juiuinto  or  dccompouud  ;  undxds  usually  in- 
volucrato  ;   flowers  white. 

The  following  are  our  only  representntives  of  this  genus,  of  which  there  are  20  or  more  species 
in  the  temperate  regions  of  the  Old  World. 


2QA  UMJ5ELL1FK1UC.  (Enanthe. 

1,  Qj.  Californica,  Watson.  Biennial  or  jierennial  ;  stems  succulent,  usually 
weak  -  to  T)  I'eet  hi^li  :  leaves  ternato  and  bipinnato,  tlie  jjinniu  nearly  hessihi ; 
leaflets  approxiniati',  ovate,  acute  or  acutish,  toothed,  often  lobi-d  at  basi;,  u  hall"  to 
an  inch  long  :  unibel.s  many-rayed,  with  one  or  two  linear  involuc.ral  bracts  or 
naked;  rays  an  inch  lon^'  or  less;  pedicelB  numerous,  short ;  IVidt  crowdeij,  ncaiiy 
1^  lines  long,  oblong,  obtuse  at  ea(-h  end,  tiiii)ed  with  the  lung  si)rradiiig  styles; 
ribs  and  coniniissure  very  corky  :  seed  somewhat  dorsally  compressed,  usually 
angled;   oil-tubes  at  the  angles.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.    139. 

In  marslies  at  Point  Lolws,  anil  southwanl  to  San  Diego  County. 

2.  GEI.  sarmentosa,  Nutt.  Very  similar  :  leaves  usually  broader  and  more 
open;  lealiets  acuminate,  mostly  smaller. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  617.  Phellan- 
ilrium  aquaticum,  Pursh. 

Washington  Territoiy  and  Oregon  ;  Pluuias  Co.,  Lcnvmon.  Tlie  succulent  stems  have  the  taste 
of  Celery  and  are  eaten  by  the  1  iidiaus. 

18.   lilQUSTICUM,  lann. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodiuni  usually  conical ;  margin  of  the  disk  undu- 
late. Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  with  a  broad  commissure,  somewhat  dorsally  com- 
pressed ;  ribs  somewhat  prominent  and  acute  or  narrowly  winged,  the  lateral  ones 
usually  broadest;  oil-tubes  obscure.  Seed  dorsally  llattened,  somewhat  concave  on 
the  face.  Carpophore  2-parted.  —  Smooth  perennials,  usvudly  tall;  leaves  pinnately 
or  ternate  and  pinnately  decompound  ;  umbels  many-rayed,  naked  or  involuerate  ; 
flowers  white. 

A  genus  of  about  20  or  '2.')  species,  of  the  northern  hemispheie,  chiefly  of  the  OKI  Woild  and 
most  of  tliem  rather  obscurely  characterized. 

1.  L.  apiifolimn,  lienth.  &  Hook.  Rather  stout,  2  to  4  feet  high,  branching 
above  :  leaves  ternate  or  biternate,  the  divisions  pinnate  or  bipinnate  ;  segments 
ovate,  f  to  U  inches  long,  laciniately  pinuatilid,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate  :  um- 
bels long-})ed uncled,  without  involucre  or  rarely  with  1  or  2  slender  bracts,  the  rays 
1  or  2  inches  long,  scabrous-puberulent  above;  involucels  of  several  narrowly  linear 
entire  bractlets ;  pedicels  slender,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  fruit  oval,  2  lines  long,  with  a 
conical  stylophore  ;  carpels  somewhat  quadrangular  ;  ribs  narrow,  acute  ;  oil-tubes 
3  to  5  in  the  intervals,  4  to  8  on  the  commissure  :  seed  reniform  in  section,  with 
a  medial  longitutlinal  ridge.  —  Gen.  i.  SJ12.  Cpuquum  apiifulium,  Nutt.  in  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  041. 

In  the  mountains  from  the  Columbia  River  southward  ;  Yosemite  Valley  {Bolandcr) ;  Big  Tree 
road  and  Ebbett's  Vass{Breucr)  ;  Donner  Lake,  Torre i/.  The  Californiau  plant  agiees  with  that 
of  Oregon  in  all  its  cliaracters.     Si)ecimens  collei-ted  at  Tamalpais  by  Bigelow  were  rel'crred  here 

by  Dr.  Torrey,  probably  correctly,  but  they  were  only  in  flower.     What  ap[)ears  to  be  the  same 

is  also  found  in  Colorado,  but  the  Segments  of  the  leaves  are  smaller,  the  involucels  wanting, 

and  the  fruit  (immature)  Homewhat  larger. 

A  doubtful  form,  var.  minus.  Gray  in  herb.,  is  found  at  Ostrander's  Meadows  (Bolandcr),  and 

Ebbett's  yiissiBrcuxi-)  ;  stem  9  to  15  inches  hi^'h,  with  1  or  2  umbels  ;  leaves  all  nearly  radical, 

toruato-piunate  ;  the  still  immatiue  fruit  2^  hues  long,  rather  strongly  ribbed,   the  seed  more 

depressed  and  witliout  the  central  ridge. 

L.  «(;()i'Ul,(UiUM,  (buy,  tlm  more  imivalent  species  in  tlio  llocky  MouutaiuH,  may  purhajia  bo 

found  in  the  norlheru  Sierra  Nevada,  dlMlingiiishud  by  the  more  depres.s<iil-rcniform  boed  and 

by  the  oval  more  broadly  winged  fruit. 

19.  SELINUM,  Linn. 
Characters  of  Liyusticum,  but  the  fruit  rather  more  prominently  winged,  the  oil- 
tubes  solitary  and  conspicuous  in  the  intervals,  and  the  seed  nearly  flat  on  the  face. 
—  Tall  stout  branching  perennials,  with  jtinnately  tk-compound  leaves. 


Angdicn.  UMBKLLIFERvE.  265 

A  genus  of  ahout  25  species  (nceonliiig  to  Hontli.  k  Hook.),  almost  cxelnsivcly  of  the  northern 
hemisphere  ;  perhaps  half  a  dozen  in  North  America. 

*   Involncels  conspic7ions :  pedicels  slender:  fruit  smooth,  tuifh  thin  tvings. 

1.  S.  Pacificum,  Watson.  Leavo.s  teniate-bipiniiatfi,  the  ovato  acutish  seg- 
ments an  inch  long,  laciniatoly  tootlied  and  lobed  :  umbels  on  stout  peduncles, 
about  15-raycd,  witli  an  involuoro  of  2  or  3  lobcd  and  toothed  leaflets,  an  inch 
long,  equalling  the  rays  ;  involncels  of  several  narrowly  linear  entire  or  3-toothed 
bracts  of|ualling  the  flowers;  pedicels  2  or  4  lines  long:  fruit  oblmig,  3  or  4  linos 
long,  \\  lines  broad;  stylo[)0(liuiri  slightly  promiii(>nt  iibovc^  the  disk;  the  wings 
rather  narrow ;  oil-tubes  conspicuous,  very  rarely  in  pairs  :  seed  channelled  under 
the  dorsal  oil-tubes.  —  Proc.  Aiu.  Acad.  xi.  140. 

Saucelito  Hills,  near  San  Francisco,  Kcllngrj  k  Harford. 

*   *    Umbels  naked  ;  pedicels  very  short  or  none,  the  fioivers  and  hirsute  fruit  crowded 
or  in  globose  heads  :  ivings  corky. 

2.  S.  capitellatum,  Benth,  «fe  Hook.  Very  stout,  2  to  5  feet  high,  smooth  : 
leaves  largo,  with  nmch  dilated  petioles,  bi[)innate,  tho  few  leaflets  oblong-  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  coarsely  laciniatiOy  toothe*!  or  lobed :  unibels  2  or  3, 
tomentose,  6-8-rayed;  umbellets  globose,  3  to  6  lines  in  diameter,  the  pubescent 
flowers  sessile  on  a  dilated  receptacle  :  disk  prominent,  the  styl(>podium  depressed  : 
fruit  cuneate-obovate,  3  lines  long,  strongly  ribbed,  the  lateral  wings  broader  than 
the  3  upright  dorsal  ones  :  seed  reniform,  with  shallow  grooves  for  the  dorsal  oil- 
tubes. —  Gen.  i.  915;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  126.  Sphiwiosciadium  capitellatum, 
(tray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  536. 

Stream-banks  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mono  to  Donner  Pass,  especially  on  the  eastern  sloj>e. 
Another  closely  allied  specues  is  fonnd  in  the  mountains  of  Northern  Nevada,  S.  KiNOii,  Watson, 
1.  c,  with  less  tomentose  inflorescence,  the  fruit  oblong-oval,  on  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long. 

20.  ANGELICA,  T,inn. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  minute.  Stylopodium  depressiid.  Fruit  ovate,  strongly 
flattened  dorsally  with  a  very  broad  commissure,  margined  by  the  broad  membra- 
nous distinct  lateral  wing  ;  dorsal  ribs  prominent  bid.  narrower ;  oil-tubes  solitary 
in  tho  intervals,  or  tho  lateral  in  pairs.  Seed  flattened,  the  face  flat  or  slightly  con- 
cave. Carpophore  2-parted.  —  Usually  tall  and  stout  perennials  ;  leaves  pinnate  or 
compound,  the  toothed  segments  usually  broad  and  the  petioles  much  dilated ;  um- 
bels many-rayed,  naked  or  nearly  so  ;  flowers  white  or  piirple. 

About  30  species  in  the  north  temperate  and  Arctic  zones  ;  ton  or  more  North  Americjin. 

1.  A.  Brcweri,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  puberulent.  3  or  4  feet  high: 
leaves  ternate  or  quinate  and  pinnate  ;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, 2  or  3  inches  long,  sharply  serrate  with  ciispidate  teeth,  the  lower  some- 
times lobed  at  base:  peduncles  long,  often  witli  1  or  2  entire  dilated  somewhat 
membranous  bracts  :  umbels  naked  ;  rays  2  inches  long  :  fruit  pubescent,  ol)long, 
4  lines  long  and  2  broad,  the  lateral  wings  narrow  and  corky,  as  thick  as  the  seed, 
the  dorsal  obtuse  and  little  prominent ;  oil-tubes  usually  6,  besides  2  to  4  on  the 
commissure,  the  lateral  or  dorsal  in  pairs  :  seed  more  or  less  concave  on  the  face, 
with  sometimes  a  longitudinal  medial  ridge,  the  oil-tulies  sunk  in  deep  depressions 
on  tho  back. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  318;  Watson,  Hot.  King  pAp.  126. 

In  tho  Sierra  Novadft  from  rinmna  Co.  (,\fr.<>.  /imr.i)  to  Kbhott's  I'a.v  and  the  Hig  Tree  road 
(Polandr.r,   Torrn/,  Brewer) ;  N.  W.  Nevada,   JCalion. 

2.  A.  tomentosa,  W^atson.  Very  stout,  hoary-toniento.se  thro\ighout  or  the 
stem  glabrous  :  leaves  quinately  bipinnatc,   the  leaflets   thick,  ovate,  acute,   very 


266  UM  BELLI  FER.E.  .  Atigelica. 

oblique  at  base,  2  to  4  inches  long,  the  lower  sometimes  lobed,  unequally  serrate 
with  acutisli  teeth  :  umbels  naked,  often  dense,  the  rays  1  to  3  inches  long  :  fruit 
broad-elliptical,  3  lines  long  by  2  to  2i  broad,  the  lateral  wings  thin  and  the  dorsal 
acutish  :  aeed  thin,  flat  on  the  face,  tli^o  solitary  oil-tubes  in  channels  on  the  back. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  ill. 

ill  till)  ("oust  Ktiiigus,  IVoiii  Sail  I'luiicibco  to  ftU'iulociiio  County. 

3.  A.  lineariloba,  Gray.  Glabrous,  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  twice  to 
thrice  (luiuatc,  tlie  Icallets  linear,  1  or  2  inches  long,  cusi)idately  acuminate,  entire 
or  the  lower  ones  3-i)arted  with  the  tlecurrent  sometimes  coarsely  tootlied  lobes 
divaricate  :  umbels  naked,  the  rays  an  iixdi  or  two  h)ng  :  fruit  smooth,  4  lines  long 
by  two  wide;  lateral  wings  a  little  narrower  than  the  seed,  rather  corky:  oil-tubes 
solitary,  tlie  lateral  in  pairs:  seed  nearly  Hat  on  the  face,  channelled  under  the  dmsal 
oil-tubes. —  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  ;M7. 

Mono  Pass  {Bulandcr)  ;  in  the  Suulliein  Siena  Nevada,  Rolhruck.  The  thick  root  is  sai.l  not 
to  be  sweet-scented. 

21.  CYMOPTERUS,  Raf. 
Calyx-teeth  prominent  or  often  small  or  obsolete.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit 
ovate  or  elliijtical,  obtuse  or  retuse,  dorsally  llattened,  the  lateral  ribs  and  some  or 
all  of  the  dorsal  ones  expanded  into  more  or  less  thickened  ami  corky  wings  ;  oil- 
tubes  narrow,  one  to  several  in  the  intervals.  Seed  dorsally  flattened,  and  more  or 
less  concave  on  the  face.  Carpophore  2-parted.  —  Perennials,  mostly  low  and  often 
cespitose,  with  a  thickened  root ;  leaves  pinnately  and  finely  decompound,  with 
small  narrow  segments;  umbels  usually  both  involucrate  and  involucellate,  few- 
rayed  ;  flowers  white  or  yellow. 

Natives  of  Western  North  America,  about  15  species,  most  of  tliem  confined  to  the  region 
between  the  h'ocky  Mountains  and  the  Siena  Nevada.  Tlie  roots  are  extensively  used  by  the 
Indians  lor  I'ooiL 

*   Shurdi/  caulescent :  Jlowers  i/ellaio. 

1.  C.  terebinthinus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Erect,  G  to  18  inches  high,  smooth,  leafy 
at  base  :  leaves  rather  rigid,  thrice  innnate  ;  leallcts  a  line  long  or  less,  linear-oblong, 
acute,  entire  or  1  -  2-to(.thed  :  fertile  rays  4  ti)  fi,  unetjual,  |  to  2  inches  long  ;  invo- 
lucre a  single  linear  leallet  or  wanting,  tlie  inv<ducels  of  several  short  linear  bracts  ; 
pedicels  1  to  2  lines  long  :  fruit  3  or  4  lines  long,  2  or  3  broad,  the  rather  thin 
corky  ribs  a  line  broad  ;  calyx-teeth  evident  :  oil-tubes  2  to  4  in  the  intervals,  4  to 
10  on  the  commissure:  carp()])li()re  ))crsistent.  —  Fl.  i.  024.  Stlinam  terehliithinum, 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  2G0,  t.  1)5.  C.  /witiculaccus,  C.  albijlorus,  ^  C.  thupsoides,  Kutt.  in 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  024. 

One  of  the  most  widely  distributed  of  the  species,  ranging  from  tlie  Cascade  Mountains  in 
Washington  Territory  to  Ebbett's  Pass  (Brewer,  at  9,000  feet  alt.),  and  the  Yosemite  Valley 
(Oraij),  and  in  the  mountains  eastward  to  Colorado.  As  in  other  species  the  number  of  develoi)e(l 
dorsal  wings  is  variable. 

*   *   Acanlescent  or  nearly  so :  flowers  U'hite. 
+-    Xul  alj'iiie. 

2.  C.  montanus,  Is'utt.  Nearly  acaulescent:  leaves  clustered  at  the  summit  of 
the  very  short  stein,  smooth  and  glaucous,  pinnate  or  bipinnate,  the  oblong  seg- 
ments pinnatihd  with  oblong  obtuse  entire  or  toothed  lobes  :  ]>ed uncles  1  to  4 
inches  high,  rather  stout  :  involucre  and  involucels  of  broad  and  membranaceous 
bracts,  united  at  base,  the  involucre  often  short  and  cuji-like  :  rays  about  half  an 
inch  long  or  less  ;  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long  :  fruit  3  to  6  lines  long,  with  thin  flat 
wings  1  or  2  lines  broad  ;  calyx-teeth  small ;  oil-tubes  3  in  the  intervals,  6  to  8  on 


Peucedanum.  TJMBELLIFER.E.  267 

the  commissure:  seed  concave. — Torr,  &  Cray,  Fl.  i.  G24  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  123,  excl.  var. 

Var.  purpurascens,  Gray.  Involucres  and  involucels  very  broad  and  conspic- 
uous, nearly  enclosing  the  flowers,  obtuse,  tinged  or  veined  with  purple  and  green  : 
fruit  nearly  sessile,  large  and  very  broadly  winged.  —  Ives  Colorado  liep.  15. 

Olio  of  the  earliest  spring  flowers  in  the  Great  Basin,  from  Western  Nevada  and  Northern  Ari- 
zona to  Utah  ;  doubtless  in  Eastern  California.  The  tyincal  form  seems  to  be  mostly  confined  to 
the  vicinity  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

3.  C  globosus,  Watsf)n.  Witli  the  habit  of  the  last,  the  so^nionts  of  the  loaves 
somewhat  broililer  in  c)utlino  :  involucre  and  involucels  apparently  none,  and  the 
rays  and  pedicels  obsoleto,  the  flowers  and  fruit  being  in  dense  globose  heads,  ^  to 
1  inch  in  diamctcu' ;  fruit  3  or  4  lines  long,  the  thin  flat  wings  a  line  broad,  narrower 
at  base  :  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure  :  seed  slightly  con- 
cave on  the  face.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  141. 

Northern  Nevada  ;  near  Carson  City  {Stretch,  Wnfjion)  ;  Goshoot  Mountains,  Bcckwith.  Re- 
ferred to  by  Dr.  Toirey,  in  Pacif.  R.  Reji.  ii.  120,  under  C.  vwntamai  as  an  abnormal  form,  and 
made  a  variety  of  the  same  species  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  124,  the  true  fruit  not  having  been 
examined. 

'  +-  -(-  Dwarf  and  alpine. 

4.  C.  cinerarius,  Gray.  Acaulescent,  with  a  subterranean  creeping  rhizoina  : 
scape  (2  or  3  inches  high)  and  petioles  glabrous  :  leaves  somewhat  cordate  in  o\it- 
line,  bipinnate  with  toothed  segments,  glaucous-cinereous  with  a  line  rough  puber- 
ulence  :  rays  few,  short  or  almost  none  ;  involucre  of  nuiMorous  tiiiited  somewhat 
membranous  long-acuminate  segments  :  flowers  ])urplish  ;  calyx-teeth  small :  fruit 
3  lines  long,  the  undulate  wings  less  than  a  line  broad  ;  oil-tubes  3  in  the  inter- 
vals, several  on  the  commissure  :  seed  narrow,  strongly  curved  with  a  deep  central 
channel.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  535. 

At  Sonora  Pass  and  above  Mono  Lake  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Bremer),  at  0,000  to  10,000  feet 
altitude. 

5.  C.  NevadensiS,  Gray.  Cespitose,  leafy,  roughish  pubcrulcMit :  leaves  rather 
rigid,  half  an  inch  long,  on  short  petioles,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  3  -  5-parted  with  lan- 
ceolate-subulate segments  :  scape  less  than  an  inch  high,  terminated  by  an  umbel  of 
3  to  5  nearly  sessile  umbellets,  involncrato  by  several  broad  3-5-cU'ft  herbaceous 
acute  bracts:  cnlyx-teeth  lanco-suhulnte  ;  atyltvs  h'lig;  ovnry  obHcuroly  winged. — 
Pro(!.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  530. 

On  the  summit  of  Mt.  Dana,  at  over  13,000  feet  altitude,  lirnirr.  \\\\>(s  fruit  is  wauling,  and 
the  determination  of  the  plant  is  therefore  in  some  measure  uncertain. 

22.  PEUCEDANUM,  Liun. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  slightly  prominent.  Disk  and  stylopodium  small  and 
depressed  (in  western  species).  Fruit  suborbicular  to  oblong,  strongly  compressed 
dorsally,  the  dorsal  ribs  filiform  or  slightly  prominent,  the  lateral  borders  thin  and 
coherent  till  maturity ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  or  in  pairs,  or  in  a  few 
species  still  more  numerous.  Seed  flattened,  scarcely  concave  on  the  face,  not  chan- 
nelled under  the  oil-tubes.  — Perennials,  with  fusiform  or  tuberous  roots,  caulescent 
(usually  shortly  so)  or  acaulescent ;  umbels  without  involucres  (in  western  species), 
mostly  involucellato ;  leaves  pinnate  to  decompoundly  dissected  ;  flowers  yellow  or 
white. — Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  121. 

A  comprohouflivo  genus  of  100  or  more  sppi'len,  restricted  in  Amerii-a  to  the  region  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  wliero  20  species  are  found.  They  diifer  in  giiiernl  habit  from  most  of  those  of  the 
Old  World,  but  there  seems  no  good  grounil  for  a  scpiuMtinn.  The  roots  of  nearly  nil,  m  in 
the  last  genus,  are  an  important  article  of  food  among  the  Indiiins. 


2G8 


UMiiELLIFER^.  •     "  •      Peucedanum. 


8. 

1' 

MACtlUCAIU'UM 

W. 

I' 

DAHYOAUniM. 

0. 

1' 

MiCVADKNHIC. 

♦  leaves  not  deconipouiul,  the  seginuiits  liirge  or  broad  or  elongated:  flowers  yellow  :  I'luit  gla- 

brous ;  oil-tubc8  solitary. 

Acaiilcscent,  glabrous  :  It^allots  ovate  to  narrowly  lan.eolato,  ouliro  or 

toothed  at  till)  ajM'X  :  iiivoluiels  none  :  fruit  oblong.  1.    P.  l.ElocAKi-UM. 

Mostly  caulescent,  iiuberulent :  leaflets  linear,  entire  :  involueels  snniU  : 

fruit  olilong.  '-2.   P-  tihtkiinatum. 

Shortly  eaukseent,  j^'labrous  :  leaflets  ovate,  toothed  :  involueels  pres- 
ent :  fruit  orbicular. 
Leaves  ternato  :  leaflets  cordate  :  fruit  large,  emarginate  at  each  end.       3.   P.  Eukyptkua. 
Leaves  bitemate  :  leaflets  oval,  laciniate  or  pinnatificl :  fruit  smaller, 

scarcely  emarginate  :  calyx-teeth  proniinent.  4.   P.  pauvifouum. 

♦  ♦  Leaves  decompound  ;  segments  narrowly  linear  ;  })etiole3  broadly  dilated  :  involueels  con- 

spicuous :  flowers  yellow  :  fruit  glabrous,  elliptical  :  caulescent,  puberulent. 

Segments  ^  to  2  inches  long  :  bractlets  often  lanceolate  :  ribs  obsolete  : 

oil-tubes  indistinct.  5.  P.  caruifolium. 

Segments  rarely  J  inch  long  :  bractlets  usually  much  dilated  :  ribs  dis- 
tinct :  oil-tubes  broud.  6.   P.  UTRICULATUM. 

♦   *   »   Leaves  much  dissected  :  low,  pubescent. 

Segments  narrow  :  flowers  yellow  :  fruit  pubescent,  oval  :  acaulescent.        7.   P.  vii.i.osuM. 
Segments  small  :  flowers  while  :  somewhat  caulescent. 

Puljescent :  fruit  glabrous,    oblong  or  broadly  elliptical  :  involueels 
conspicuous. 

Villous-tonionloHo  :  fruit  |onuuilo.so,  orbicular  or  ovate. 

(iluuoouH,  puburuhmt :  fruit  homuwhal  puliescout,  KuindiHh  to  ovate. 

§  1.  Leaves  not  finely  dissected,  ternate  or  bitemate,  sometimes  quinate  or  with  ])in- 
nate  divisions,  the  segments  large,  broad,  or  elongated :  involueels  small  or 
none  :  fiowers  yellow;  calyx-teeth  obsolete,  except  in  No.  i  :  fruit  glabrous; 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 

*  Acaulescent,  glabrous  :  fruit  oblong  :  involueels  none. 

1.  P.  leiocarpum,  Nutt.  Scape  often  very  stout,  |  to  1^  feet  high,  from  a 
thick  eloiigatetl  root:  leaves  Liteniate  or  ternate-quinate  ;  leaflets  usually  thick, 
ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  acute,  sharply  few-toothed  near  the 
apex  or  the  narrower  form  entire  :  hivse,  of  the  umhel  and  umbellets  often  dilated  ; 
rays  usually  few,  une(iual,  2  to  8  inches  long;  pedicels  1  to  5  lines  long,  us\ially 
short :  fruit  4  or  5  lines  long,  2  lines  broad,  narrowed  below,  the  ribs  rather  promi- 
nent, and  tlie  wing  half  as  wide  as  the  seed  ;  oil-tubes  distinct,  the  lateral  sometimes 
in  pairs,  4  oji  the  commissure.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  G2G  ;  Seseli  leiocai-j>um, 
Hook.  FI.  i.  2fi2,  t.  93. 

From  Paget  Sound  to  the  Sacramento  l{iv(!r,  ami  in  the  mountains  eastward  from  Idaho  to 
Sierra  County,  Ixminon.  The  Californian  .H|ieciuu'ns  are  the  broader-leaved  form,  approaching 
P.  NuTTALi.ii,  Watson  {P.  bUifoUam,  Nutt.),  which  appears  not  to  have  been  collected  within 
the  State.  It  is  distinguished  liy  its  more  ovate,  very  narrowly  winged  and  more  obscurely  ribbed 
fruit  (3  to  4  lines  long  and  2  wide),  with  3  or  4  obscure  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals  and  4  to  6  on 
the  commissure  ;  leaves  bitemate  and  leaflets  ovate  to  orbicular. 

*  *   Caulescent,  except  sometimes  in  No.  2  :  involucellate. 
+-   Fruit  oblong :  leaflets  linear,  entire  :  puberulent. 

2.  P.  triternatum,  Nutt.  Finely  puberulent :  stems  1  to  2^  feet  high,  with 
rarely  more  than  a  single  cauline  leaf,  often  acaulescent  :  leaves  biternate  or  ternate- 
quinate,  the  divisions  rarely  pinnate ;  the  segments  linear,  or  rarely  oblong,  acute,  1 
to  4  inches  long  :  rays  few,  unefiual,  1  to  4  inches  long  ;  involueels  of  a  few  narrow 
bractlets,  usually  snuvU  ;  pedicels  very  short :  fruit  rarely  pubescent,  3  or  4  lines 
long,  1  to  1^  lines  wide,  narrowest  below,  very  narrowly  winged,  ilistinctly  ribbed  ; 
oil-tubes  distinct,  2  broad  ones  on  the  commissure.  —  Torr.  &  Ciray,  Fl.  i.  62G. 
Seseli  triternatum,  Pursh  ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  204,  t.  1)4. 


Peucedanvm.  UMBELLIFKR  J<:.  26'J 

From  Piiget  Sound  nnd  Idaho  to  Mendocino  and  Placer  counties.  The  acaulescent  form 
(P.  hptocarpum,  Nutt.)  is  the  more  frequent  in  California,  and  may  perhaps  bo  found  to  differ  in 
the  form  of  the  fruit,  which  sometimes  at  least  is  broadest  near  the  base,  narrowing  upward. 

P.  SIMPLEX,  Nutt.,  of  Utah,  is  very  similar,  but  with  leaves  only  tcrnate  or  biternatc,  fniit 
orbicular,  5  or  6  lines  long,  emarginate  at  each  end,  the  wings  broader  than  the  body,  and  the 
ribs  prominent. 

P.  AMnifiUUM,  Nutt.,  which  includes  P.  Iccvigatum,  Nutt,  extends  from  Oregon  and  Wa.shing- 
ton  Territory  to  Western  Montana,  and  probably  also  occurs  in  Northern  ralilornia.  It  is  gla- 
brous, a  foot  high  or  often  much  less  :  leaves  with  much  dilated  petioles,  at  least  the  lower  ones 
1-2-pinnate  with  long  linear  entire  leaflets,  the  <ippcr  often  more  dissected:  involurels  very 
small  or  none  ;  rays  an  inch  or  two  long  :  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  4  lines  long,  a  lino  wide,  tho 
wing  half  the  width  of  the  seed  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  broad  and  thin  ones  on  the 
commissure. 

P.  farinosUjM,  Geyer,  Hook.  Jour.  Bot.  vi.  235,  is  a  dwarf  species  of  Oregon  and  Idaho, 
which  has  not  yet  been  collected  in  mature  fruit.  The  short  stems  are  slender,  fiom  a  small 
round  tuber  ;  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  with  linear  entire  leaflets  ;  flowers  white,  in  small 
open  few-rayed  umbels  ;  involucels  of  one  or  few  small  linear  bracts. 

There  is  apparently  at  least  another  allied  species  among  those  used  extensively  by  the  Oregon 
Indians,  and  which  may  extend  into  Northern  California,  but  of  which  the  fruit  ha.s  not  been  col- 
lected. It  is  low  and  acaulescent,  with  a  very  thick  root,  glabrous,  the  leaflets  linear  ;  flowers 
white  (?),  nearly  sessile  in  the  umbcllets,  with  often  a  quite  conspicuous  involucel. 

-«-  -t-   Fruit  orbicular :  leaflets  ovate,  toothed :  glahrouH. 

3.  P.  Euryptera,  Gray.  Shortly  caulescent,  0  to  10  inches  hi-^h,  rather  stout  : 
leaves  ternate ;  leaflets  broadly  cordate,  somewliat  lobed,  coarsely  and  nmrronately 
toothed,  I  to  1  inch  long  :  rays  10  to  15,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  the  pedicels  short ; 
involucels  unilateral,  of  several  lanceolate  bractlets  :  fruit  5  lines  in  diameter,  emar- 
ginate at  each  end,  the  wings  broader  than  tlie  body;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  inter- 
vals and  on  each  side  of  the  commissure.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  348.  Euryptern 
lucida,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  V\.  i.  029  ;  Torrey,  I'.ot.  Mo.\.  I'.ound.  70,  t.  27. 

Gravelly  hills  near  San  Diego,  NuttaU,  Parry. 

4.  P.  parvifolium,  Torr.  ct  Gray.  Very  shortly  caulescent,  slender,  6  to  10 
inches  high  :  leaves  biternate,  deltoid  in  outline,  2  inches  long,  the  divisions  ovate, 
laciniately  lobcd  and  acutely  toothed  or  pinnatifid  :  rays  about  ten,  a  half  to  an 
inch  long  ;  pedicels  3  or  4  lines  long  ;  involucels  of  a  few  linear  bractlets  :  c^ilyx- 
teeth  acute,  one  or  two  usually  prominent  :  fruit  orbicidar  to  l)roa(l]y  elliptical,  3  to 
3^  lines  long,  scarcely  emarginate,  the  wings  broader  than  the  body  ;  ribs  rather 
prominent;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Fl.  i.  628. 
Ferula  parvi/olia,  Hook.   &  Arn.  Bot.   Dcechey,  348. 

Pine  woods  near  Monterey  (Douglas,  Coulter,  Parry)  ;  probably  from  the  Sacramento  to  SantA 
Barbara. 

A  somewhat  similar  species,  P.  Hallii,  Watson,  occurs  in  Orejjon,  but  with  leaves  more  oblong 
in  outline,  jiinnate,  with  deeply  toothed  or  finely  pinnatifid  divisllons  ;  fruit  broadly  elliptical,  the 
wing  half  as  broad  as  the  body  ;  oil-tubes  3  in  the  intervals,  4  or  6  on  the  commissure. 

§  2.  Leaves  decompound  with  narrowly  linear  sefjments  and  very  broadly  dilated  peti- 
oles:  involucels  conspicuous,  of  usually  dilated  scarinusly  viarr/ined  spatulate 
or  lancKolate  bracts  :  flo7iiers  yelloio ;  calyx-teeth  obsolete  :  fruit  broadly  ellip- 
tical, f/labrous  :  caulescent,  flnely  puberulent. 

n.  P.  caruifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  short,  with  ehnigated  peduncles, 
J  to  1^  foet  high  :  segments  of  the  leaves  ^  to  2  inches  long  :  rays  ^  to  3  inches 
long  ;  bractlets  of  the  involucels  often  lanceolate  :  fruit  3  or  4  lines  long,  2  lines 
broad,  the  ribs  obsolete ;  wings  half  as  wide  as  the  body  :  oil  tubes  imlistinct,  2  or 
3  in  the  intervals,  none  on  the  commissure.  —  Fl.  i.  628.  P.  vxarcjinatum,  Benth. 
PI.  Ilartw.  312. 

Central  California,  valleys  and  hillsides  ;  from  Sacramento  Valley  to  SantA  HnrKni-a,  froqueut. 

6.  P.  utriculatum,  Nutt.  More  catdescent  :  leaves  more  finely  tlivided,  the 
sef'ments  1  to  6  lines  long  :  bractlets  rarely  lanceolate,  usually  much  dilated  :  fruit 


270 


IMlJELJ.li'ElMO.  J'cucedunu, 


similar  but  distinctly  ribbed  ;  the  broad  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  4  to  G  on 
the  commissure.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  G28. 

From  Wasliingtuii  Tuiritoiy  uiul  Idaho  to  Soullieni  Cluhforuia,  heiiueiit ;  Los  Aiiguks  {llich)  ; 
Ojui,  Ouvdalc. 

§  'S.   Led i'cs  irri/  Ji  11(1 1/  iliascdal  with  imrrnw  mimcutu :  Jlowcrs  yellow:  (iraiilcturiit, 

pubescent. 

7.  P.  villosum,  iS'utt.  More  or  less  densely  jjubescent,  3  to  G  inches  high: 
leaves  witli  very  numerous  somewhat  crowded  small  narrow  segments  :  llowering 
umbels  dense ;  invohicels  of  several  small  linear  bnictlets  :  fruit  oval,  ])uhes(:ent ; 
oil-tubes  probably  several  in  the  intervals.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  131. 

The  mature  fruit  is  not  knowu.  The  range  appears  to  he  froiu  tlio  base  of  the  Siena  Nevada  in 
Western  Nevada  to  Noilliern  Arizona  and  eastward  to  Nebraska  and  S.  Utah.  The  species  nearly 
resenilile.s  P.  /ainiculacruui,  Nntt.,  of  tlie  eastern  plains,  which  is  taller,  with  ample  leaves  anil 
nearly  filiform  segments,  the  fruit  smooth,  witli  prominent  ribs  and  1  to  3  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals. 

Another  species,  allied  to  P.  /cuiiiculdccuiii,  ranging  from  N.  Utah  to  Idalio  and  ))ossiMy  to 
N.  E.  California,  is  1*.  mu.i.kI'oi.IUM,  Watson.  'J'his  is  glaliroua  tlirougluiut,  with  ample  finely 
dissected  leaves,  large  broadly  winged  glabrous  fruit,  and  solitary  oil-tubes. 

§  4.   Leaves  much  dissected  ivith  small  segments :  flowers  ivhile ;  cahjx-teeth  present: 
somewhat  caulescent  or  nearly  acaulescent,  pubescent. 

*  Fruit  f/labrous,  oblong  or  broadly  elliptical. 

8.  P.  macrocarpum,  N  utt.  ^lore  or  less  imbescent :  stems  usually  tufted,  \ 
to  1  foot  higli  :  fertile  rays  nearly  equal,  an  incli  or  two  long  ;  involucels  conspic- 
uous, of  several  somewhat  foliaceous  lanceolate  or  linear  bracts,  often  united  and 
unilateral:  fruit  oblong,  4  to  10  lines  long,  2  or  3  lines  wide,  exceeding  the  pedi- 
cels ;  ribs  filiform ;  wings  half  as  wide  as  tlie  seed  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  or  rarely  2  or 
3  in  the  intervals,  2  to  4  on  the  commissure.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  G27  ;  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  130. 

Var.  eurycarpum,  (Jrny.  Fruit  4  or  5  lines  wide,  but  slightly  narrower  at  the 
uuds,  the  wings  liroader  tlmn  the  seed  :  leaves  usually  rather  more  coarsely  divided. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  385.  1'.  uudicaule,  var.  (1)  eliijilicum,  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Pacif.  K.  Pep.  ii.  121. 

Frequent  from  Wa.sliington  Territory  to  the  Saskatchewan,  southward  to  N.  California  and  N. 
Nevada.  The  variety  is  apj)arently  the  more  prevalent  fomi  in  California,  ranging  from  Oregon 
to  the  Sacramento,  and  scarcely  occurring  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

*   *   Fruit  lomentose  or  puberulent,  oval-orbicular. 

9.  P.  dasycarpum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  More  or  less  densely  villous-tomentose, 
\  to  1  foot  high  :  leaves  finely  dissected  with  narrow  or  filiform  segments  :  fertile 
rays  nearly  equal,  an  inch  or  two  long;  involucels  of  several  linear  to  lanceolate  or 
oval  bractlets,  free  or  united  at  base  :  fruit  orbicular  or  ovat(i,  often  acutish  above, 
tonientose,  4  to  7  lines  long,  3  to  5  broad;  ribs  j)romineiit ;  oil-tiil)es  usually  3 
(rarely  solitary)  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Fl.  i.  G28.  7'.  tumentusuni, 
Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  312. 

Central  Calirornia,  from  Mendocino  antl  Placer  counties  to  San  Luis  Obispo,  on  dry  hillsides. 
10.  P.  Nevadense,  AVatsim.  Glaucous,  puberulent:  leaves  less  compoimdly 
dissected,  the  .stjgmeiiLH  coarser  :  rays  often  unequal,  1  or  2  inclii'S  long;  involucels 
smaller,  of  .several  linear-lanceohite  bractlets,  usually  distiiutt;  fruit  somiiwhat  pubes- 
cent, nearly  orbicular  to  ovate,  3  to  5  lines  long,  2  to  4  wide ;  ribs  ])romini;iit ; 
calyx-teeth  obsolete  ;  oil-tubes  2  or  3  in  the  intervals,  or  4  in  the  lateral  ones  (per- 
haps very  rarely  solitary),  4  to  G  on  the  commissure.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  143. 
P.  uudicaule,  Watson,  liot.  King  I'lxp.  130,  and  others,  not  Nuttall. 

On  tlie  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  fnin  Nortlieast(U-n  California  to  Sonora  and  New 
Mexico.  This  much  resembles  P.  ni'DIOAim.k,  Nutt,  to  which  it  has  been  ordinarily  referred,  a 
more  uortlieru  and  eastern  species,  ranging  from  Nobmska  and  Northern  Colorado  to  Idaho. 


Ferula.  UMBEIJ.IFERyE.  271 

23.  HERACLEUM,  I-inn.  Cow  rAitsNii-. 
Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Disk  undulate;  stylopodiuin  conical.  Fruit 
strongly  flattened,  orbicular  or  elliptical,  the  broad  wings  coherent  till  maturity  ; 
dorsal  ribs  filiform  or  obscure  ;  oil-tubes  obclavate,  extending  downward  from  the 
apex  rarely  to  the  base,  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure.  Seed  flat 
and  thin.  —  Perennials  or  biennials,  mostly  stout  and  pube.scent ;  leaves  ample, 
lobed  or  compound  ;  umbels  )nany-rayed  ;  involucre  usually  few-leaved,  caducous ; 
involucels  many-leaved  ;   flowers  white. 

Aliout  50  species  nre  found  in  the  north  tnnpeiate  zone  of  tiie  Old  World,  a  single  one  extend- 
ing to  America  and  ranging  through  much  of  British  America  and  the  United  States. 

1.  H.  lanatum,  Michx.  Very  stout,  4  to  8  feet  high,  pubescent:  petioles 
greatly  dilated;  leaves  ternate ;  the  divisions  pctiolulate,  round-cordate,  4  to  10  inches 
broad,  unequally  lobed  ;  lobes  acuminate,  toothed  :  rays  3  to  6  inches  long :  flowers 
large,  the  outer  petals  often  dilated:  fruit  broadly  obovate,  4  to  6  lines  long,  slightly 
pubescent. 

Wet  soils  in  the  mountains,  from  Monterey  northward,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  a  height 
of  6,000  to  8,000  feet. 

24.  FERULA,  Linn. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Disk  small  and  stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit  oblong- 
elliptical  or  nearly  orbicular,  strongly  compressed  dorsally,  the  corky  marginal  wings 
(in  American  species)  as  thick  as  the  seed,  coherent  till  maturity ;  the  dorsal  ribs 
flliform;  oil-tubes  very  numerous,  obscure,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Seed  flattened. 
Carpophore  bifid.  —  Smooth,  nearly  acaulescent  perennials,  with  thick  fusiform 
roots;  leaves  pinnately  decompound;  flowers  yellow,  in  many-i-ayed  umbels. 

Nnttall's  genus  Lcptotccnia,  of  the  western  coast,  kept  distinct  by  Bentham  k.  Hooker,  is  re- 
ferred by  Dr.  Gray  to  tliis  large  Old  World  genus.  Pohj/wnin,  of  the  Eastern  Stites,  is  separated 
only  by  its  manifest  calyx-teeth  and  more  acuminate  and  impressed  petals.  In  addition  to  the 
following  western  species  a  fourth  is  found  in  S.  Utah  and  New  Mexico,  F.  Newberrvi  {PeiLce- 
danum  Ncwherryi,  Watson,  in  Am.  Naturalist,  vii.  301),  of  dwarfer  liabit,  strictly  acaulescent, 
and  with  less  divided  leaves. 

*  Leaves  finely  diviiled. 

1.  F.  dissoluta,  Watson.  A  stout  coarse  plant,  the  short  stems  numerous  from 
a  very  thick  root,  leafy  at  base  :  leaves  broad,  ternate  and  thrice  pinnate,  the  ovate 
or  oblong  segments  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  pinnatifidly  laciniatc-lobed  and  toothed, 
puberulent  on  the  veins  beneath  :  peduncles  stout,  1  or  2  feet  long  ;  rays  2  to  5 
inches  long,  involucrate  with  a  few  linear  entire  or  lobed  bracts  ;  involucels  of 
several  linear  bractlets  :  flowers  yellow  or  purplish,  numerous  :  fruit  8  or  9  lines 
long,  3i  broad,  almost  sessile,  the  thickened  margin  j  of  a  line  broad  ;  dorsal  ribs 
filiform  ;  oil-tubes  very  obscure  and  much  interrujited,  wanting  on  the  commissure. 
—  Leptotirnia  (Jiaaeda,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  «.%  Omy,  Fl.  i.  030.  Cynapinm  (?)  lUrjehmi, 
Torrey,  Facif.  E.  Kcp.  iv.  94.  Ferula  disjecta,  Ciray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  348, 
not  Lcdcbour. 

Valleys  and  hillsides,  flowering  in  early  spring,  from  Mendocino  Pounty  north  to  Piiget  Sound  ; 
Klaniatii  Lake  {Frrvinvt)  \  Murphy's  Tamp,  niijelmn.  A  sjieciuion  from  Borax  Lake  {Torrry), 
having  broad  regularly  elliptical  fruit  only  5  lines  long,  is  no  otherwise  (lilTcrent. 

2.  F.  multiiida.  Gray,  1.  c.  Like  tlie  last,  but  witli  more  finoly  divided  leave.<«, 
the  umbels  without  involucre,  flowers  less  densely  crowded,  nml  the  pedicels  r)f  tlio 
fruit  2  to  12  lines  long.  —  Watson,  r>ot.  King  Exp.  127.  Leptodvnia  vudtifida, 
Nutt.  1.  c. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Carson  City  nortinvard  to  Oregon,  and  cast  to 
Utah.     The  root  is  often  very  large. 


272 


UMliELLIFER.E.  Ftr,d,i. 


*   *   Ltaves  more  coarsely  divided. 

3.  F.  Californica,  Gray.  Habit  of  the  i)iecediiig  :  leaves  teniate  and  pinnate, 
or  twiee  ternaW,  the  leallels  ciuieale-obovate  or -oblong,  an  inch  or  two  long,  usu- 
ally 3-lubeJ,  coar-sely  tuollied  above,  smooth  :  rays  2  to  -t  inches  long  ;  involucre  of 
J  or  2  narrow  eloiigateil  bracts;  involueels  wanting:  fruit  5  to  7  lines  long,  3  or  4 
wide,  a  little  narrower  below,  on  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long ;  dorsal  ribs  indistinct 
except  at  the  ends ;  oil-tubes  distinct,  somewhat  anastomosing ;  wing  thinner  than 
in  the  preceding.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  348.  Leptoicenia  Cali/ornica,  JMutt.  1.  c. ; 
Torrey,  Pacif.  K.  Eep.  iv.  U2. 

Napa  Valley  to  Meiuloiiiu)  Coiuity. 

25.  DAUCUS,  Tmuii.  Cauiiot. 
Calyx  5-toothed.  Disk  and  stylopodium  mostly  small  and  depressed.  Fruit 
ovate  or  oblong,  the  carpels  semiterete  or  somewhat  dorsally  ilattened;  primary  ribs 
filiform  and  bristly,  the  intermediate  more  prominent  and  winged  with  a  row  of 
more  or  less  united  barbed  prickles;  oil-tubes  solitary  under  the  wings.  Seed  flat 
on  the  face  or  nearly  so.  —  Annual  or  biennial,  setosely  hispid;  leaves  pinnately 
decompound  with  very  small  segments ;  involucral  bracts  foliaceous  ami  divided, 
those  of  the  involueels  entire  or  3-lobed  ;  outer  rays  of  the  umbels  often  longest  and 
connivent  over  the  inner  ones  in  fruit ;  flowers  mostly  Avhite. 

Some  30  or  more  species  inhabit  the  northern  temperate  legions  of  the  Old  World,  of  which 
tlie  cultivated  Carrot,  D.  C'arota,  is  in  many  places  naturalized,  becoming  a  noxious  weed.  The 
only  recognized  native  species  of  tlie  United  States  is  the  following. 

1.  D.  pusillus,  Michx.  Annual  or  biennial,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  retrorsely 
liispid  :  leaves  bipinnate,  the  segments  pinnatifld,  with  short  narrowly  linear  lobes  : 
rays  2  to  6  lines  long,  nearly  ecjual ;  involucre  bii)inuatitid,  as  long  as  the  small 
ninbel  ;  involueels  (■([ualling  the  yellowish  flowers:  fruit  1^  to  2  lines  long,  shortly 
pedicellate,  the  prickhis  usually  equalling  or  exceeding  the  widtli  of  the  body  :  seeil 
somewhat  concave  on  the  face. 

Widely  distributed,  ranging  from  tlie  S.  Atlantic  States  to  the  Pacific,  and  on  the  western 
coast  from  Nootka  Sound  to  Mexico.  It  has  also  been  found  in  N.  Patagonia  and  the  Sandwich 
Islands.  A  i)eculiar  form  was  collected  by  Dr.  Torrey  near  San  Francisco,  very  low  and  scarcely 
caulescent,  the  stout  ]ieduncles  2  or  3  inches  long  ;  fruit  1  to  1^  lines  long,  in  dense  subglobose 
Leads,  the  rays  being  obsolete. 

26.   CAUCALIS,  Linn. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Stylopodium  thick  and  conical.  Fruit  as  in  Dauctts,  but 
somewliat  more  laterally  (compressed,  and  the  seed  involute  or  deeply  channelled.  — 
Annuals,  mostly  hispid  ;  leaves  dissected  ;  umbels  few-rayed,  often  oiiposite  the 
leaves  or  sessile  ;  flowers  white  or  purplish. 

About  20  si)ecies,  chiefly  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  one  or  two  widely  naturalized. 

1.  C.  nodosa,  Hudson.  Decumbent,  branching  only  at  base,  the  st(;ms  1  or  2 
feet  long,  ri'tror.scly  hispid:  Icavcis  pinnate  with  pinnatilid  divisions:  umbels  naked, 
opposite  to  the  leaves,  nearly  sessile,  of  2  or  3  very  short  rays:  fruit  ovate-oblong,  a 
line  long,  entirely  covered  with  rough  tubercles  or  usually  Avith  stout  prickles  barbed 
or  bent  at  the  point :  seed  involute. 

Native  of  Europe  and  N.  Africa,  introduced  into  Chili  and  Peru,  and  thence  into  California  : 
seen  only  from  around  San  Francisco,  Holder,  Kel/oyy. 

2.  C.  microcarpa,  Hook  &  Arn.  Erect,  .slender,  6  to  15  inches  high,  nearly 
glabrous  :  leaves  much  dissected,  slightly  hispid  :  umbels  apparently  sessile  at  the 


Aralin.  ARALIACK/E.  273 

oiula  dl"  Uio  slcin  and  braiiclK-s,  subtoiideJ  by  2  or  iiioro  fuliaccMius  disscdci]  Ijiacls, 
.'{ -  Grayed  ;  rays  sloiider,  1  to  3  inches  long  ;  niubollots  I'ew-llowercd,  with  unc(iiial 
pedicels  ;  involueels  of  short  entire  bracts,  rarely  more  foliaceous  and  divided  :  fruit 
oblong-oval,  2  lines  long,  armed  with  rows  of  hooked  i)ricklcs  :  seed  deeply  chan- 
nelled. —  Eot.  Beechey,  348. 

Dry  liillsidcs,  .Sac-ranicnto  Valley.  Of  reputed  efficary,  npi'licd  in  ymultice,  as  a  lenicdy  for  the 
l>ile  of  lattlrsiiakes.  Tliis  nliuit  is  jiueuliar  in  habit,  but  lias  a  sei^d  siniilaf  to  tliat  of  several  of 
the  species  of  6VfHm7?'.<t.  It  has  been  referred  to  JJ<ii(cu.i  /)wc/i,t«<«.9  of  Australia,  which  liowuver 
liiis  the  prickles  nhvaj's  barbed  and  is  a  true  Dmiciis. 


Onmm  XLVI.     ARALIACE.aS. 

Like  Umhellifene,  but  i\m  umbels  not  regularly  comj)ound,  stems  apt  to  be  woody, 

petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  styles  and  carpels  more  than  two,  and  the  fruit  fleshy 

(l)erry-like  or  drupaceous). 

.\  rather  large  order  in  the  warm  parts  of  the  world,  represented  in  iMiiopo  and  in  cultivation 
by  the  Ivy,  and  in  North  America  aiul  Nortiiorn  Asia  iiuunly  by  the  following  genus. 

1.  AHALIA,  Linn.  Si'ikknaki). 
Calyx  r)-toothed  or  entire.  Petals  0,  ovate,  slightly  imbricate.  Stamen.s  5. 
i)isk  depressed  or  rarely  conical.  Ovary  2  -  5-celled  :  styles  free  or  connate  at 
l)ase,  at  length  divaricate  :  stigmas  terminal.  Fruit  laterally  compressed,  becoming 
3-r)-angled,  fleshy  externally;  cndocarj)  chartaceous. — I'erennial  lu^rbs  or  shrubs; 
leaves  alternate,  digitate  or  compound,  with  serrate  leaflets  :  umbels  mostly  simple, 
solitary,  racemed,  or  panided  ;  pedicels  jointed  ;  bracts  small. 

About  30  species,  of  which  8  belong  to  North  America,  chiefly  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
the  remainder  to  Eastern  Asia.  Probably  the  only  Californian  representative  of  the  order  is  the 
following  spe(!ies. 

1.  A.  Californica,  "Watson.  Herbaceous,  unarmed  and  nearly  glabrous,  8  to 
10  feet  high,  from  a  large  thick  root :  leaves  bipinnate,  or  the  upper  pinnate  with  1 
or  2  pairs  of  leallets,  wliich  are  cordate-ovate,  4  to  8  inches  long  or  more,  shortly 
acuminate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate  with  short  acute  teeth  ;  ujipcrmost  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  :  umbels  in  loose  terminal  and  axillary  compound  or  simple  racemose 
panicles,  which  are  n  foot  or  two  long  and  more  or  loss  glandidar-tomentose;  rjiys 
numerous,  4  to  G  lines  long;  involucres  of  several  linear  bractlcts  :  flowers  H  to  2 
lines  long;  disk  and  stylopodium  obsolete;  styles  united  to  the  n)iddle  :  fruit  (im- 
mature) 1|  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  144. 

In  shaded  mountain  ravines  and  moist  places  ;  Ga\'ilan  Mountains  (Pirurr)  ;  Bolinas  Bay 
(Biijelov))  ;  Sierra  County,  Lcmmon.  Much  resembling  the  eastern  >/.  rnc/;wo.<in,  but  dilTering  in 
its  much  greater  size,  fewer  umbels,  larger  and  with  more  numerous  rays,  and  larger  flowei-s  and 
involucres.  It  has  not  been  collected  in  mature  fruit.  A.  huniilis,  of  Mexico  and  New  Mexico, 
is  distinguished  especially  by  its  large  ])ulvinato  atylo]wdium. 

A.  SPINOSA,  another  e.astern  species,  known  as  Hercules'  Club,  has  become  somewhat  common 
in  cultivation. 

Fatsia  IIOurida,  Benth.  k  Hook.  (Echinopnnax,  Dei-aisne  k  Planch.),  is  reported  in  Hook. 
Fl.  as  having  been  collected  in  California  by  Douglas.  It  is  frcipient  in  shady  fir  woods  in  the 
Cascade  and  T'oast  Panges,  from  the  Columbia  northward  to  Sitkn,  and  also  extends  so\ifhwanl 
in  the  Coast  Pange,  but  it  is  doubtful  as  belonging  to  this  State.  It  has  a  stout  woo<ly  stem  6  to 
12  feet  long,  creeping  at  Imse,  leafy  nt  the  sununit,  iind  very  prii'kly  throughout,  making  the  for- 
ests in  ])la('es  almost  impassalile;  the  very  large  leaves  pnlmntely  lobed.  nnd  the  capitntr  umlx'N 
in  a  long  raceme.  The  genus  is  distinguished  by  valvate  jietals,  2-S-celled  fniit,  j)edicels  not 
jointed,  and  palmatiful  leaves. 

Hedkua  Hki.ix,  the  European  Ivy,  is  very  freiiuentiv  cultivated,  and  near  the  coast  is  alreadv 
half  wild. 


27-1 


COKNACE-K.  Coniu.'i. 


OuDEii  XJ.VII.     CORNACE^. 


'    Trees  or  sluubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire  mainly  opposite  leaves,  no 

stipules,  and  llowers  in  cymes  (or  cajjitate  clusters)  or  si)ike3 ;  the  valvate  petals  and 

stamens  4  and  epigynous  in  fertile  llowers  (the  former  sometunes  wanting) ;  calyx 

adnate  to  the   1  -  2-celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a   1  -  2-seeded  drupe  or  berry   in 

fruit.     Seed  suspended,  anatropous,  Avith  a  minute  embryo  in  hard  albumen. 

An  order  of  a  ilozmi  j^ciu-ni  ami  less  than  a  bundreil  species,  widely  distributed,  but  iiuiiidy  iu 
tlie  teuiiieiate  regions  of  I  be  iiortbein  beinispliero  ;  most  relateil  to  tlie  iirst  tribe  of  ('<i/tri/()lin(t<c, 
but  witb  (hstinet  jietals  viilvate  in  tlie  bud.  Many  are  cultivated  lor  oinanient.  Tlie  burk  of 
(Jonius  is  bitter,  and  has  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  Cinchona. 

1.  Cornus.     Flowers  peilect,  iu  cymes  or  a  head-like  cluster.     Petals  4.     Stylo  1  ;  stigma  ter- 

minal.    Ovary  '2-celled. 

2.  Garrya.     Flowers  dieeeious,  in  eatkin-like  sjiikes.     Petals  none.     Styles  2,  stigmatic  down 

tbe  inner  side.     Ovary  1 -celled,  2-ovuled. 

1.    CORNUS,  Linn.         Dogwood.     Coknel. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  minutely  4-tuothed.  Petals  4,  oblong  or  ovate,  valvate 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  with  slender  lilaments.  Style  blender  :  stigma  capitate  (ir 
truncate.  Drupe  ovoid  or  oblong,  with  a  2-celled  2-seeded  stone.  C'otyledons  I'uli- 
aceous.  —  Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  arborescent ;  leaves  ojjposite,  entire  ; 
flowers  small,  in  dichotomous  cymes  or  involucrate  heads,  white,  yellowish  or 
greenish. 

Mostly  of  the  northern  bemisiibere,  a  single  sjieeies  growing  in  Peru  ;  about  25  species,  of 
which  15  are  found  in  the  United  States. 

*  Flowerx  (/reeiilsh,  in  a  dose  cyme  or  head,  surrounded  by  a  couKjiicuous  involucre  of 

\  to  0  white  petal-like  bracts :  fruit  red. 

1.  C,  CauadenBis,  Linn.  Stem  .simph*,  herbaceou.s,  3  to  8  inches  high,  from  a 
slender  creeping  subterranean  rootstock  :  leaves  mostly  in  an  apjjarent  whorl  of  G  at 
the  summit,  slightly  pubescent  with  a2)pressed  hairs,  nearly  sessile,  ovate  to  oblong, 
acute  at  each  end,  1  to  2^  inches  long;  in  the  middle  of  the  stem  a  pair  of  smaller 
leaves,  and  scale-like  bracts  below  :  ))eduncle  about  an  inch  long:  involucral  bracts 
4,  ovate,  4  to  8  lines  long  :  ovary  silky  :  fruit  globular,  2  lines  in  diameter. 

Mendocino  County  (JSuhindcr),  in  swamps  ;  north  to  Sitka  and  across  the  continent. 

2.  C.  Nuttallii,  Audubon.  Usually  a  small  tree,  sometimes  becoming  50  to  70 
feet  high  :  bark  suiootli  :  haves  more  or  less  pubescent,  obovate,  3  to  5  inches  long, 
acute  at  each  end:  involucre  of  4  to  G  obovate  to  oblong  bracts,  lA  to  .*}  inches 
long,  abruptly  acute  to  acuminate,  yidlowish  or  white,  often  tinged  with  red  :  llow- 
ei-s  numerous,  in  »lens(i  heads  0  to  9  lines  broad  :  fruit  crowded  among  the  large 
abortive  ovaries,  5  to  G  lines  long,  crowned  by  the  \mnu\  limb  of  the  calyx.  —  iS'ut- 
tall,  Sylva,  iii.  51,  t.  Il7  ;  Newberry,  Pacif.  Jv.  lie)),  vi.  24. 

From  Monterey  and  Mcuidoeino  to  Plumas  counties,  and  noitbward  to  Fiaser  Pi\er.  A  showy 
tree,  or  large  shrub,  llowering  in  May,  the  flowers  followed  by  largo  clusters  of  crimson  beirics. 
Much  resembliii}'  the  eastern  C.  Jlorida,  and  ai)paiently  even  more  worthy  of  cultivation.  Wood 
close-grained  and  very  hard. 

*  *   Flowers  yellowish,  in  sessile  und>els,  ajijjearin;/  before  the  leaves,  involucrate  with 

4  small  caducous,  bracts. 

3.  C.  sessilis,  Ton-.  A  shrub,  10  to  15  feet  liigh,  with  green  bark  :  leaves 
approximate,  ovate,  .-sliortly  acuminate,  pahi  beneatli  and  a])pressed  silky  pubescent  : 
umbel  terminal,  l)ec(uning  hib'ial  liy  the  development  of  the  shoot  ;  pedicels  niinu'r- 


fhirrm.  rORNACK/E. 


27^ 


ous,  slender,  silky,  ?>  to  4  lines  lonj,' :  involucre  nearly  as  long,  memhranaceous,  soon 
deciduous :  petals  narrow,  acuminate :  fruit  oblong,  3  lines  long.  —  But.  !Mex. 
Bound.  94,  t.   7. 

Moist  ravines  and  foot-liills,  Placer  County.  Mature  fruit  has  not  l)ccn  collected.  The  Amer- 
ican representative  of  an  Old  World  group  of  two  species,  C.  mas  and  C.  officinalis. 

*   *   *   Flowers  rvhite  or  creavi  colored,  ci/mose,   not    involnrnife :  fruit   tnhite,   lead- 
roloretl,  or  bine. 

4.  C.  Californica,  C.  A.  Meyer.  A  slirub,  G  to  15  feet  liigli,  with  smooth 
purplish  branches  :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  ba.sc,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  lighter  colored  antl  more  or  less  pubescent  bcneatli  with  loose  silky 
hairs  (not  straight  and  appressed)  :  llowers  in  small  dense  round-topped  cymes  : 
fruit  small,  2  lines  broad,  subglobose,  but  little  ileshy,  slightly  pubescent,  blue(]): 
stone  broader  than  high,  somewhat  compressed,  furrowed  on  the  edges.  —  Mem. 
Acad.  Petr.  v.  30,  and  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  iv.  72.  C.  cirdnatus  (]),  Cham,  in 
Linna?a,  iii.  139.     C.  alha,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Becchey,  142. 

From  Snn  Francisco  soutlnvard  to  San  Diego  County  ;  on  stream-bunks. 

5.  C.  pubescens,  Nutt.  Kosombling  the  last  and  with  a  similar  pubescence  : 
leaves  oblong-elliptical  or  rarely  ovate,  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate,  shortly  cune- 
ate  at  base  :  flowers  in  a  somewhat  larger  and  more  sjireading  round-toppeil  cyme  : 
fruit  white,  larger  and  more  fleshy,  becoming  glabrous ;  the  stone  similar,  2|  lines 
broad.  —  Sylva,  iii.  34.      C.  serir.ea,  var.  (1)  or.cideiitalu,  'J'orr.  ^  f Jray,  Fl.  i.  G52. 

Oregon  aixl  Washington  Territory,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  tlic  Yoscmitc  Valley  ;  also  in 
the  Cuiamnca  Jits.,  San  13iego  Co.,  Palmer.  These  two  species  have  always  been  confounded, 
but  .seem  to  be  separated  by  good  characters.  The  Cornel  of  the  Hocky  jMountnins  and  Utflh, 
which  has  been  relerrcd  to  this  species,  is  the  eastern  C.  stolonifrra,  which  also  extcnils  westwanl 
to  the  Columliia.  It  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  straight  npprcsscd  hairs,  attached  by  the 
middle,  and  has  not  been  found  in  California. 

G.  C.  glabrata,  I5enth.  A  shrub,  5  to  12  feet  high,  gla1)rous  or  very  nearly  so  ; 
bark  gray  :  leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  ovate,  acute  at  each  end  or  somewhat  acumi- 
nate above,  an  inch  or  two  long,  alike  green  on  both  siiles,  on  short  slen<ler  petioles  : 
Howere  in  numerous  small  open  flat  cymes  ;  ovaries  silky  :  fruit  white,  globose  ; 
stone  broader  than  high,  2  lines  wide  or  more,  scarcely  compressed,  not  furrowed.  — 
Bot.  Sulph.  18. 

Ill  the  Coant  UniigcH  fioiii  biiko  County  to  the  HouUierii  pint  of  Moiili'ii>y  lalso  on  Iho  CosuniiKm 
Hivor,  Jiatlnii, 

7.  C.  Torreyi,  "Wntson.  Shrubby  :  leaves  oliovnto  or  oblanceolate,  abruptly 
acute  or  shortly  acuminate,  on  rather  long  slender  petioles,  lighter  colored  and  some- 
what pubescent  beneath  with  loose  .silky  hairs  :  cyme  loose  and  spreading  :  fruit 
white  ;  the  stone  obovoid,  2h  to  3^  lines  long,  .somewhat  compressed,  acute  at  base, 
ridged  on  the  edges,  tubercled  at  tiie  summit.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  145. 

Collected  by  7)r.  2Vrcy  in  Central  California,  hut  the  locality  not  noted.  The  charactei-a  of 
the  fruit  arc  very  peculiar. 

2.   GARRYA,  Dongl. 

Flowers  dicecious,  in  axillary  aments,  solitary  or  in  threes  between  the  decussately 
connate  bracts,  without  ]ietals.  Caly.x  of  sterile  flowci-s  4-parted,  with  linear  val- 
vate  segments  :  stamens  4,  with  distinct  filaments  :  disk  and  ovary  none.  Fertile 
flowers  with  the  calyx-limb  shortly  2-lobed  or  obsolete  :  disk  and  stamens  none  : 
ovary  1-celled,  with  2  pendent  ovules:  styles  2,  sligmaiic  on  the  inner  side,  per- 
sistent. Berry  ovoid,  1-2-seeded.  Seed  oblong,  compressed :  embryo  minute,  with 
oblong  cotyledons.  —  Kvorgreon  shrubs,  with  4-angled  bmndilcts  ;  leaves  opposil<^, 
entire,  coriaceous,  the  short  petioles  connate  at  ba.«!0 ;  fruit  blii(>  or  purple. 


276 


COUNACEyl<:.  ('«> 


A  "eims  of  about  a  ilozt-n  specios,  peculiar  to  tlie  region  from  California  to  Texas  and  soulliward, 
with  a  single  one  in  the  West  InJies. 

1.  G.  elliptica,  l)ou<,'l.  A  stout  shrub  or  small  tree,  usually  only  5  to  8  fict 
high  :  luaviis  clliplical,  1  A  to  3  inches  long,  rounded  or  acute  and  niucronate  at  the 
apex,  mostly  truncate  or"roundcd  at  base,  undulate  on  the  margin,  densely  tomcn- 
toso  beneatii,  smooth  above  :  aments  solitary  or  clustered ;  tlu;  sterile  2  to  f)  indies 
long,  with  bracts  truncate  or  acute,  silky,  as  also  the  calyx-lobes ;  fertile  amejits 
stouter,  1  to  3  inches  long,  with  acuminate  or  acute  In-acts  :  ovary  tlensely  silky- 
tomentose,  sessile:  fruit  globose,  4  lines  in  diameter. — Lindl.  l>ot.  Iveg.  t.  lG.S(i; 
Maout  &  Decne,  Traite  J5ot.  25G,  ligs. 

From  Monterey  northward  to  the  Columbia  near  the  eoast  ;  dry  soil  and  hillsides,  llowcring  in 
winter  and  early  spring  ;  the  staminate  plant  then  very  ornamental. 

2.  G.  Fremontii,  Torr.  Shrub,  5  to  10  feet  high,  becoming  glabrous  :  leaves 
ovate  to  oblong,  not  undulate,  U  to  2^  inches  long,  acute  at  each  end,  on  petioles  4 
to  6  lines  long  :  aments  solitary,  2  or  3  inches  long,  Avith  acute  somewhat  silky 
bracts  ;  the  fertile  aments  rather  slender :  ovaries  nearly  glabrous  :  fruit  globose,  2 
to  '2\  lines  in  diameter,  shortly  i)edicellate.  —  Pacif.  li.  Rep.  iv.  13G. 

From  the  Ui»|ier  Sai:ramcnto  to  the  Yoscnate  Valley  and  in  tlio  Cuast  Ranges  to  Mount  llnmil- 
lon,  JJicuYi-,     ]-«iavi.s  ligliUtr  green  and  less  laihesecnt  llian  in  llio  hiht. 

3.  G.  buxifolia,  (iray.  A  snndl  shrub,  2  to  f)  feet  high  :  loaves  oblong-ellipti(;al, 
1  to  l.>,  inches  long,  l  to  8  lines  broad,  acute  at  each  end,  smooth  above,  deusidy 
white 'appre.sscd  silky  beneath;  i)etioles  1  to  3  lines  long:  fertile  aments  an  im;h 
long,  the  short  bracts  acute,  more  or  less  silky  :  fruit  globose,  glabrou.s,  nearly  ses- 
sile, 2h  to  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  Troc.  Am,  Acad.  vii.  349, 

Red  Mountains,  Mendoeino  Co.,  Bulandcr,  Kellogg. 

4.  G.  flavescens,  AVatsun.  A  rather  spreading  .shrub,  G  to  8  feet  high,  pubes- 
cent with  closely  api)ressed  silky  hairs  :  leaves  coriaceous,  elliptic-ovate  to  -oldong, 
acute  at  each  end,  scarcely  nuicromite,  an  inch  or  two  long,  Hat,  entire,  at  length 
nearly  glabrous  above,  on  petioles  3  to  G  lines  long  :  aments  j)endulous  ;  bracts  G  t(» 
10  pair.s,  broad,  connate,  acute  or  the  lower  acuminate,  silky  ;  sterile  aments  1  or  2 
inches  long,  h)0.se,  the  pedicels  (1  to  3  together)  ecpialling  or  exceeding  the  bracts  ; 
fertile  aments  an  inch  long,  dense,  with  solitary  sessile  flowers  :  fruit  den.sely  silky, 

ovate,  3  lines  long.  —Am.  Naturalist,  vii.  301.     (J.  1,  Watson,  Ym\..  King 

Exp.  421. 

Var.  Palmeri,  Watson.  Pubescence  densely  tomentosc  :  leaves  smooth  above, 
mucronate,  on  short(!r  petioles  :  fruit  globose,  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter. 

Freijucnt  IVom  Souliiern  Nevada  and  I'lah  into  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  'rin-  variety  at  Mii- 
(juatay,  GO  mihis  from  San  Diego,  on  tlm  Fort  Yuma  road,  J'aliucr.  branches  ami  leaves  yellnw- 
ish  ;  Iheimlii  upon  the  beed  stains  a  blight  violet  color. 


Sambucus.  CArRIFOLTACEyE.  277 


Division  II.     GAMOPETALiE.     (By  A.  Gray.) 

Floral  envelopes  both  present ;  the  i)etals  more  or  less  united  into  a  gamopeta- 
loiis  (othovwiso  called  nionoi)etalous)  corolla. 


Order  XLVIII.     CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 

Distinguished  generally  by  having  opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  an  inferior 
2  -  5-celled  ovary,  and  4  or  5  equal  stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  latter  (in  a  single  instance  one  fewer)  and  alternate  with 
them.  —  Flowers  perfect.  Corolla  4  -  5-cleft,  sometimes  irregular ;  the  lobes  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Stamens  distinct.  Ovary  2-.')-celled,  or  not  rarely  by  abor- 
tion becoming  one-celled :  ovules  either  solitary  and  suspended  or  more  numer- 
ous, anatropous.  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  capsule.  Embryo  small,  commonly 
minute,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  a  colorless  juice  and 
no  very  active  sensible  properties,  normally  destitute  of  stipules,  but  in  several 
fl])ecio.s  those,  or  appendages  resembling  them,  appear  :  the  inflorescence  generally 
cymoso. 

A  family  of  about  a  (lo;^on  getipra  nnd  200  species,  of  smnll  econoinicnl  iniportnncc  (except  ns 
anrorilinfj  Jloiieysnc.klcs  and  sonic  otlior  pliiiits  for  oninmontnl  niltivation),  mainly  iiulipenons  to 
the  nortliern  temperate  zone,  rather  fceMy  represented  in  ("nlifornin. 

Tribe  I.  SAMBUCE.E.  Corolla  whcel-slinped  or  open  bell-shaped,  remilar.  iStyle  short  and 
2  -  .'i-parted,  or  as  many  sessile  stigmas.  Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells,  snspemied.  Fruit  a 
berrydike  drupe. 

1.  Sambucus.     Leaves  pinnate.     Seed  like  nutlets  of  the  berrydike  fniit  3  to  5. 

2.  Viburnum.     Leaves  simple.     Nutlet  of  berrydike  diu{)c  only  one,  flattened. 

Tiani-,  IL  TjONICERF'"/E.  CoioUa  from  bcU-alinped  to  tubular,  often  irregular.  Stylo  elon- 
gated, entire  :  stigma  capitate.  Leaves  simido,  niostl}'  entire,  Imt  oecn.sionally  sinuate- 
toothed  or  pinnatifid  on  some  vigorous  shoots. 

3.  Linnaea.     Corolla  oliscurely  irregular,  5  lobed.     Stamens  4,  imequal.     Ovary  3-celled,  two  of 

the  cells  containing  sevem  ini[)erfect  ovules,  the  third  a  solitary  fertile  ovule.     Fruit 
dry,  1 -seeded. 

4.  SymphoricarpuB.     Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so,  4  -  5-lobed.     Stamens  n.s  many  as  the  lolx>.s. 

Ovary  4-cclled  ;  but  the  berry-like  fruit  only  2-aeeded. 

5.  Lonlcera.     Corolla  more  or  less  irregular,  commonly  2-lippcd  ( t  )•     Stamens  5.     Ovary  and 

berry  2-3-cclled,  several-seeded. 

1.   SAMBUCUS,  Tourn.     Ki.i.F.n. 

Calyx  with  5  minute  teeth.  Corolla  whcol-shapod  or  open  urn-shaped,  regularly 
5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  3  fo  5.  "  Ren-ies,"  really 
drupes,  small  and  globose,  juicy,  containing  usually  3  (rarely  4  or  .'))  separate  sced- 
liko  n\itlet3,  each  lilled  by  a  single  seed.  —  Shrubs,  or  even  small  trees,  or  some 
nearly  herbaceous,  their  rank  and  thick  shoots  lilled  by  n  large  pith,  the  licrbago 
with  a  heavy  odor.  Leaves  pinnately  5-  U-foliolate  :  leaflets  serrate,  occasionally 
incised  or  even  divided,  acuminate,  sometimes  stipellato.  Flowers  small  nnd  very 
Tuimerous,  in  compound  cymes,  in  ours  white. 


278  CArRlFOLlACE.E.  Sainbucus. 

1.  S.  glauca,  Nult.  Arborescent,  glabrous,  or  ofUai  somewhat,  jjubesceut  with 
short  and  still  spreading  hairs  :  U-allets  3  to  D,  of  lirni  tiixtiue,  ovate  or  hmceohiti-,, 
sharply  serrate  with  rigiil  s])reading  teeth  :  cyme  ilat,  S-parted  :  I'ruit  black,  but  very 
glaucous,  so  appearing  to  bo  white  :  nutlets  obscunly  rugose  :  pith  of  shoots  white. 
—  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  (Jray,  Fl.  ii.  13. 

Coiuinoii  thiougliout  the  State,  and  north  and  east  of  it  ;  6  to  18  feet  high,  sonictiiues  with 
trunk  0  to  12  inilu-s  in  diiiineter.  Not  easy  to  distinguish  from  S.  nitjra  of  luirojie  extcjit  by  the 
whitened  fruit,  it  well  may  be  S.  Mexicaiui,  i'resl,  to  wliieh  it  was  referred  by  Toriey  in  Pacif. 
U.  l{ei).  iv.  95,  Hot.  Me.x.  Bound.  71,  and  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  330,  but  with  doubt. 

2.  S.  racemosa,  Linn.  Shrubby,  mostly  glabruus  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  tliin,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  much  acuminate,  very  sharply  serrate  :  cyme  ovate  or  pyriform  :  fruit 
bright  red  ;  its  nutlets  obscurely  rugose  :  pith  of  shoots  brown.  —  Hook.  V\.  i.  27*J. 

Along  the  mountain  ranj^es,  in  woods,  extumiing  far  north,  'fiio  ('alifornian  and  Hocky 
Mountain  si)eciniens  are  as  glabrous  as  the  European  plant  ;  in  British  America  and  Alaska  it  is 
commonly  pubescent,  as  in  the  Atlantic  States  \'d,\''\^ty  puhcns,  S.  pubciis,  Michx. 

2,  VIBURNUM,  Linn.     Arkow-wood,  &c. 

Calyx  5-tootbed.  Corolla  wheel-shaptMl  or  open  campanulate,  deejjly  and  regu- 
larly 5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  oxsertotl.  Stigmas  1  to  3.  "  Jjerries,"  really  drupes, 
containing  a  single  Hat  or  llattish  hard  seed-like  stone.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees, 
with  simple,  but  commonly  toothed,  and  sonuitimes  deeply  lobed  leaves,  and  white 
flowers  in  a  compound  terminal  cyme. 

A  genus  represented  by  a  dozen  species  in  the  Eastern  United  States,  only  two  of  which  ex- 
tend, well  northward,  to  the  Pacific.  One  of  these  is  the  Cranberry-tree,  as  well  as  the  Snowball- 
tree  or  Guelder  Rose  of  ornamental  cultivation:  in  this  the  cyme  is  radiate  in  the  manner  of 
Hydraiuiea,  the  marginal  flowers  being  neutral  and  greatly  enlarged.  There  is  one  peculiar  spe- 
cies on  the  coast  of  Oregon,  which  extends  into  California,  viz.  :  — 

L  V.  ellipticum,  Ilook.  Shrub  2  to  5  feet  high,  with  scaly  buds  :  leaves 
broadly  oval  or  elliptical,  roundish  or  very  obtuse  at  both  ends,  3  -  5-ribbed  from 
the  base,  coarsely  dentate  above  the  middle,  the  lower  surface  and  petioles  with  the 
young  shoots  hairy  :  cyme  dense,  peduncled  :  flowers  all  perfect :  fruits  oval,  bluish- 
black  (half  an  inch  long)  ;  the  stone  grooved  on  both  sides.  —  Hook.  1<'1.  i.  280. 

In  woods,  Mendocino  Co.  (Kellogg)  ;  extending  to  the  Columbia  River.  Related  to  I",  pubcs- 
cena  and  V.  deututum  of  the  Atlantic  side. 

3.  LINNJEA,  Gronov.     Twin-flower. 

Calyx  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  subulate,  deciduous.  Corolla  obscurely  irregular,  fun- 
nelform,  5-lobed.  Stamens  cue  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  i.  e.  4,  inserted 
low  down  on  the  corolla,  included,  two  of  them  shorter.  Ovary  and  the  small 
dry  fruit  3-celled,  one  cell  with  a  suspended  fertile  ovule  and  seed,  the  two  othei-s 
with  several  abortive  ovules.  Style  slender  :  stigma  somewhat  ca])itate.  —  Con- 
tains a  single  species. 

L  L.  borealis,  (Jronov.  A  low  and  almost  herbaceous  little  evergreen,  with 
slender  and  crecjting  or  trailing  stems  :  leaves  round-oval,  sparingly  crenatc,  nar- 
rowed at  base  into  sliort  petioles  :  ptnluncles  erect,  slender,  forking  into  two  pedi- 
cels at  the  top,  each  bearing  a  single  delicate  and  fragrant  nodding  flower  :  corolla 
tinged  with  p)urple  or  rose-color,  hairy  inside. 

iloist  mossy  woods,  Mendocino  Co. ;  common  in  Oregon  and  eastward,  extending  all  round  the 
northern  cool-temperate  zone.  The  California  locality  rests  on  Dr.  Bolander's  authoiity.  It 
would  be  interesting  to  know  if  the  si)e('.imens  are  of  the  oidinary  type,  or  of  the  variety  longi- 
flora,  ToiT.  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.,  which  is  the  usual  form  in  Oregon,  and  is  remarkable  for  its 
larger  flowers,  the  tube  of  tlie  corolla  with  a  long  bipering  Imse,  and  the  slmder  calyx-lobes  three 
times  longer  than  the  ovary.     In  Colorado  the  ordinary  form  only  is  fountl. 


Si/mphoricarpiis.  CAPRIl'OLIACE.E.  270 

4.  SYMPHOEICARPUS,  Dill.,  .Tuss.  SNownr.URY. 
Ciilyx  f)-toothecl,  occasionally  4-tootho(l,  persistent.  Corolla  nearly  or  wholly 
regular,  from  open  campanulate  to  salverforni,  5  -  4-lobo(l.  Stiimcns  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  inserted  on  its  throat.  Ovary  4-celle(l  ;  two  of  the  cells 
few-ovuled  but  sterile ;  the  two  alternate  cells  each  with  a  solitary  suspended  ovule, 
which  ripens  into  a  seed:  stylo  slender:  stigma  capitate,  entire  or  2-4-lobcd. 
Fruit  globular  nnd  borry-liko,  rijx'ning  two  little  bony  flood-Iiko  nutlets,  each  filled 
with  a  seed.  —  Low  and  branching  shrubs,  with  scaly  buds,  oval  or  oblong  leaves 
(entire,  or  occasionally  some  of  them  sinuate-pinnatilid),  nnd  2-bractcolato  flowers  in 
axillary  and  terminal  spikes  or  clusters,  rarely  solitary ;  the  corolla  white  or  pink. 

—  Gray  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  9. 

A  North  American  genus,  of  several  species,  at  least  one  of  them  in  the  mountains  of  Mexico. 
S.  racemmus,  the  coTnmon  Snowberry  of  cultivation,  and  all  the  California  sixjcies  have  snow- 
white  fruit. 

§  L    Corolla  short-campanulate. 

1.  S.  racemosus,  Michx.  Shrub  erect,  2-4  feet  high,  smooth,  or  the  lower 
face  of  the  oblong  or  ovate-oval  leaves  pubescent  :  flowers  in  commonly  terminal 
short  and  loose  interrupted  spike-like  racemes,  which  are  often  leafy  at  base,  or  some 
solitary  in  upper  axils  :  corolla  very  villous  within  at  base  of  the  lobes,  which  are 
rather  shorter  than  the  tube  :  style  and  mostly  stamens  includeil. 

Hillsides,  from  San  Diego  Co.  to  Oregon,  thence  eastward  to  the  Northern  Atlantic  Stutca. 

—  The  marked  variety  pmicifloncs,  Kohbins  in  Gray  Man.,  is  not  known  from  Califiirniu  : 
it  approaches  the  following  species.  ,V.  occiiirntnUs,  U.  I?r.,  if  on  the  I'licilic  side  of  the  continent, 
is  only  at  the  north  :  it  may  bo  known  by  tlie  deeper-idcft  corolla  with  stronger  l)card,  exsertcd 
stamens  and  style,  and  greater  robustness. 

2.  S.  mollis,  Nutt.  Low,  diffuse  or  decumbent,  softly  and  usually  densely 
pubescent  :  leaves  oval,  small  (half  an  inch  or  less  than  an  inch  long)  :  flowers  few, 
in  terminal  clusters  or  in  upper  axils :  corolla  short  and  broad,  inconspicuously 
bearded  or  pubescent  inside  :  stamens  equalling  the  corolla  :  style  shorter.  —  Torr. 
&  Gray,  FI.  ii.  4,     A  less  downy  form  is  S.  ciliatm,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Woods,  &c.,  common  on  the  Coast  Range,  and  not  rare  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  5,000  feet. 

§  2.    Corolla  from  campannlate-obloixj  to  tubular :  ,<<tamens  included :  style  glabrous. 

3.  S.  rotundifolius,  Gray.  Low,  soft-pubescent,  sometimes  minutely  so : 
leaves  orbicular  or  oblong,  thickish  :  corolla  between  oblong-campanulate  and  fun- 
nelform,  its  tube  only  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  lobes  and  a  little  longer  than 
the  style  :  nutlets  of  the  fruit  oval,  turgid,  very  obtuse  at  both  ends.  —  PI.  "Wright. 
ii.  66,  &  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  1.  c. 

Near  Carson  City,  Nevada  (Ande.rmii),  and  in  Oregon  {R'rUogg  d-  Harford)  ;  therefore,  doubt- 
less, williin  the  eastern  boundary  of  tlio  State  ;  thence  to  Utah  and  New  Mexico.  —  Loaves  6  to 
10  lines  long.     Corolla  not  over  4  lines  long,  broad  from  the  base. 

4.  S.  oreophilus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Low,  glabrous,  or  in  western  forms  commonly 
ns  pubescent  as  the  foregoijig,  and  the  leaves  similar  :  corolla  tubular-funnolform.  its 
tube  4  or  5  times  longer  than  the  lobes  and  twice  the  length  of  the  style  :  nutlets 
of  the  fruit  oblong,  tapering  to  a  point  at  base.  —  S.  montauus,  Gray,  in  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  xxxiv.  249,  not  of  HBK. 

Eastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mono  Pass  (PnJnndrr)  to  Sierra  Valley  {Tymmnn)  ; 
thenco  east  to  the  llocky  Mountains  in  Colorado.  Corolla  fi  or  even  (i  lines  long,  nnd  narrow  ; 
but  in  the  ambiguous  and  more  or  less  iiubescent  form  whiili  nrevails  on  the  Ixinlers  of  Califnmia, 
only  4  or  5  lines  long  and  rather  broaclor.  The  nutlets  of  the  fruit,  when  seen,  mark  a  strong 
dilference. 

5.  LONoiFi.oRTTS,  Cray,  1.  c,  from  S.  E.  Nevmla  and  rt^h,  lias  a  still  longer  corolla,  with 
oblong  lobes  and  a  bearded  style,  wbirli  well  distinguish  it. 


2gQ  CAi'lllFOJ.iACE-E.  Lonki-ra. 

5.  LONICERA,  Linn.     Honeysucklk.     Wuudbisk. 

Calyx  minutely  5-toutheil.  Corolla  tubular,  fuunelform,  or  oblong-canipanulate  ; 
the  tube  commonly  gibbous  at  baso  ;  the  limb  irregulaily  or  sometimes  almost  regu- 
larly r)-lol)eil,  oilun  bilabiuto  {\,  i.  o.  4  loben  in  tho  ui)i)or,  I  in  tin*  lower  lii)).  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  on  tbe  tube  of  tho  corolla.  Ovary  2-3-cellea,  with  numerous 
ovules  in  each  cell  :  style  filiform  :  stigma  capitate.  Berry  several-seeded.  Twin- 
ing or  erect  shrubs,  with  sculy  buds,  and  spicato  or  geminate  llowers.  Leaves 
entire,  or  occasionally  sinuuto-iiinnatiiid  on  vigorous  young  shoots. 

Genus  widely  (Usiniseil  over  the  noitlicin  liemispliero,  several  cultivated  for  ornnninnt  and 
fi-a"riince,  esitecially  lliu  Knro^lelln  lioiieysuctklcs,  L.  Caprifoliain  and  L.  KlruHca ;  tlie  Anuirican 
Trumpet 'll.,  L.  acmpcn-iirns,  wliicli  lias  an  almost  regular  (.orolk  ;  Chineso  or  Juimn  II.,  L.  Ja- 
ponica,  etc. ';  and,  anioug  the  upriglil  species,  L.  Tarlarica,  the  Tartarean  Honeysuckle. 

L.  CIMOSA,  Toir.,  a  conmiou  Oregon  sii(<-ies  with  corolla  slightly  Lihiliiatc,  may  occur  in  Cali- 
fornia. Ai)|):'irently  a  lorni  of  it,  with  rather  smaller  leaves  and  llowers,  was  collected  on  San 
Francisco  Mountain,  in  Arizona,  by  Dr.  I'alnier. 

§  1.    Stems  or  branches  more  or  less  twining  or  disposed  to  twine :  flowers  sessile  in  a 
terminal  inten'iqded  spike  or  head,  or  some  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  {and  com- 
monly connate)  leaves,  usually  rather  large  and  showy:  calyx-teeth  persistent 
on  the  {red  or  orange)  berry  :  corolla   in  all  the  Calif  or  aian  species  decidedly 
bilabiate,   the  upper  lij>  i-lobed,  the  lower  narrow   and   entire.       {Sometimes 
there  are  foliaceous  stipxdes  or  lohat  seem  to  be  such  between  the  leaves.)  — 
Caprifolium,  DC. 
1.    L.  hispidula,  Dougl.  in  iiot.  Keg.     Foliaceous  stipular  appendages  between 
the  leaves  often  present:  leaves  mostly  oval,  the  lower  short-petioled  ;  uppermost 
pairs  commonly  connate  :  spikes  naked,  slender  :  corolla  pink  or  yellowish  ;  its  tube 
hairy  inside,  not  longer  than  the  limb  :  stamens  and  especially  the  long  stylo  ex- 
serted,  more  or  less  hairy  at  base.  —  All  the  Californian  specimens  seem  to  belong 
to  one  species,  of  which  this  is  the  oldest  name.  —  (Jniy,  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  (527. 
The  leailing  forms  are  :  — 

Var.  Douglasii,  the  (irst  described  form,  from  Oregon  :  leaves  (i  -  U  inches  long) 
at  least  beneiith  and  their  margins  and  slender  branches  hirsute  or  i)ulH'scent  with 
spreading  hairs:  inflorescence  and  pink  flowers  glabrous.  —  L.  microphylla.  Hook. 
Fl.  i.  283.      Caprifolium  hispidulum,  Lindl.  iJot.  Jieg.  t.  1761. 

Var.  subspicata:  a  bushy  form,  along  the  coast  from  IVfonterey  Bay  to  San 
Diego,  seldom  climbing,  with  small  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  uppermost 
often  distinct ;  the  branchlets,  inllorescence,  and  flowei-s  glandular-pubescent.  —  /.. 
subspicata.  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech.  349  ;  Torr.  Bot.  :Mex.  Bound.  71,  t.  29. 

Var.  interrupta:  resembling  the  preceding,  but  glabrous  throughout,  often 
glaucous  :  filaments  slightly  hairy  at  base.  — L.  interrupta,  Benth.  PI.  llartw.  313. 

Var.  vacillans :  mostly  climbing,  larger,  either  glabrous  or  pubescent,  with  or 
without  hirsute  hairs  :  inflorescence  and  flowers  glandular-hirsute  or  pubescent, 
varying  to  glabrous.  — L.  Califomica,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  7.  L.  ciliosa,  Hook.  »V; 
Arn.,  not  of  Foir.     L.  pilosa,  Kellogg,  Froc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  02. 

Connnon  tliroughout  the  State,  on  liillsides,  iic.     Corolla  about  half  un  inch  long. 

§  2,    Stems  in  the  American  sjm.ies  erect,  never  twining :  all  the  leaves  distinct  :  flowers 
a  pair  {sessile  or  their  bases   united)  at  the  summit  of  an  axillary  peduncle.  — 
Xylosteum,  DC. 
2.    L.   involucrata.   Banks.      Pubescent,   leafy  :   leaves   varying   from   ovate- 
oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  thin,  petioled  :    peduncles  .shorter 
than  the  leaf:  bracts  4  to  6,  forming  a  conspicuous  foliaceous  involucre:  corolla 
tubular,   with  short  lobes,   viscid-pubescent,    yellowish  :   ovaries  and   black-purple 


CcplialantliHS.  RUBIACEvE.  281 

l)(',riiog  (liatiiict.  —  L.  Leilehnnri,  Kscli.,  puhlishod  a  year  later  tliaii  liaiiks's  nanio  by 
SpnMigol.     L.  intermedia,  Kollngg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  151,  li^.  47. 

Common  in  shady  placns,  rearliiiij;  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Hiitisli  Colunihia,  and  Lake  Suix"- 
rior.  Shrul)  2  to  10  feet  liigh  :  leaves  3  to  6  indies  long.  InvoluiTo  a  pair  of  foliaceous  outer  ovate 
bracts,  which  become  half  an  inch  long,  and  4  intoiior  and  tliinnor  rounded  biaets  wliieli  are 
commonly  united  in  pairs,  all  becoming  yellowish  or  puiplish  in  age.  Corolla  from  half  to  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  long,  obscurely  bilabiate. 

3.  L.  conjugialis,  KoUopg.  Slinib  slciulcr,  strafj<,'lii)p,  soft-puhcsooiit,  or 
smoother  when  old  :  loaves  ovate  or  oval,  tliiii,  sli()rt-|toti()led  ;  the  lower  obtviae ; 
the  tipper  acute  or  acnininate  :  |)e(lunele,s  lonj^  and  .^slender  :  bracts  nearly  wanting 
or  minute  at  base  of  the  partly  or  wholly  united  ovari(!S  :  corolla  broadly  gibbous  at 
base,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  outside,  dark  and  dull  i)nrple,  bilabiate  to  below  the 
middle  ;  the  broad  up|)er  lip  barely  4-to()thed  ;  its  throat,  with  the  b<a.sc  of  the  .stylo 
and  filaments,  hairy:  berry  red.  —  Kellogg,  I.  c.  f]7,  lig.  15.  L.  Jireiveri,  Gray, 
Proo.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  537,  <^  vii.  349. 

Woods  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  nortliwai-d,  and  in  adjacent  parts  of  Ne- 
vada. Peduncle  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  and  shorter  than  well-developed  leaves,  or  rarely  longer 
and  exceeding  the  leaf,  as  described  by  Dr.  Kellogg.     Corolla  hariUy  half  an  inch  long. 

4.  L.  caerulea,  Linn.  Low,  pubescent :  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  at  both 
ends,  almost  sessile  :  peduncles  very  short :  bracts  a  single  pair,  linear-subulate,  longer 
thaii  the  united  ovaries,  which  form  a  single  globular  blue  berry  :  corolla  yellowish- 
white,  funnelform,  little  gibbous  and  bilabiate  ;  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube. 

Sien-a  Nevada,  at  7,000  feet,  Mariposa  Co.  {Bnlandrr)  ;  thence  northward,  into  Asia,  &c.  :  the 
form  with  villous-pubcscont  leaves  and  corolla  :  the  Athuitic  form  has  a  glabrous  corolla. 

Ordeu  XLIX.     RUBIACE^. 

Known  by  having  opposite  entire  leaves  with  intervening  stipules  (or  one  tribo 
with  whorled  leaves  without  stipules),  along  with  an  inferior  ovary  and  regidar 
4-5androus  flowers.  Flowers  generally  perfect.  Calyx  and  corolla  4-5-lobed 
or  toothed  ;  the  limb  of  the  former  above  the  union  with  the  ovary  sometimes 
obsolete.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  borne  on  its  tube 
or  throat,  distinct.  Ovary  2-5-celled.  Ovules  amjihitropous  or  anatropous. 
Embryo  in  fleshy  or  horny  albumen.  —  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  in  the  tropics  trees, 
with  colorless  juice.  Where  the  leaves  nro  whorled  and  unaccompanied  by  ap- 
parent stipules,  the  supernumerary  leaves  are  supposed  to  answer  to  stipules. 

A  vast  order,  of  over  4,000  species  and  340  genera,  mainly  tropical  and  subtropical,  altliough 
the  tribe  or  division  StcU.af.oc  (with  whorled  leaves)  is  prevailingly  of  the  northern  temperate  zone, 
in  no  part  of  which  is  the  whole  family  more  feebly  repre<;ented  than  in  California. 

The  order  yields  imiwrtant  products  ;  but  Ihihin  tinrtnria,  the  Madder  plant,  is  the  only  one 
cultivated  for  economical  use  out  of  tho  tro])i<-s.  The  Coffee-]»1nut  and  species  of  Cinrhonn  (yield- 
ing IVruvian  Hark)  are  tho  most  important  representatives  of  tlie  fnniily. — The  tliree  following 
are  all  tho  Californian  or  even  Pacific  North  American  genera  ;  but  one  of  them  is  peculiar. 

1.  CephalanthuB.    Shrub,  •with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves  and  stipules  within  the  petioles  : 

flowers  in  a  dense  head. 

2.  Kelloggia.     Slender  herb,  with  opposite  leaves  and  stipules  between  the  petioles  :  the  flowers 

cvmow.      Fruit  2-lobed,  2-seedcd. 

3.  Galium.     Herbs  with  whorled  leaves  and  no  apparent  stipules.     Fruit  2-lobed.  2-scedod. 

1.  CEPHALANTHUB,  Linn.     niTTTON-ni-sii. 
Flowers    in    a    dense    spherical    head.      Calyx   inversely    pyrami<lal,    4-tnothed. 
Corolla  with  a  long  and  slender  tube  ninl  a  small  4-rloa  lind\     Rt.amons  4.  short, 
borne  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla.      Style  very  long  and  slender,  nnich  exscrtcd  ; 


282  KUBIACEjE.  CtphaUuilhus. 

stigma  ciipitato.  Ovary  2-4-cello(l,  uitli  a  solitary  oviilo  suspciiuled  IVum  tljc 
suniiuit  of  eacli  cell,  lipi'iiiug  into  a  dry  inversely  i)yraniiilal  I'ruit,  which  splits  Irom 
the  base  upwards  into  2  to  4  closed  one-seeded  portions.  —  Leaves  ample,  short- 
petioled,  opi)osito  or  in  whorls  of  three  or  four  :  a  short  scale-like  stipule  bcLweiu 
and  within  the  petioles.     Peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  bearing  single  heads. 

1.  C.  OCCidentalis,  Linn.  iShrub  or  small  tree,  with  ovate  or  lanceolate 
leaves  3  to  5  inches  lung,  smooth  or  jnibesceut :  heads  an  inch  in  diameter,  termi- 
nating slender  pijduncles  :  llowers  white. 

Along  streams,  coiimioii  in  California  as  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  extending  into  Mexico. 
The  Califoniian  shrub  (var.  Ctdiforniciis,  ]5enth.  PI.  Hartweg),  like  other  southern  forms,  is  com- 
monly short-petioled.     All  the  forms  vary  from  sniooth  to  soft-pubescent.     Ovary  2-celied. 

2.  KELLOGGIA,  Torr. 
Calyx-tube  obovoid,  somewhat  llattened  laterally,  thickly  clothed  with  stiff 
short  bristles  ;  the  4  teeth  very  small,  subulate,  persistent.  Corolla  funnelform,  with 
4  narrow  oblong  lobes,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla  : 
filaments  llattish,  short :  anthers  linear.  Style  very  slender :  stigmas  2,  filiform, 
papillose.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  OA'ule  rising  from  the  base  of 
oach  cell.  Fruit  small,  oblong,  coriaceous,  2-coccous,  hispid  with  hooked  bristles, 
splitting  at  maturity  into  2  closed  carpels,  to  the  walls  of  whicli  the  seed  adheres. 
Embryo  large  in  the  fleshy  albumen,  straight.  — Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  t.  G  (18G2)  ; 
Gray,  PrOc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  53*);  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  137;  Torr.  1.  c.  332 
(1874). 

1.  K.  galioides,  Torr.  1.  c.  Slender  perennial-rooted  herb,  about  a  foot  high, 
rather  diU'use,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent  :  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  sessile  : 
interposed  stipules  small  and  scarious  :  llowers  small,  in  a  loose  forking  cyme  ter- 
minating the  stem  or  few  branches ;  the  long  pedicels  thi(;kened  at  the  a[)ex  and 
articulated  with  the  ilower :  corolla  dull  greenish-yellow,  3  lines  long,  pubescent 
outside. 

Damp  places,  commonly  under  the  shade  of  trees  or  shrubs,  along  the  foot-hills  and  in  the  Si- 
erra from  Mari|)Osa  Co.  northward,  extending  to  Oregon,  and  eastward  to  Arizona  (Palmer) 
and  Wyoming  (P(rrrii)  ;  first  discovered  on  the  Walla-Walla  lUver,  by  Dr.  Pickeriiuj  and  Mr. 
Brackcnridije,  in  Wilkes'  Isxfiedition,  when  crossing  from  Oregon  to  Califoinia.  The  genus  was 
dedicated  to  Dr.  Albert  Kellogg  of  San  1^'rancisco,  in  lilting  recognition  of  the  arduous  endeavors 
of  the  earliest  botanist  resident  in  the  State  of  California,  whose  botanical  labors,  prosecuted  for 
many  years  under  abounding  difliculties,  entitle  him  to  tlie  gratitude  of  those  who  are  engaged  in 
the  preparation  of  this  work,  and  of  those  who  will  use  it.  The  plant  is  modest  and  unpretend- 
ing, but  peculiar.  In  the  foliage  and  stipules  it  recalls  HousUmia,  in  the  flower  an  Aspcrula, 
and  the  fruit  is  like  that  of  Asperula  and  Galium,  except  that  the  embryo  was  found  by  Dr. 
Torrey  to  be  nearly  straight. 

3.   GALIUM,  Linn.     Bkdstraw.    Ci.eavkk.s. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  obsohito.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-parted,  iivrely  3-i)arlcd. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  short.  Styles  2,  short :  stigmas  capitate. 
Ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled  :  ovules  solitary.  Fruit  twin,  biglobular,  dry,  or  some- 
times fleshy  when  ripe,  separating  into  two  closed  one-seeded  carpels.  —  Herbs  or 
sometimes  woody  at  base,  with  slender  square  stems,  whorled  leaves,  destitute  of 
any  apparent  stipules  (the  stipules  being  supposed  to  be  developed  into  leaves  or 
blades),  and  small  llowers  usually  cymose.  Roots  of  many  species  red,  containing 
a  coloring-matter  like  madder,  which  is  from  a  nearly  related  genus. 


Gnlium.  urniACK/K  28.'] 

A  large  genus,  disporsed  througli  all  temperate  regions.  Wlien  tlie  uppermost  leaves  arc  re- 
duced to  a  single  pair,  they  occasionally  show  some  rudiments  of  the  projx-r  stijtules  of  tlit  order. 
In  several  Califoinian  species  the  flowers  are  diiecious.  — Tlic  spocies,  being  ratlier  numerous, 
may  be  more  readily  determined  by  the  aid  of  the  following  artificial  key. 

Leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  eight.  4.   G.  Aparinr. 

Leaves  all  in  sixes  :  frliit  not  liniry.  f>.   G.  a.spi^ukimum. 

Leaves  in  fives  and  sixes  :  fruit  hairy.  6.   G.  tiufi-oimfm. 

Leaves  mostly  in  fives  or  sixes  on  tlie  stem,  in  foura  on  the  branches.  7.   G.  tkikidum. 

Leaves  in  fours,  or  some  only  in  pairs. 
Fruit  berry-like,  not  haiiy. 

Low,  hispid  :  leaves  ovato  :  root  filirous.  L  G.  Calikornicum. 

Taller,  with  thicker  woody  root  :  leaves  small,  narrow.  2.  G.  Nuttallh. 

Porennial-tufted,  dwarf  :  flowers  perfect,  white  :  leaves  crowded,  awl- 
shaped.  14.  G.  Anduewsii. 
Fruit  dry. 

Low  annual  :  leaves  lanceolate  :  flowers  perfect,  white.  3.  G.  difolium. 

Perennials,  with  dull  purple  flowers. 

Leaves  oblong-linear,  minutely  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous.  8.  G.  HobAN'DKRi. 

Leaves  ovato  or  oblong,  cinereous-pubescent.  ii.  (L  rnnKNs. 

Perennial  lierl),  urect,  wTiito-llowcrod  ;  leaves  3-norvcd,  lanceolate.      10.  G.  uorkai.k. 
Perennial,  or  woody  at  base  :  llowera  dull  yellowish  or  whitish,  di<u- 
cious  :  fruit  long-hairy. 
Tall:  leaves  linear.  11-  G.  ancu.stifomum. 

Low  :  leaves  ovate  or  broadly  lanceolate  :  fruit  very  long-haired. 

Glabrous  and  smooth.  12.  G.  BLOOMr.iii. 

Cinereous-puberulent.  13.  G.  multifi,orum. 

§  1.  Frnit  herry-like  at  maturity,  as  in  Madder.  —  Ukluunium,  Eudl.,  Bcnth.  tt  Hook. 

1.  G.  Californicum,  Hook.  &  Am.  Low,  mucli  branched  from  an  anntml  (?) 
reddish  fibrous  root,  liispid  Avith  widely  spreadinjf  stiff  hairs  :  leaves  in  fours,  thin- 
nish,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  cuspidately  acute  or  mucronate  :  flowers  dioeciously 
polygamous  ;  the  fertile  ones  solitary  on  short  naked  peduncles  at  the  end  of  the 
branches  or  on  upper  forks,  recurved  in  fruit ;  the  sterile  ones  terminal  in  threes  : 
corolla  yellowish  ;  its  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous  :  fruit  purple,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so.  —  Bot.  Beech,  p.  349  ;  Torr.  &  CJray,  Fl.  ii.  20,  excl.  var. 

Common  from  Ran  Francisco  southward  towards  the  coast.  The  larger  forms  with  less  rigid 
hairiness  resemble  the  S.  American  G.  Edbun  (and  like  it  are  nyt  to  have  a  minutely  hirsute 
or  pubescent  ovary) ;  hut  that  is  well  distinguished  by  a  small  4-Icaved  involucel  at  the  apex  of 
tho  poduncln,  within  wliicli  tlio  flower  Is  bobsIIo. 

2.  G.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Stem  rising  from  n  thick  ami  firm  or  woody  root  or 
rootstock,  1  to  3  foot  high,  or  climbing  higher  on  bushes,  and  much  branching  : 
branchlots  minutely  aculoolate-scabrous  on  tho  anglas  :  leaves  in  fours  or  tho  upper- 
most often  only  in  pairs  (3  to  5  or  on  branchlots  only  2  or  3  lines  long),  thickish, 
varying  from  ovate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  smooth  except  the  spinulose- 
ciliate  margins  :  flowers  solitary,  minute  :  lobes  of  the  white  corolla  ovate  :  pedicels 
naked,  reflexed  in  fruit :  ovary  glabrous  :  fruit  small,  decidedly  baccate.  —  PL 
Wright,  i.  80,  in  note.     G.  si{ffrnticnmm,  Nutt.  in  'J'orr.  ^  Gray,  1.  c. 

Hills  and  low  grounds,  Marin  Co.  to  San  Diego.  Ai>parcutly  varies  greatly.  Often  "forms 
thickets,"  or  is  supported  on  shrubs,  in  the  manner  of  the  eastern  G.  asjrrcllum. 

§  2.    Fruit  dry  at  maturity. 

*    Annvals :  fruit  viinutely  hispid  with  hooked  bristles  :  flowers  perfect. 

3.  G.  bifolium,  "Watson.  Smooth  and  glabrous,  small  (3  to  6  inches  high),  at 
length  branched  :  leaves  in  depauperate  specimens  only  a  single  pair,  with  bases 
connected  by  a  scarious  sti]iular  lino  ;  in  vigorous  sporimens  4  in  the  whorl.s,  lance- 
olate, the  alternate  pair  (answering  to  stipules)  from  half  to  three  .piartors  smaller  : 
peduncles  solitary,  lateral  and  terminal,  nake.l,  l-flowc-rd,  about  equalling  the 
leaves  when  in  friiit.  spreading  :  corolla  minufp,  white  :  fruit  recurved  on  tho  apex 
of  tho  pediinclo.  —  Hot.  King.  134,  t.  M,  tig.  8. 


284 


RUBIACE.E.  (Uili 


Marshes  near  Peregoy's,  Muriposa  Co.,  at  7,(iOO  feet  (.-/.  Gray)  ;  Sierra  Vnlley  {Lnmiuni)  ;  <lis- 
covert'il  liy  Mr.  U'ldsoit  in  tin;  iiu>iiiitiiiiis  of  Nevada.  Fruit  iiroportionally  lar-^e,  a  liiu:  or  a  Uiio 
ami  a  liulf  in  cliunielor. 

4.  Cr.  Aparine,  l.iim.  Stem  weak  and  spvoadiiig  :  leaves  mostly  in  eij^hts, 
liiioar-ul)laiic(H)iali) ;  tliu  mav[j[ius,  midrili,  ami  angles  of  tlie  branches  anneil  witli 
snreailing  or  retrorsc  spinuloso  bristles  :  peihnuiles  elongated,  1  —  2-llo\vered  :  corolla 
greenisli-whito  :  Iriiit  rather  large. 

Moist  grounds,  apparently  throughout  the  State,  and  without  doubt  a  native  plant ;  but  only 
in  the  smaller  form  (var.  minor,  llook.)  :  the  leaves  barely  an  inch  or  thereabouts  in  lengtli, 
whereas  in  the  ordinary  eastern  and  European  plants  they  are  of  twice  that  length,  and  the  liiiil 
larger. 

*   *   AiiiuKil  {{)  with  perfect  Jlowers  :  fruit  (jranulate-scabrous. 

5.  Gr.  aspeiTimuni,  ^Imy.  J)iiriisely  much  branched,  weak:  the  branches 
slender,  minutely  and  retrorsely  spinulose  :  leaves  in  sixes,  lanceolate  or  the  lower 
oblanceolate  verging  to  oblong,  tipped  -with  a  slender  cuspidate  point,  smooth  ami 
shining  both  sides,  the  margins  and  midrib  beneath  thickly  and  retrorsely  spinu- 
lose-ciiiate  :  llowers  numerous,  in  naked  cymes  tenninating  the  branchlets  :  pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  lilil'orm  :  lobes  of  the  ap[)arently  greenish-whito  corolla  ovate  and 
ucuto  :  immature  fruit  muricate  granulate. — I'l.  Feudl.  GO,  ^  I'l.  Wright,  ii.  ()7. 
(New  Mexico  and  Arizona.) 

Var.  asperulum:  leaves  thinner,  ilidler,  all  nu)re  lanceolate,  their  margins  and 
midrib  nuu;h  less  strongly  ciliate,  the  bristles  soujetimes  obscure  and  not  retrorse  : 
peduncles  and  pedicels  fewer  ami  not  divaricate  :  corolla  apparently  purplish  :  fruit 
not  seen.  —  G.  asperriiaam,  Watson,  liot.  King.  134. 

In  Mariposii  Secpioia  Grove  (Bulandcr),  .Sierra  Valley  {Lcmmo-it),  and  Ruby  Valley,  Nevada 
( Watson),  if  a  variety  of  G.  aspcrrimuiii,  it  nuist  be  a  form  growing  in  more  shady  places. 
Leaves  ^  to  |  of  an  inch  long,  those  near  the  llowers  smaller,  almost  awn-pointed.  Corolla  a  lino 
and  a  half  in  diameter.     Perhaps  the  root  is  pereiuiial. 

*   vc   «    Pere)ini(tls. 

+-  With  dijfiise  or  decumbent  xvhoUy  herbaceous  sttum  :  fruit  not  lon(/-vilious  :  leaves 
with  more  or  less  j^i'ovnnent  luidrib,  but  no  lateral  nerves. 

6.  G.  triflorum,  IMichx.  Hlightly  and  sparsely  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous,  bright 
green  :  stems  pro(;und)ent  ov  reclining,  minutely  spinulose  backwards  on  the  angles 
(or  rarely  smooth)  :  leaves  in  sixes  or  sometimes  in  lives,  thin,  oblongdanceolate, 
acute  at  both  ends,  or  cuspidate-acundnate,  the  margins  and  often  the  midrib 
beneath  beset  with  very  short  commonly  retrorse  and  hooked  bristles  :  peduncles  once 
or  twice  .'{-forked  ;  tlio  pedicels  divergent  :  con)lla  greenish  :  fruit  hirsute  with 
slen<ler  hooked  bristles,  or  when  mature  merely  roughened. 

Rather  common  in  woods  and  thickets,  from  San  Francisco  northward  and  to  the  Sierra,  ex- 
tending through  the  northern  parts  of  the  continent.  The  foliage  when  drying  exhales  tlie 
sweet  scent  of  the  European  Aspcrula  odoruta.  Leaves  one  or  two  inches  or  less  in  length,  3  or  4 
lines  wide. 

7.  Gr.  trifidum,  I^inn.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  slender,  ascending  or 
erect,  dilfusely  branched,  mostly  roughened  on  the  angles:  leaves  4-6  in  the 
whorl,  commoidy  5  or  6  on  the  stem  and  4  on  the  branches,  varying  from  linciir  to 
oblanceolate,  obtuse,  the  miilrib  and  margins  more  or  less  scabrous  :  peduncles  soli- 
tary or  in  tlirees,  not  longer  than  the  leaves  :  llowers  very  small  :  lobes  of  the  white 
corolla  and  the  stamens  often  only  3  :  fnut  smooth  and  nakt'(l. 

Wet  and  shady  places,  .same  range  as  the  [neceding.  Stems  5  to  LO  inches  high.  Leaves  3  to  0 
lines  long.     Corolhi  barely  a  line  broad. 

8.  Gr.  Bolandei'i,  Gray.  Apparently  erect,  diffusely  and  paniculately  branched, 
■  minutely   hirsute    or    nearly    glabrous :    leaves    all    in    fours,    thickish,    oblongdin- 

ear,   short,   the   margins  and  midrib  beneath   mimdely    hispiil-ciliate  :   cynics   sev- 
cral-llowered,   paniculate  :  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  llowers  :  corolla  dull 


aalinm.  IIUBIACEJ-:.  9,sr, 

l)tiri>le,  its  lobes  ovate  and  acute  :  ovary  glabrous  but  granulate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acail. 
vii.  350. 

Sierra  NevaJa  (on  llio  Mono  trnil,  Bnln-nder ;  Sierra  Vnllry,  I/-tnmn)i).  Apjiarrntly  of  the 
snino  species  is  a  ])lnnt  in  Hattan's  collection,  with  similar  (sterilo  >.)  llowers,  but  brunches  nnil 
I'olinge  minutely  hirsute.  Plauts  njiparently  one  or  two  feet  high  :  base  of  stem  not  seen.  Leaves 
3  to  6  lines  long.     Corolla  a  line  and  a  half  broad. 

9.  Gr.  pubens,  Oray,  1.  c.  Cinereous-pubescent  througbout  witli  short  and 
ratlier  soft  spreading  liairs,  diffusely  much  branclicd  :  leaves  in  fours,  thickisli, 
ovatn,  or  on  tlio  bninchh^ts  oblong  or  oven  oblong-linear,  acutn  or  niucronate- 
l)oinkotl  :  llowers  polyganio-ilid'cious,  tlio  stcrilo  in  sf^vcralllowiM-iMJ  ('loso  eyniofl,  the 
I'ertilo  fewer  :  peduncles  and  ))edi(;ela  short :  corolla  dull  purple,  its  lobes  ovato  and 
acute  :  fruit  minutely  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous  and  smooth. 

Var.  scabridum,  with  shorter,  less  coi)ious,  and  rather  scalirous  i)ubcsceuce  : 
ovary  glalirous. 

Yoseniito  Valley  {Bolamhr,  Tm-rcy,  Oray).  Stems  about  2  feet  long.  Leaves  4  lines  long. 
Corolla  2  lines  broad,  sometimes  3-5-cleft.     Fruiting  pedicels  little  over  a  lino  in  length. 

+-   ■¥-   With  erect  and  wholbj  herbaceous  smooth  stems :  fruit  smooth  or  merely  jnibes- 
cent :  leaves  3  -  b -nerved. 

10.  Gr.  boreale,  T.inn.  Glabrous  and  smooth,  or  nearly  so,  strictly  erect,  leafy  : 
leaves  in  fours,  lanceolate  or  almost  linear,  bluntish  :  cymes  many -flowered,  in  a 
thyrsiform  panicle  :  corolla  white  :  fruit  very  minutely  hairy  or  smooth. 

Shaded  or  open  banks  of  streams,  towanls  Oregon  ;  t.licnce  northward  and  eastward  to  the  At- 
lantic.    (The  plant  of  Xantus  from  Fort  Tejon,  No.  40,  belongs  to  the  next  species.) 

-«--(--{-  With  erect  or  ascevdinfi  stems  more  or  less  wood;/,  and  poli/rjamodirrcious 
{ifellnwish-white)  Jlowers :  sterile  ovaries  (jhihrous  or  naked  :  the  fruit  clothed  with 
Ion;/  ir/iite  hairs,  vhich  are  vol  hooked  at  the  tip. 

11.  G.  angUStifolium,  Nutt.  Shrubby  at  ba.'^o,  1  to  4  feet  high,  glabrous  :  Ihn 
brandies  rigid  or  strict,  smooth  on  the  angles  :  leaves  in  fours,  linear,  mucronate- 
acuto,  rigid,  1-norved,  veinle.ss,  with  barely  scabrous  margins  :  cymes  small  and  nu- 
merous in  a  narrow  panicle  :  llowers  very  small,  greenish-white  :  fruit  hispid  or 
hirsute,  \vith  straight  bristles  not  longer  than  itself.  —  G.  trichocarpum  &  angnstifo- 
lium  (under  trichocarpum),  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &:  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  22. 

Near  the  coast,  Santa  Rarbnra  to  San  Diego,  and  east  to  Fort  Tejon.  l»isiiig  to  3  or  4  feet  high 
when  supported  on  bushes.  Leaves  from  3  to  8  lines  long.  The  m.ile  plaut,  which  ha.s  smooth 
and  glabrous  abortive  ovaries,  was  taken  for  G.  .vifnilirosiim  in  the  Botany  of  the  Mexican  Boun- 
dary, and  for  G.  boreale  in  the  Tejon  collection  by  Xantus.  The  female  plant  does  not  accord 
with  any  Chilian  species,  neither  with  the  G.  criocar/mm  of  Bartling  (whether  that  be  Hooker 
and  Arnott's  si>ecic3  of  that  name,  or  G.  Gi/tinsit),  !ior  with  G.  t.ricJior/irpnm,  DC,  which  by 
the  character  answers  to  G.  C/iami.isovli,  Hook,  k  Arn.  Wherefore  Nuttnll's  name  for  one  of 
the  forms  may  be  adopted  for  this  species. 

12.  GJ-.  Bloomeri,  Gray.  Low,  3  to  12  inches  high,  wholly  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, much  branched  from  the  suft'rutescent  base  :  leaves  in  fours,  and  some  of  the 
uppermost  only  in  pairs,  ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate,  rigid,  1  -  3-nerved  :  flowers 
yellowish-white,  somewhat  panicled  ;  the  sterile  ones  very  short-i>edicelled  ;  the  fer- 
tile mostly  longer  than  the  long  villous  hairs  of  the  fruit,  and  erect.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vi.  538  ;  Watson,  Hot.  King.  135. 

Var.  hirsutum,  (!ray.  Stems  au'l  leaves  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs:  leaves 
thinner  :  otherwise  like  a  small  form  of  G.  Bloomeri. 

Sierra  Nevada,  on  the  dry  eastern  slo]>es,  towards  Virginia  City  nn.l  to  La<wen  Penk.  kc. 
Hnii-8  of  tlie  fruit  a  line  or  rather  more  in  length.  In  thi^  ..nd  lb-  next  the  subslcnle  or  nn|HM-- 
foctly  fertile  ovary  is  apt  to  develop  a  few  long  haiiN  ;  but  the  tndy  ferlde  fruit  ih  mostly  cov 
cred'with  long  haiVs.  —  The  variety,  from  Sicrni  Valley,  I.nnnum. 

13.  G.  multiflorum.  Kellogg.  Low,  3  to  12  inches  high,  cincreous-puberulcnt 
or  minutelv  scabrous,  branched  from  the  suirriites(«.ent  b;u;e  :  leaves  in  fours,  or  some 


286 


VALEUIANACE.!-;.  UalUu 


of  tiie  lloml  ones  in  jmirs  (or  even  alternate),  varying  from  rounJish-ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  apiculato,  rigid,  mostly  3-norvod  :  llowura  yi'llowiali-wliile,  soli- 
Uiry  or  in  tlireos  at  tlie  eml  of  .short  branches  :  fruit-bouring  potUcels  mostly  longer 
than  the  long  villoua  haii-a  of  the  fruit,  at  length  recurved.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii. 
1)7  (IBCl);  Watson,  1.  c.     G.  hypotriclduvi,  Ciray,  1.  c.  (18C6). 

Dry  oustiTii  iiiirlioii  of  llio  Siuini  Novuiiii ;  iiuur  Doiuior  Puss  (Torreij)  ;  Sonora  Pusa  (Brewer)  ; 
Sierm  Valluy,  &c.  ;  and  in  Nevada. 

G.  STELLATUM,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  (to  whicli  is  evidently  to  be  referred  O.  aoutissimuvi,  Gmy, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  350),  extends  from  New  Mexico  through  Arizona  {Palmer)  to  Cenos 
Island,  olf  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  and  may  be  found  within  the  State.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  ovate-lanceolate  rigid  leaves,  tapering  to  a  pungent  point. 

4-  ^-  -H  -(-  With  low  and  depressed  stems  thicklij  set  ivith  persistent  leaves,  formunj 
cushion-like  tufts  on  the  (/round :  Jlowers  perfect. 

14.  G-.  Andre"WSii,  Omy.  Cuespitose  on  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  glabrous  : 
leaves  crowded  in  fuurs  and  in  axillary  fascicles,  subulate  or  acero.se,  rigid,  shining, 
p\ingent,  1 -nerved,  or  rather  with  a  stout  midrib,  either  naked  or  apinulose-ciliate 
on  the  margins  :  Howers  solitary  or  in  threes,  terminating  the  branchlets,  very  small, 
on  short  or  slender  pedicels  :  corolla  wliite.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  538. 

Dry  hills  near  the  coast,  from  the  liay  of  Monterey  south  to  Fort  Tejon,  &c.  Plant  forming 
tufts  from  2  inches  to  a  span  in  height  ;  leaves  2  to  5  lines  long,  half  a  line  or  less  in  width. 
[The  fruit,  recently  colieclcd  by  Pulincr,  proves  to  be  baccate  and  glabrous,  showing  lliat  the 
species  is  most  nearly  allied  to  <f.  Nuttallii  of  the  Kki.UI'NIUM  section.] 

OuDER  L.    VALERIANACE^. 

These  arc  herbs,  witli  opposite  leaves  and  no  .stipules;  the  di.stinct  stamens  (1  to 
4)  almost  always  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  borne  on  its  tube;  the 
inferior  ovary  with  two  abortive  or  empty  cells,  and  a  single  fertile  one  containing 
a  solitary  pendulous  ovule,  rii)ening  into  a  kind  of  akene.  — Flowers  perfect  or  by 
abortion  diiecious.  Calyx  sometimes  obsolete,  except  its  tube  consolidated  with  the 
ovary,  sometimes  with  a  limb  composed  of  teeth,  chalf,  or  bristles.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar or  funnelform,  often  irregular;  its  limb  3-5-cleft;  the  lobes  imbricated  in  th« 
bud.  Style  filiform  :  stigmas  1  to  3  :  ovule  anatropous.  Fruit  dry  and  indehis- 
cent,  either  one-celled,  the  two  other  cells  having  disappeared,  or  more  or  less 
3-celled,  two  of  the  cells  empty  or  mere  vestiges.  Seed  destitute  of  albumen,  lilled 
by  the  large  and  straight  embryo  :  i-adicle  superior.  —  Inflorescence  cymose. 

A  family  of  nine  genera  and  about  300  species,  of  small  economical  imi^rtance,  except  as  yield- 
ing the  oflicinal  Valerian  (the  jjeculiar  odor  anil  properties  of  which  prev.iil  in  the  roots  of  most 
of  the  perennial  species),  mainly  belonging  to  the  temperate  and  frigid  parts  of  the  world,  spar- 
ingly represented  in  North  America.  Only  one  Valerian  has  thus  far  been  detected  in  California, 
but  there  is  a  peculiar  genus. 

Corn  Salads  {Fcdia  or  Faleriancllu)  are  likely  to  occur  in  grain-fields,  iiitroduceil  from  Euroi^, 
but  are  not  yet  mot  with. 

1.  Valeriana.     Limb  of  the  calyx  inrollcd   and  concealed    in  llower,  evoluto  and  iiapiius-like 

in  I'ruil,  of  iihimoHc  bristles,     {'onilla  Hinirlcss.     Stiimens  :).     Perennials. 

2.  Pleotritis.      Limb  of  tlie  calyx  olisolete.     'I'ube  of  the  corolla  bearing  a  .>spur.     Stiimens  3. 

Annuals. 

1.  VALERIANA,  'l\.urn.     Valkuian. 
Limb  of  the  calyx  involute  and  concealed  in  the  fluwering  state,  evoluto  in  fruit, 
formed  of  numerous  plumose  bristles,  resembling  a  pappus,  deciduous.    Corolla  with 
more  or  less  cylindrical  tjr  obconical  tube,  which  is  often  gibbnus  but  not  spurred  at 


IVeclri(,\.  VALERIANACEyE. 


287 


iho  baso  :  tlio  limb  about  equally  S-lobed.  Stanioiis  3.  Abortive  cells  of  tlio  ovary 
small  or  obscure,  obliterated  in  the  akene-likn  fruit.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  strong- 
scented  mostly  thickened  rootstocks  or  roots,  simple  or  pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or 
flesh-colored  flowers  in  a  terminal  often  panicled  cyme.  The  flowers  in  some  species 
are  either  dimorjthous  or  polygamo-dioecious.  —  The  roots  of  several  are  used  in 
medicine.     The  only  species  yet  detected  in  this  State  is, 

1.  V.  sylvatica,  Richardson.  !Miinitely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  rnot- 
sto(;k  croei)ing  :  root-leaves  entire  and  s])atulate  or  oval,  or  sometimes  3i)arto<l  : 
stem-leaves  mostly  i)innatcly  divided  into  3  to  11  broadly  lanceolate  or  oblong-ovatc 
unequal  entire  or  toothed  leaflets  :  flowers  all  perfect :  corolla  short  and  broad  : 
stigma  almost  entire. 

Wet  places  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  &c.,  from  the  Yosetnite  to  Doiiner  Lake,  thence  eastward 
and  nortliward  through  tlie  Continent.  This  has  hecn  tiiotiglit  to  be  tlic  European  V.  dioica,  or 
too  near  it ;  hut  the  stigma  is  not  3-(;left,  and  no  form  is  known  with  inclu<ied  stamens  and  long 
styk\  At  the  north  it  sometimes  has  smaller  flowers  with  less  protruded  stamens  ;  but  then  the 
style  also  is  short. 

V.  KDUMS,  Nutt.,  is  common  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  eastward  ;  and  it  may  be  found  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  California.  It  is  well  marked  hy  the  long  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  or 
lobes  of  the  leaves,  with  minutely  downy  margins  ;  and  the  (lowers  are  dioecious. 

2.  PLECTRITIS,  (Lindl.,)  DC. 
Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  none.  Tube  of  the  corolla  very  gibbous,  spurred 
at  the  base ;  the  short  limb  more  or  less  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  2-cleft,  lower  3-cleft. 
Stamens  ,3.  Ovary  triangular,  with  empty  cells  at  two  of  tho  angles  :  stylo  slender  : 
stigma  somewhat  capitate.  Fruit  winged  on  each  side  of  tho  fertile  cell  by  the 
remains  of  the  open  and  enlarged  sterile  cells,  tho  wings  incurved,  making  the  fruit 
saucer-shaped. — Annuals,  nearly  glabrous  (except  that  the  fruit  is  often  puberu- 
lent),  with  slender  erect  stems,  oblong  or  spatulate  entire  or  barely  sinuate-toothed 
leaves,  the  cauline  ones  sessile  ;  the  dense  contracted  cymes  in  the  axils  of  the  u]iper 
small  leaves  and  terminal,  forming  an  interrupted  spike  or  head.  Flowers  snmll, 
rose-color,  subtended  by  pairs  of  subulate  bracts,  perfect.  Stamens  and  stylo  some- 
times oxserted,  sometimes  more  or  loss  included  in  tho  same  species. 

Thoro  Is  a  Chilian  spccicfl  vpfcrrod  to  Mils  genus  by  Mcntliam  nnd  llenkcr,  which  has  winglcHs 
fruit.  Tho  two  genuine  species,  connned  to  tho  western  side  of  North  America,  are  Just  alike  in 
lierbage,  and  to  bo  distinguished  only  by  tho  flowers. 

1.  P.  COngesta,  DC.  Corolla  about  a  quarter  of  nn  inch  long;  its  spur  much 
shorter  and  smaller  than  tho  tube  ;  the  limb  distinctly  bilabiate. 

Moist  soil,  less  abundant  than  tho  next ;  common  in  Oregon  and  extending  into  Utah.  Varj'- 
ing  from  a  span  to  a  foot  or  two  in  height. 

2.  P.  macrocera,  Torr.  i^  Cray.  Corolla  considerably  smaller  ;  its  thick  sjuir 
about  tho  length  of  tho  body,  so.  that  it  n])pejirs  as  if  attached  at  tlie  middle;  tho 
limb  smaller  and  less  evidently  bilabiate. — Torr.  i^-;  (Jray,  V\.  ii.  .00.  J\  bnirhtj- 
stemon,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  ]nd.  Sem.  Petei'sb.  1835. 

Common  in  low  grounds,  towanls  tho  coast  and  in  the  valleys.  —  Fischer  .V  Meyer's  name  is 
the  older,  but  is  misleading,  as  the  length  of  the  stnmens  is  not  a  specific  diameter,  nnd  they 
omitted  all  mention  of  the  real  distinctions  of  the  species. 

OunKli  DIPSACE.ffl,  Ibe  Teasel  or  Scabious  Funnily,  has  no  indigenous 
representatives  in  America,  and  ni)  truly  naturalized  species  in  (jdiforuia.  liut 
DiPSACUS  FULLONUM,  the  FuUer'ii  Teasrl,  has  been  met  with  in  wa.ste  gmunds 
near  old  settlements.    It  is  proper  to  mention  it,  but  it  hardly  nceils  to  bo  described. 


9y^  COMPUSIT.E. 

OuDEu  LI.     COMPOSIT-ai. 

Known  by  having  the  flowers  iu  a  head,  surrounded  by  an  invohicre  (fonaing 
the  compound  flower  of  the  older  botanists),  and  syngenesious  anthers.  —  Fluwers 
cither  perfect,   ixilygaiuous,   or  moncecious,   or  rarely  diteciuus,   or  some   neutral. 
Corolla  gamopiitalous  (monopetalous).     Stamens  5,  or  sometimes  4,  inserted  un  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes  :  iilameats  generally  distinct  :  anthers 
synytntsions,  i.  e.  united  into  a  tube.     Ovary    1-celled,  with  a  solitary  erect  anat- 
lopous  ovule  :  stylo  one,  2-cleft  or  iJ-lobod  ut  the  apex ;  the  lobes  or  ])rauches  of 
the  stylo  bearing  stigmas  iu  the  form  of  marginal  linos  on  tlieir  inner  face.     I'ruit 
an  akeiie.     Seed  (hvsLitute  of  albumen,  tilled  by  the  stmiglit  embryo.  — Caly.K  with 
tube  investing  and  incDrpurated  with  the  ovary  ;  its  limb  either  wanting,  ur  in  the 
form  of  a  border  or  crown,  or  of  teeth,  scales,  awns,  bristles,  &c.,  surmounting  the 
ovary  :  it  is  called  a  pappus,  whatever  be  its  form  or  texture.     Corolla  e])igynous, 
either  strap-shaped  {lujulate)  or  tubular ;  iu  the  former  case  the  5  or  4  p(;tals  of 
which  it  is  composed  are  sometimes  indicated  by  the  teeth  or  notches  at  the  apex 
of  the  ligait  or  expanded  portion  :  in  the  latter  case  S-lobed  or  occasionally  4-lubed, 
the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  veins  of  the  tube  forking  at  the  sinuses  ami 
bordering  the  lobes.     Anthers  2-celled,  introrse,  o{)ening  on  the  inner  face  ;  the 
pollen   brushed  out  of  the   tube   by   the   lengthening   of  the  style,  some   portion 
of  Avhich,  or  of  its  branches,  in  staminiferous  flowers  usually  is  beset  externally  or 
tipped  with  a  rough-bristly  or  papillose  surface.      Heads  homoyamous,  i.  e.  with  all 
their  flowei-s  alike,  or  heterogamous,  i.  e.  of  more  than  one  sort  of  flowers.      llomog- 
amous  heads  are  sometimes  completely  lujulijloruus,  i.  o.  all  the  flowers  with  strap- 
shaped  or  ligulato  corolla,  and  in  this  case  all  hm-maphrodite ;  sometimes  discoid, 
i.  0.  with  no  lignlate  flowers,      llctorogamoua  heads  are  commonly  radiate,  i.  e.  the 
outermost  or  marginal  flowers  have  enlarged  and  mostly  strap-shaped  corollas,  and 
are  always   female   or  else   neutral :    these  are   called   flowers  of  the   ray,   or  ray- 
flowers,   or   shortly   rai/s :   those  within  are   termed   flowers   of  the  disk   or  ilisk- 
flowers.     Some  heterogamous  heads  are  discoid,  i.  e.  the  marginal  flowers  allhough 
unlike  the  central  ones  are  all  tubular,  or  at  least  not  developed  into  rays.     The 
bracts  or  leaves  of  tho  involucre  which  surround  the  head  are  commonly  termed 
■  scales,  whatever  their  texture.     The  commonly  dilated  extremity  of  the  peduncle 
on  which  the  flowers  are  inserted  is  the  receptacle.      When  the  leceptacle  bears  only 
flowers  within  the  involucre,  it  is  said  to  be  naked:  when  there  are  bracts,  usually 
in  the  form  of  chaIVy  sc;ales  (thereftn-e  termed  palew,  palets,  or  chaff)  borne  on  tlie 
receptacle,  mostly  one  outside  of  each  Jlow.-r,  the*  rectiptacle  is  said  to  ha  2)aleaceous 
or  chaffy.  —  Herbs,  shruljs,  or  sometimes  trees,  various  in  ft)liage,  with  determinate 
inflorescence  as  to  tho  order  of  the  lieads,  i.  e.  the  terminal  (U-  central  one  iirst  lUi- 
veloped ;  but  the  evolution  of  tlie  l)lossoms  in  each   head  centripetal,  i.  e.  the  mar- 
ginal ones  earliest. —  DC.  Trodr.  v.,  vi.,  k  vii.,  pait  1  ;  Torr.  k  (Iray,  Fl.  ii.  54- 
504;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  V\.  ii.  1G3-533. 

An  immense  order,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  comprising  about  one  tenth  of  all  Phaenoga- 
moua  plants,  iu  North  America  and  especially  iu  ("alifornia  a  still  largti-  proportion.  Vt-iy 
few  are  important  for  any  active  properties  or  useful  products  ;  Imt  many  an;  cultivalcd  for  orna- 
ment. 


COMPOSIT.E. 


2.S1J 


Key  to  the  Trihos  In  Cnllfornlii. 

I.    TU151J  I.I  FLORAE  ;  the  corolliis  tubular  ami  5-  (rarely  4-)  tootlicil 
or  cleft  in  the  peifect  ilowers  ;  those  with  ligulate  corollas  (iiiys) 
at  the  margin  either  pistillate  or  neutral. 
Style-branches  club-shaped,  obtuse,  neither  hairy  nor  appendaged  :  (losv- 

ers  all  perfect,  never  yellow. 
Style-branches  of  jjorfect  flowers  flat  and  tii)pcd  with  a  distinct  flat  ap- 
pendage :  anthers  without  tails  :  leaves  all  alternate. 
Style-branches  of  the  perfect  flowers  neither  truncate  nor  tipped  with  any 
appendage  :    anthers  with  tails  :   heads  heterogaraous :  recep- 
tacle not  long-bristly  :  corollas  not  deisply  cleft. 
Style-branche.^  of  perfect  flowers  truncate-capitate  or  tipped  with  an  ap- 
pendage :  anthers  without  tails  :  leaves  or  some  of  them  often 
opposite. 
Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  next  the  margin  :  involucre  not  scarious  : 

pappus  not  capillary. 
Receptacle  not  chaffy  :   involucre  not  of  imbricated  scarious  scales  : 

pappus  not  capillary. 
Receptacle  not  chaffy  or  rarely  so  :  involucre  of  imbricated  partly  scari- 
ous scales  :  pappus  a  short  c.romi  or  none. 
Recpptado  not  chaffy  :  jjappus  capillary  and  copious. 
Style-branches  without  tips  or  apiiendnge,  more  or  loss  concreted  to  or 
near  the  ape.t  :  corollas  all  tubular  and  very  deeply  (sometimes 
irregularly)  f)-cleft  into  long  linear  lobes  :  receptacle  densely 
bristly  :  anthers  sagittate  or  with  tails. 
It.    LABI  ATIFLOR^  ;  the  corollas  bilabiate  and  the  flowers  perfect. 
III.    LIGULIFLOR/E  ;  the  corollas  all  ligulate  (and  5-toothed  at  the 
apex),  and  the  flowere  perfect.     Juice  milky. 


2.  EUPATORIACKit. 

3.  A.STKKOII)KyE. 

4.  iNULOIDEiE. 


5.  Helianthoide.«, 

6.  Helenioide*. 


7.  Anthemide*. 

8.  Senecionide-b. 


9.  Cynaroipe^. 

10.    MUTISIACEiE. 


11.    ClCHORIACE.£. 


Key  to  the  Genera. 

Trihe  I.  VERNONIACEiE.  Heads  hon)ogamous  and  the  flowers  all  perfect,  with  tubular 
corolla,  never  yellow.  Anthers  sagittatt;  at  baSe.  Branches  of  the  style  slender-subulate, 
minutely  hispid.  ,         .         .      ,  .  , 

No  plant  of  this  tiibe,  as  thus  defined,  is  known  in  California  or  in  the  regions  nortli 
of  it.  The  only  genus  to  be  expected  is  E/cph/tiUopus,  of  which  one  or  two  species 
are  widely  spread  over  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world,  and  these  may  come  in  at  the  south. 

Tkibe  11.  EUPATORIACEiE.  Heads  homogamous  and  the  flowers  all  perfect,  with  regular 
tubular  corolla,  never  yellow,  or  more  than  cream-rolor.  Anthers  nearly  entire  at  ba.se. 
Bmnchos  of  the  stylo  obtuse,  ofttnior  thickened  ui)wards  or  club-slmpod,  minutely  papilloBe- 
granular  or  smoothish,  the  stigniatic  lines  inconspicuous. 

♦  Papjuis  of  2  to  12  stout  bristles  or  awns,  alternating  with  as  many  scales. 

1.  HofmeiBteria.     InvohnTe  and  flowers  as  in  BricMlia.     Akcnos  4  -  f)-aiigled  or  riblnsd. 

♦  *  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. 

+■  Receptacle  naked. 

2    Eupatorium.     Akenes  5-angled.     liristles  of  the  pappus  scabrous,  rather  rigid. 

3.  Briokellia.     Akenes  lO-ribbed  or  striate.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  about  in  one  senes,  scabrous 

or  almost  plumose,  rather  rigid.     Involucre  imbricated, 
t.  Adenostylea.     Akenes  lO-ribbed.      Brisflns  of  the  pappus  very  copious,  hardly  scabrous, 
soft,  white.      Involucre  not  imbricated. 

+-+-  Receptacle  chafTy,  at  least  among  the  outer  flowers. 
5.   Carphephorus  §  Kuhnioides.     Akenes  10-ribbed.    Pappus  plumose.    Involucre  imbricated. 
Tuire  111.     ASTEROlDEiE.      Heads  cither  heterogamous  or  homojiamous,   the  disk-flowers 
with  regular  tubular  corolla,   the  ray-flowers  when  present   liRulate   and    pistillate  only, 
rarely  neutral.      Receptacle  naked  (not  chaffy)  except  sometimes  in  No.   20.       Antlien* 
nearly  entire  at  base  (without  tjiils).     Branches  of  the  style  in  perfect  flowers  flattened, 
tipped  with  an  appendage.     Leaves  mostly  alternate. 
Subtribe  I.     ASTERINE/E.     Heads  homogamous  and  the  flowers  perfect  or  heteroganious 
and  mostly  radiate,  yet  several  are  discoid,  or  with  merely  filiform  corollas  to  the  pistil- 
late flowers,  but  none  diuecious. 


290 


COM  POSIT  J-: 


♦  Pappus  paleaceous  or  aiistifonn  or  coroniforni,  i.  e.  of  chatFy  scales  or  awns  or  of  few  stout 
awn-like  bristles,  or  of  very  short  bristles  or  scales  sometimes  united  in  a  crown,  rarely 
obsolete  or  wantiiiy,  never  of  indetinitely  numerous  capillary  bristles. 

+-  Flowoiu  all  yellow. 

++  Involucre  of  coriaceous  or  firm-cliartaceous  scales  mostly  with  herbaceous  or  greenish  tips, 

commonly  (No.  i)  o.Kceiilud)  coated  with  a  rosinouu  or  balsamic  o.xudation. 

6.  Gutierrezla.     Heads  small  and  coiymbose  or  clustered,  with  rays  ;  the  ilowers  nil  fertile. 

I'uppus  of  several  short  chaify  scales. 

7.  Amphiachyria.     Heads   small,    clustered,   with   fertile   rays  ;  the  disk-flowers  not   fertile. 

Pappus  in  the  disk-flowers  of  long  flattish  and  soft  bristles  rather  than  scales  ;  in  the 
few  ray-llowers  of  chafl'y  scales  concreted  at  base  into  a  cup. 

8.  Grindelia.     Heads  larger,  solitary,  terminating  simjile  branches,  many-flowered,  mostly  with 

rays  and  all  the  flowers  fertile.  Akenes  glabrous.  Pappus  of  2  to  8  rigid  and  stout 
caducous  awns. 

9.  Acaxnptopappus.     Heads  without  rays.     Scales  of  the  involucre  chartaceous,  with  scarioua 

and  lacerale-Hmbriate  margins.  Akenes  turgid,  very  densely  white-woolly.  Pappus 
persistent,  of  numerous  rigid  chaliy  awns,  the  longer  ones  equalling  the  corolla. 

++  ++  Involucre  of  thin  more  or  less  imbiicated  scales,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips. 

10.  Pentachaeta.     Akenes  compressed.     Pappus  of  5  (rarely  2  to  8)  persistent  slender  rigid 

bristles,  sometimes  unequal  or  all  very  short,  sometimes  obsolete  or  wanting. 

+-  +-  Hays  white,  blue,  or  purple  (jiever  yellow)  :  disk-flowers  yellow  :  akenes  compressed. 

10.  Pentachaeta  sometimes  has  white  rays  in  one  species. 

11.  Monoptilon.     Papjuis  a  small  crown  and  a  single  deciduous  bristle  which  is  plumose  at  top. 

12.  Eremiastrum.     riiin)us  of  8  to  10  thin  scales  cut  almost  into  bristles,  and  within  these 

some  stout  bristles.     Akenes  with  merely  nerved  margins. 

*  »  Pappus  of  copious  slender  or  capillary  bristles. 

+■  Flowers  all  with  the  limb  of  the  corolla  5-parted  into  linear  or  elongated-oblong  lobes,  either 

regular  or  the  marginal  ones  palmate  :  no  ligulate  rays. 

13.  Lessingia.     Heads  5  -  25-flowered.     Flowers  yellow,  purple,  or  white. 

■i-+-  Disk-flowers  with  the  tubular  corolla*  merely  5-toothed  or  with  6  short  lobes,  perfect  :  ray- 
flowers  when  present  ligulate  (pistillate,  or  in  a  few  cases  neutral). 

+t  Rays  yellow,  their  akenes  destitute  of  pappus. 

14.  Heterotheca.     Nearly  the  same   as   Chrysopsis   (No.   15),    except  that  their  larger  and 

thicker  ray-akenes  have  no  pappus. 
++  ++  Rays  yellow  or  sometimes  none  :  disk-flowers  yellow  :  all  the  akenes  with  pappus. 
a.   Pappus  double. 

15.  Chrysopsis.     Heads  radiate  or  in  one  section  rayless.     Pappus  of  two  sorts  ;  the  interior 

of  long  capillary  bristles,  the  exterior  a  set  of  short  bristles  or  chaliy  scales.  Akenes 
compressed. 

b.  Pappus  simple  :  involucre  imbricated. 

16.  Aplopappus.     Heads  radiate,  exceiiting  one  or  two  species  which  have  more  or  less  folia- 

ceous  or  green-tipped  scales  to  the  involucre,  commonly  broad  and  solitary,  or  somewhat 
clustered,  usually  large  or  middle-sized.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  copious  and  unequal, 
somewhat  rigid. 

17.  Bigelovia.     Heads  rayless  (rarely  an  imperfect  ray  or  two),  homogamous,  mostly  cymosely 

or  corymbosely  clustered,  and  narrow.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry,  coriaceous  or  com- 
monly chartaceous,  appressed,  rarely  with  green  tips.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  copious 
and  unequal. 

18.  Solidago.     Heads  radiate,  naiTow,  numerous  and  mostly  small,  racemed  or  panicled,  or 

.sometimes  cymose.     Scales  of  the  narrow  involucre  njipressed,    destitute  ot  herbaceous 
tijis.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  equal  and  nearly  in  a  single  series,  slender.     Style-append- 
ages lanceolate  or  broader,  never  iililorm. 
++  ++  ++  Hays  white,  purple,  or  blue,  never  yellow  :  disk-flowers  yellow,  rarely  turning  jjurplish. 

19.  Sericocarpus.     Rays  few  (about  5,  white)  :  disk-ilowers  rather  few.    Involucre  narrow,  im- 

bricated, of  appressed  firm-coriaceous  white  scales  with  abrupt  green  tips.  Akenes 
silky,  not  flattened.     Pappus  copious,  simple. 

20.  Corethrogyne.     Rays  mostly  sterile  !  (the  style  wanting  and  the  ovary  abortive),  numerous 

in  a  single  series.  Involucre  imbricated.  Style-ai)pendages  of  tlie  disk -flowers  thickly 
beset  with  long  bristles,  forming  a  brush-like  tuft.  Akenes  flattened.  Pappus  simple, 
of  pretty  rigid  unequal  bristles. 


composittf;. 


291 


21.  Aster.     Rays  numerous,  almost  always  in  a  single  series.     Involucre  imbricated.     Style- 

appendages  subulate  or  lanceolate,  not  long-bearded.  Akenes  mostly  flattened.  Pap- 
pus simple,  copious. 

22.  Brachyactis.     Hays  very  numerous  and  in  more  than  one  series,  short.     Involucre  herba- 

ceous. Stylc-appendagcs  lanceolate,  naked.  Akenes  flattish.  Pappus  simple,  copious, 
longer  than  the  corollas. 

23.  Erigeron.     Hays  numerous,  long  and  slender,  or  sometimes  short,   in  one  or  more  series. 

Involucre  of  numerous  narrow  and  mostly  equal  scales,  little  imbricated,  not  herbaceous. 
Style-appendages  short  and  broad,  mostly  obtuse.  Akenes  small,  flattened,  commonly 
with  a  nervo  or  rib  at  each  margin,  rarely  with  one  or  more  on  tlie  faces.  Pappus  sim- 
ple or  double  ;  the  outer  when  present  of  short  bristles  or  clia(Ty  scales  ;  the  other  of 
capillary  scabrous  bristles  as  in  Aster,  but  commonly  scantier,  in  a  single  series,  and 
more  fragile  or  deciduous. 

Subtrihe  II.  CONYZE^.  Heads  hcterogamous  but  never  radiate  ;  the  pistillate  flowers  in 
more  than  one  series  ;  their  corollas  a  mere  filiform  tube,  much  shorter  than  the  style  ; 
the  perfect  flowers  with  tubular  4-5-toothed  corollas,  much  fewer  in  the  centre  of 
the  disk. 

24.  Conyza.     Involucre  campanulate,  of  many  narrow  scales.     Akenes  and  pappus  as  Erigeron. 

Heads  small  :  flowers  yellowish  or  whitish. 

Subtrihe  III.  BACCHARIDE.^.  Heads  discoid  and  homogamous,  unisexual,  dioecious  ;  the 
pistillate  and  staminate  flowers  on  different  plants,  the  former  with  tiliform  corollas  shorter 
than  the  style. 

25.  Baccharis.     Involucre  imbricated  ;  the  scales  dry,  not  herbaceous.     Pappus  of  very  copious 

and  soft  capillary  bristles,  less  copious  in  the  staminate  flowers. 

TniBK  IV.  INULOIDEiE.  Heads  discoid  in  all  Californian  gonnra,  and  hcterogamous,  or 
only  when  dioecious  homogamous,  with  the  ordinary  tubular  regularly  4  -  5-toothcd  corol- 
las, or  commonly  the  pistillate  flowers  (which  are  exterior)  with  slender  or  filiform  corollas. 
Anthers  sagittate  at  base,  their  auricles  jiointed  or  tailed,  rarely  only  acute.  Branches  of 
the  style  never  tipped  with  appendages  :  sterile  (hermaphrodite-sterile)  flowers  with  style 
commonly  undivided.     Leaves  almost  always  alternate,  but  opposite  in  No.  30. 

Subtrihe  I.  PLUCHEINE.(E.  Scales  of  the  imbricated  involucre  (at  least  tlie  outer  ones)  not 
scarious.  Receptacle  not  chaH}'.  Head  many-flowered  ;  the  iiistillate  flowers  with  very 
slender  or  filiform  trancate  or  minutely  2  -3-toothed  corollas,  the  hermaphrodite  but  often 
sterile  flowers  few  on  the  centre  of  the  flat  receptacle.     Akenes  not  exserted. 

26.  Pluchea.     Involucre  not  white-woolly,   its  scales  dry  and  thin.     Pappus  of  fine  capillary 

bristles  ;  their  tips  not  enlarged. 

27.  Tessarla.     Invohirro  whito-woolly,  of  coriacnous  ratlicr  rigid  sonlcs.     I'lippus  of  tho  roiitrnl 

flowers  with  thickonod  tips  to  llio  bristlos. 

Subtrihe  II.  ADENOCAULONEjE.  Scales  of  tho  involucre  herbaceous,  few  in  a  single 
series.  Receptacle  not  chaffy.  Head  few-ffowered  ;  Ixith  pistillate  and  hermaphrodite- 
sterile  flowers  with  similar  dilated  tubular  corollas  ;  the  fomier  rather  fewer,  and  with  en- 
larged exserted  akenes. 

28.  Adenocaulon.    Akenes  club-shaped  and  several  times  longer  than  the  involucre,  Wset  with 

some  stipitato  glands  :  pappus  none. 

Subtrihe  111.  FILAGINE/E.  Scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  thin  and  scarious.  ReceptAcle 
with  chaff"  (scales  of  various  texture)  .subtending  or  enclosing  the  fertile  flowers  or  akenes. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  truncate  or  2  -  3-toothe<l  corollas.  Low  floccose-woolly 
herbs  with  sessile  and  commonly  glomerate  small  heads. 

♦   Akenes  gibbous  and  compressed  :  corolla  and  style  lateral  :  pnppus  none. 

29.  Micropua.     Fertile  flowers  few  and  in  a  single  series  on   the  short  receptnclc,  inclufled  in 

the  laterally  compressed  very  gibbous  scales  of  the  receptacle,  which  are  firm-coriaceous 
or  cartilaginous  in  fruit,  strictly  enveloping  the  akene. 

♦  •  Akonos  straiglit  or  slightly  oblique  ;  corolla  and  stylo  tenninnl. 

+-  Chafl'  loosely  enclosing  nt  least  the  akenes  :  central  flowers  sterile. 

30.  PBilooarphuB.     Fertile  flowers  numerous  in  several  series  on  a  dobnlar  rocepfJirle,  each  in 

an  obovate  hooded-saccate  turgid  memlimnaceous  and  rcticulalt><l  cliaff.  Pappus  none. 
Leaves  mostly  opposite. 


292  CUiMl'USlT.E. 

31.  Stylocline.     Fertile  flowers  5  to  10  or  minierous,  in  two  or  more  series  on  a  cylindrical  or 

coliunniir  rucf|ilaili« ;  liieir  clmtl"  thin,  siicciito  or  boat-shaped.  Pappus  of  a  lew  cmlu- 
cous  bristles  to  tlie  sterile  Uowci-s,  or  uoiio. 

■+-+■  Chaff  more  open,  subLending  or  hardly  enclosing  the  fertile  tlowers  or  their  akenes,  these  in 
more  than  one  series  :  central  llowers  sometimes  fertile. 

32.  Evaz  §  Hksi'ekevax.      Iteceptacle   villous,   its  centre   elongated   into  a  narrow   column. 

Akenes  pear-shaped,  llattish  paiallcl  to  the  subtending  scale  :  pappus  none. 
83.  Filago.     Keceptacle  obeonical  or  cylindraceous  with  a  Hat  summit.     Akenes  oblong,  nearly 
terete  :  pappus  of  numerous  bristles  to  the  perfect  or  sterile  flowers,  fewer  or  none  to  the 
outer  fertile  Jlowers. 

Subtribe  III.  GNAPHALlEyE.  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  thin  and  scarious,  often  pearly, 
persistent.  Receptacle  naked.  FloccoSe-wooUy  herbs.  Flowers  in  all  the  American  gen- 
em  with  capillary  |>ai)pus,  nearly  in  a  single  series  ;  the  pistillate  ones  with  iilifonn  or 
very  slender  corollas. 

34.  Antennaria.     Heads  completely  dioecious  ;  the  staminate  with  \individed  style  and  bristles 

of  tlie  pappus  thi.:kened  or  barbellate  at  the  apex  ;  pistillate  with  slender  bristles  of  the 
pappus  united  at  base  into  a  ring.      Low  caispitose  herbs. 

35.  Anaphalia.     Heads  incom])letely  dioecious  ;  i.  e.  the  staminate  ones  with  a  few  hennaphro- 

dite  but  sterile  flowers  m  the  centre.  Style  commonly  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Bristles  of 
the  papi)U3  all  separate,  those  of  the  sterile  flowers  little  thickened  upward.  Taller 
herbs. 

36.  Gnaphalium.     llcinis  all  heterogamou.s,  with  ])istillate  flowers  very  numerous  in  more  than 

one  series,  and  lu.rnuiphrodite  fertile  ones  fewer  in  the  centre.  Hristles  of  pappus  slen- 
der, not  thickeneil  upward. 

Tribk  V.  HELIANTHOIDEzE.  Heads  heterogamous  with  ligulate  ray-corollas,  or  discoid 
and  homogamous  (or  rarely  heterogamous)  ;  the  perfect  or  staminate  flowers  with  tubular 
regularly  4  -  5-lobed  corollas.  Receptacle  chaffy  (except  sometimes  among  the  disk-flow- 
ers especially  when  sterile).  Anthers  often  sagittate  at  base,  but  without  tails.  Branches 
of  the  style  in  jjerlect  llowers  either  truncate  or  tipped  with  an  appendage.  Pappus  of 
2  to  4  chaffy  scales,  awns,  teeth,  &e.,  or  a  cup  or  crown,  never  of  capdlary  bristles.  Leaves 
mostly  opposite,  at  least  the  lower  ones.     Corollas  most  commonly  yellow. 

Subtribe  L  AJiIBROSIEyE.  Heads  small  and  discoid  :  only  the  pistillate  flowers  fertile  ;  these 
few  and  with  no  corolla,  or  a  rudimentary  one  in  the  form  of  a  short  tube  surrounding  the 
base  of  tho  style.  Hermaphrodite-sterile  or  staminate  flowers  with  campanulate  limb  to 
the  corolla  ;  anthers  .slightly  cohering  or  nearly  distinct,  their  inflexed  tijis  often  mucro- 
nate  or  cus[)idiite  ;  the  abortive  stylo  entire,  with  truncate  ajiex  ti]>ped  with  a  minute  radi- 
ate tuft  or  brush.      l'ai)pus  none.     Akenes  in  our  genera  obovate  and  thick. 

*  Heads  heterogamous,  a  few  fertile  flowers  at  the  margin. 

37.  Oxytenia.     Fertile  flowers  apetalous  :    akenes  long-villous,    crowned   with   a   protuberant 

epigynous  disk.     Leaves  pinnately  divided,  or  the  upper  entire. 

38.  Iva.     Fertile  flowers  with  short  tubular  corolla  :  akenes  naked.     Leaves  simple. 

♦  ♦  Headi  homogamous,  unisexual,  monrecious  ;  tho  fertile  with  1  to  4  jjistillato  ajietalous  flowers 
in  a  closed  ami  Iturlike  or  akeiie-like  pointed  involucre  ;  sterile  with  rather  numerous 
flowers  in  an  open 

-H    5-12-lobed  or  almost  truncate  involucre. 

39.  Hymenoclea.     Fertile  involucre  one-flowered,  appendaged  with  9  to  12  scarious  spreading 

scales.      Stem  shrubby. 

40.  Ambrosia.     Fertile  involucre  one-flowered,  akene-like,  bearing  no  more  than  a  suigle  row 

of  tiibercles  or  shoit  spines.     Herbs. 

41.  Franseria.     Fertile  involucre  1  -  4-flowered,  1  -  4-celled,  armed  with  more  than  one  row  of 

tubercles  or  prickles. 

+-  +■  Involucre  to  sterile  heads  of  a  few  distinct  scales. 

42.  Xanthium.     Fertile  involucre  oblong,   bur-like,   2-flowered,  2-celled,  beset  with  numerous 

hooked  prickles. 

Subtribe  II.  VKRIJESINEvE.  Heads  radiate,  the  rays  either  neutral  or  ])istillatc,  or  else  ray- 
less  ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile,  each  subtended  by  a  chatf  ot  the  receptacle. 
Akenes  thick  and  3-4-angular;  or  those  of  the  disk  laterally  compressed  (i.  e.  contrary 
to  the  subtending  chafi"),  never  obcomjnessed  (i.  e.  flattened  jiarallel  with  the  chafl'). 
Pappus  none,  or  a  cup  or  crown,  or  of  2  to  4  rigid  awns  or  chaffy  scales  from  the  angles, 
with  or  without  some  intennediate  small  scales. 


coMrosiTJo.  293 

*  Rcceptnrle  plongjited,  l)econung  columnar. 

43.  Rudbeokia.     Rays  neutral,  or  very  rarely  none.     Akenes  quadrangular  and  compressed. 

•  ♦  Receptacle  flat,  convex,  or  rarely  conical. 
+-  Rays  pistillate  and  fertile. 

44.  Balsamorhiza.     Pappus  none.     Akenes  of  the  ray  obcompressed,  of  the  disk  prismatic- 

ipiadrangular  or  somewhat  compressed. 
4.5.  Wyethia.     l'ai)pus  a  chaffy-roriaceous  crown  or  cup,  continuous  with  the  broad  summit  of 

the  prismatic-qiiadrangular  or  compressed  akeno,  persistent,  irregularly  cleft  into  6  or 

morn  lohcs  or  Icetli,  those  on  the  angles  Bomctimes  olongateil  into  rigid  cliafTy  awns. 
4().   Verbeslna.     Pa})pus  2  slender  or  small  awns  ;  the  ilat  akeiic  margined  by  a  broad  wing,  at 

least  in  the  disk -flowers. 

-1-  +-  Rays  neutral,  or  rarely  none. 

47.  Encelia.     Akenes  flat  and  fbin-edged  but  marginlcss,  strongly  villous-ciliate  :  pappus  none 

or  a  pair  of  awns,  but  no  intermediate  little  scales. 

48.  Helianthella.     Akenes  flat  and  the  thin  edges  more  or  less  margined  :  pappus  a  pair  of  per- 

sistent awns  or  chafTy  teeth,  and  a  crown  of  intermediate  (sometimes  very  minute)  thin 
cbafTy  scales. 

4n.  Helianthua.  Akenes  thick,  quadrangular-compressed  or  with  the  si,dcs  convex,  the  edges 
obtuse  ;  pappus  a  pair  of  caducous  chaffy  scales  or  awns.  Receptacle  flat  or  merely 
convex. 

50.  Viguiera.  Akenes  of  Helianthiis :  pappus  with  chaffy  scales  between  the  awns.  Recepta- 
cle convex  or  conical. 

Subtribe  III.  COREOPSIDEiE.  Heads  as  in  the  preceding  subtribe,  except  that  the  chafT 
of  the  receptacle  is  flat  or  barely  concave,  and  mostly  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Akenes  all 
obcompressed,  i.  e.  flattened  parallel  with  the  subtending  scales  of  the  involucre  and  chaff 
of  the  receptacle  :  pappus  of  2  to  4  awns  or  tooth  from  the  angles,  or  none.  Involucre  in 
our  gejiora  double,  tlio  outer  looso  and  more  or  less  foliaccouH. 

fil.  PuglopappUB.  Rays  pistillate,  perhaps  sometimes  neutral.  Akenes  long-villous  or  ciliate  : 
pappus  of  2  large  and  bayonet-shaped  naked  chaffy  awns. 

r)2.  Leptosyne.  Rays  pistillate.  Akenes  naked,  winged  or  margined  :  pappus  none  or  a  mi- 
nute cup. 

.53.   Bidens.     Rays  neutral  or  none.     Pappus  of  2  to  4  rigid  retrorsely  barbed  awns. 

Subtribe  IV.  GALINSOGE^.  Heads,  &c.,  as  in  snbtribes  IT.  and  V.  Akenes  neither  com- 
pressed nor  obcompres.sed.  Pappus  in  both  ray-  and  disk-flowers  of  numerous  chaffy  scales 
or  awns  (rarely  nearly  none).     See  one  exceptional  I{cmizonia,  No.  57. 

54.  Blepharipappus.     Head  rather  few-flowered  ;  the  rays  pistillate.     Akenes  turbinate  ;  pap- 

pus of  12  to  20  narrow  and  thin  cut-fringed  scales  having  a  strong  midrib,  occa.sionally 
nearly  or  wholly  wanting. 

Subtribe  V.  MADIE/E.  Heads  heterogamous,  with  ray-flowers  fertile  ;  those  of  the  disk 
either  perfect  and  fertile  or  sterile  ;  rarely  the  ray-flowers  wanting.  Involucre  a  series  of 
scales,  each  enclosing  more  or  less  a  ray-akene,  sometimes  a  few  outer  and  empty  or 
bracteal  scales.  Receptacle  chaffy  only  at  the  margin,  the  chafT  forming  a  sort  of  interior 
involucre,  or  else  subtending  either  some  or  all  of  the  disk-flowers.  Style-branches  of  the 
latter  teiTninated  by  a  subulate  hispid  tip.  Pappus  none  for  tlie  ray-akenes  (or  abnor- 
mally some  rudiments  in  a  few  cases),  composed  of  several  awns  or  chafl'y  scales  or  else  none 
in  the  disk-flowers.  Herbs  mostly  glandular  nnd  viscid,  and  heavy-scented  :  upper  leaves 
alternate,  the  lower  or  lowest  opposite. 

*  Akenes  all  laterally  compressed,  those  of  the  ray  wholly  en<'losed  in  the  carinato  strongly  in- 

folded scales  of  the  invohicri',  which  therefore  l>ecomes  deeply  sulcjit^. 

55.  Madia.     Pappus  none,  or  of  some  small  scales  in  the  sterile  flowers  of  one  section. 

♦  »  Ray-akenes  turgid,  more  or  less  oblique  or  incurved,  never  laterally  compressed,  but  mostly 

rather  obcompressed  ;  the  investing  scales  of  the  involucre  rounded  on  the  Iwick. 

50.  Hemlzonella.  Involucre  strongly  4- C-.suleafo  (in  tlio  mnnner  of  ilA^f/iVr)  by  the  rompleto 
enwrapping  of  the  4  or  5  akenes.  Disk-flower  one,  fertile,  in  a  sort  of  interior  involu- 
cre :  pnppus  none. 

57.  Hemizonia.  Involucre  many- few-flowered,  less  if  at  nil  sulcnte  or  lolled  ;  its  scales  at 
base  half-enclosing  the  obovnto  or  .somewhat  triangular  i-ay-nkenes.  Disk-flowers  numer- 
ous or  few,  all  or  some  of  thetn  infertile  :  pappus  of  chaffy  scales  or  non**. 


294  COMPOSIT.E. 

♦  *  »  Ray-akenea  obcompresscd  or  clavate,  completely  enclosed  in  the  involucial  scales,  which 
are  at  base  llattisli  on  the  back  with  their  thin  margins  abruptly  infolded. 

58.  Lagophylla.  Head  t'ew-tiowered  :  ray-akcnes  about  5,  obovate,  much  ubcompiesbcd,  smooth. 
Disk-lluweis  inlcrtile  :  pappus  none. 

50.  Layia,  Head  muny-tlowoiod  ;  ruy.i  8  to  20,  with  obovato  or  somewhat  cliivnto  smitotli 
akcnu.s.  Disk-lhiwers  or  most  ol'  them  fertile,  their  siniihir  or  narrower  akeiiea  often 
pubescent  :  pajipus  composed  of  bristles  (,citiicr  plumose  below  or  naked)  or  of  subu- 
late-pointed scales,  or  sometimes  none. 

60.  Achyrachaeua.     Head  many-liowered  ;  the  tlowers  all  fertile.     Akenes  linear-cuneate  or 

clavate,  10-ribbed,  some  or  all  tlie  ribs  tuberculate-scabrous  ;  those  of  the  disk  with  a 
paj)pus  of  blunt  silvery-scarious  chatfy  scales  in  two  series,  tiie  inner  as  long  as  the 
corolla. 

TuiBE  VI.  HELEN  IDIDE.E.  Heads  hetorogamous  witli  ligulato  ray-corollaa,  or  discoid 
and  homogamous  by  llie  absence  of  mys  :  the  tubular  disk-llowers  perfect  and  fertile  or 
rarely  sterile.  Receptacle  never  chatfy  (in  one  or  two  cases  with  awn-like  bodies  resem- 
bling clialf).  Anthers  without  tails.  Ihanches  of  the  style  in  perfect  flowers  either  trun- 
cate or  tipped  with  an  ap[)endago.  Pappus  of  seveial  clialfy  scidi's  or  sometimes  of  awns 
or  rigid  bristles,  not  rarely  wanting.  Leaves  opposite,  or  all  but  the  lowest  alternate. 
Involucre  of  herbaceous  or  membranaceous  scales,  in  one  or  two  or  rarely  3  or  4  series. 
Corollas  most  commonly  yellow,  both  in  disk  and  ray. 

Subtribe  I.  JAUMIE/E.  Involucre  of  broad  scales  regularly  imbricated,  the  outer  succes- 
sively shorter,  destitute  (as  also  the  herbage)  of  oil-glands.  Akenes  narrow,  angled,  in  ours 
destitute  of  pappus.      Rays  deciduous  from  the  akenes. 

61.  Jaiunea.     Involucre  campanulato.     Leaves  opposite,  connate  at  base,  narrow,  fleshy. 

62.  Venegasia.     Involucre  very  broad.     Leaves  alternate,  ovate  or  cordate,    membranaceous, 

long-petioled. 

Subtribe  II.  KIDDELLIEiE.  Involucre  of  narrow  equal  scales.  Rays  persistent  on  the 
akenes,  becoming  papery.     No  oil-glands.     Plants  more  or  less  white-woolly. 

•  Pappus  of  chalTy  scales  :  rays  very  broad  and  few. 

63.  HlddelUa.     Head  scvoral-llowered  ;  tlie  8  or  4  rays  broader  than  long,  fow-nerved,  raised  on 

a  short  slender  tube,  3-lobwl.     Leaves  alternate. 

♦  ♦  Pappus  none  :  rays  5  to  60. 

64.  Baileya.     Rays  destitute  of  a  tube,  7-nerved.     Akenes  many-striatc,  all  fertile.     Receptacle 

nearly  flat.     I^eaves  opposite. 

65.  "Whitneya.     Rays  with  a  snort  tube,  10- 16-nerved.     Akenes  few-nerved,  those  of  the  disk 

sterile.     Receptacle  conical.     Leaves  opposite. 

Subtribe  IIL  HELENIE^E.  (Boeriece  dk  Eaheleiiiece,  Benth.)  Involucre  of  nearly  equal 
or  narrow  scales  in  one  or  few  series.     Rays  if  any  deciduou.s.     No  oil-glands. 

»  Akenes  linear  or  linear-cuneate,  4-angled  or  compressed,  but  not  with  cartilaginous  margins. 

+■  Receptacle  conical,  convex,  or  in  part  of  No.  67  &  68  flatfish  or  flat :  involucre  of  few  or  seveml 
erect  appressed  or  united  herbaceous  scales. 

++  Rays  few,  very  short  and  included  :  receptacle  high-conical  :  leaves  all  opposite,  entire. 
71.  Lasthenia  in  part.     Involucre  a  many-toothed  cup. 

66.  Burrielia.     Involucre  of  3  to  5  separate  flat  scales.     Receptacle  subulate  or  almost  filiform. 

Akenes  slender  :  pappus  of  1  to  4  rigid  awn-.shaped  scales. 
+t  ++  Rays  exserted  and  spreading. 

67.  B^ria.     Receptacle  high-conical  and  mostly  acute,  minutely  muricate.     Scales  of  the  invo- 

lucre  separate,  lint,  in  a  single  series.  Akenes  linear  or  lincar-cuneato.  Leaves  all 
opposite,  entire  or  lacininto-pinnatilid. 

68.  Actinolepis.     Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  or  rarely  almost  flat.     Scales  of  the  involucre 

wholly  separate,  becoming  concave  and  involute  around  the  ray-akenes.  Antliers 
tipped  with  a  narrowish  or  very  slender  appendage.  Akenes  slender.  Leaves  opposite 
or  alternate. 

69.  Bahia.     Heceptaclo  flat,  convex,  or  obtusely  conical.     Scales  of  the  involucre  separate  or 

partly  united  into  a  cup,  not  embracing  any  of  the  akenes.  Rays  entire  or  barely 
toothed  at  apex.  Akenes  linear  or  oblong-linear,  with  large  terminal  areola  :  pappus 
of  blunt  nerveless  scales,  rarely  wanting.  Leaves  opposite  or  mostly  alternate,  com- 
monly lobcd  or  divided.     Ours  all  woolly  plants. 


COMPOSITiE.  295 

70.  Monolopia.     Receptacle  conical.     Scales  of  the  involucre  united  into  a  cup  or  only  at 

base.  Rays  broad,  2-4-lobcd,  in  the  typical  species  bearing  n  rounded  appendage  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  throat.  Akenes  obovate  or  oblong,  tiie  outer  ones  oljconiprcsbcd  ; 
the  terniinal  areola  small  :  pappus  none.  Leaves  alternate  or  mrely  opposite,  entire  or 
pinnately  parted.     Woolly  plants. 

71.  Lastheuia  §  Hologymnk.     Receptacle  conical.     Scales  of  the  involucre  united  almost  to 

their  tips  into  a  10  -  IS-toothed  cup.  Akenes  linear-oblong  :  pappus  none.  Leaves  all 
opposite,  entire,  sessile  and  connate  at  base.     Glabrous  plant. 

++  ++  ++  Rays  none,  the  marginal  pistillate  flowers  having  short  tubular  corollas. 

72.  Amblyopappua.     Head  several-flowered.     Involucre  of  4  to  6  scales.     Corollas  all  very 

short,  those  of  pistillate  flowers  2  -  4-toothcd,  of  the  perfect  flowers  5-toothed.  Akenes 
oblong-cuneate,   4-angled  :  pappus  of  blunt  scales. 

+-  +•  Receptacle  flat  :  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  chiefly  linear. 

+4-  Heads  with  regular  ligulate  and  pistillate  rays. 

73.  Amanria.     Involucre   hemispherical,    many-flowered,  of  numerous  scales.      Pappus  none. 

Leaves  round-cordate,  petioled,  palmately  lobed  or  toothed,  all  the  lower  ones  opposite. 

74.  Hulsea.     Involucre  hemispherical,  very  many-flowered,  of  very  numerous  scales.      Pappus 

of  4  short  thin-hyaline  blunt  and  nerveless  scales.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  lobed  or 
toothed. 

7r).  Rigiopappua.  Involucre  campanulato,  rather  many-flowered.  Rays  short  and  inconspicu- 
ous. Pappus  of  4  or  5  rigid  opaque  awn-shaped  scales.  Leaves  alternate,  linear, 
entire. 

++  ++  Heads  destitute  of  ligulate  rays,  and  homogamous,  at  least  in  Californian  species  ;  but  the 
marginal  corollas  sometimes  enlarged. 

76.  Palafoxia.     Involucre  narrow,  several-flowered.       Lobes  or  teeth   of  the   corolla   narrow. 

Pappus  of  hyaline  scales  traversed  by  a  stout  midrib.  Roughish  herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
alternate  entire  narrow  leaves,  and  rose  or  purple  flowers. 

77.  Chaenactia.     Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispherical.     Lobes  or  teeth  of  the  corolla  short 

and  broad.  Pappus  of  blunt  hyaline  nerveless  or  nearly  nerveless  scales,  rarely  want- 
ing. Woolly,  viscid-glandular,  or  nearly  smooth  herbs,  with  alternate  1 -3-pinnately 
parted  leaves,  and  yellow  or  flesh-colored  flowers,  the  marginal  ones  commonly  enlarged. 
Rarely  some  rigid  bristles  on  the  receptacle. 

•  *  Akenes  turbinate  or  obpyramidal  :  leaves  all  or  all  but  the  lower  alternate. 

-f-  Scales  of  the  involucre  or  their  tips  spreading  or  rcflexed  :   rays  cuncate,  3-5-lobed  :   pappus 

of  hyaline  commonly  awn-pointed  scales. 

78.  Gaillardia.     Rays  neutral.     Receptacle  with  some  rigid  awns  among  the  flowers.     Akenes 

involucellate  with  villous  haii-s. 

79.  Helenium.     Rays  commonly  fertile.     Receptacle  wholly  naked. 

+■  +■  Scales  of  the  involucre  erect  or  anjiressed  ;   disk-flowers  fertile,  their  style  2-cleft  :   akenes 
nirsuto  or  villous. 

80.  Aotdnella.     Rays  8  to  12,  pistillate.     Involucre  of  numerous  scales.     Receptacle  conical  or 

convex.     Pappus  of  5  to  12  hyaline  entire  scales. 

81.  Syntrlchopappua.     Rays  5,  pistillate.     Involucre  of  5  concave  scales  which  partly  enclose 

the  ray-akenes.  Receptacle  flat.  Pappus  of  numerous  rough  bristles,  all  united  at  base 
into  a  ring. 

82.  Trichoptilium.     Rays  none.     Involucre  of  about  10  thin  and  flat  scales.     Receptacle  flat. 

Pappus  of  6  broad  hyaline  scales,  cleft  into  many  slender  bristles. 

+--»--»-  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  roflcxod,  united  nt  the  base,  in  n  single  series  ;  disk-flowers 
sterile,  their  style  entire  :  akenes  ]>owdcry-pai>illose. 

83.  Blennosperma.     Rays  an  elliptical  or  oblong  ligide  completely  sessile  on   the  pyriform 

akene.     Pappus  none.     Leaves  pinnately  parted. 

*  ♦  «  Akenes  oblong,  flat,  surrounded  by  a  cartilaginous  margin. 

84.  Perltyle.     Involucre  campanulate,   of  narrow  scales.      Disk-corollas   4-toothod.     Papnus  a 

crown  of  minute  scales  or  bristles,  and  mostly  one  or  two  awns.  Leaves  pnlmatcly  lol>cd 
or  incised,  petioled  ;  the  lower  opposite. 

Subtribe  IV.  TAOETINE/E.  Involucre  of  few  or  several  eqmd  sr-ales  in  a  single  .leries 
with  or  without  some  bractlcts  at  base,  spott'vl,  ns  also  Iho  (gl.ibrotis)  folinge.  with  large 
scattered  volatile-oil-glands.  Hence  the  herbage  is  strong-scented.  Rays  deciduous. 
{Tagctes,  the  type  of  the  group,  common  in  gardens,  probably  occurs  in  waste  places 
near  dwellings.) 


296  COM  POSIT  J-;. 

♦  Styles  with  long  and  sleiuler  branches. 

85.  Dysodia.     Head  mostly  with  rays.     Pappus  single,  of  rigid  cliafly  scales  dissected  into 

many  biistles. 

86.  NicoUetia.     Head  with  rays.     Pai)[)U3  double  ;  the  outer  of  capillary  bristles,  tlie  inner  of 

5  thally  awn-pointed  scales. 

87.  Porophyllum.     Head  rayless.     Pappus  single,  of  copious  rough  capillary  bristles. 

»  *  Styles  long,  thickish  upward,  and  with  very  short  blunt  branches. 

88.  Pectia.     Head  with  rays.     Pappus  of  awns  or  bristles.     Leaves  opposite,  undivided,  mostly 

fringed  near  the  base  with  slender  bristles. 

Tkibk  VII.  ANTHEMIDE/E.  Heads  heterogamous  either  with  ligulate  niy-corollas  or  niy- 
lesa,  tlio  j)istillalu  llnwers  being  sundl  and  tubular  or  uono,  or  houiogamoua,  all  the  llowers 
lK)rlei!t  Willi  regular  tubular  corollas,  liecoplaclo  nuked,  or  in  Honio  with  narrow  clialf  sub- 
tending  the  llowers.  Anthers  without  tails,  Hranchos  of  the  style  in  the  perfect  llowers 
with  truncate  or  triincate-capitalo  tiiis,  or  in  heruiaphrodito-alorilo  llowers  undivided. 
Akenes  small,  destitute  of  pappus  or  with  a  short  scanous  crown  or  ring.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, commonly  dissected.  Involucre  of  dry  or  partly  scarious  scales,  appressed  and  imbri- 
cated in  two  or  more  (rarely  almost  in  a  single)  series.     Herbage  mostly  strong-scented. 

♦   Receptacle  chalfy,  at  least  among  the  central  flowers  :  heads  in  our  species  with  rays. 

89.  Achillea.     Involucre  narrow  :  rays  short.     Akenes  obeompressed,  margined. 

90.  Antheiuis.     Involucre  broad  :  rays  conspicuous.     Akenes  4 -5-angled  or  8  -  10-ribbed. 

*   Peceptacle  not  chafly. 
+•  All  the  llowers  furnished  with  corolla. 
9L  Chrysanthemum.     Hays  numerous  and  conspicuous.     Ueceptucle  Hat  or  convex.     Akenes 
several-ribbed  or  angled. 

92.  Matricaria.     Kays  in  our  species  wanting  ;  the  flowers  all  alike  and  perfect.     Hei'eptaele 

high-conical.     Akenes  angled,  truncate  at  top. 

93.  Tanacetum.     Kays  none,  but  sometimes  the  marginal  pistillate  with  enlarged  and  oblique 

corollas.     Heads  corymbose.     Akenes  broad  at  the  top,  more  commonly  with  a  coroni- 
I'orni  pappus. 
9i.  Artemisia.     Rays  none.     Corollas  in  the  marginal  pistillate  flowera  (when  there  are  any) 
slender  and  2- 3-toothed.     Heads  panicled  or  racemose,  small,  often  nodding.     Akene.s 
mostly  obovoid  and  rounded  at  the  top,  with  u  snndl  terminal  areola  and  iro  pappus. 

-H  +■  Pistilhito  llowcis  upelalous,  merely  naked  pistils  :  ukencs  obeompressed. 
Df).  Cotiila.     Heads  pediinclcd.     Akenes  not  pointed  with  perslHlenl  Htylo,  those  of  j)islilluto 

llowers  stalked. 
96.  Soliva.     Heads  sessile.     Akenes  pointed  with  a  long  and  indurated  style,  sessile. 

Tribe  VIII.  SENECIONIDE^E.  Heads  heteroo;amous  with  ligulate -(rarely  filiform)  ray- 
corollas,  or  sometimes  homogamous  and  discoid  ;  the  llowers  perfect,  or  rarely  stnminote, 
and  with  regular  tubular  corollas.  Ueceptado  not  chally.  Anthers  often  sagittate  at  base, 
but  without  tails.  Branches  of  the  style  in  perfect  llowers  mostly  with  truncate,  or  .some- 
what capitate,  or  obtuse  tips,  rarely  with  any  distinct  appendage.  Pai)pus  of  numerous 
usually  very  line  and  soft  capillary  bristles.  Leaves  mostly  alternate.  Involucre  almost 
always  of  equal  herbaceous  scales,  in  one  or  two  series,  or  with  some  short  ones  or  bracts 
added.      Flowers  usually  yellow. 

Subtribe  I.  TQSSILAGINEiE.  Heads  moncecious,  the  tubular  disk-llowers  staminate  (in 
Tussilagu),  or  dioecious  :  style  in  the  tubular  sterile  llowers  undivided  or  nearly  so. 

97.  Peteisites.     Heads  dioecious  and  heterogamous  :  flowers  white  or  purplish  ;  the  fertile  ones 

pistillate  and  more  or  less  conspicuously  radiate. 

Subtribe  II.  EUSENECIONEiE.  Heads  heterogamous  or  homogamous  :  the  tubular  disk- 
flowers  perfect  and  fertile,  with  2-cleft  style. 

♦   Leaves  all  alternate  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  barely  scabrous  or  denticulate. 

98.  Tetradymia.     Heads  homogamous,    4 -18- flowered.      Limb  of  the  corolla  5-parted  into 

long  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  recurved  lobes.     Scales  of  the  involucre  dry,  rather  rigid. 

99.  Luina.     Heads  homogamous,  about  10-llowered.     Corollas  with  slender  tube,  long  and  nar- 

row limb,  and  5  short  ovate-lanceolate  lobes.     Style-branches  obtuse.     Pappus  soft  and 
white. 
100.  Psathyrotes.      Heads   homogamous,    rather   many-flowered.      Corollas  with   very  short 
proper  tube,  long  and  narrow  limb,  and  6  short  and  obtiise  glandular  or  villous  teeth. 
Pappus  brownish  and  rather  rigid,  very  unequal. 


COMrOSIT/K 


297 


101.  Seneoio.     Heads  liotproffainnuH  and  radinto,  or  Iioniof^nTiions.     Disk-i-nrolliiH  5- toothed  or 

5-lobed,  mostly  with  slendor  tube.      Pappus  copious,  line  and  soil,  white. 

♦  ♦   Leaves  mostly  opposite  or  all  radical  :  bristles  of  the  ])ap[)us  in  a  single  series,  rigid,  strongly 

scabrous,  barbellate,  or  plumose. 

102.  Arnica.     Heafls  heterogamous  or  occasionally  homogamous.    Pappus  scabrous  or  barbellate. 

Leaves  all  or  some  of  them  opposite. 

103.  Ralllardella.     Heads  honio^ainous.    Scales  of  the  involucre  sli<;litly  united  below.    Pappus 

strongly  plumose,  white.      Leaves  all  radical,  alternate. 

Tuinr,  IX.  CYNAROIDK^.  Heads  homogamous  and  the  (lowei-s  all  perfect,  with  corollas 
all  tubular  and  dee^ily  5-cIeft,  often  bilabiately  so  {\  or  §),  or  raicly  incompletely  dioe- 
cious, sometimes  (in  introduced  representatives)  with  a  row  of  neutral  flowers  at  the  margin, 
the  corollas  of  which  may  be  enlarged,  forming  a  kind  of  false  ray.  Lobes  of  the  corolla 
not  revolute.  Receptacle  Generally  densely  biistly.  Anthers  sagittate,  with  their  auri- 
cles often  prolonged  into  tails.  Style  destitute  of  all  terminal  ap[>cndages  or  tips  ;  the  stig- 
matic  branches  either  short  or  slender,  but  mostly  united  to  the  apex  or  near  it,  minutely 
puberulent  or  granulate  :  at  the  origin  the  style  is  more  commonly  thickened  into  a  kind 
of  node  or  thicKened  and  often  pubescent  ring.  Akrnes  usually  thick-walled.  Pappus  of 
capillary  or  rigid  bristles.  Leaves  alternate,  the  tins  or  lobes  and  teeth  commonly  anned 
with  nnckles.  Involucre  often  of  spiny-tipped  scales,  imbricated  in  many  seiies.  —  Only 
Thistles  are  indigenous  to  the  country,  but  one  or  two  other  genera  have  been  introduced 
from  the  Old  World. 

♦   Flowers  of  the  head  all  alike  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  cohering  at  base  in  a  ring. 

104.  Cnicus.     Pappus  plumose  :  fdaments  sepaiate,  papillose-pubescent. 

105.  Silybum.     Pappus  naked  :  filaments  monadelphous,  glabrous.     Leaves  blotched. 

*  *  Flowers  at  the  margin  of  the  head  mostly  sterile  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  separate,  not  plumose. 

106.  Centaurea,     Akenes  attached  to  the  receptacle  obliquely  or  by  one  side  of  the  base. 

Tiunr,  X.  MUTISIACE/E.  Heads  homogamous  or  sometimes  heterogamous,  with  the  limb 
of  the  corollas  bilabiate  (S),  one  lip  3-,  the  other  2- toothed  or  cleft.  Receptacle  not 
clothed  with  bristles.  Anthers  with  long  tails.  Style-bi-anchcs  obtuse  or  truncate  and 
destitute  of  any  tip  or  ajipendage.      Leaves  alternate.  —  Only  one  .scanty  Californian  genus. 

107.  Perezia.     Hea<l  few -many-dowered  :    the  (lowers  all  perfect  and  .similar,  with  distinctly 

2-lipped  corollas.     Involucre  imbricated.     Pappus  of  copious  capillary  bristles.     Akenes 
beak  less. 

TiiiBR  XL  CICHORIACEiE.  Heads  homogamous,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  with  lignlate 
corollas,  the  ligule  5-toothed  at  the  apex.  Style-branches  filiform,  papillose.  Herbs  (ex- 
cept a  few  insular  species)  with  milky  bitter  juice.  — Tiio  aubtrilx-s,  not  being  well-marked 
by  obvious  characters,  hero  give  place  to  artificial  .sections. 

♦  Pappus  none.     All  but  No.  108  arc  genera  which  ordinarily  have  a  [mppus. 

108.  Phalaoroserls.      Scape   simple:    head  erect  before  flowering.      Akenes  obscurely  4-.'^- 

angled. 

109.  Microseris,  partly.     Scape  simple  :  head  nodding  before  flowering.     Akenes  10- ribbed. 
116.   Malacothrix  §  Anathrix.     Scape  corymbose-panicled  :  hpa<ls  rather  numerous. 

•  *  Pappus  either  chaffy  or  plumose,  i.  e.  of  awn-tipped  chaffy  scales,  or  of  awns  or  bristles  more 

or  less  dilated  into  a  scale  at  base,  or  of  plumose  i)ristlcs. 

+-  Receptacle  destitute  of  chafT  or  bri.stles  :  akenes  more  or  less  hollowed  out  at  the  insertion. 

109.  Microseris.    Flowers  yellow.     Akenes  8- 12-ribbcd  :  pappus  more  or  less  chafTy.     Stemle.ss 

or  short-stemmed  and  longpeduncled,  with  head  commonly  nivlding  l)efore  flowering. 

110.  Stephanomeria.     Flowers  ]>ink  or  white.     Akenes  short,   truncate  at  both  ends,  about 

5-ribbed  or  angled  :  pappus  of  plumose  or  partly  plumose  bristles,  or  rarely  chaffy  awns, 
or  narrow  scales.     Leafy-stemmed  and  branching,  with  small  heails. 

111.  Rafinesqula.     Flowers  white  or  pink.     Akenes   tapering  upwards  into  a  narrow  beak, 

obscurely  ribbed  :  pappus  of  cobwebby-plumose  slender  bristles.     Leafy-stemmed  and 
branching,  with  rather  large  heads. 
+■  +-  Rocoptado  with  slender  chafT  between  the  (lowers  :  nkene.s  inserted  by  a  pointed  Imso  :  pap- 
pus of  plumose  bristles  :  flowers  yellow. 

112.  Hypooheerls.     Akenes  glabrous,  the  inner  ones  at  least  tapering  upwartls  into  a  beak  : 

{)appu8  sordid  or  dirty  white. 
BOCOma.     Akenes  silky-pube.scnnt,  tninoato  and  with  a  little  -rown  at  the  summit  : 
pappus  bright  white. 


298  COMPOSIT^iS.  Hofmeisteria. 

•  ♦  ♦  Pappua  of  coi>iou3  i;aitiUury  iiinl  iiieiely  scabrous  or  at  most  iniiuitely  Urljellate  luistles. 
Ueceptui'lo  iiakou,  or  in  No.  115  uiid  110  willi  soiiio  delicate  bristles  between  the  lloweis. 

•»-  Akoiius  not  llutteuod  :  ])appu8  wliito,  mostly  bright  white, 
++  All  or  most  of  it  early  deciduous  or  caducous  more  or  less  in  a  ring. 
11-1.  Olyptopleura.     Akiinus  4-r)-anglod  and  with  a  soulptured  surface,  ivbru|>tly  short-beaked 
lioin  a  cup-shaped  sliouldcr,  and  the  beak  cup-shaped  at  apex  or  hollow.     Receptacle 
naked. 

115.  Calycoseris.     Akenes  tapering  into  a  slender  beak,  the  apex  of  wluch  is  dilated  into  a 

bcurioiis  ciown  or  shallow  cup.      Keceptaclo  with  delicate  bristles  between  the  flowers. 

116.  Malacothrix.     Akenes  colunmar,   truncate  at  both  ends,  10- 15-ribbed  ;  the  broad  apex 

with  a  prominent  crown-like  margin  or  sharp  edge,  either  entire  or  denticulate,  some- 
times bearing  a  more  persistent  outer  pappus  ol'  1  to  8  stronger  bristles. 

++  ++  Pappus  more  pereistent,  simi)lc,  the  bristles  separately  if  at  all  deciduous  from  the  akene : 
llowers  mostly  yellow. 

117.  Crepis.     Scales   of  the   involucre  commonly  carinate-tliickened   at   base   or  with    firmer 

midrib  when  old.     Akenes  10-20-ribbed,  smooth,  more  or  less  tapering  at  the  apex, 
not  long-beaked. 

118.  Troximon.     Scales  of  the  involucre  unaltered  in  age.     Akenes  10-ribbed,  not  muricate- 

roughened,  above  contracted  into  a  neck  or  beak. 

119.  Taraxacum.     Scales  of  the  involucre  unaltered  in  age.     Akenes  4 -10-ribbed  or  angled, 

the  ribs  becoming  muricate,  the  apex  developed  into  a  long  filiform  beak. 

+-  +■  Akenes  not  llattened  nor  beaked  :  papjjus  tawny  or  dirty  white,  mostly  fnigile. 

120.  Apargidiuiu.     Head  many-tlowered  on  a  simple  scape.     Flowers  yellow.     Akenes  short, 

not  riblted  :  bristles  of  the  jiaj)pus  barlKjUate-denticulato. 

121.  Hieracium.     Heads  many-llowered.     I'lowers  yellow.     Akenes  short,  5 -10-ribbed:  bris- 

tles of  the  pappus  scabrous. 

122.  Lygodesmia.     Heads  5  -  lO-fiowered.     Flowers  rose-color  or  pink.     Akenes  narrow  or 

slender  :  biistles  of  the  pappus  copious,  scabrous. 

-1-  -H  -t-  Akenes  Hat :  pappus  almost  always  bright  white,  fine  and  soft. 

123.  Lactuca.     Involucie  not  tumid  at  base.     Akenes  with  a  beak  or  neck  under  the  dilated 

disk  that  bears  the  papjms,  the  bristles  of  which  fall  separately. 

124.  Sonchus.     Involucre  beconung  tumid  or  fleshy-enlarged  at  base.     Akenes  destitute  of 

beak  or  neck,  and  having  no  dilated  pappus-bearing  disk  ;  bristles  of  the  pappus  decidu- 
ous more  or  less  in  connection. 
Crtpto.stemma  CALENDUi.ACEA,  R.  Br.,  of  the  tribe  Jrdotidecc,  a  native  of  S.  Africa,  but 
naturalized  in  Australia,  has  been  gathered  by  Mr.  E.  L.  Greene  near  the  landing  at  South  Val- 
lejo  ;  probably  a  ballast  weed,  and  we  may  hope  transient.  It  is  a  steuiless  plant,  with  leaves 
resembling  those  of  Dandelion,  but  whitetomentose,  at  least  beneath,  the  solitary  heads  on  slen- 
der scapes,  and  the  ray-akenes  enveloped  in  verv  long  wool.  It  is  not  worth  while  to  introduce 
another  tribe  into  the  series  for  this  waif. 


(Tin  BE  I.     VERNON  I  ACEiE,  wanting.) 

Tribe  II.     EUPATOPJACEiE. 

Heads  all  homogamous  and  discoid  ;  the  flowers  perfect,  with  regular  tubular 
corollas,  never  truly  yellow.  Anthers  obtuse  at  base.  Branches  of  the  stylo  obtust;, 
inclined  to  club-shaped,  minutely  papillose-roughened  or  almost  smooth,  destitute 
of  any  appendage  ;  the  stigraatic  lines  indistinct. 

1.  HOFMEISTERIA,  Walpers. 
Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  of  imbricated  narrow  acuminate  scales,  the 
exterior  successively  shorter.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corollas  slender,  5-toothed. 
Branches  of  the  style  club-shaped.  Akenes  4  -  5-angled.  Pappus  of  2  to  1 2  blen- 
der bristles  alternating  with  as  many  chafl"y  scales.  —  Low  plants,  suff'ruticose  at 
base  and  branching,  nearly  glabrous,  with  long-petioled  incised  or  lobed  leaves,  the 


RrickelUa.  COMPOSITE.  299 

lower  opposite,  the  upper  alternate,   and  long  naked    peduncles   bearing  solitary 

heads.  —  Walp.  Repert.  vi.  106  ;  Berith.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  243.     Helogyne,  Benth. 

Bot.  Sulph.  20,  t.  14,  not  of  Nutt. 

Neither  of  the  two  known  species  have  yet  been  found  within  the  actual  limits  of  the  State,  one 
being  farther  south,  the  other  southeast. 

1.  H.  fasciculata,  Walp.  Scales  of  the  involucre  very  numerous  and  closely 
apprcssod,  scarcely  striate  :  akenes  slender,  flattish,  hispid  on  tlie  lateral  angles  : 
pappus  of  2  or  3  almost  barhollate  awns  ami  as  many  broad  clmlly  scales  which  are 
truncate  and  lacerate  at  the  summit:  leaves  palmately  3-r)-parted  or  cleft,  and 
with  the  divisions  sinuatedobc*!.  —  Ilelnr/pie  /(tacimldfa,  U(>iith.  Bot.  Sulph.  I.  c. 

Var.  Xanti,  Gray,  Avith  the  leaves  round-renifonu  and  luostly  only  obscurely 
lobed.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  158. 

Lower  California,  Magdalena  Bay,  Hinds.     Cape  San  Lucas,  Xantus,  the  variety. 

2.  H.  pluriseta,  Gray.  Scales  of  the  involucre  striate,  looser  and  fewer  (20  to 
25):  akenes  shorter,  terete  -  5-angular,  pubescent:  pappus  of  10  to  12  slender 
barely  scabrous  awns  or  bristles  and  as  many  narrow  acute  or  pointed  chaffy  scales  : 
leaves  small,  acutely  and  irregularly  cleft  or  incised.  —  I'acif.  11.  Rep.  iv.  96,  t.  9. 

San  Bernardino  Desert  to  Williams'  River  and  cafions  of  the  Colorado,  Bigclow,  Newberry, 
Parry. 

2.    EUPATORIUM,  Toura. 

IToad  3  -  raany-flowered.  Involucre  various.  Receptacle  naked.  Corollas  6- 
lobed  or  5-toothed.  Akenes  5-anglcd,  with  no  intermediate  ribs.  Pappus  of 
numerous  rather  rigid  capillary  scabrous  bristles,  forming  about  a  single  series.  — 
Perennials,  mostly  with  opposite  leaves. 

A  huge  and  widely  dispersed  genus,  copious  in  the  Atlantic  States,  extremely  scanty  in  those 
of  the  Pacific,  two  species  barely  reaching  California. 

1.  E.  occidentale,  Hook.  Almost  glabrous,  slightly  glandular,  a  foot  or  two 
high  from  a  sulfrutescent  base  :  leaves  commonly  more  or  less  alternate,  on  very 
short  petioles,  ovate,  triple-ribbed  near  the  base,  somewhat  serrate  :  corymbs  small 
in  a  crowded  panicle:  heads  15  -  25  flowered  :  scales  of  the  involucre  in  nearly  a 
single  series,  shorter  than  the  pink  or  pinkish  flowers. 

From  oostorn  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  south  to  Ebbcti's  Pass  and  the  Yosemito  Valley  ;  not 
rare  in  Nevada  and  the  interior  of  Oregon,  in  cahons,  kc. 

2.  E.  sagittatum,  Gray.  Minutely  puberulent :  leaves  all  opposite,  petioled, 
hastately  sagittate,  entire  :  heads  single  or  in  threes  at  tlie  ends  of  the  diverging 
branches,  peduncled  :  involucre  imbricated,  cylindrical,  30- 40-flowered  ;  the  scales 
coriaceous,  appressed,  with  conspicuous  foliaceous  spreading  tips  :  akenes  glabrous 
with  the  sharp  angles  hispid.  —  PI.  Wright,  i.  88,  note. 

Southeastern  part  of  California  probably  (294,  coll.  Cou/der),' and  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico. 

3.    BRICKELLIA,  Ell. 

Head  several  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  of  imbricated  striate-nerved  scales,  the 
outer  shorter.  Receptacle  naked.  Corollas  slender,  5-toothed  or  with  5  short 
lobes.  Style  bulbous  at  base,  the  branches  commonly  thickened  upward. 
Akenes  10-striate  or  ribbed.  Pappus  of  numerous  scabrous  or  barbellato  capillary 
bristles,  about  in  a  .single  series.  —  Herbaceous  perennial  or  partly  shrubby  plants, 
commonly  rather  glandular  or  viscid  or  dotted,  most  resembling  I'Uipatnrium,  except 
in  the  many-ribbed  or  striate  akenes  ;  the  flowers  white,  whitish,  or  flesh-color.  — 
Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  84.     BricMlia,  in  part,  Bu/hnxft/lin,  <^'  Clavipera,  DC 

A  genus  of  about  40  species,  with  headquarters  southeast  of  California.  b,it  scantily  represented 
within  the  State. 


300 


COMPOSITE.  BrkkelUa. 


B.  OBLONGiKOi.iA,  Nutt.,  all  licil),  witli  laiiecolate-obloiig  eutiie  uikI  sessile  leaves,  a  lew  ler- 
iiiiiiul  rather  large  ami  iiiaiiy-llowered  heads,  and  iiiiiiulely  glandular  akeiies,  occurs  along  rivers 
in  Oregon,  and  may  be  exiiected  in  tlio  northern  part  of  the  State. 

H.  i.iNii  OMA,  I'liiton,  like  tiie  ineeeding  hut  with  nither  narrower  leaves,  fewer  heads,  and  mi- 
nutely hispid  akeiies,  growing  in  Arizona  and  Nevada,  may  reach  California,  hut  is  less  likely. 

H.  IIASTATA,  Ik'iitii.,  a  cain'sceiit  tomentose  species,  with  opposite,  liustately  S-lobed  leavo.s, 
and  coryinhosc  12-llowered  luads,  has  been  found  only  far  down  in  Lower  Califoniia. 

B.  CuuLTEUl,  (iray,  with  barely  pubescent  opposite  hastate-triangular  and  sparsely  toothed 
leaves,  and  long-jMiduncIed  about  I'J-llowered  heads,  is  known  only  by  a  specimen  in  Coulter's 
collection,  whicTi  may  not  liave  been  collected  within  the  State.  Several  plants  of  his  "tlalifor- 
nia"  collection  were  gathered  only  in  Arizona,  or  east  of  the  Uio  Colorado. 

*  Iltdds  about  an  inch  lou;/ :  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse  :  plant  woolli/. 

1.  B.  incana,  (imy.  I'huit  piDhubly  woody  at  base,  white  at  least  when 
young  with  a  clcpsc  soil  wool  :  leaves  of  the  branches  ovate  or  cordate,  nearly 
entire,  sessile,  alteiiialo  (small),  becoming  naked  and  green  with  age  :  lieads  soli- 
tary terminating  the  loose  branches,  pt^duucled,  very  many-llowered  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  in  3  or  4  ranks,  the  outermost  roundish,  the  inner  linear-oblong  :  akenes 
silky.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  350. 

Providence  Mountains,  San  IJernadino  Co.,  Dr.  Cooper. 

*   *   Heads  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long :  plants  minuteli/  pubernlent  or  pu- 
bescent, and  more  or  less  glandular  or  viscid. 

2.  B.  grandiflora,  Nntt.  Herbaceous,  2  or  3  feet  high,  simple  or  coryni- 
bosely  branching,  not  viscid  :  leaves  cordate-triangular,  acute  or  acuminate,  thin- 
nish,  coarsely  serrate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  on  slender  petioles ;  the  lower  ojiposite, 
uppermost  alternate  :  heads  numerous  in  a  naked  corymbose  cyme  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  thin,  mostly  acute  :  akenes  nearly' glabrous. 

l^ocky  banks  of  streams  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Yosemite  Valley,  &c.)  ;  and  eastward  through 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  Notwithstanding  the  iiainc  of  this  species,  the  heads  are  only  three 
fourths  of  an  inch  long,  or  often  shorter,  cyliiidraceous,  and  less  than  half  an  inch  broad. 

3.  B.  Californica,  (Iray.  Shrubby  at  base,  2  to  3  feet  liigh,  paniciilately 
branched  :  leaves  alternate,  ovate,  somewhat  triangvdar,  or  sometimes  slightly  cor- 
date, mostly  obtuse,  irregularly  crenate-toothed,  3-ribbed  from  the  base,  veiny, 
roughish  (an  inch  or  so  in  length),  on  short  petioles  :  heads  spicate  or  racemo.se 
along  the  leafy  branches,  half  an  inch  long,  10-  l5-flowered  :  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre with  thinnish  mostly  obtuse  straight  tips.  —  PL  Fendl.  04.  {Bulbostyiis,  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  79.)     B.  Wrightii,  Durand  &  Hilgard,  Pacif.  R.  Pep.  v.  8. 

Dry  hillsides,  fruin  Mendocino  Vo.  nearly  thiougli  the  State,  and  eastward  at  least  to  Utah. 

4.  B.  microphylla,  dray,  1.  c.  More  branched  than  tlie  last,  viscid  and 
glandular  :  leaves  smaller  and  with  acute  teeth  ;  those  of  the  branches  almost  ses- 
sile, half  an  inch  long  or  less  :  heads  clustered  at  the  ends  of  diverging  branchlets, 
smaller  :  scales  of  the  involucre  rigid,  all  but  the  innermost  with  squarrose-spread- 
ing  herbaceous  tips.  —  Bulbostyiis  microphylla,  Nutt. 

Teliae  Peak,  near  Lake  Talioe  {Lcminan) ;  adjacent  parts  of  Western  Nevada  {Torreij) ;  thence 
north  and  east  to  Oregon  and  Utah. 

4.  ADENOSTYLES,  Cass. 
Head  few  -  many-flowen'd.  Involucre  of  a  single  scries  of  erect  scales,  or  some- 
times with  one  or  two  smaller  and  lax  exterior  ones  additional.  Peceptacle  naked, 
flat.  Corollas  dilated  above  the  slender  tube,  the  5  lobes  spreading.  Brandies  of 
the  style  somewhat  thickened  upward.  Akenes  terete,  10-striate,  glabrous.  Pap- 
pus of  verj--  copious  soft  and  white  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  simi)le 
stems,  alternate  cordate  or  reniform  leaves,  mostly  on  long  jietioles,  and  corymbose 
heads  of  flpsh-colored,  white,  or  (-ream-colored  Uowers.  —  Benth.  Sc  Hook.  (len.  ii. 
247. 


Carphephoviis.  COMPOSlTyR  oqt 

1.  A.  Nardosmia,  day.  FloocoHo-woolly  :  stem  mtlior  hIoiiI,  1  lo  2  iwX  high, 
2-3-lo!ivo(l,  ami  bnating  4  to  7  largo  loosely  corymhost;  iit-ads  :  loaves  rouud-reiii- 
forra,  5-9-clert,  whiti'-woolly  bcnoath,  boconiiiig  naked  above,  the  lobes  eoarsely 
toothed  or  cleft:  heads  an  inch  long,  peduncled,  about  nO-lluwen-d  :  scales  of  tlic 
catupanulate  involucre  12  to  30,  lanceolate-linear,  aciuninate,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  disk  :  corollas  yellowish,  with  elongated  cylindraceous  throat :  anthers  exserted  : 
akenes  distinctly  striate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  G31.  Cacalia  Nardosmia  Gray 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  361.  'J' 

^^  Open  woods  of  Spruce  and  rine,  Sonoma  to  Humboldt  Co.,  Apiil,  May,  linlander,  Kellogg. 
"Flowers  of  the  color  of  yellow  beeswax,  and  exhaling  the  odor  of  honey  or  beeswax."  This 
striking  and  peculiar  plant  indeed  a])pears  to  belong  (notwithstanding  the  yellowish  flowers  and 
their  far  greater  number  in  the  head)  to  a  small  genus  otherwise  restricted  to  the  mountains  of 
Middle  and  Southern  Europe.     The  leaves  much  resemble  those  of  PetasUes  palmata. 

5.  CARPHEPHOKUS,  Cass.  Sect.  KUHNIOIDES,  Gray. 
Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispherical ;  its  scales  imbri- 
cated as  in  BricMlia,  but  less  striate.  Receptacle  flat,  AHiiished  with  some  chaff 
(resembling  the  innermost  involucral  scales)  among  tlio  flowers,  at  least  the  outer 
ones,  and  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Corollas  narrow,  rather  deeply  5-toothed,  the 
teeth  oi)on  or  spreading.  Akenes  10-ribbcd,  live  alternate  ribs  mostly  stronger, 
often  5-angular.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  equal  plumose  bristles.  —  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  632. 

This  p;onu8  is  founded  on  four  sprnMOH  of  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  with  herbaceous  mostly 
H  niplo  hIciur,  alternate  l.-aves,  mid  niiddjo  sized  IickIm  of  rosn-purplo  IJowrMs,  nwHt  roHcnibling 
those  of  Luilns,  the  pappus  of  rather  copious  and  unccnml  bristles,  which  occupy  more  tlinii  oiio 
senes,  and  are  at  most  sliort-barbellate.  Tiie  Californian  species  have  loosely  branching  stems, 
sufrrutescent  at  base,  the  lower  leaves  are  opposite,  the  corollas  pale  and  probably  yellowish-white, 
and  the  pappus,  as  above  described,  almost  as  plumose  as  that  of  Kuhnin. 

C.  ATRiPLiciFOMUS,  Gray,  was  collected  only  in  Lower  California,  near  Cape  Sun  Lucas,  by 
XanhiH.  It  may  be  known  by  its  laciniate-lobed  leaves  and  the  striate  glabrous  scales  of  the 
involucn!. 

1.  C.  junceus,  Benth.  Minutely  hispid  or  nearly  smooth,  much  liranchcd  : 
branches  long  and  slender,  rush-like,  terminated  by  .solitary  or  loo.soly  corymbose 
lieads  on  slender  podundos  :  the  few  and  sparse  leaves  linear,  entire  or  sparingly 
lobed  :  involucro  3  to  4  linos  long,  rather  shorter  than  llio  flowoi-s,  the  outer  scales 
whito-pubescont  and  rather  rigid:  akenes  i)uborulent :  pappus  of  about  15  rather 
rigid  plumose  bristles. — Bot,  Sulph.  21. 

S.  E.  borders  of  California,  on  or  near  the  Colorado,  Coulter,  Nru-hcrrii,  Cnoprr,  kc.  :  apimrently 
common  in  the  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona,  and  first  made  known  from  Hind's  collection  in  Ix)wer 
California.  The  flowers  were  noted  by  Dr.  Cooper  as  "  yellow,"  which  is  not  likely.  Thev  may 
be  cream-color.  .... 

TmnK  111.     ASTEROIDK/i: 

Heads  heterogamous  with  some  marginal  flowers  ]ii.stillate  (mroly  neutral)  and 
commonly  radiate  (ligulate),  or  else  homogamous,  the  corollas  all  tubular,  or  in 
Baccharis  homogamous  but  dioecious.  Anthers  appendagod  at  the  apox,  ohtu.se  and 
tailless  at  base.  Branches  of  the  style  in  perfect  flowers  more  or  less  flat,  margined 
with  conspicuous  stigmatic  lines,  tipped  with  an  ajipendage.  Roreptarle  naked 
(not  chafly),  except  in  one  Cnrrthrofji/iie.  In  Barrharh  only  fhe  flowers  are  dinc- 
cious,  and  the  style  in  staminate  flowers  not  distinctly  appendaged  and  commonly 
unbranched.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  rarely  turning  purple.  Leaves  almost  always 
alternate. 


i^Q2  COMPOSURE.  Uulitrrtzia. 

6.   GUTIERREZIA,  Lagasca. 

Heads  corymbose,  small  or  rather  small,  lieterogamous  ;  the  rays  few  and  fertile ; 
disk-llowers  peri'cct  (in  one  species  apparently  infertile).  Involucre  obovate  or 
cylindraceous,  its  scales  coriaceous,  with  greenish  tips,  closely  imbricated,  the  outer 
ones  shorter.  licceptacle  convex  or  conical,  liays  short.  Ai)pen(higes  of  the 
style  lanceolate  or  linear,  hispid.  Akeues  terete,  often  somewhat  turbinate.  l*ap- 
pus  paleaceous,  viz.  of  7  to  9  or  more  chaffy  scales,  commonly  distinct,  and  those 
of  the  ray-llowei-3  shorter  than  those  of  the  disk  (in  some  Eastern  species  short  and 
more  or  less  united  in  a  ring  or  crown).  —  Herbaceous  or  sud'rulescent,  glabrous, 
ol'ten  resinous,  much  branched  from  the  base,  with  narrow  entire  leaves,  ami  corynj- 
boso  or  fasciculate-crowded  mostly  small  heads  of  bright  yellow  llowera.  — Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  ii.  193;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  250,  excl.  sp.     Brachyvis,  Nutt. 

Two  or  three  othur  species  occur  in  Arizona,  &c.,  but  have  not  yet  been  found  near  the  Califor- 
nian  bonlers. 

1.  Gr,  £uthaniice,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  ^lore  or  less  woody  at  base,  seldom 
over  a  foot  high  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  crowded  :  heads  fastigiately  corymbose 
and  crowded,  or  sometimes  rather  open-panicled  :  involucre  turbinate,  2  lines  long : 
ilowers  of  the  ray  and  disk  each  3  to  9  :  akeiies  silky-pubescent :  pappus  of  about 
9  chall'y  scales ;  those  of  the  disk-flowers  linear  or  oblong-linear  and  obtuse,  fully 
half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  at  least  as  long  as  the  akene  ;  those  of  the  ray  shorter 
and  broader.  —  G.  £uthairuce,  divaricata,  &  Cali/urnica,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fi.  ii.  193. 
Brack yr is,  Nutt. 

Dry  hills  along  the  coast  and  the  Contra  Costa  Mountains  :  the  var.  Califounica  {G.  Calif ornica, 
Torr.  k  Gray,  1.  c.)  ;  taller  than  the  eastern  form,  and  usually  with  thicker  heads,  containing 
more  numerous  ilowers,  and  the  pappus  rather  longer.  Tejon  Valley,  Dr.  lleermann:  a  low  form 
with  tlie  fewest-flowered  heads  \g.  vncrophylla,  Durand  k  Hilgard,  PI.  lieerm.  40,  —  a  lapsus 
iorO.  microccpluila),  wliich  i^xteiuls  from  W.  Nevada  {JFalson,  kc.)  to  t\w  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  These  are  two  extremes  of  n])parently  one  variable  and  wide-spread  species.  --  G. 
microcephida,  (liny,  with  which  the  Tejon  iilant  was  confounded,  hns  still  narrower,  more  cylindri- 
cal, and  smaller  heads,  with  mostly  a  single  disk-flower,  and  that  iid'ertile. 

2.  Gr.  linearifolia,  Lagasca  ("?).  Suffruticose  or  herbaceous,  1  to  2  feet  high  : 
leaves  narrowly  linear  :  heads  loosely  corymbose  :  involucre  obovate,  3  lines  long  : 
akenes  minutely  appressed-pubescent  :  pai)pus  of  about  12  oblong  and  obtuse  or 
spatulate  chalfy  scales  hardly  longer  than  the  proper  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Near  Los  Angeles,  Dr.  Gamhd.  —  In  the  size  of  the  heads  and  in  the  pappus  this  accords 
tolerably  well  wkh  a  specimen  in  Berlandier's  collection,  No.  1300,  from  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico, 
—  which  may  be  the  obscure  original  of  the  genus,  G.  liuearifulia.  Yet  the  Ilowers  arc  as  many 
as  5  to  8  in  both  ray  and  disk.  It  resembles  the  Chilian  G.  paniculata  ;  but  in  that  the  scales 
of  the  pappus  are  narrowly  lanceolate  and  nearly  equal  to  the  disk-corolla. 

7.  AMPHIACHYRIS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Sect,  of  Bkacuyius,  DC.) 
Heads  corymbose  or  fascicled,  small,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  fertile  ;  disk-flowers 
hermaphrodite  but  wholly  or  mostly  sterile.  Involucre  obovate  or  cylindraceous  ;  its 
scales  rather  few,  coriaceous,  closely  imbricated,  the  outer  successively  shorter. 
Ivecoptacle  convex.  Kays  1  to  U)  :  disk-flowers  from  5  to  20  :  appendages  of  the 
style  in  the  latter  oblong,  obtuse.  Akenes  terete,  pubescent.  I'appus  of  the  ray- 
flowers  chaffy  and  coroniform-concreted  ;  of  the  disk-flowers  setiform  rather  than 
paleaceous,  the  very  narrow  scales  or  flattish  bristles  about  the  length  of  the  corolla 
and  commonly  more  or  less  united  at  the  base.  —  Low  and  bushy-branched  gla- 
brous plants,  with  entire  subsessile  leaves  and  yellow  flowers.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  C33. 


Orindelia.  COMPOSITyE.  3q?j 

1.  A.  Fremontii,  Gray,  1.  c.  .Shrubby,  1  to  2  f.iet  lii-li  :  leaves  oljovate-spatu- 
late,  acuminate,  shoit:  heads  sessile  in  compound  corymbose  clusters:  involucre 
(barely  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long)  of  7  to  9  oval  and  obtuse  thinnish  scales,  the  tips 
of  which  are  obscurely  greenisli :  ray-flower  only  one,  with  a  short  obovate  ligule 
and  a  pappus  nearly  as  long  as  its  tube,  composed  of  numerous  narrow  chalfy  scales 
united  below  into  an  irregularly  clelt  cup  or  crown  :  disk-flowers  about  fj,  with 
apparently  Avell-formed  but  sterile  ovary,  nnd  a  pappus  of  about  20  flattish  more 
or  less  tortuous  denticulate-hispid  bristles,  some  of  thera  occasionally  united  or 
sparingly  \ivs.i\Q.\\Qi\.  —  Amphipappus  Freviontii,  Terr.  &  Gray,  in  Jour.  iJost.  Nat. 
Hist.  Soc.  V.  4,  &  PI.  Fremont.  17,  t.  9. 

On  tlie  Mohavo  River  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Colorndo,  April  :  fonnd  only  by  Fremont. 
Benllmni  and  Hooker  (Gen.  PI.  ii.  250),  recognizing  the  nflinity  of  this  with  Amphiadiyris  dm- 
cunmloides,  refer  them  both  to  Gutierrezia ;  but  it  seems  preferable  to  keep  up  the  genus  Amphi- 
achyris  and  refer  this  peculiar  and  rare  species  to  it. 

8.  GRINDELIA,  Willd.  Gum-plant. 
Heads  solitary,  terminating  leafy  branches,  or  occnsionally  moro  or  less  corymbose, 
heterogamous  with  the  rays  fertile,  or  in  one  species  homogamous  (rayless),  many- 
flowered.  Involucre  hemisph.eriail  or  globular,  commonly  coated  with  resin  or 
balsam  ;  its  scales  very  numerous,  imbricated,  narrow,  with  coriaceous  appressed 
base  and  slender  more  or  less  spreading  or  squarrose  green  tips.  Receptacle  flat  or 
convex,  foveolate.  Kays  numerous,  narrow.  P.ranches  of  the  stylo  tipped  with  a 
lanceolate  or  linear  appendage.  Akenes  compressed  or  turgid,  or  the  outermost 
somewhat  triangular,  glabrous,  truncate.  Pappus  of  2  to  8  caducous  awns  or  stout 
corneous  bristles.  —  Biennial  or  perennial  and  mostly  coarse  herbs,  with  sessile  or 
partly  clasping  leaves,  often  viscid  or  resinous,  and  middle-sized  or  rather  large 
heads  of  yellow  flowers  ;  flowering  in  summer.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  246. 

A  characteristic  genus  of  the  plains  west  of  the  Mississippi,  extending  to  the  Pacific  coast  and 
to  Mexico,  with  two  or  three  species  in  similar  regions  of  South  America,  not  o%-er  a  dozen  or  so 
in  all.  But  they  are  difficult  of  discrimination,  especially  the  western  species,  which  are  all  dif- 
fi'rent  from  the  eastern.  Some  good  characters  may  be  furnished  by  the  ripe  akenes,  which  are 
known  in  few  sjiecies. 

Tho  balsninin  ro.iln  which  oxudes  from  the  herbage,  most  Inigely  from  thn  forming  hendfi,  in 
used  mediciimlly,  CHi^n'clnlly  as  a  remedy  for  tho  PITetits  of  Poison  Ouk  (AVmm  lobnln).  Kltlior  tho 
bruised  plant  is  applied  directly,  or  a  decoction  or  alcoholic  infusion. 

*  Stems  a  foot  to  a  yard  high,  leafy  :  leaves  from  obovate  to  lanceolate. 

1.  Gr.  hirsutula,  Hook.  &  Am.  Hirsutely  pubescent  or  sometimes  almost  tomen- 
tose  with  soft  spreading  hairs,  or  lower  part  of  the  stem  glabrous,  one  to  three  feet 
high  :  leaves  sharply  and  irregularly  serrate,  from  lanceolate  to  oblong,  the  lower 
spatulate,  uppermost  usually  with  broad  clasping  base  :  awns  of  the  jiappus  2  or  3, 
flattish,  nearly  smooth.  —  P.ot.  I)00ch.  147.     6^.  mhricaulis,  DC.  Prodr.  v.  .316. 

Under  redwoods,  &c.,  from  Monterey  northward,  extending  along  the  coast  to  Puget  Sound. 
Known  by  the  pubescence,  ami  iisnally  by  the  red  or  purpiisli  stem  :  the  involucre  sometimes 
tomentose,  sometimes  almost  naked  ;  the  tips  of  the  scales,  as  in  other  si>ecies,  either  straight  or 
squarrose. 

2.  Gr.  glutinosa,  Dunal.  Glabrous  :  leaves  obovate,  oblong,  or  oblong-spntu- 
late,  rounded  at  apex,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle  :  scales  of  the  iiivolucro  with 
short  tips  :  pappus  of  5  to  8  rigid  flattened  chaff-like  awns,  their  thin  edges  sparsely 
serrulato-ciliolate.  —  A/tter  r/lutiiiofus,  Cav.  Ic.  ii.  t.  168. 

Sandy  moist  grounds,  on  the  coast,  Fort  Point  and  bobos  Crerk,  near  .Snn  Francisco  ;  intro- 
duced (0.  The  original  of  this  s|>ecios  is  said  to  have  come  tVoin  Southern  Peru  (not  Mexico),  n 
ilistiict  which  bna  given  not  a  few  plants  to  tho  coast  M'  California. 


?AH 


COMroSIT.K.  (hiudtli 


3.  G.  robusta,  Null.  Very  glabrous,  pale,  usually  stout :  leaves  I'mui  luuailly 
spatulate  or  ohloug  to  luuceohite,  or  the  upper  cordate-claspiug,  coiuiaonly  oljtusc, 
sharply  luoro  or  less  serrate  :  involucre  with  at  length  scjuarrose  tips  :  pappus  of  2 
to  3  or  rarely  5  rigiil  and  Uattish  nearly  smooth  awns  :  akenes  mostly  1  -  3  toothed 
at  the  apex.  — Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  314. 

Var.  latifolia  {(J.  Uaifolia,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Aeail.  v.  3G)  is  a  robust  and 
broad-leaved  form,  with  leaves  3  or  4  inches  long,  and  the  cordate-clasping  oval 
upper  ones  almost  as  broad  :  heads  proportionally  large. 

Var.  angustifolia  {G.  cuneifolia,  Nutt.  1.  c.)  is  a  coast  form,  with  rather  lieshy 
leaves  varying  from  cuneate-spatulate  to  lanceolate,  the  upper  nearly  entire,  all  nar- 
rowed at  base. 

Var.  (?)  rigida.  A  more  glutinous  and  rigid  form,  with  naked  corymbose  or 
jianiculate  heads,  and  rigid  coriaceous  leaves,  some  of  them  very  sharply  serrate  : 
growing  in  dry  or  arid  exposures,  away  from  the  sea. 

Cominou  along  the  coast ;  the  last  variety  more  inland,  on  tlio  coast-runge,  the  I'ontia  Costa 
Mountains,  &e.     A  polynioriihous  species. 

G.  iNTEoniFOLiA,  DC,  ol' Oregon  (wliich  inclu<les  G.  strictn,  DC.)  may  occur  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State.  Tlie  larger  forms  of  it  and  the  more  entire-leaved  forms  of  the  jireceding  are 
not  clearly  distinguished. 

G.  niseoiDK.v,  Nutt.,  of  Oregon  is  a  smnll-headed  species  wholly  destitute  of  rays. 

G.  NANA,  Nutt.,  from  the  same  region,  is  a  somewhat  similar  sj)ecies,  bat  dwarf,  and  with  rays. 

*   *   A  .sjHiu  or  so  ill  luiyht :  /eaves  narrow/i/  and  spatalate-linear,  muinli/  radical. 

4.  Gr.  humilis,  Hook.  &  Arn.  "  Glabrous :  stem  herbaceous,  simj^le,  with  a 
single  head  :  radical  leaves  linear,  obtuse,  tapering  to  the  base  ;  the  caidine  ones 
sessile,  the  lower  narrowly  linear  and  the  upper  reduced  to  subulate  bracts :  scales 
of  the  involucre  linear-lauceolate,  with  squarrose  tips."  —  P)0t.  Beech.  147. 

Although  Lay  and  Collie  nuist  have  collected  the  specimen  in  the  vicinity  either  of  Monterey 
or  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  it  has  not  since  been  identified.  From  a  description  and  sketch  of  the 
specimen  in  the  Hookerian  herbarium,  it  is  ascertained  that  it  is  unlike  any  other  known  species  : 
the  narrow  radical  leaves  2  inches  long :  involucre  about  half  an  inch  high,  its  scales  acute,  only 
the  outermost  loosely  recurved  or  spreading,  the  otheis  apjiressed.  Ihiys  rather  munerous  and 
•dongated.     The  pai)pus  is  not  tlesciibed. 

9.  ACAMPTOPAPPUS,  Gray. 
Heads  many-  (12-30)  llowored,  homogamous,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  with 
tubular  corollas.  Involucre  hemispherical;  tho  scales  imbricated  in  about  three 
ranks  and  closcdy  apprcssed,  oval  or  oblong,  very  obtuse,  concave,  coriaceo-charta- 
ceous  and  whitish,  with  a  greenish  spot  next  the  summit,  margined  with  a  scarious 
and  lacerately  ciliate  or  fringed  border ;  the  outer  successively  shorter.  Eeceptacle 
convex,  alveolate,  Hmbrillate.  Corolla  funnelform,  5-lobed.  Branches  of  the  style 
tipped  with  a  thickish  subulate  appendage.  Akenes  short  and  thick,  turbinate, 
densely  silky-villous  with  very  long  white  wool,  5-nerved  under  the  wool.  Pappus 
between  chaffy  and  bristly,  rigid,  of  12  to  18  paleoe  or  flattened  chalfy  bristles, 
equalling  the  akene  and  the  corolla  in  length  and  mostly  somewhat  dUated  at  tij), 
and  of  about  as  many  more  slender  andninequal  shorter  bristles.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
viii.  634.  —  A  single  species  :  — 

1.  A.  Bphaerocephalus,  Gray,  1.  c.  (Jlabnms  low  shrub  (1  to  3  feet  high), 
not  at  all  glandular  nor  resiniferous,  Avith  rigid  and  angular  straggling  branches  : 
leaves  narrow,  entire  :  flowers  light  yellow.  —  Aplopappus  {Acamplopappus)  sphcero- 
cephalus,  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  7G  ;  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vii.  1 2,  t.  6. 

Desert  region  bordering  Arizona,  lirst  described  from  Coulter's  Californian  collection  (No.  281), 


Penlurhala.  COMPOSIT.E. 


305 


wlio  vory  i)iobnl)Iy  found  it  only  in  At izoiin,  wlipic  it  liiis  sinco  hrou  raWrv.lcA  hy  Dr.  AntixcU  and 
])i:  Palmer,  mid  in  S.  Utnli  f.y  /Vim/.  —  liculs  less  tliun  Imll'  itn  inHi  in  diiunctiM-.  Ix^uvcs 
lineni-lanceoliile  iind  soniewliat  simtnlute,  half  an  incli  or  less  in  length,  about  a  line  wide. 
Akenes  2  lines  long,   when  mature  resembling  pellets  of  wool. 

10.  PENTACH^TA,  Nutt. 
Heads  solitary,  terminating  slender  branches,  lioleroganious  Avith  the  rays  fertile, 
or  sometimes  rayless,  several  -  many-Howcred.  Involucre  of  numerous  or  rather  few 
thin  and  smootli  more  or  less  scariously  margined  oblong  or  lanceolate  scales,  loosely 
imbricated  in  two  or  more  series,  destitute  of  green  tips.  Keccptacle  convex,  sonie- 
wliat foveolate.  Rays  few  or  numerous,  with  oblong  ligulc  on  a  slender  tube,  or 
sometimes  the  ligule  and  sometimes  the  whole  pistillate  ray-flowers  wanting.  Disk- 
corollas  5-toothed.  Anthers  tipped  with  a  small  subulate  appendage.  Branches  of 
the  style  in  the  disk-flowers  bearing  a  long  filiform-subulate  but  flattish  appendage, 
much  longer  than  the  stiginatic  portion.  Akenes  oblong,  compressed,  hirsute. 
l'api)us  of  5  (rarely  somewhat  fewer  or  more  numerous)  slender  and  rigid  persistent 
serrulate-scabrous  bristles,  which  are  shorter  than  the  disk-corollas,  abruptly  en- 
larged (but  not  paleaceous)  at  the  very  base,  occasionally  unequal,  sometimes  all 
reduced  to  short  rudiments  or  wholly  obsolete.  —  Low  and  slender  annuals  (wholly 
Californian),  more  or  less  pubescent,  or  sometimes  glabrous,  with  filiform-linear  and 
entire  alternate  leaves,  and  small  or  middle-sized  heads.  Corollas  either  all  yellow, 
or  those  of  the  disk  sometimes'turning  purple,  the  rays  when  present  usually  yel- 
low, sometimes  white!  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  249;  (»ray,  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  viii. 
033.     Aphantochceta,  Gray  in  Pacif.  Ii.  Kep.  iv.  43,  t.  11. 

A  peculiarly  Californian  genus  of  two  species  {P.  gracilis,  Tkntli.,  of  Mexico,  Iwing  an  Oxy. 
pappus),  remarkable  for  having,  like  Lcs.iingia,  cither  yellow  or  white  rays. 

1.  P.  aurea,  Nutt.  At  length  diffusely  branched,  3  to  12  inches  high  :  heads 
many-flowered  :  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate  or  acut^,  and 
with  broad  and  thin  scarious  margins,  the  outer  successively  shorter :  rays  7  to  40, 
deep  golden  yellow  :  pappus  of  f)  (or  somotimos  fi  to  S)  hrisllos. 

Dry  plains,  southern  part  of  tlio  State,  chiedy  known  from  Ran  Diego  Co.,  Nutldll,  Parry,  kc. 
T>cavps  an  inch  or  le.sa  in  length,  the  upper  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts  on  the  terminal 
T)eduncle.  Heads  varying  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  in  length.  Mature  akenes  not  seen, 
but  ai)i)arently  compressed  as  in  the  ne.xt.  To  this  apparently  belongs  Iwth  the  varieties  described 
in  Bot.  Me.x.  Boundary,  81. 

2.  P.  ezilis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Erect  or  with  ascending  branches,  3  to  8  inches  high  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  but  commonly  mucronnto,  nil  of  nearly  equal 
length  and  with  narrow  scarious  margins  :  lieads  in  the  larger  forms  nmny-flowci-cd 
and  with  10  to  14  sulphur-colored  or  sometimes  white  rays  :  jiajipus  of  5  equal  or 
somewhat  unequal  bristles,  or  occasionally  with  some  or  nil  the  bristles  obsolete. 
(To  this  belongs  the  P.  aurea  of  liigelow's  collection  in  "Whipple's  ICxpedition,  of 
Bolander's  Catalogue,  kc.) 

Var.  discoidea.  Heads  with  from  9  to  20  disk-flowers  and  no  rays  :  bristles 
of  the  papi^us  present. 

Var.  aphantochaeta.  Heads,  &c.,  as  in  var.  discnnlcn,  or  with  3  to  f)  pistillate 
marginal  flowers  destitute  of  ligule  :  pappus  obsolete  or  nearly  so.  —  Aphau(ochcr(a 
exiUs,  Gray,  1.  c.  99,  t.  11. 

Hillsides,  from  Snnta  Cruz  to  Nana  Co.,  kr.  Much  like  the  foregoing.  excei>t  in  the  particu- 
lars mentioned.  Scales  of  the  involucre  seldom  over  2  lines  long,  nlxiut  lii  or  18  in  the  fuller- 
llowored  heads,  occupying  two  ranks  of  about  e(|ual  length,  reduced  to  7  or  10  and  Romelimes 
almost  to  a  single  rank  in  the  fewer- flowered  and  depaupei-nte  stntcs.      Mature  nkencs  lint  onJ 


^QQ  COMPOSITE.  MonoptlluH. 

obovate,  or  some  of  them  puiliap  lutluM'  triniigular,  obscurely  I'ew-iicrveil,  Imiry.  Funus  williout 
iMiliima,  or  with  more  w  less  rodiieeil  l)rislle.s,  {j;ruw  miiigleil  with  the  normal  btiito.  'I'lie  niyless 
variety' liiis  been  coUecteil  iit  Auburn,  iJusslan  Uiver,  San  1-oren/o  Valley,  kc,  ami  a  very 
dopuuiieralo  stale  about  San  Kraneiseo.  Hut  the  state  with  ray-coroUus  redueed  to  a  tube,  on 
wliieli  Aphanlovlnjda  was  Ibumleii,  has  as  yet  been  Ueteeted  only  in  Ih:  J.  M.  BUjclow's  .s|)eeiniens, 
IVom  Napa  Valley.  Near  Vallejo  a  lorm  wai  eoUoelod  by  Ucv.  E.  L.  (Jrecne  with  well-developed 
mys  pure  white,  exeept  a  pule  yellow  base. 

11.  MONOPTILON,  ToiT.  k  Gray. 
Head  many-llowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  numerous  in  a  single  scries,  fertile. 
Involucre  of  numerous  narrow  equal  thin  scales,  almost  in  a  single  rank.  Recep- 
tacle barely  convex,  naked.  Corollas  with  rather  hairy  tube ;  the  white  or  purple 
ligules  oblong-obovate.  Branches  of  the  style  tipped  with  a  short  obtuse  ai)pendage. 
Akenes  oblong-obovate,  compressed,  one-nerved  on  each  margin,  or  in  the  ray  with 
a  lateral  nerve  also.  Pappus  double  j  the  outer  a  minute  almost  entire  crown ; 
the  inner  a  deciduous  bristle  which  nearly  e(j[uals  the  disk-corolla,  scabrous  below 
and  plumose  for  some  distance  from  the  summit  downward.  —  Jour,  liost.  Nat. 
Hist.  Soc.  V.  lOG,  t.  13.      Only  one  species  :  — 

1.  M.  bellidiforme,  Torr.  &  (jiuy,  1.  c  A  (Ulicato  Daisy -like  little  annual, 
hpremliiig  on  thu  ground,  an  incli  or  two  high,  villous-piibcHcont :  IcavtfH  altornutc, 
narrowly  spatulate,  entire  :  heads  scattered,  hardly  peduncled,  barely  half  an  inch 
in  diameter,  including  the  white  and  purplish-tipped  or  pink-purple  rays  :  disk- 
flowers  yellow. 

On  the  ilohavo  desert  or  between  California  and  the  southwestern  part  of  Utah,  where  a  single 
specimeu  was  collected  by  Fremont.     Recently  rediscovered  in  the  latter  region  by  Furry. 

12.  EREMIASTRUM,  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous  ;  the  white  rays  numerous  in  a  single  series, 
fertile.  Involucre  camjjanulate,  of  nearly  equal  narrow  scales,  the  outermost  nearly 
foliaceous.  Receptacle  llattish,  naked.  Ligules  oblong,  entire.  Branches  of  the 
style  tipped  witli  a  lanceolate  appendage.  Akenes  obovate-oblong,  flat,  one  nerved 
on  each  margin.  Pappus  of  two  sorts,  i.  e.  the  outer  of  8  or  10  thin  laciniately  dis- 
sected scales,  each  apparently  comjjosed  of  several  united  bristles ;  the  inner  of 
about  as  many  stout  bristles  or  awns,  and  some  smaller  ones  intervening.  —  Oray, 
PI.  Thurb.  (Mem.  Am.  Acad,  v.)  320.  —  A  single  species  :  — 

1.  E.  bellioides,  Cray,  1.  c.  —  A  low,  Daisy-like,  hirsute  or  hispid  annual,  1  to 
4  inches  high,  and  sending  olf  procumbent  branches ;  resembling  Monopiilon  but 
larger  ;  leaves  alternate,  narrowly  spatulate,  entire,  disposed  to  be  crowded  under 
the  terminal  solitary  heads,  and  passing  into  scales  of  the  involucre  :  head  (includ- 
ing the  expaniled  white  rays)  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  handsome; 
the  disk  yellow. 

Dry  plains  on  the  Colorado  and  Mohave  lUvers,  Thurber,  SchoU,  Newberry,  Cooper,  kc.  Also 
Southern  Utah,  Puiry. 

13.  LESSINGIA,  Cham. 
Head  5- 25-llowered  ;  the  flowers  all  perfect,  with  limb  of  the  corolla  regularly 
or  sometimes  obliquely  parted  down  to  the  slender  tube  into  5  linear  lobes,  or  the 
marginal  ones  with  the  enlarged  limb  palmately  parted  into  a  kind  of  ray,  in  these 
the  stamens  often  abortive.  Involucre  campanulate  or  turbinate;  its  scales  imbri- 
cated, appressed,  and  mostly  with  herbaceous  often  spreading  tips.     Receptacle  flat, 


U.isingia.  (^OMPOSHM*:.  f^Q*j 

alveolate.  Anthers  included,  tipped  with  a  setaceous-subulate  ujjpendage.  Branches 
of  the  style  tipped  with  a  very  short  and  obtuse  or  truncate  appendage  which  is 
thickly  covered  with  hispid  bristles  in  a  tuft,  and  often  with  a  central  cusp,  or  else 
with  a  longer  subulate  and  less  strongly  hispid  appendage.  Akenes  all  fertile, 
silky-villous,  turbinate  or  cuneiform,  more  or  less  compressed.  Pappus  simple, 
mostly  shorter  than  the  corolla  (especially  in  the  marginal  flowers),  of  numerous 
miocpml  rij^id  Bcabroua  bristlos,  usually  turning  roddisli-hrown.  —  Annual  or  bien- 
nial {probably  never  truly  perennial)  lierbs,  all  Californian,  with  slender  branches, 
clothed  (at  least  when  young)  with  flocculent  more  or  less  deciduous  wool.  Leaves 
alternate,  thickish,  those  of  the  branches  sessile.  Heads  rather  small.  Flowers  in 
the  original  species  yellow  (sometimes  turning  purple  in  age),  in  most  if  not  all  the 
others  blue-purple  or  white.  (Nerves  of  the  corolla-lobes  deejjly  intramarginal,  the 
aestivation  induplicate  up  to  the  nerve.)  —  Cham,  in  Linna?ii,  iv.  203;  Gray  in 
P>puth.  n.  Hartw.  315,  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  351,  &  viii.  634. 

§  1.  Liinb  of  the  corolla  more  or  less  obliquely  or  imlmniely  b-parted,  at  least  in  the 
marr/inal  flowers :  branches  of  the  style  very  obtuse  and  toith  a  brtish-like  tuft 
of  bristles,  in  which  the  minute  setiform  appendage  (ivhen  there  is  any)  is 
nearly  hidden.  • 

1.  L.  G-ermanorum,  Cham.  Low,  much  branched,  spreading  on  tlie  ground, 
at  first  whitish-tomentose,  soon  greener:  lower  leaves  spatulatc  and  ])innutilid  ;  the 
upper  oblong  or  linear  and  8])aringly  incised  or  toothed,  or  on  the  brancidots  small 
and  brnct-like,  and  occasionally  granulosc-glandular,  as  are  the  spreading  green  tips 
of  the  involucre  :  heads  terminating  slender  divergent  branchlets,  15  -  25-llowered : 
corollas  yellow,  the  marginal  ones  conspicuously  enlarged,  palmate  and  forming  a 
kind  of  ray,  their  stamens  sometimes  abortive.  — Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Kxp.  33G,  t.  7, 
(style  wrongly  delineated.) 

Hillsides  and  open  grounds,  rather  abundant  from  San  Diego  Co.  to  San  Francisco.  Head  with 
flowers  expanded  about  halt'  an  inch  in  diameter,  the  larger  and  pahiiate  marginal  corollas  form- 
ing a  Ccntaurea-\ike  ray. 

2.  L.  ramulosa,  Gray.  Erect  and  diffusely  paniculato-branched,  a  span  to  a 
foot  or  two  in  height,  white-woolly,  becoming  naked  and  usually  glandular  with 
age  :  cauHne  leaves  oblong  or  lanCQolate,  thickish,  entire  or  serrulate  ;  those  of  the 
branches  small,  ovate  or  oblong,  closely  sessile  by  a  cordate  partly  clasping  base, 
gradually  reduced  to  minute  bracts  :  heads  terminating  slender  diverging  branchlets, 
10  — 20-flowered  :  scales  of  the  involucre  acute  and  the  greenish  tips  appressed  : 
corollas  violet-])urple,  tlie  marginal  ones  a  little  enlarged  and  slightly  oblique.  —  PI. 
Hartw.  1.  c.  ;  Bot.  Wilkes  £xp.  1.  c. 

Plains,  &c.,  from  near  San  Francisco  to  Mendocino  Co.  Heads  rather  snialler  than  of  the 
preceding.  A  slender  and  dilfnso  form,  with  sniiiller  h<'ads  (vnr.  tenuis),  occurs  frorn  Monterey  ? 
{Doiiglns)  to  I'eru  Cieek,  at  5,100  feet,  llothrtx-k. 

3.  L.  nana,  Gray,  1.  c.  Dwarf  and  depressed,  1  to  3  inches  high,  very  woolly  : 
simi)le  or  clustered  stems  thickly  beset  with  the  spatulato  or  lanceolate?  entire  lejive^: 
heads  terminal  and  axillary,  closely  sessile,  10  -  12-flowered  :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear-lanceolate,  chartaceous  and  with  scarious  margins;  the  iniiormost  con- 
spicuously acuminate,  almost  cartilaginous  when  dry,  equalling  the  disk  :  cor<>IIa.s 
(apparently  purplish)  little  exsortod,  mostly  regularly  Hlobed.  —  Bot.  Wilkes  Kxp. 
1.  c.  t.  7. 

On  the  Sacramento,  Dr.  Pickrrinci,  Pcv.  Mr.  Fitrh.  Foot-liills  of  tlir  so»ithcrn  Sierra  Nevnda, 
J.  Muir,  Dr.  Rothrock.  A  singuhir  little  plant,  with  the  lirnds  r.mipnratively  large,  i.  e.  hnlf  an 
inch  long  ;  the  purple  pappus  nearly  equalling  the  corollas,  and  coiisi)icuou8ly  contrasting  with 
the  white  wool.     It  is  poorly  figured  in  the  work  referred  to. 


o(\o  COMPOSURE.  Leasiiiijiu. 

§  2.    Limb  of  the  corolla  rei/ularli/  5-parted  :    brunches  of  the   style  tij>pcd  ivith  a 
conspicuous  slender  subulate  and  less  hisj/id  <(/)j.ic/ida</e. 

4.  L.  vil'gata,  (!iay,  1.  »!.  Kn^ct,  1  ui-  2  Ibct  liiyli,  with  virgatts  branches, 
(leiisc'ly  nuccusu-WDdll.v,  hecomin^  iiaUe.l  with  ago,  but  not  ghuulular  :  cauliiit^  leaves 
purtly  elaspiny,  entire,  oblong,  or  the  lowest  simtulato ;  thoao  of  the  bianehes  very 
short,  appressed,  concave,  carinately  one-nerved,  somewhat  sagittate,  about  the 
length  of  the  5-  7-liowered  heads,  which  are  solitary  and  sessile  iu  their  axils,  so  as 
to  form  a  narrow  interrupted  bracteate  spilce  :  involucre  cylindraceous,  of  rather  few 
and  blunt  a[)pressed  scales  :  pai)pus  much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  (probably 
pale  })urplo)  corolla. 

Noilhuin  piu t  of  Culilbiiua,  Dr.  rickeriiuj,  Fruf.  Ncwlnrnj.     Heads  about  4  linos  long. 

5.  L.  leptoclada,  CJray.  Finely  white-woolly  :  the  erect  slender  stem  and  lili- 
forni  brandies  soon  glabrous  :  lower  cauline  leaves  spatulate  and  sparingly  toothed  ; 
the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear  and  entire,  closely  sessile  by  a  sagittate  adnate  base  ; 
the  uppermost  diminished  into  remote  subulate  bracts  :  heads  terminating  the  very 
slender  and  mostly  naked  paniculate  branches,  5  -  20-llowered  :  involucre  turbinatt;, 
especially  when  many-tlowered  ;  its  scales  many-ranked  and  the  outer  successively 
shorter,  all  appressed  and  with  acute  greenish  tips  :  corollas  purple  or  sometimes 
white,  the  jiappus  etiualling  their  tube.  —  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  351. 

GravuUy  or  Himdy  mdH,  near  Sun  Fnmci.sco  (Or^Blul  Springs,  fcc),  nml  Ihrougliout  tho  I'oot-iiiils 
anil  monntiiins  in  Maiiiiosa  Co.,  Ilowcriiig  July  uud  August.  Varies  iVoin  :}  or  4  indios  to  a  foot  or 
two  in  height,  and  oxeeeilingly  iu  tin;  number  of  flowers  in  the  head,  from  18  or  20  in  the  var. 
TYPICA,  Gray,  1.  c.,  to  only  live  in  the  var.  MiciiOCEPUALA,  in  whieh  the  inflorescence  is  most 
depaui)erate,  while  the  var.  tenuis  is  a  reduced  form,  only  3  to  8  inches  high.  All  are  evidently 
states  of  one  species,  —  to  which  seemingly  belongs  a  very  branehed  small  form  collected  by  Dr. 
Horn  iu  Owens  Valley. 

14.  HETEROTHECA,  Cass. 

Head  many-flowered,  lieteroganrous ;  the  rays  numerous  and  fertile.  Involucre 
hemispherical,  of  numerous  narrow  imbricated  scales,  lieceptaclo  nearly  Hat,  alve- 
olate. Ligules  narrow.  Branches  of  tho  style  tipped  with  a  hispid  appendage. 
Akenes  compressed ;  those  of  the  ray  triangular,  very  obtuse  at  summit,  thickened 
and  destitute  of  pappus  ;  those  of  the  disk  thinner  and  flatter,  silky-pubescent,  Avith 
a  copious  pappus  of  rusty  or  reddish  capillary  bristles  nearly  equalling  the  disk- 
corollas,  and  an  outer  set  of  very  short  chaffy  bristles.  —  Perennial  or  biennial  hir- 
sute or  scabrous  herbs,  with  alternate  and  mostly  dentate  leaves,  and  middle  sized 
heads  of  yellow  llowers  terminating  tho  branches. 

1.  H.  grandiflora,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  high  :  the  leaves  as  well  as  the 
stem  hirsute  with  long  and  rather  soft  spreading  hairs ;  lower  ones  o\a\,  sparingly 
toothed,  contracted  into  a  slender  petiole ;  upper  ones  small  and  narrow  :  heads 
mostly  solitary  :  involucre  glandular  but  not  hairy  :  appendages  of  the  style  short 
and  obtuse  :  sliort  outer  pap|ius  copious. 

Near  the  coast,  on  sandy  plains,  from  Monterey  to  San  Diego.  Heads  not  so  largisas  those  of 
tho  Mexican  //.  inuloidcs.  Akenes  of  the  ray  when  young  minutely  pubescent,  but  becoming 
glabrous. 

2.  H.  floribunda,  Benth.  Stem  2  feet  or  more  in  height,  very  leafy  to  the 
top,  hispid,  also  minutely  glandular  :  leaves  mostly  with  a  line  and  appressed  pubes- 
cence ;  the  lower  ones  ovate  and  Avith  petiole  auricled  at  base  ;  upfier  oblong  and 
closely  sessile  :  heads  numerous,  corymbed  or  panicled,  snudl :  involucre  glandular  : 
appendages  of  the  style  acute  :  short  outer  i)appus  cojiious.  —  Bot.  Voy.  Sulph.  24. 

Near  the  coast,  from  San  Pedro  southward,  Uiiids,  Coulter,  Puny.  Heads  less  than  half  au 
inch  long  :  rays  small. 


Chrysopsi!^.  COMPOSITOR.  oqq 

16.  CHRYSOPSIS,  Nutt. 
Head  inany-flownrorl,  hctorogamoua,  with  numcrons  fortilo  rays,  or  in  two  species 
horaoganious,  tlio  rays  being  wanting.  Involnoro  canipanulato  or  licniisplicrical ; 
the  scales  imbricated,  narrow,  acute,  mostly  with  somewhat  scarions  margins,  desti- 
tute of  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  foveolate,  or  alveolate-toothed°  Appen- 
dages of  the  style-branches  linear  or  subulate  and  hispid.  Akenes  oblong-linear  or 
obovato -oblong,  compressed,  hairy,  the  margins  and  each  face  commonly  1 -nerved. 
Pappus  alike  in  disk  and  ray,  double ;  the  interior  of  copious  rather  rusty  scabrous 
capillary  bristles  of  unequal  length,  the  longer  about  equalling  the  corolla ;  the  exte- 
rior a  set  of  very  short  chaffy  bristles  or  narrow  little  scales  (slender  and  incon- 
spicuous in  §  2).  —  Low  herbs  (the  Californian  species  perennial),  with  stems  rather 
thickly  beset  with  alternate  sessile  leaves,  and  terminated  by  solitary  or  corymbose 
(middle-sized)  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Y\.  ii.  252. 

§  1.  Heads  with  rays:  exterior  pappus  evident  and  more  or  less  chaff?/  :  herbage  hir- 
sute or  villous.  —  CiiRYSorsis  proper. 
1.  C.  sessiHflora,  Nutt.  Hirsute,  varying  from  hispid  to  soft-villous  :  stems  a 
toot  or  so  in  height,  erect  or  ascending  from  tufted  thick  rootstocks  :  leaves  oblonc/ 
or  the  lower  spatulate,  mostly  entire  :  disk-corollas  beset  externally  near  the  summit 
with  some  scattered  very  slender  hairs  :  outer  pappus  squamellate.  —  The  following 
apparently  all  of  one  variable  species.  Nuttall's  original,  from  Santa  Barbara,  &c  • 
not  canoscont,  eomowhat  hispid  and  glandtdar :  stem  and  bmnches  leafy  up  to  tlio 
head,  winch  is  as  it  wore  involucrato  by  some  lealy  bracts  :  scales  of  the  involucre 
H  ightly  hirsute,  usually  glandular:  outer  pai)pus  hardly  longer  than  the  breadth  of 
the  ovary.     (Involucre  half  an  inch  long.)  — Nutt.  in'l'mns.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii.  317. 

Var.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Less  glandular  and  mf)ro  villous  ;  the  obtuser  leaves 
densely  so,  sometimes  canescently  silky  :  involucre  mostly  leafy-bracted  and  more 
pubescent  :  the  conspicuous  squamellate  outer  pappus  longer.  —  C.  Bolanderi,  Gray 
Proc.  Am.  Aead.  vi.  543.  —  Both  this  and  the,  Jirst  pass  into 

Var.  echioides,  Gray.  Stem  and  branches  more  slender  and  less  leafy,  the 
headsonly  hall  as  large  and  not  leafy-bracted  :  outer  pappus  as  in  the  last  or  less 
conspicuous.  —  C.  echioides,  Bonth.  Hot.  Sulph.  25,  li-  PI.  ]I.iitw.  31G. 

vpf  «L*r  ^''t^"'  ""'^  ^'f  "^y*  •^'o"'''^'^  ^'"^r-  «"ly  tlieir  scanty  spcrinions  of  tlio  original  form 
l^lT-T  «  V  T-  f '^'^'^'^rV  S--^n  Francisco  to  Noyo  on  the  coast,  Bolai^dcr,  Kdhng.  Var. 
echioides  Santa  Cruz  to  San  Diego,  Jlinxh,  Coulter,  Ncioherry,  Hartwcq,  Boland^r,  &c.  -  C.  Bo- 
frnW?l  T  "°.  ^'^""^  ^'^  ih^Aehyra^a  section,  which  is  well  marked  bv  its  scanty  inner  and 
truly  chaffy  outer  pappus.  The  present  species  is  in  some  fonns  hard  to  distinguisli  from 
AT£,-J=;!;l;??'f?""''  ^",^^""^ly  polymorphous  species,  extending  from  the  eastern  si.le  of  the 
Mississippi  to  the  coa^t  of  Oregon  and  to  the  State  of  Nevada  ;  therefore  vor>-  probably  inhabiting 
the  nortliern  part  of  Call  ornia  It  is  destitute  of  the  scattered  long  hai,4  near  the  tip  of  the 
disk-coroila,  nnd  the  mvolucro  is  not  glandular,  but  commonly  minutely  canescent. 

§  2.  Heads  rayless  :  exterior  pappus  setulose,  inconspicuous  or  obscure.  — kymoDW, 
Gray.  {Ammodin,  Nutt.) 
2.  C.  Oregana,  Gray.  ]\Iuch  branched,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  somewhat 
hirsutely  pubescent  and  rather  viscid  :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire,  with  a 
prominent  midrib  :  heads  paniculate  :  involucre  almost  glabrous,  composed  of  3  or 
4  ranks  of  successively  longer  thin  and  acuminate  scales,  only  their  midrib  green, 
the  innermost  equalling  the  jiappus  :  corollas  slender  :  akenivs  narrow  :  exterior  pap- 
pus indistinct.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  543.  Ammodia  Orenana,  Nutt.  1.  c.  ; 
Torr.  Pot.  Wilkes  Exp.  t.  9. 

In  sand  or  gravel  along  streams,   mouth  of  Eel   River  {Kellogg),  Calistom  (E.  L.  Gireiu),  and 
north  through  Oregon. 


3IQ  COMPOSITE.  Chrysopsis. 

3.  C.  Bre'weri,  (ii;i,y,  1.  c.  More  minutely  and  sparingly  pubescent  nnil  also 
viscid  glandular,  a  loot  ur  two  high,  with  scattered  und  slender  branches,  which  are 
mostly  tenninated  by  single  pedunculate  heads  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  thin,  entire, 
Cribbed  Iroin  the  closely  sessile  broad  base:  scales  of  the  involucre  of  lirmer  tex- 
ture, lanceolate,  rather  lew  and  in  only  about  two  mnks,  the  longer  little  exceeding 
the  obovate  and  Hat  akenes  :  corollas  I'unnolibrm  :  exterior  pappus  of  numerous  very 
tine  and  short  bristles. 

Sierra  Nevada,  in  or  near  forests,  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  Sierra  Co.  at  the  altitude  of  from  4,000 
to  11,000  feet,  Brewer,  Torraj,  Greene,  &c.  Heads  half  an  inch  long,  fewer  than  in  the  preced- 
ing :  pappus  soft,  merely  tawny. 

16.  APLOPAPPUS,  Cass. 

Heads  solitary,  terminating  the  branches,  or  sometimes  corymbosely  or  spicately 
clustered,  many-flowered,  rarely  several-flowered,  heterogamous  and  with  fertile 
rays,  or  very  rarely  homogamous,  the  rays  being  wanting.  Involucre  imbricated, 
the  scales  with  or  sometimes  without  herbaceous  or  foliaceous  tips.  Keceptacle  flat 
or  flattish,  foveolate  or  alveolate-dentate.  Appendages  of  the  style-branches  trian- 
gular-lanceolate, or  in  the  N.  American  species  more  commonly  elongated-subulate. 
Akenes  varying  from  turbinate  to  linear,  terete,  angled,  or  more  or  less  compressed. 
Pappus  simple,  of  copious  and  unequal  rigid  capillary  (scabrous  or  almost  barbellate) 
bristles.  —  Herbs  or  low  under-shrubby  plants,  of  various  aspect  and  foliage  ;  with 
yellow  flowei"s,  and  pappus  varying  from  tawny  to  reddish,  very  rarely  bright  white. 
Leaves  alternate,  rigid.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  634:.  Aplopappus,  Pyrrocovia 
(Hook.),  Stenotus  (Nutt.),  Macronema  (Nutt.),  Frionopsis  (Nutt.),  Isopappus,  (Torr. 
&  Gmy),  &  Ericamerla  (Nutt.),  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  JIaplopappus,  Ericameriu  (and 
Macronema  uiuler  Chri/sopsU),  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  253. 

A  pretty  larf(o  American  gonuH,  which,  like  its  imaloguo.  Aster,  has  to  take  in  a  great  diversity 
of  forms,  mainly  andine  and  of  the  Kocky-Mountain  region  and  adjacent  dry  iilains,  but  so 
scantily  represented  in  California  that  the  species  are  more  conveniently  exhibited  under  an  arti- 
ficial key  than  in  their  natural  subgenera  or  sections  :  — 

Rays  none  :  involucre  elongated  obconical,  its  coriaceous  scales  many- 
ranked,  all  with  short  and  abrujit  squarrose  herbaceous  tips.      1.  A.  SQUARROSUS. 
Rays  none  :  involucre  of  a  few  thin  and  loose  and  3  or  4  outer  nearly 

foliaceous  scales  :  style  appendages  long  and  exserted.  13.   A.  Macronema. 

Rays  10  to  20  or  more. 

Akenes  silky-villous  :  pappus  white  :  head  solitary,  peduncled. 

Shrub  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  narrow  linear.  2.  A.  linearifolius. 

Tufted  plant  3  or  4  inches  high  :  leaves  spatulate.  3.   A.  acaui.is. 

Akenes  silky-pubescent  :  pappus  whitish  :  heads  several.  5.  A.  "■" 

Akenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  maturity. 
Herbs  :  pappus  tawny  or  reddish. 

Leaves  laciniate  :  heads  1  to  3,  peduncled.  4.   A. 

Leaves  serrate  or  entire  :  heads  spicate  or  clustered.  5.  A. 

Shrub:  pappus  white  :  leaves  filiform.  8.  A.  I'iNiKui.ius. 

Rays  1  to  9. 

llorbaceoua,  with  Inivos  serrate  and  oblong.  C.  A.  \V  iirrNEYi. 

Shrubby  or  6ullVuti(()se,  with  leaves  entire,  and 

Cuneiform-dilated.  7.  A.  cunkatus. 

Filiform  or  shorter  and  very  crowded  :  akenes  glabrous.  9.  A.  EUicoiDES. 

Filiform-linear  with   tapering   base  :    involucral   scales   naked  : 

akenes  pubescent.  10.   A.  RESINOSUS. 

Narrowly  or  spatulate-linear :  involucre  narrow,  with  outer  scales 

leafy-tippcil,  and  the  inner  ones  ciliate.  11.  A.  Br.ooMERi. 

Spatulatc-lanceolatc  or  linear  :  involucre  broad,  with  outer  scales 

loose  and  leufy,  and  the  inner  ones  naked.  12.   A.  suffruticosus. 


PANICULATUS,    Var. 


APARGIOIDES. 
rANICUI.ATUS. 


Aphpappm.  COMPOSITE.  3|| 

1.  A.  equarrosuB,  Hook.  Sc  Arn.  Shrubby,  niiinitply  pubescent  nnd  some- 
what glutinous  :  branclics  very  leafy  :  leaves  rigid,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  thickly 
serrate  with  rigid  pointed  teeth,  closely  sessile  or  partly  clasping,  the  midrib  promi- 
nent and  the  veins  indistinct  :  heads  several,  si)icate  or  racemose-clustered,  elon- 
gated-obconical  :  the  linear  coriaceous  scales  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated  in 
many  series,  all  with  short  and  obtuse  glandular  herbaceous  tips,  which  are  usually 
squarrose-spreading  :  rays  none  :  disk-llowcrs  numerous  :  appendages  of  the  stylo 
ovate-lanceolate  :  akenes  glabrous  :  i)appus  rather  scanty,  rigid.  —  Pyrrocoma  grin- 
delioides,  DC. 

Probably  near  Monterey  ;  collected  only  by  Doujjlas.  Leaves  an  inch  long.  Heads  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  :  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  very  short ;  inner  successively  longer  ;  inner- 
most equalling  the  disk. 

2.  A.  linearifolius,  DC.  Shrub  one  to  four  feet  high,  much  branched,  nearly 
glabrous,  glutinous  from  a  resinous  exudation  ;  the  branches  slender,  terminated  by 
a  solitary  pedunculate  large  and  showy  head  :  leaves  much  crowded,  narrowly 
linear,  mostly  tapering  to  each  end,  fully  an  inch  long,  entire,  more  or  less  punc- 
tate :  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  about  in  two  series,  all  nearly  equalling 
the  disk,  oblong-lancoolato,  acute  or  acuminate,  thin,  with  scarious  margins  and  no 
herbaceous  tip:  rays  12  to  14,  oblong-lanceolate:  disk-ilowcrs  numerous:  akenes 
white  silky-villous  j  pappus  bright  white,  rather  soft  and  deciduous.  —  Stenolus 
linearifolius,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  238. 

Rocks  and  dry  ridges,  Monte  Diablo  and  the  Contra  Costa  range,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada 
(Mono  Pass,  &c.),  extending  to  S.  Utah.  —  Head  almost  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  the  tright  yellow 
rays  nearly  an  inch  long.     Appendages  of  the  style  rather  broad. 

3.  A.  acaulis,  Gray.  Depressed  :  suffruticose  caudex  coespitose,  bearing  rosu- 
late  tufts  of  leaves  :  the  flowering  shoots  simple  and  scape-like,  or  leafy  only  below, 
terminated  by  a  solitary  head  :  leaves  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  spatulate,  entire, 
mucronate-acute,  rigid,  about  3-nerved,  veiny,  pale,  scabrous  with  a  very  minute 
harsh  pubescence  :  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  rather  few  in  2  or  3  series, 
ovate,  acute,  chartaceous  with  more  or  less  scarious  edges  and  a  carinate  midrib : 
rays  9  to  12  :  disk-flowers  rather  numerous  :  akenes  silky-pubescent  :  pappus  white, 
rigid  and  rather  scanty.  —  Proe.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  353.  Stenotus  acaulis,  Nutt.  I.e. 
Aplopappus  Nevadensis,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  9,  a  large  form. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Summit  {linlandcr,  h'rUoffcf,  kc),  and  in  similar  stjitiona  rnst  to  the 
IJocky  MoMiitniiifl.  Flowering  hIimiis  or  scapes  2  to  4  inchcH  high.  Heads  u  third  of  an  inch 
long  ;  rays  half  an  inch.     Lassen's  Peak,  Lcinmnn, 

4.  A.  apargioides,  Gray.  Herbaceous,  tufted  from  a  thick  and  firm  rootstock, 
glabrous  except  soue  scattered  slender  and  usually  deciduous  hairs  :  flowering  stems 
slender,  a  span  high,  bearing  solitary  or  2  to  3  peduncled  heads  :  leaves  lanceolate 
or  linear  in  outline,  laciniately  pinnatifid  or  spinulosely  toothed,  one-nerved  and 
minutely  reticulate-veiny  ;  the  radical  ones  3  or  4  inches  long,  those  of  the  flowering 
stems  few  and  smaller  :  scales  of  the  somewhat  hemisjiherical  involucre  closely 
imbricated  in  about  3  series,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  nppressed,  with  herbaceous  tips ; 
the  outer  successively  shorter:  rays  20  to  24,  ol)long  :  disk-flowers  numerous: 
akenes  linear-oblong,  glabrous  :  pappus  of  tawny  slender  bristles,  rather  deciduous. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  354. 

Sierra  Nevada,  at  Soda  Springs,  Tuolumne  River,  at  7,000  to  9,000  feet,  Bolandcr.  Heads 
half  an  inch  long,  exclusive  of  the  ray. 

5.  A.  paniCUlatUS,  Gray,  1.  c.  Herbaceous,  glabrous  :  stems  nearly  simple 
from  a  thickish  rootstock,  rigid  and  mostly  virgate,  a  span  in  a  foot  or  more  in  height : 
leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  acute  ;  tlm  nidical  ones  elongated,  sometimes 
spinnloso-serrate  ;  the  canline  small,  closely  sessile,  entire,  ciliolate  :  heads  rather 
numerous,  single  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axils  of  bract  like  leaves,  forming  a  loose 
yirgate  spike  or  raceme,  or  sometimes  pedunculate  and   panicled  :   scales  of  the 


312  COMPOSIT.E.  Aplopappus. 

hemispherical  invohicro  rigid,  linear-spatulute  or  oblong-lanceolate,  with  mostly 
obtuse  but  mucronato  herbaceous  tijfs,  appressed,  in  3  or  4  series,  the  outermost 
commonly  short :  rays  8  to  16,  narrow  :  disk-flowers  numerous  :  ovaries  more  or  less 
pubescent :  akenes  mrely  pubescent :  pappus  tawny  or  reildisli,  rather  rigid.  — 
Homopappns  paniculatus,  Nutt.  1.  c.     Fproconia  paniadata,  Torr.   &  Oray,  1.  c. 

Var.  vii'gatus,  Cray,  I.e.  Slender:  heads  much  smaller  but  broadish,  race- 
mose or  spicule. 

Var.  stenocephalus,  (Jray.  Blender:  larger  stems  branching  and  bearing 
paniculate  heatls  :  invohicre  narrow-oblong  or  cylindraceous,  4  or  5  lines  in  length, 
rather  few-llowcred  :  rays  7  to  10:  immature  akenes  silky-pubescent:  pap})us 
whitish. 

Kn.stcrn  slopos  of  tlie  SiiMiii  Niivada  ;  ('aisoii,  Andcrsmx, ;  a.  virgnte  foiia,  to  which  also  bdoiiga 
Hall's  No.  'ii'.G  of  Oiv^'oii  coll.  (rcrtiiud  to  A.  l(tticci)ltdus),  only  that  has  very  silky  inihusi't'iit 
ukciu!3.  Ihulguiioit,  Mono  Co.,  IlnUindir ;  tlio  var.  viiyatiis.  Sierra  Co.,  Lonniuti ;  tho  viir. 
stenocephalus.  ■ — A.  leiiuicuiilis,  Eaton,  Hot.  King.,  is  another  form,  similar  to  the  last  variety, 
but  soft-hairy  when  young,  with  broader  involucre  of  less  rigid  scales  :  it  lias  the  same  silky- 
pubescent  ovaries. 

6.  A.  "Whitney i,  Oray,  1.  c.  Herbaceous,  slightly  roughish-pubescent  and  glu- 
tinous :  steius  muiierous  and  one  or  two  feet  high  from  a  thickish  rootstock,  ecjuably 
leafy  to  the  summit  :  caulino  leaves  oblong  (an  inch  long),  tliin-coriaceous,  sharply 
dentate  with  rigid  teeth,  partly  clasping,  minutely  reticulate-veiny  :  heads  panicii- 
lato-clusteretl  and  mostly  leafy-bradeate  :  involucre  oblong-campanulato  20-25- 
llowered ;  its  scales  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  almost  glabrous,  between 
chartaceous  and  coriaceous,  mostly  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips,  imbricated  in  3  or  4 
series,  appressed,  the  outer  successively  shorter  :  rays  6  to  8,  small,  little  surpassing 
the  disk  :  akenes  glabrous,  oblong-linear,  striate  :  pappus  copious,  tawny  or  reddish, 
fine  but  rigid. 

Open  woods  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Mono  trail  and  Sonora  Pass,  alt.  9,000  feet,  Bolnnder. 
Heads  half  an  inch  long.  Disk-corollas  narrow  and  merely  5-toothed  as  in  Pyrrocoma  ;  but  invo- 
lucral  scales  narrow  and  thin.  Style-appendages  subulate-filiform.  A  good  link  between  tho 
sections  rijrrucoinu  and  Ericamcna. 

7.  A.  cuneatus,  (>!ray.  Shrub  low  and  intricatoly  branched,  glabrous,  at  length 
glutinous  with  resinous  exudation  :  branchlets  very  leafy  :  leaves  small  (merely 
half  an  inch  long),  thick,  cuneate  or  obovate-spatulate  with  a  narrowed  base,  and  a 
broad  truncate  retuse  or  emarginate  apex,  conspicuously  resinous- punctate,  one- 
nerved,  veiidess,  entire  :  heads  corymbose  at  tlie  summit  of  the  branches,  about 
24-llowered  :  involucre  turbinate,  shorter  than  the  disk  ;  its  scales  regularly  imbri- 
cated in  several  series,  laiKteolate,  coriaceo-chartaceous,  with  somewhat  scariuus  mar- 
gins and  tip,  carinate  one-nerved  ;  the  outer  successively  shorter :  rays  about  3,  not 
exceeding  the  disk  :  style-appendages  lanceolate-subulate,  about  the  length  of  the 
stigmatic  portion  :  akenes  linear-oblong,  compressed,  spareely  hirsute  :  i)ai)pus  rather 
soft,  scarcely  tawny.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  G35. 

Bear  Valley,  Placer  Co.  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  alt.  4,500  feet,  Sept.,  Kellogg  and  Bolaitder. 
Plant  exhaling  a  cieosotic  balsamic  odor,  apparently  a  low  and  matted  bush  or  undcrshrub. 
Head  of  the  Kricamcria  section,  somewhat  lamer  and  thicker  than  those  of  A.  cricoides,  tlie  iiivo- 
hicral  scales  more  numerous  and  not  ciliate  ;  the  outer  ones  decreasing  into  very  short  and  loose 
siiuarrose  bracts  on  the  peduncle,  none  of  them  with  foliaceous  tips.  In  one  (abnormal)  head  ail 
the  flowers  were  furnished  with  five  or  fewer  linear  or  spatulatc  external  accessory  divisions,  borne 
on  the  middle  of  the  tube. 

8.  A.  pinifolius,  r.iuy.  Shrub  2  to  4  fi^et  high,  erect,  with  fastigiato  liiaiiclics 
excessively  Icaly,  slightly  pubesciMit  when  young,  glal)iat(!,  hanily  glutinous:  Icavna 
erowded,  tiliform-linear  or  acerose,  cuspidate-acute,  an  inch  long,  somewhat  i)unctate, 
the  fascicled  ones  when  present  very  much  shorter:  heads  solitary  and  sessile  at  the 
summit  of  the  branchlets,  mostly  exceeded  by  the  closely  involucrate  uppermost  leaves, 
25  -  30-flowered  :  involucre  campanulate ;  its  scales  appressed,  oblong  or  broadly 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  coriaceous,  with  somewhat  scarious   minutely   vilious-ciliflto 


AplopappHs.  CUMrOSlTvK.  313 

margins  :  rays  20  or  morp,  short  and  narrow  :  stylc-appendagcs  subulate-filiform  : 
akones  linear,  nearly  glabrous  :  pappus  white. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii.  G.3G. 

Near  Los  Angeles,  in  a  dry  river-bed,  BoJn.nder,  1873.  Head  4  lines  high.  Rays  2  or  3  lines 
long.  In  some  of  the  few  specimens  seen  there  are  chaffy  scales  among  the  flowers  and  a  transfor- 
mation of  some  of  the  disk-corollas  to  rays,  which  is  doubtless  abnormal.  The  species  is  peculiar 
and  anomalous,  but  belongs  to  the  same  group  as  the  next. 

9.  A.  ericoides,  Hook.  Sc  Arn.  Shrub  a  foot  or  two  high,  much  branched, 
orect  or  decumbent,  glabrous  or  cinereoUvS-pubescont,  more  or  loss  glutinous,  exces- 
sively liMvfy  :  loaves  crowded  and  fasciclod,  nearly  t(Mete,  the  r.aulinn  hliform  and 
lialf  an  inchtn-  less  in  length,  the  fascicled  ones  only  half  as  long  and  Itlunt :  heads 
corymbose  and  paniclcd,  7  -  10-(lowerod :  involucre  turbinate,  shorter  tiian  the 
disk  ;  its  scales  chartaceous,  imbricated  in  few  series,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  with 
finely  ciliato  margins,  the  outermost  passing  into  short  and  loose  subulate  bracts  : 
rays  3  or  4,  short  :  style-appendages  filiform-subulate  :  akenes  glabrous  :  pappus 
soft,  tawny.  — Ericameria  microjthylla,  Nutt.,  &c. 

Dry  hills,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Francisco  near  the  coast :  common.  A  remarkable  Ileath-like 
shrub.     Heads  narrow,  hardly  half  an  inch  long. 

10.  A.  resinosus.  Gray.  Shrubby,  a  span  or  so  in  height,  very  much  branched, 
glabrous,  becoming  very  glutinous,  leafy:  leaves  fdiform-linear,  about  an  inch  long, 
acute,  tapering  to  the  base,  mostly  with  some  very  short  ones  fiuscicled  in  their  axils  : 
heads  loosely  corymbose,  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species,  but  with 
rather  more  numerous  flowers  both  of  ray  and  disk,  and^  the  scales  of  the  involucre 
not  ciliate  :  akenes  pubescent.  —  Ericameria  resinosa,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Not  yet  ''ound  in  California,  but  may  bo  expected  on  the  frontiers  of  Oregon.  Ajtparently  col- 
lected as  yot  only  by  Nuttall,  in  the  IMuo  Moimtains  of  Oregon,  along  with  A.  nnrms. 

11.  A.  Bloomeri,  Gray.  Shrub  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  numerous  slender 
virgato  branches,  glabrous,  little  if  at  all  glutinous,  leafy  to  the  top  :  loaves  narrowly 
linear  with  tapering  base,  or  spatulate-linear,  mucronato,  scarcely  punctate,  an  inch 
or  two  long:  heads  narrowly  paniclod  or  corymbed,  leafy- bractcd,  10-25-llowcred  : 
scales  of  the  oblong  cylindraceous  involucre  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series,  chartaceo- 
coriaceous  with  a  greenish  midrib  and  scarious  margins  ;  the  inner  linear-oblong, 
thinner,  and  villose-ciliate,  obtuse,  a  little  shorter  than  the  disk  ;  the  outer  shorter 
and  abruptly  tipped  with  a  subulate  foliaceous  appendage  :  rays  2  to  4  or  solitary, 
oblong,  conspicuously  oxsortml :  style-appendages  subulate-liliform  ai\d  much  ox- 
scrtod':  akenes  linear,  finely  i)ubcscent,  glabrato  :  pappus  whitish  or  ferruginou<». — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  541,  vii.  354  (var.  angmtatm),  viii.  030.  A.  resinosus,  Gray 
in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  t.  10,  not  of  Nutt. 

Dry  ridf^es  and  sterile  plains  ;  head  waters  of  the  Sacramento  (Dr.  PlckrHnq)  ;  Mount  SIwstA 
at  6,000  feet  (Brewer)  ;  Sierra  Nevada  east  of  the  Yosemite,  at  11,700  feet ;  Sierra  ^  alley  (Urn- 
mon) ;  to  Kern  Co.  (Rothrock) ;  and  in  \V.  Nevada,  Bloomer,  Anderson,  Bolaiydrr.  Heads 
from  two  thirds  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  bright  yellow  ligulc  ronspicuous 
(half  an  inch  long),  and  at  least  some  of  the  outer  involucral  scales  leafy-tipped  in  the  manner  of 
Bmlnvin.  Parryi  an<l  Howardii.  The  figure  in  the  Hotany  of  the  Wilkes  Expedition  docs  not 
repiescnt  tlicse,  although  clearly  made  from  a  sl.'uder  specimen  of  this  species.  The  leaves  varj- 
from  almost  filiform  to  a  line  and  a  half  in  width. 

12.  A.  SUffruticosuS,  Gray,  1.  c.  Woody  at  base,  .sending  up  tufted  almost 
herbaceous  branches  a  span  or'  more  in  height,  minutely  glandular-pubescent  and 
somewhat  viscid  throughout,  leafy  to  the  top,  the  corymbose  or  fastigiate  branches 
mostly  terminated  with  single  heads  :  leaves  linear  with  narrowed  base,  or  spatulat«, 
mucronato-acuminate,  not  rigid  :  involucre  hemispherical  or  oampaindate  ;  its  scales 
in  fow  s(n'ie9  and  almost  equal  in  length,  lanceolafe,  acute,  thm.  slightly  glandular, 
sonio  of  tho  outermost  foliaceoustipped  or  passing  into  f.-liaceous  bracts :  rays  3  to 
9,  exsertod  (or  rarely  none)  :  disk  llowors  20  to  30  :  style-nppen.lages  filiform  : 
akenes  oblong-linear,  compressed,  pubescent:  pappus  i-atlier  soft,  whitish,  nt  length 
ferruginous.  — Marronerna  suffruticosa,  Nutt.  1.  c. 


314  COMPOSn\E.  Aplupappm. 

High  Sierni  Neviiik,  at.  Mono  Piiss,  I'yniiiiiil  I'uak,  Suinnut,  kc,  and  tlirougli  Nevada,  llcud 
nearly  two  thirds  ol'  an  inch  lung. 

13.  A.  Macronema,  Gray,  1.  c.  Woody  at  base,  seiuling  up  soiuewhiit  siuii»lo 
wliite-woolly  Lranches,  a  span  hij^li :  loaves  ublong-lineur  or  oblauceolute,  viscidly 
ghviuluhir-pubcriiloiil,  imt  rij,M(l  :  huads  Icriuiiud  aiul  solitary  or  somewhat  clnsturwl, 
about  20-llo\vur(jil  :  iiivohioro  broadly  campanuhito,  shurtur  than  tlio  disk  ;  its  iiinor 
scales  thin,  lanceolato  or  linear ;  the  outer  of  equal  length,  more  or  less  ioliaceous 
or  passing  into  leaves  :  rays  jione  :  style-appendages  lilitbrm  and  much  exserted  : 
akenes  linear,  5-nerved,  somewhat  pubescent :  pappus,  &c.,  as  in  tho  preceding.  — 
Macronema  discoidea,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

On  rocks  in  the  Sierra  Nevada;  Mono  Pass,  at  10,000  k^t  (.Bolander)  ;  Mount  Stanford,  at 
8,000  feet  (Lcmmon) ;  tlience  east  to  Colorado  or  Wyoming. 

A.  AKENAiiius,  Benth.,  known  only  from  Cape  San  Lucas,  at  the  southern  end  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, is  quite  out  of  our  district. 

A.  spiNULOSU.s,  DC,  with  pinnately  cleft  leaves,  the  commonest  species  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  occurs  in  CouUci's  Californian  collection  ;  but  a  part  of  it  was  made  between  Califor- 
nia and  Mexico,  and  this  species  was  in  all  probability  pickcil  up  in  Arizona. 

A.  NANUS,  Eaton,  fioni  Nevada,  a  broader-lcaveil  form  of  Ericamcria  nana,  Nutt.  (which,  as 
the  latter  states,  is  near  his  E.  resinosa),  in  its  broader  forms  approaches  A.  suffnUicoiius,  and 
may  occur  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State. 

17.  BIQELOVIA,  DO. 

Heads  coryniboso  or  cymoso-clustorod,  rarely  paniculate,  5  -  30-flowered,  lioino- 
gamous,  tho  ilowors  being  all  jjorlect  and  with  tubular  corollas.  Involucio  imbri- 
cated ;  the  scales  dry,  chartaceous  or  coriaceous,  chiefly  destitute  of  foliaceous  or 
herbaceous  tips.  Eeceptacle  flat,  foveolate  or  alveolate-dentate,  rarely  Avith  a  chaff- 
like  projection  in  the  centre.  Appendages  of  tho  style-branches  varying  from  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  subulate  or  filiform.  Akenes  narrow,  terete  or  angular,  slightly  if  at 
all  compressed.  Pa{)pus  simple,  of  copious  unequal  capillary  bristles  as  in  Aplo- 
pappus,  or  softer  and  more  ecpial,  tawny  at  maturity.  —  Herbs  or  undershrubs,  with 
narrow  alternate  leaves,  and  mostly  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers  (usually  autum- 
nal);  all  American  and  chiefly  of  tho  United  States.  —  CJray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii. 
638,  Linosyris,  Torr.  &  Gray,  &c.  Chrysothaviiuis,  (Nutt.)  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen. 
ii.  255,  changed  in  appendix  to  Bigelovia. 

It  appears  that  the  genuine  species  of  Linosyris,  of  the  Old  World,  occasionally  develop  white 
or  purple  rays,  thereby  showing  that  they  belong  to  Galaldla,  a  subgenus  of  Aster.  Tiiese 
American  plants  are,  on  the  other  hanil,  closely  related  to  ytplopappus,  from  which  some  of  them 
(even  of  the  Chrijsothamnus  section,  which  is  on  the  whole  so  well-marked)  are  only  arbitrarily 
separated.  Bigelovia  and  Chrysol/uimnvs  are  strictly  of  the  same  genus,  so  that  the  former  name 
must  be  adoi)ted.  The  species  are  more  numerous  in  the  interior  region  than  in  California.  Ours 
may  be  most  readily  made  out  by  means  of  the  following  analytical  key,  which  is  mainly  founded, 
however,  upon  the  proper  characters  of  the  natural  sections  here  represented. 

Scales  of  tho  involiuiro  not  in  consi)icuous  vertical  ranks. 

Style-aiipendages  ovate  or  triangular-subulate,  shorter  than  the  stigma- 
bearing  jiortion. 
Leaves  spatulate  or  obhinccolato,  toothed  or  lobcd  :   lieads  half  an 

inch  long,  I'i  -  20-llowered.  1.   B.  Menziesii. 

Leaves  (iliform  or  nearly  so,  entire.* 

Heads  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  densely  corymbed,  20  -  25-flowered  : 

scales  of  involucre  lanceolate,  acute.  2.   B.  arbouescens. 

Heads  fewer  :  scales  of  involucre  oblong.  3.   B.  Cooimcki. 

Style-appendages  very  long  and  slender :  liranches  mostly  white-woolly. 

Heads  20  -  SO-tlowered,  broad,  leafy-br.acted  (see  above).  Aj-lopappus  Macronema. 

*  B.  diffusa,  Gray  {Ericameria  diffusa,  Benth.  Bot.  Sulpli.,  and  Solidago  diffusa.  Gray,  also  Liiio- 
si/ris  Sonoriensis,  Gray)  belongs  here.  As  it  lias  lieen  fouiul  only  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Lower 
California  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Gulf,  it  is  not  likely  to  come  within  our  limits. 


Bigehvia.  COMPOSITE. 


315 


Heads  7  -ll-flowered,  narrow:  scales  all  thin,  pradimlly  acumiimtc.        \.   B.  nni.ANiiKni. 
Heads  5-flo\vered,  narrow:  scales  abruptly  sleiider-acuininato.  5.    \\.  Howaiidh. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  carinate  and  obviously  imbricated  in  5  or  sometimes 
4  vertical  ranks  :  style-appendages  slender-subulate  or  fdiform  (less 
so  in  No.  10)  :  heads  small,  5-flowered. 
Involucre  with  abruptly  mnch-acuminatc  scales.  6.    13.  ceruminosa. 

Involucre  with  obtuse  or  hardly  acute  scales. 

Having  distinct  abrupt  green  tips.  7.    B.  teretikolia. 

Destitute  of  green  tips. 
Leaves  punctate,  very  narrow.  8.   H,  panicui.ata. 

Leaves  not  punctate. 

Branchlets  and  leaves  more  or  less  white-woolly,  at  least  wiien 

young  :  heads  i  inch  long.  9.   B.  graveolens. 

Branchlets  and  leaves  glabrous  or  roughish-puberulent  :  heads  less 

than  i  inch  long  :  style-appendages  shorter.  10.   B.  Douglasii. 

1.  B.  Menziesii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby  at  base,  a  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  gla- 
brous, often  a  little  glutinous  :  leaves  spatulato  or  lanceolate,  rigid,  spinulose-serrate 
or  pinnatifid-toothed  :  heads  in  small  clusters  terminating  leafy  branches,  nearly 
half  an  inch  long,  12  -  20-flo\vered  :  scales  of  the  campanulato  involucre  numerous 
and  regtdarly  imbricated,  coriaceous,  with  obtuse  or  rounded  abrupt  green  tips  : 
stylo-appondagcs  short  and  broad  :  nkonos  short-linear,  .silky-liirsute  :  pappus  rather 
rigid.  —  Pi/rrocoma  Menziesii,  Hook.  &  Am.  Aplopappus  (Aplodiscus)  Menziesii. 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  242. 

Southern  part  of  the  State,  extending  into  Arizona  and  Utah,  and  along  the  coast  from  San 
Diego  to  Santa  Barbara,  and  perhaps  farther  north.  Variable  in  foliage,  &c.  To  this  may  pos- 
sibly belong  Linofiijris  denlalus,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  16,  from  CeiTos  Island,  Lower 
California. 

2.  B.  arborescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  81iru])by,  willi  mimorous  tufted  erect  l)ninches 
on  a  short  tree-liko  stem,  ?>  to  9  feet  high  :  leaves  very  numerous,  2  to  4  inches 
long,  very  narrowly  linear  or  soon  by  revolution  of  the  margins  becoming  fdiform, 
resinous-punctate,  glutinous :  heads  numerous  in  crowded  corymbs  terminating 
paniculate  branchlets,  20- 25-flowered,  barely  3  lines  long:  scales  of  the  turbinate 
involucre  numerous  and  regularly  imbricated,  lanceolate,  acute,  destitute  of  green 
tips:  style-appendages  lanceolate-subtdate,  little  shorter  than  the  stigma-bearing 
portion  :  akenes  turbinate,  minutely  silky-pubescent.  — Linosyris  arborescens.  Gray, 
in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 

Dry  hills  through  the  Const  Range,  Santa  Cruz  to  Tamalpnis.  Except  in  the  woody  trunk, 
this  resembles  a  Solidago  of  tho  Eutluimin.  section  ;  and,  indeed,  a  specuuen  collected  by  Prof. 
Brevier  shows  a  decided  tendency  to  form  rays  ;  so  that  it  may  have  to  be  transferred  to  that 
genus.  But  the  shrubby  character  and  tho  unequal  bristles  of  the  pappus  are  more  congruous 
with  the  present  genus. 

3.  B.  Cooperi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  apparently  low  :  leaver  (only  those  of  the 
branches  known)  linear-tiliform,  thickish,  obtuse,  resinous-punctate,  glutinous,  about 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  :  heads  few  in  the  terminal  clusters,  6  -7-flowered,  3  lines 
long  :  involucre  narrow  ;  its  scales  rather  few,  regularly  imbricated,  oval  or  oblong, 
chartaooous,  doatittito  of  green  tips  :  fltylo-ai)pondiig('s  short,  triangular-ovate  :  nkenos 
turbinate,  silky-viilous,  lO-ribbed. 

Eastern  slope  of  Trovidcnco  Mountain,  in  the  Routhenstern  bordf^rs  of  tho  State,  Dr.  J.  O. 
Cooper.  Resembles  B.  ericoidex,  which  has  the  4-ranked  involucre  ond  fdiform  style-apjiendagcs 
of  another  section  :  also  resembles  B.  diffum,  Cray,  of  N.  W.  Mexico  (mciitinncd  in  foot-note  on 
the  preceding  page),  which  has  more  slender  leaves  with  acute  and  recurved  tip,  blunter  and 
greenish  tips  to  the  involucre,  and  deeply-cleft  corolla. 

4.  B.  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  a  foot  or  two  high,  slightly  viscid-glandu- 
lar, except  the  branches,  which  are  coated  with  a  close  matted  white  wool  :  leaves 
spatulate-linear  or  oblanceolate,  about  an  inch  long,  not  rigid,  rather  indistinctly 
3-nerved  :  heads  several  in  a  corj'mbdike  or  soinewhat  racemose  cluster,  7 -ll- 
flowered,  nearly  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long:  involucre  narrow;  its  scales  about 


;-]j(]  COMl'USIT.i].  JJiyeluvia. 

10,  all  thin,  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  and  wholly  destitute  of  green  tips, 
except  perhaps  an  outermost  one  j)assiMg  into  a  hract  :  style-ajtpendages  much 
exserted,  long  ami  subulate-IiliioMii  :  akenes  linear,   slender,   silky-villous. 

Sierra  Nevada  at  Mono  Pass,  at  9  to  10,0l>0  feet,  Bolandcr.  Mucli  like  Aplopappiis  MacronantL 
(which  was  toimd  near  by,  ami  luij^ht  ahiiost  as  well  be  of  this  genus)  ;  but  the  heads  nanuwer, 
I'uw-llowereil,  the  outer  .siales  of  liio  involueio  suceessivcly  sliortor  and  not  loliaueous. 

5.  B.  Howardii,  CJruy,  1.  c.  Low,  more  or  less  shrubby,  coated  with  some 
close  white  wool  when  young,  almost  naked  when  old  :  leaves  rigid,  1-nerved,  linear, 
1  or  2  inches  long,  the  upper  forming  bracts  to  the  somewhat  spicato  heads  or  clus- 
ters :  involucre  narrow,  oidy  ft-lloweied  ;  its  scales  12  to  15,  regularly  imbricated, 
broadly  lanceolate,  nu)ro  or  less  ctibwebby-woolly,  particularly  nt  the  nuugins, 
abruptly  and  conspicuously  acundnate,  the  outermost  with  a  more  or  less  foliaceous 
appendage,  the  iuner  with  a  sh^mUu-  cus[>  :  style-ajtpondages  much  exserted,  long 
and  subulat<'.-lilif(irui  :  akenes  linear,  silky-villous.  — Linosi/ris  Jlowardii,  l*arry. 

Var.  Nevadensis,  Gray,  1.  c.  ^lore  rigid,  especially  the  leaves,  which  incline 
to  be  oblanceolate  and  indistinctly  3-nerved  :  involucre  more  cobwebby  and  some- 
times glutinous,  as  well  as  more  coriaceous,  and  with  longer-tapering  somewhat 
recurving  tips. 

Sierra  Nevada,  at  Mono  Pass,  alt.  10,000  feet  :  a  stunted  foiTn,  Bolander.  The  var.  Ncvadaisis 
at  Ebbett's  Pass,  alt.  9,000  feet  {Brewer),  and  in  N.  W.  Nevada,  Bluoiucr,  Anderson,  IVutson, 
fic.  The  tyi)ical  form  chiitly  in  Colorado  and  N.  K.  New  Mexico.  Heads  8  or  9  lines  long. 
This  var.  J^'cvudcimis,  which  is  at  least  a  very  marked  variety,  inidines  to  have  its  involuuial 
scales  in  5  rather  obvious  vertical  ranks,  and  so  connects  the  preceding  with  the  succeeding 
species. 

G.  B.  ceniminosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  fastigiately  much  branched,  2  or  3 
feet  high,  minutely  woolly-pubescent  when  young,  becoming  glabrate  and  usually 
balsamic-resinous  with  age  :  leaves  liliform  or  narrowly  linear  with  involute  margins 
(an  inch  or  less  long) ;  those  of  the  ilowering  branches  scattered,  their  tips  often 
recurved  or  uncinate  :  heads  in  snudl  and  ludved  terminal  clusters,  barely  3  lines 
long,  O-llowered  :  involucre  very  juurow,  resiuotis ;  tho  lanceolate  carinate  Bcale.s 
imbricatcnl  in  5  .strict  vertical  ruidis,  yiillowisli,  tlio  keel  exteiuled  into  a  loug  and 
nleudcr  recurved  tail  like  aciimiimtiou  :  limb  of  the  cm'olla  rather  deeply  C-lobed,  its 
lobes  linear-lanceolate  :  ovary  silky-pubescent  :  pappus  rather  scanty  :  style-append- 
ages very  slender.  —  Linusyris  ceruminosa,  Durand  &  Ililgard,  PI.  Heerm.  and  iu 
Pacif.  II.  Pep.  V.  9,  t.  6. 

Tejou  Pass,  Dr.  Ileermann  ;  who  only  has  as  yet  collected  it. 

n.  DEi'UES.SA,  Oray,  1.  c,  Nuttall's  Chrysotluminus  dcpressus,  one  of  the  three  species  with  gla- 
brous akenes  as  well  as  with  involueral  scales  5-rankeii  and  tai)er-pointed,  is  said  by  Nuttall  in 
PI.  Gambel.  to  have  been  collected  "in  the  Sierra  of  Upj)er  California."  This  nuist  be  wrong  ; 
for  Dr.  Gambel's  own  specimens  are  ticketed  "  Ivocky  Mountains,"  and  were  in  all  jnobability 
collected  in  the  mountains  of  New  ile.xico,  where  alone  others  have  met  with  this  species. 

7.  B.  teretifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  corymbosely  very  nnich  branched,  a 
foot  or  les.s  in  height,  coi)iously  balsamic-resinous,  glabrous  :  leaves  liliform,  obtuse 
or  somewhat  thickened  upwards,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  thickly  resinous- 
punctate,  minutely  pruinose-hoary,  but  soon  coated  with  transparent  resinous  exuda- 
tion :  heads  almost  lialf  an  inch  long,  numerous  in  somewhat  spicate  or  racemose 
clusters,  5-llowere(l  :  involucre  very  narrow;  its  scales  imbricated  in  4  or  5  vertical 
ranks,  carinate,  all  with  small  and  abrupt  thickish  obtuse  green  tips,  the  inner 
linear-oblong,  the  outer  successively  shorter  and  passing  into  very  short  scale-like 
bracts  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  very  short :  akenes  linear,  silky-jjubescent :  style  append- 
ages long  and  filiform.  —  Linost/ris  teretifolia,  Durand  &  Hilgard,  1.  c.  t.  7. 

Common  on  tho  bare  mountains  around  Tejou  Valley,  Dr.  Ileerwann.  "A  small  shrub, 
strongly  varnished  and  smelling  of  fir-balsam,  covering  extensive  tracts  of  land."  Also  collected, 
but  past  flowering,  at  Union  Pass,  Arizona,  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer.  The  small  green  tip  of  tlie  invo- 
lueral scales  commonly  bears  a  gland. 


Bi,jelor!a.  COiMrOSITJC.  o-,^ 

8.  B.  paniculata,  r.ray,  1.  c.  Slinil)l)y(?),  minutely  pniinoso-ciiiorooug  or  gla- 
brous: leaves  (of  the  branches)  linoar-lililonn,  .'5  to  5  lines  lon^',  an-l  the  npimrinost 
very  short  and  subulate,  resinous-punetate,  as  also  the  slender  branchlets  •  heads 
barely  half  an  inch  long  at  maturity,  loosely  panic.led,  5-llowered  :  scales  of  tho  short 
involucre  only  10  to  12,  oblong,  obtuse,  thin-chartaceous  and  pale  throurdiout  little 
cannate,  the  innermost  hardly  exceeding  the  full  grown  linear  villous  akenes  •  limb 
of  the  corolla  rather  deeply  Sdobed  :  style-appendages  long  and  iMorm.  —  Lino- 
syris  vmcidiflora,  var.  panicu/afa,  Gray  in  Hot.  Mex.  IJound.  80. 

Ciilifnniia,  SchoU :  tho  atntioii  unknown,  l.iit  d.Mil.tlosa  in  tho  mnihnn  imrt,  nml  iwobahlv  in 
the  Ulterior.     Imperfectly  known,  but  seemingly  a  (juitc  (lisUuct  species. 

9.  B.  graveolens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  1  to  4  feet  high,  when  young  whitened 
more  or  less  with  a  close  white  wool,  at  least  on  the  branches,  sometimes  becoming 
green  and  glabrous  with  age  :  flowering  branches  virgate,  leafy  :  leaves  linear  (one  or 
two  inches  long,  one  or  two  lines  wide),  tlie  broader  ones  3-ncrved,  tho  narrower 
1-nerved  and  at  length  often  involute  :  heads  half  an  inch  long,  mostly  very  numer- 
ous, in  corymbose  clusters,  5-flowered  :  involucre  narrow  ;  its  scales  imbricated  in 

5  vertical  ranks,  narrow-oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  hanlly  acute,  moderately 
carinate,  thmnish,  destitute  of  greenish  tips,  imbricateil  in  5  vertic^d  ranks  :  lobes 
of  the  corolla  short :  akenes  linear,  silky-pubescent  :  style-appendages  subulate- 
filiform,  considerably  longer  than  the  stigniatic  portion.  — /i.  drar.unculoides  & 
Ahssouriensis,  DC.  Prodr.  v.  .329.  Chrysocoma  graveolens  &  nauseosa,  Nutt.  Gen. 
Chrijsothamnus  dracuncnloides  &  C.  speciosus,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n. 
ser.    vii.    324.      Linmyria  graveolens  &  L.    albicaulis,    Torr.    <^'  Gray,    Fl.    ii.    234! 

—  Has  n  wide  range,  and  runs  into  several  varieties,  of  which  the  Vollowing  occur 
in  California  :  — 

Var.  glabrata,  Gray,  1.  c,  with  little  Avoolliness,  and  tiiat  deciduous,  at  least 
from  the  leaves  and  involucre,  or  tho  latter  glabrous  from  the  lirst. 

Var.  hololeuca,  Gray,  1.  c.  Clothed  with  a  dense  close  coat  of  white  wool : 
scales  of  the  involucre  oblong  linear  and  very  obtuse,  only  tho  innermost  glabrous  : 
corolla  with  very  short  lobes,  its  tube  beset  with  a  few  long  and  delicate  cobweb- 
like hairs. 

Var.  albicaulis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Like  tho  preceding  variety  in  the  white-woolliness, 
or  the  leaves  (becoming  naked  in  age)  and  the  narrower  and  less  obtuse  scales  of 
tho  mvolucro  slightly  or  not  at  all  woolly  :  corolla  with  rather  long  lobes  (tho 
length  double  tho  width),  its  tube  beset  with  al)undant  long  and  cobwebby  hairs. 

—  Chrysothamn-us  speciosus,  var.  albicaidis,  Nutt.  1.  c.     Linosyris  albicaulis,  Torr. 

6  Gray,  Fl.  1.  c. 

In  alkaline  soil,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mono  Lake  to  Sierra  Valley  : 
thence  abundant  through  the  interior  to  the  borders  of  British  (.^lumbia  and  the  nlains  east  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  var.  Iwlokuca,  Owens  Vallev,  Dr.  Horn.  Var.  nlhtmulis  above 
JJonner  Lake,  at  10,000  feet,  E.  L.  Greene,  a  rare  form,  anparcntly  confined  to  a  narrow  district 
m  the  interior,  extending  to  the  eastern  part  of  Oregon  and  adjacent  parts  of  Idaho. 

10.  B.  Douglasii,  Gray,  ].  c.  Shrubby,  from  G  inches  to  fi  feet  high,  never 
woolly,  glabrous,  or  roughish  with  a  minute  harsh  pubescence,  fnstigiutely  branched  : 
leaves  varying  from  very  narrowly  to  broadly  linear  or  lanceolate,  rather  rigid  (nn 
inch  or  two  long),  tho  broader  ones  3-nerved  :  heads  a  (piarter  to  a  third  of  an  inch 
long,  mostly  numerous  in  a  close  corymb  or  cyme,  fi  flowered  :  .<;caIos  of  the  invo- 
lucre oblong  or  oblongdinear,  obtuse,  rather  firm,  destitute  of  greenish  tijis,  rather 
few  in  4  or  5  vertical  mnks  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  rather  long,  spreading  :  nkenes 
rather  short,  silky-villous  :  stylo-appendages  narrowly  subidate,  usually  oidy  half  tho 
length  of  the  stigniatic  portion.  —  Linosyris  visriilijlora,  Torr.  it  (Jray,  witli  tho  syn. 
Crinitaria  viscidiflora,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  24,  but  the  flowers  not  viscid,  even  the  invo- 
lucre rarely  so.  —  I'esides  the  smooth  and  glabrous  ordinary  form,  there  are  in  Cali- 
fornia or  on  its  borders,  — 


328  COMPUSrr.E.  .SolUlayu. 

Var.  serrulata,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  tho  leaves  iniimlcly  ciliato  or  ub  if  aeiiiiluto  witli 
short  ami  sharp  ri;^'iil  bristles.  — L.  Si'irdlnta,  Toir. 

Var.  tortifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  nearly  the  same,  hut  with  the  rather  broail  leaves 
remarkably  twi.-.teil. 

Var.  puberula,  (!ray,  1.  c,  :  chielly  a  ihvurf  form,  either  minutely  or  more  con- 
spicuously ami  ruughly  puberulent. 

Eastern  part  of  tlie  Siena  Nevada  ;  llience  eastward  to  tlie  Koeky  Mountains,  and  northward 
to  Washington  Territory  ;  al)undant  llirough  the  dry  interior  districts.  Var.  tortifuHa,  near 
Aurora  {Brewer),  on  Mount  l)avidson,  Nevada  (B/ouincr),  and  Sierra  Valley  {Lemmon). 

18.   SOLIDAGO,  i.inn.     (Joujknkou. 

Heads  suuill,  nujstly  in  panicles  or  panieled  racemose  clusters,  rarely  in  corymbs, 

lieterogamous ;  the  rays  fertile.     Involuero  narrow,  imbricated  and  the  outer  scales 

successively  shorter,    ai)i)ressed,   usually   destitute   of  herbaceous   tips,      lieceptaclo 

small,  alveolate  or  limbrillate.      ytyle-ai)pendages  lanceolate  or  triangular  subulate. 

Akenes  terete  or  angular,  5  -  12-ribbed.     Pappus  simple,  of  a  single  series  of  mostly 

equal  and  slender  scabrous  capillary  bristles.  — Perennial  herbs,  with  virgate  stems, 

alternate  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers,  the  papi)us  mostly  didl  white. 

A  large  genus  witli  headiiuarters  in  tlie  Atlantic  United  States,  only  u  few  on  tlie  Tacilic  sido 
of  the  continent ;  llowering  in  autunui. 

§  1.  Stem  hranchiny  fredy ;  the  branches  erect,  leafy,  and  terminated  by  dense  some- 
times paniculate  corymbs  of  clustered  small  heads :  leaves  linear :  scales  of  the 
involucre    narroiv :   rays   inconspicuous   but   numerous:    akenes  pubescent. — 

EUTUAMIA,    Nutt. 

1.  S.  OCCidentalis,  Nutt.  Glabrous  throughout,  3  or  4  feet  high,  jianiculately 
branched,  slender  :  leaves  linear,  entire,  obscurely  3-nerved,  2  to  4  inches  long, 
1  to  3  lines  wide:  heails  in  numerous  snudl  clusters  {\  incli  long):  scales  of  the 
invohmre  xnWwv  acute  ;  rays  Ki  to  20,  not  exceeding  the  8  to  14  disk-llowers. 

Couinioi)  in  wet  places,  especially  near  the  coast,  extending  to  British  America. 

§  2.  Stem  mostly  simple :  heads  not  in  corymbs  :  rays  usually  more  conspicuous  and 
fewer  than  the  disk-Jtowers :  akenes  (/lab7'ous  or  nearly  so.  —  Viugaurea,  DC. 

*   Heads  rather  feio  and  large  (a  third  of  an  inch  long),  in  a  narrow  or  raceme-like 
panicle,  or  in  simple  clusters  :  disk-Jloivers  20  to  30. 

2.  S.  spiciformis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  glutinous :  stem 
rather  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  thickish,  si)atulate,  serrate,  tapering  (espe- 
cially the  lowest  ones)  into  a  hmg  and  narrow  entire  base  or  winged  petiole  ;  the 
ujjper  ones  small  and  gradually  ])assing  into  bracts  of  the  narrow  and  sjiikii-like 
panicle,  becoming  shorter  than  the  Inuids  and  entire  :  involucre  campanulate  ;  its 
scales  oblong  and  obtuse,  the  outer  with  somewhat  greenish  tips  :  rays  about  7,  very 
small  and  inconspicuous  :  akenes  silky-pubescent.  —  Fl.  ii.  202.  *S'.  petiolaris, 
Less.  (1),  Hook.  &  Arn.  in  part. 

Ahont  Monterey.  Leaves  m  glutinous  tlnit  they  adliero  linnly  to  the  paper  in  drying.  Sjiike- 
like  interrupted  panicle  htrictly  erect,  5  to  I)  inches  long. 

3.  S.  Virga-aurea,  Linn.,  var.  multiradiata,  'lorr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous  or 
somewhat  i)ubescent,  a  span  to  a  foot  liigh  :  leaves  few,  lanceolate,  acute,  slightly 
serrate  or  entire,  the  lower  with  long  narrowed  base  :  heads  few  in  a  rather  loose 
cluster  or  panicle,:  scales  of  the  involucre  rather  loose,  lanceolate,  acute,  thin  :  rays 
about  12,  narrow,  conspicuous  :  akenes  minutely  pubescent.  —  .S'.  corymbosa,  Nutt. 

Higher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  niiparently  rare  in  California,  more  common  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  as  are  some  other  forms  of  this  polymorphous  or  perhaps  compound  species. 


Sericocarpus.  COM  Vi  )SIT.K.  3  ]  () 

*   *   I/cads  amaller  and  numerous,  croivded  in  a  •pyramidal  or  elongated  panicle. 

4.  S.  Californica,  Nutt.  Hoary  or  grayish  witti  a  lino  and  doso  i)uljesceiico  : 
stem  strict,  I  to  3  I'eet  high  :  leaves  oblong,  lanceolate-oblong  and  entire,  or  the 
lower  spatulate  or  obovate  and  with  a  few  scattered  sharp  teeth  :  heads  in  short 
erect  or  barely  spreading  racemes,  which  are  collected  in  a  narrow  close  virgate  or 
pyramidal  panicle  :  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-oblong,  acutish  or  obtuse,  at 
least  the  outer  ones  puberuleut :  rays  7  to  1 2  and  about  as  many  as  the  disk-llowers, 
small  :  akenes  minutely  pubescent.  —  Varies  with  longer,  more  spreading,  and  then 
commonly  one-sided  racemes. — S.  petiolaris,  Hook.  &  Am.  in  i)urt.  S.  puherula, 
Cham.  &  Schlecht. 

Var.  Nevadensis.  Hoary  with  minuter  pubescence,  smaller,  with  looser  and 
fewer  decidedly  one-sided  racemes,  the  involucre  mostly  glabrous  :  approaching 
i^.  nemoralis,  but  wants  the  canescent-silky  akenes,  &c. 

Dry  ground,  Santa  Barbara  to  Sonoma  Co.  A  Californian  representative  of  S.  nemoralis  ;  but 
mostly  more  tall  and  strict.  Like  that,  it  has  its  greener  and  rouglier  (.S'.  radula)  state.  The 
heads  of  the  latter  sometimes  4  lines  long  and  full  ;  ordinarily  3  lines  long.  Rays  occasionally 
abortive.  Receptacle  sometimes  with  alveoli  extended  into  One  or  two  awn-shaped  scales,  or  else 
boiling  clialT  resembling  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre.  Loaves  one,  two,  or  the  lowest  three 
inches  long.  —  The  ambiguous  var.  Ncvadoisis,  collected  by  Anderson  near  Carson  City,  and  by 
Dr.  Horn  in  Owens  Valley,  &c. 

5.  S.  elongata,  Nntt.  Slightly  and  minutely  pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous  : 
stem  strict,  very  leafy  to  the  top,  1  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  green,  rather  thin,  lanceo- 
late or  sometiijies  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  serrate  with  some  narrow  and 
sharp  teeth  (occasionally  all  the  upper  ones  entire),  triple-ribbed  from  below  the 
middle,  veiny  :  heads  very  many,  in  compact  erect  or  at  length  recurving  racemes, 
"which  are  crowded  in  a  narrow  or  pyramidal  panicle  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear, 
small :  rays  12  to  20,  slender,  usually  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers  :  akenes 
slightly  pubescent.  —  S.  stricta,  Less.  (?) 

Moist  or  shady  ground,  from  above  Monterey,  and  along  the  Sierra  Nevada,  to  Oregon  and 
British  Columbia.  Heads  2  to  3  lines  long.  Var.  microcephaln,  Kellogg  ;  a  form  with  depau- 
perate inflorescence. 

6.  S.  Guiradonis,  Gray.  Completely  glabrous  :  stem  strict,  slender,  2  or  3  feet 
high:  leaves  bright  green,  thickish,  entire;  the  upper  linear  and  one-ribbed;  the 
lower  lanceolate  or  oblanceolnto  and  tapering  gi-adually  into  the  long  narrow  base  or 
margined  petiole,  somewhat  triple-ribbed  :  heads  in  a  virgatn  panicle  :  scales  of  tho 
involucre  lanccolato-subulato  :  rays  8  or  9,  small:  disk-ihjwors  10  or  12:  akenes 
almost  glabrous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  543, 

Base  of  San  Carlos,  Fresno  Co.  (Gnirado)  ;  Tejon,  &c.,  Rothrock.  The  vnr.  spcdahilis,  Eaton, 
in  Bot.  King.,  if  of  this  species,  as  is  likely,  has  broader  and  obtuser  scales  to  the  involucre, 
broader  lower  leaves,  &c.,  and  answers  to  narrow-leaved  forms  of  S.  sjxxiosa.  It  inhabits 
Nevada,  and  probably  occurs  within  the  limits  of  California. 

7.  S.  sempervirens,  Linn.  Completely  glabrous  :  stem  strict,  and  2  or  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  rather  lleshy,  lanceolate,  entire,  tho  lower  tajiering  into  a  long  narrow 
base,  tho  uppermost  reduced  to  subulate  bracts  of  tho  virgate  and  nither  dense 
panicle  :  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  obtuse  :  rays  8  to  10  :  akenes  minutely 
pubescent. 

Salt  marshes  near  San  Francisco,  Bolander.  Near  tlie  soutbern  boundary,  60  miles  cast  of 
San  Difgo,  Palmer.  Appears  to  be  tbe  same  as  the  Salt-Marsb  GoUlenrod  of  the  whole  Atluntic 
shore  down  to  Mexico.  Jt  is  a  form  with  small  lieads  (3  lines  long),  approaching  S.  angustifolia 
of  Elliott. 

19.  SERICOCARPUS,  Necs. 
Head   12  -  15-flowered,  heterogamous  ;  the  rays  about  5,  distant,  fertile,  white, 
sometimes  inconspicuous.     Involucre  oblong  or  narrowly  campanulatc ;   its  scales 
appressed,  linear-oblong,   firm-coriaceous  or  cartilaginous  and   white,  with  abrupt 


320  CUMPOSITJ;;.  Sfricocurjnts. 

short  anil  more  or  less  spreading  green  tips,  imbricated  ;  the  outer  successively 
shorter,  lieceptaclo  smull,  alveolute-tootlied.  Style-appenduges  lanceolate-subulate. 
Akenes  narrow,  little  if  at  all  compressed,  silky-pubescent  or  villous  (whence  the 
generic  name).  Pappus  simple,  of  copious  capillary  bristles.  — Perennial  Aster-like 
herbs,  with  corymbed  and  rather  small  heads ;  the  disk-tlowers  pale  yellow,  and 
the  i-ather  small  rays  white. 

A  genus  of  thiee  spucius  of  the  Atlantic  Uuited  States,  nnd  of  the  following  on  the  raciliu 
side  of  the  continent. 

1.  S.  rigidus,  Lindl.  A  foot  or  two  high,  scabrous  with  some  very  short  and 
rigid  i)ubescence,  or  almost  glabrous,  leafy  to  the  top  :  Icave.s  oblong-lanceolatu, 
acute  or  obtuse,  entire,  an  imdi  or  two  in  haigth  :  heails  half  an  inch  or  less  in 
K'ligLh  :  rays  narrowly  oblong,  sometimes  not  exceeding  the  white  pap[)us  :  akenes 
slender,  clothed  with  Ihie  short  pubescence. — JS.  Oreyunensis,  jShitt.,  the  state  with 
rays  conspicuous. 

In  woods,  base  of  Mt.  Shasta  (Urewer),  Yoseniito  Valley  (Bulandcr),  and  near  Donner  Lake 
{Turrey)  ;  e-xtending  to  Washington  Territory. 

20.  CORETHROGYNE,  DC. 
Head  many-Uowereil,  heteroganious ;  the  rays  numerous  in  a  single  series,  neutral ! 
Involucre  hemispherical  or  turbinate  ;  the  scales  narrow,  mostly  with  green  or  green- 
ish and  more  or  less  s[)reading  tips,  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  exterior  mostly 
shorter.  Peceptacle  fiat,  naked  or  somewhat  alveolate,  rarely  with  some  chalF  simi- 
lar to  the  innermost  involucral  scales  interposed  among  the  outer  flowers.  Anthers 
tipped  with  a  slender  cuspidate  appendage,  as  in  Lessinyia.  Style-appendages  short, 
triangular-lanceolate  or  subulate,  densely  beset  Avith  long  hispid  bristles,  forndng 
a  brush-like  tuft  (whence  the  generic  name).  Akenes  and  pappus  of  the  ray  abor- 
tive or  rudimentary,  of  the  disk  compressed  like  those  of  Aster,  silky-vilious  or 
l)ubescent :  the  i)ap[)us  simple,  of  rather  copious  but  rigid  iind  unequal  capillary 
bristles.  —  Pather  low  Aster-like  herbs,  apparently  always  perennial,  branched 
from  a  somewhat  woody  base  or  rootstock,  more  or  less  white-woolly  at  least  when 
young ;  the  alternate  leaves  serrate  with  some  sharp  or  coarse  teeth  towards  the 
apex,  or  entire ;  heads  middle-sized,  solitary  terminating  the  branches  or  somewhat 
corymbose-panicled  :  rays  violet,  purple  ov  blue  :  disk  yellow,  sometimes  changing 
to  purple  :  pappus  becoming  tawny  or  reddish.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  D7  ;  (Jray  in 
Pot.  Mex.  Bound.  7G,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  351. 

De  Candolle's  character  of  chaff  on  the  receptacle  applies  only  to  Douglas's  specimens  of  the 
original  C.  Calif ornica ;  and  in  those  it  is  not  constant  ;  so  that  the  species  must  inchule  C  incana, 
Nutt.  Then  all  those  with  smaller  and  (when  well  develoiied)  corymbose-panicled  heads  appear 
to  belong  to  one  species  which  blossoms  through  the  season  and  under  diti'erent  exposures  :  some 
of  the  forms  gathered  and  described  were  winter  states.  The  genus  is  a  particularly  well-marked 
one,  most  related  on  the  one  hand  to  Lcssiiujiu,  on  the  other  to  Aster. 

*  Bristles  on  the  sfi/le-(ijjs  forminy  a  rather  scanty  and  small  tuft :  involucre  cam- 
panulate  or  turbinate. 
1.  C.  filaginifolia,  Nutt.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  about  a  foot  high,  com- 
monly branching  corymbosely  or  paniculately  at  the  summit  and  bearing  several  or 
numerous  rather  small  heads  :  leaves  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  spatulate,  the  upper 
gradually  reduced  to  subulate  bracts  :  involucre  (4  lines  long)  between  turbinate 
and  campanulate  ;  tlie  numerous  scales  a)»pressed,  or  with  oidy  the  short  greenish 
lips  squarrose-sjjreading,   the  outer  regularly  shorter,  all  glabrous  or  at  lirst  more  or 


Aster.  rOiMPOSIT.'E.  321 

less  lloccose-wooll}',  or  niinutoly  granuloseglaiulular  hut  not  puboscciit.  —  Asler  {^ 
filaginifolius,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  J^eech.  14G.  —  Runs  into  various  forms,  of  which 
a  common  one  with  the  lloocoso  wool  consi(leral)ly  persistent  on  the  stems  and  nar- 
row leaves,  and  the  involucre  slightly  if  at  all  either  glandular  or  squarrose,  is  the 
original  type  of  the  species ;  the  more  marked  variant  forms  may  be  arranged  under 
the  following  varieties. 

Var.  virgata,  Gray.  J>ecoming  glabrate  and  the  involucre  more  rigid  and 
glandular:  heads  usually  numerous  and  corymbed  or  panicled.  —  C.  virgata,  lienth. 
Eot.  Sulph.  23.  Aplopappns  (?)  {Pyrochnda)  ILenkci,  DC.  Prodr.  v.  349.  (Hteuke's 
plant  is  from  Monterey,  California,  not  Afexico.) 

Var.  tomentella,  Gray.  Very  white-woolly,  at  least  when  young,  and  the 
loaves  mostly  shortoi-  and  broader.  —  C.  tomentella,  Torr.  &  Gray.  AMer  (1)  tomen- 
fe/lus,  Hook.  &  Arn.  1.  c.  Diplopappufi  leucophi/llus,  Lindl.  in  DC.  Corethrogyne 
obovata,  IJenth.  1.  c.  C.  incana  (()  var.,  Benth.  PI.  Ilartw.,  is  between  the  two  vari- 
eties, and  unusually  glandular. 

Open  places,  San  Diego  to  Santa  Cruz,  and  in  the  interior  to  'J'ejon  and  the  Yoseniite.  Rays 
violet,  a  quarter  of  an  incli  long. 

*  *  Bristles  071  the  stylt-tips  a  dense  and  strong  tuft :  involucre  hemhpheriral. 

2.  C.  Califomica,  DC.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  a  foot  or  more  high  ;  the 
branches  rather  equably  leafy  throughout  and  terminated  by  single  pretty  large 
heads  :  leaves  linear  lanceolate  or  linear,  chiefly  entire  :  involucre  broadly  hemi- 
spherical (nearly  half  an  inch  long) ;  its  scales  mostly  narrow  and  acute,  in  fewer 
ranks,  and  the  outer  only  moderately  shorter,  rather  loose,  all  glandular-pubescent : 
rarely  some  chaff  on  the  receptacle  among  the  outer  flow(>i-s.  —  C.  incana,  Nutt. 
in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  See.  n.  ser.  vii.  290  (e.vd.  syn.  Lindl.)  ;  Torr.  <^:  (j!my,  l''l.  ii. 
98,  the  form  with  no  chaff  on  the  receptacle. 

Sandy  soil,  Monterey  to  San  Diego  :  seldom  collected.     Rays  light  luuple. 

3.  C.  Spathulata,  Gray.  Stems  decumbent,  often  a  foot  or  so  in  length  ;  the 
simple  flowering  branches  3  to  10  inches  high,  bearing  single  large  heads  :  leaves 
spatulate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  the  larger  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  wide,  serrate  at  apex, 
those  of  the  flowering  branches  gradually  reduced  to  subidate  or  linear :  the  hemi- 
spherical involucre  glandular ;  its  scales  moderately  unequal,  and  with  loose  herba- 
C("nis  tips:  no  cliaff  on  the  recoptaclo.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  317. 

Mendocino  and  Humboldt  Counties,  near  tlio  eonst,  at  Shelter  Cove  and  Fort  Hrngg,  Hohnuifr, 
Kcllotjij.  Heads  as  large  as  in  the  last  :  rays  violet-hlno,  half  an  ineh  long.  The  dense  white 
wool  sometimes  deciduous  from  the  leaves,  which  then  heeome  glandular-scahi-ous. 

21.  ASTER,  Linn.,  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  several  oi-  numerous  in  a  single 
series,  fertile,  very  rarely  neutral.  Involucre  imbricated  ;  the  scales  commonly  with 
herbaceous  or  foliaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Anthers  tipped 
with  the  usual  lanceolate  ovate  appendage.  Style-a]ipendages  varying  from  trian- 
gular-lanceolate to  subulate.  Akenes  more  or  less  compressed,  rarely  slender,  4-5- 
nerved.  Pappus  simple,  of  copious  slender  scabrous  capillary  bri.stles.  —  Mostly 
perennial  herbs,  Avith  various  alternate  leaves,  and  solitary,  corymbed,  or  panicled 
heads ;  flowering  late.  Rays  white,  purple,  or  blue  :  di.'^k-flowers  yellow,  often 
turning  purple :  pappus  dull  white  or  tawny. 

An  immense  genus,  especially  in  North  Amerii-n,  its  lieadciumters,  hut  re!iinrknt>ly  inronspiru- 
0113  in  California.  For  this  flora  at  least  it  is  best  to  receive  it  in  tlio  extended  form  which  it 
reassumes  in  Bentham  and  Hooker's  (Jenera  Tlnntarum.  Tluiv  arc  no  s|K'eics  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  with  cordate  in-tioleil  leaves. 


COM  POSIT /E.  Aster. 


§  1.  Biennials,  rardy  annuals  or  perennials,  with  leaves  disposed  to  be  incised  or  j'in- 
natijid:  scales  of  the  involucre  with  green  tips  :  rai/s  sometimes  sterile  :  akenes 
with  Strom/  vutn/iiial  rihs  and  some  slender  nerves  on  both  faces.  (Involucre 
covimonly  resemblinii  that  of  Corethro(jyne.)  —  ^iKCivM\i\mn\^iX\.  {Madu^- 
ranthern,  Nccs.     Dieteria,  Nutt.) 

*    Rays  stylij'erous,  but  sometimes  infertile. 

1.  A.  tanacetifolius,  IIBK.  Biennial  or  annual,  pubescent  and  somewhat 
viscid,  a  loot  or  less  hiyli  :  leaves  once  to  thrice  pinnatilid,  the  lobes  small  and  nar- 
row :  heads  large,  loosely  corymbose  :  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  linear 
and  with  spreailing  herbaceous  tips  :  rays  20  or  more,  violet :  akenes  villous.  — 
Machtkranthera  tanacctifolia,  Nees  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4G24.  Dieteria  coronopi- 
folia,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  301. 

S.  E.  Cahforuia,  on  the  east  sule  of  Providence  Mountains,  Dr.  Cooper;  thence  through  Ari- 
zona to  Colorado,  east  of  tlie  Uocky  Mountains,  and  into  Mexico. 

A.  (MACii.KitANTiiKKA)  I'AuviFLouiTS,  Cray,  which  occurs  on  the  Gila  in  Arizona,  and  may  l>e 
found  within  the  State,  is  sniootiicr  and  much  smaller. 

2.  A.  incanus,  Gray,  lloary  with  a  line  and  close  soft  pubescence,  slightly  if 
at  all  viscid,  a  foot  or  two  high,  loosely  branched  :  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, entire,  or  some  with  a  few  lateral  teeth,  acute  (an  inch  or  so  in  length,  abtuit 
2  lines  wide)  :  heads  .solitary  tcrnanuting  the  branches,  largo  :  scules  of  the  hemi- 
spherical involucre  linear-lanceolate,  with  long  and  squarrosu-spreuding  or  rellexed 
foliaceous  tips  :  rays  30  or  nu)re,  violet :  akenes  canescent.  —  Diplopappus  in- 
canus, Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1693  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3382.  Dieteria  incana,  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  100. 

California,  raised  in  England  from  seed  collected  by  Douglas;  the  station  unknown.  Speci- 
mens which  accord  with  it  were  gathered  in  Guadalupe  CaBon,  Sonora,  by  Capt.  E.  K.  Smith. 
Head  over  half  an  incli  in  diameter  across  the  disk  :  rays  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long. 

3.  A.  canescens,  Pursh.  Biennial,  minutely  puberulent-hoary  or  often  green, 
afoot  or  so  in  height:  stems  rigid,  corymbosely  or  paniculately  branched  above  : 
leaves  varying  from  ol.long-lanceolato  or  the  lowest  spatulate  to  linear,  incisely  or 
almost  spinufosely  toothed,  or  sometimes  entire,  those  of  the  llowering  branches 
reduced  to  subulate  biacts  :  heads  few  or  numerous,  solitary,  or  mostly  corymbose 
or  panicled  :  scales  of  the  campanulate  or  obconical  involucre  rigid,  appressed, 
with  short  more  or  less  squarrose-spreading  green  tips,  the  outer  successively 
shorter  :  rays  20  to  30,  violet  or  bluish-purple  :  akenes  canescently-pubescent.  — 
A.  biennis,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  liiS.  Dieteria  canescens,  pnlverulenta,  divaricata,  vi.wisa, 
&  sessilijiora,  Nutt.  in  'I'rans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c.  Macharanthera  canescens,  Gray, 
1.  c.  ;  Eaton  in  l5ot.  King. 

Dry  regions,  in  the  mountains  behind  San  Diego  and  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
(Mono  and  Tahoe  Lakes,  &c.),  extending  north  to  the  British  boundary,  and  east  to  the  eastern 
base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  :  a  characteristic  and  most  variable  species  ol  tlie  region.  Heads 
in  the  larger  forms  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  the  rays  half  an  inch  long  ;  m  others  barely  halt 
that  size,  and  the  flowers  much  fewer.  It  is  useless  to  distinguish  particular  varieties.  Only  low 
and  small-headed  forms  have  as  yet  been  found  in  California. 

^<   *   Rays  completely  neutral.  —  Hespekastrum,  Gray. 

4.  A.  Shastensis,  (Jray.  Dwarf  from  a  perennial  rootstock,  branclied  and 
tufted  from  the  base,  a  span  high,  puberulentdioary  :  leaves  small,  spatulate  or  ob- 
long, entire  :  heads  solitary  terminating  the  branches,  small:  scales  of  the  campanu- 
late involucre  lanceolate,  somewhat  hoary  and  viscid,  the  outer  with  loose  green 
tips,  the  inner  nearly  destitute  of  lierbaceous  tips  :  rays  15  to  20,  rose-violet.  — 
Macharanthera  (Hesjjerastrum)  <f:)hastensis,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  53U. 

On  Mount  Shasta,  at  about  9,000  feet.  Brewer.  Resembles  a  dwarf  state  of  the  last.  Involu- 
cre 4  lines  long  :  rays  3  lines. 


^^xi'''-'  coMrosiTJ*:.  323 

§  2.  Perennials  {])  telth  leaves  spinulosely  pinnatijid-toothed  or  tnciml  (or  sometimes 
entire) :  scales  of  the  involucre  ivitk  long-acuminate  but  not  r/reen  tips :  pappus 
of  comparatively  feiv  (20  to  35)  and  very  rigid  bristles.  {Transition  to  Town- 
sendia.) —  Megalastuum,  Gray. 

5.  A.  tortifolius,  Gray  (not  Michx.).  At  first  loosely  white-woolly,  when  oai 
somewhat  roughish-hirMuto  or  glabrate,  a  loot  or  so  high  :  branches  naked  and 
peduncle-like  at  siunniit,  bearing  a  solitary  very  large  head  :  leaves  coriaceous, 
rigid,  often  twisted,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  veiny,  strongly  dentate  or  incisely  pinnat- 
ilid  with  divaricate  spinuloso  tooth  :  involucre  lioMiispheriniJ ;  its  very  numerous 
Hcalcs  lanceolatn-suhulato  and  setaceous-acuminate,  the  outer  a  lillle  Hhort(>r :  rays 
violet-purple,  very  numerous,  an  inch  long:  pappus  becoming  reddisli.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  353.     Aptopappus  tortifolius,  Torr.  c^  Gray,  in  Bost.  .lour.  Nat.  Hist. 

Mountains  near  the  southeastern  borders  of  California  (7>.  Cooper) ;  thence  to  S.  Utah  Fre- 
mont, Newberry,  Mrn.  Thompson.  This  and  A.  {Mcgalml.rum)  JFrujIUii,  Gray,  form  a  remarkable 
section  of  the  genus,  which  might  almost  as  well  lie  referred  to  Towmsendia.  Stylc-anpendaces 
short,  obtuse.  Akenes  (young)  linear-oblong,  silky-villous.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  aljout 
20  in  a  single  series,  strong,  flattish,  serrulate-scabrous,  nearly  eciualling  the  disk-corolla,  and  a 
few  slender  and  shorter  ones  internii.xed. 

§  3.   Perennials,  with  leaves  merely  serrate  or  entire.  —  Aster  proper. 
*   Papjms  rather  rigid,  some  of  the  longer  bristles  thickened  towards  the  summit :  in- 
volucre campannlate  or  turbinate;  its  scales  very  regularly  imbricated  in  many 
ranks,  rigid,  with  short  green  or  greenish  tips,  the  outer  successively  shorter. 

6.  A.  radulinus,  Gray.  ]{oughish-pubescent  throughout :  stem  rather  stout, 
one  or  two  feet  high,  branching  above  and  bearing  an  open  corymb  of  middle-sized 
heads  :  leaves  rigid  and  coriaceous,  oblong,  or  the  lower  obovate  spatulate,  sharply 
serrate  above,  tapering  below  into  a  narrowed  entire  base,  prominently  reticulate- 
veiny,  scabrous  both  sides,  the  midrib  very  prominent  beneath  :  ])eduncles  short  : 
involucre  obconical,  4  or  5  lines  long ;  its  scales  rigid,  apjirossed,  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed  or  mucronate,  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent, 
the  tips  mostly  green:  rays  15  to  18,  white  (perhajis  not  always  so);  akenes  mi- 
nutely pubescent. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  388.  A.  Padula,  Less,  in  Linntpa  vi 
125  ;  Durand  Si  Hilgard  PI.  Pratten.,  not  of  Ait. 

Dry  open  ground,  Montmny  to  Mondocino  Co.  aheiipo  to  Oregon,  E.  HnU)  :  also  in  (ho  Sierra 
from  Nevada  Co.  northward,  Torvcy,  Lrmmoii.  This  is  iienriv  leinted  to  A.  rwi-piniu.f,  i,indl., 
of  the  region  much  farther  north,  —  a  nlant  with  larger  heads  and  loaves,  —  while  the  smaller 
forms  are  more,  like  A.  monlanus,  eiiually  a  northern  species. 

*   *    Pappus  softer  and  equable. 

-f-  Low  and  diffuse :  branches  leafy  to  the  top  and  bearing  small  mostly  single  heads. 

7.  A.  Bloomeri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Cespitose,  a  span  or  less  in  height,  minutely  cine- 
reous-hirsute, and  near  the  heads  somewhat  glandular  :  branches  ascending  :  leaves 
oblong-linear  or  the  lower  spatulate,  3  to  10  lines  long,  obtuse,  entire,  very  rough 
both  sides  with  the  short  minutely  his])id  pubpscenco,  the  upiiennost  j^issing  into 
scales  of  the  involucre  ;  these  25  to  30,  linear,  acute,  glandular  and  greenish  :  ravs 
12  to  15,  apparently  purple,  about  4  lines  long  :  akenes  minutely  pubescent. 

Moist  flats  near  Mount  Davidson,  Nevada  (probably  also  within  the  State  lioundary),  Blnomrr, 
Lemmon.     Heads  4  lines  long. 

-(-  +-  Stems  erect  and  branching,  leafy,  bearing  several  or  numerous  rommonly  panicu- 
late or  racemose  heads:  involucre  imbricated, 

++  Its  scales  many-ranked,  close,  and  with  short  green  ti/is. 

8.  A.  MenziOBii,  Limll.  Minutely  hoary  with  a  fine  (either  soft  or  scabrous) 
pubescence,  or  glabrate  below,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  stem  and  branches  virgate,  rigid  : 


324  COMruSlT^E.  Aster. 

leiives  liuiceoliilo  nv  linear,  ivcnto,  I'liliiv,  or  tho  lower  obtusely  serrate,  rather  rij^'id 
(an  inch  or  two  lou;^^,  2  to  4  lines  wiilu)  :  heads  racemose  or  jiaiiicled,  4  or  5  lines 
Ion*,' :  invohiero  caiiipaniiluto ;  its  scales  nuiuerous  and  imbricated  in  several  ranks, 
thickisli,  linear,  with  short  usually  somewhat  ililated  uud  obtuse  green  tips,  ap- 
pressed,  the  outer  succc^ssively  shoiier :  rays  about  20,  purple  or  violet:  ukenes 
com})ressed,  minutely  pubesceut.  —  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  t.  8. 

"California,  Menzies,"  accovdiiif;  to  Herb.  Banks:  but  in  Herb.  Hook,  said  to  be  from  "N.  W. 
coast."  Upper  Sacramento,  7>r.  Pickering.  Fort  Tejou,  Dr.  Horn,  Dr.  llccrmann  (^A.  Duran- 
(Hi,  Nutt.,  ex  Durand,  in  Paeif.  R.  Rep.  v.  8),  and  common  in  \V.  Nevada,  mostly  in  a  glabrate 
form,  the  pubescence  only  on  the  ultimate  branches.  The  species  has  been  mistaken  for  A.  fal- 
caiiis,  Lindl.,  which  may  indeed  belong  to  it,  and  likewise  with  tho  ne.\t.  It  is  not  at  all  re- 
lated to  A.  conculor,  as  hindley  siiliposed. 

0.  A.  Chamissonis,  Gray.  CJlabrous,  or  above  somewhat  hirsute  :  stems  2  to 
5  feet  high,  paniculately  branched  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or  the  larger 
ttbscurely  serrate,  2  to  5  inches  long,  scabrous  with  sparse  appressed  pubescence,  or 
glabrous  ;  those  of  the  dowering  branchlets  beconung  small  or  minute  and  scjuar- 
rose-spreuding  :  heads  loosely  panicletl,  5  or  G  lines  long:  involucre  broadly  cam- 
pauulato  or  somewhat  obconical  ;  its  scales  numerous  and  imbricated  in  several 
nudts,  thickish,  linear  or  liuear-spatulate,  with  short  and  rounded  green  tips,  tho 
outer  successively  shorter:  rays  20  to  25,  ]»ur])le  ov  violet,  nearly  half  an  inch 
long:  akeiies  sparsely  and  minutely  pidie-scent. — Gniy,  in  Torr.  Hot.  AVilkos  Mxp. 
341.  A.  luulidii,  Less.  (!x  Net's.  A.  C/iilciisis,  l^ees  Ast.  112;  Torr.  ^  Gray,  1.  c. 
A.  speclabUis  (1)  Hook.  &  Am.  liot.  i>eechey. 

Moist  tliickets,  &.c.,  common  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Luis  Obispo,  and  probably  elsewhere. 
As  this  is  not  a  Chilian  species,  and  as  Hsenke's  no  less  than  Chamisso's  plant  (if  the  former  be 
of  this  species)  must  have  been  gathered  in  California,  we  ought  not  to  continue  the  false  name. 
Probably  this  as  well  as  the  preceding  was  included  by  Nuttall  under  the  species  (still  unpub- 
lished) which  he  proposed  to  call  A.  Duravdii.  That  name  it  was  formerly  thought  might  be 
adopted  for  the  present  species,  but  it  appears  strictly  to  belong  to  the  foregoing.  And  so  the 
I)resent  may  be  named  after  the  first,  or  next  to  the  first,  discoverer. 

-h+  -h+  Involacral  scales  looser  and  more  foliaceous. 

10.  A.  Douglasii,  Lindl.  Smooth  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  stem  slender, 
2  to  4  feet  high,  paniculately  branched  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  rarely 
serrate,  mostly  ta[)ering  at  base,  2^  to  5  inches  long  :  heads  in  a  loose  and  leafy 
panicle,  5  or  6  lines  long  :  involucre  hemispherical ;  its  scales  glabrous,  linear  or 
spatulatedinear,  mostly  green  excejjt  the  base,  loosely  imbricated,  the  outer  little 
shorter  :  rays  25  or  more,  purple,  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length. 

Moist  soil,  northern  part  of  the  State  and  in  tho  Sierra  Nevada  ;  common  northward. 

11.  A.  adscendens,  T.indl.  (1)  Smooth  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  rather 
simple,  a  span  to  two  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  oblong-spatulate, 
entire  :  heads  few,  panicled  or  corymbose,  peduncled,  half  an  inch  long  :  involucre 
hendspherical  ;  its  scales  glabrous,  linear  or  oblong,  obtuse,  chietty  green,  few- 
ranked,  and  of  nearly  equal  length  :  rays,  &c.,  as  in  the  preceding. 

In  the  High  Sierra  Nevada,  Yosemite  Valley  to  foot  of  Mount  Dana  (Bulander),  near  Donner 
Lake  (Torrcy,  Greene),  ami  eastward  in  the  Humboldt  and  Rocky  Mountains.  Whether  this 
belong  to  the  original  ,t.  iK/sccndmi.'i  or  no,  it  is  tho  var.  Parri/i,  Katon  in  Bot.  King's  Exploration, 
and  apparently  the  same  as  tlio  plant  of  tho  Colorado  Rocky  Alountains. 

12.  A.  integrifolius,  Nutt.  Villous-pubescent  when  young,  becoming  glandu- 
lar and  viscid  toward  the  summit :  stem  rather  stout,  simple,  a  span  to  a  foot  or 
more  high  :  leaves  oblong  lanceolate  and  the  lower  spatulate,  entire,  thickish,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  with  strong  midrib  and  inconspucuous  veins ;  the  upper  clasping  :  heads 
few  or  several,  somewhat  racemose  or  corymbose,  half  an  inch  long  :  involucre  cam- 
panulate  ;  the  loosely  imbricated  scales  nearly  equal  in  length,  lanceolate,  the  inner 
ones  thin  and  without  green  tips,  the  outermost  partly  foliaceous,  all  glandular- 
pubescent  :  rays  15  to  25,  blui>>h-purple  :  akenes  pubescent :  pappus  rather  rigid. 


Aster.  COMPOSTTJ?.  325 

Sioim  Novadn,  hotwoon  f'link's  and  tlio  Yosrtnitn,  nt  about  8,000  feet,  Uolavrlrr.  Nonr  DoiiTicr 
I^ako  (.Torrr)/,  (hrr.m),  mid  Siena  Valley,  Lrmmnn.  Komid  near  Carson  by  Dr.  Anderson; 
thence  east  to  the  llocky  ^lountaina. 

+-+--{-  Stems  simple,  naked  at  the  summit,  and  hearing  a  single  liead,  or  rarely 
two  or  three :  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  veri/  little  imbricated,  narrow, 
nearly  equal,  and  destitute  of  foliaceous  or  green  tips.  \A  transition  from  Aster  to 
Erigeron.) 

++  Leaves  broad  or  narrowish  :  style-appendages  short  and  broad. 

1 3.  A.  salsuginosus,  liicliardson.  Minutoly  pubescent  or  glabrate  :  stem  6  to 
18  inches  high,  leat'y  to  near  the  suniiuit :  leaves  entire;  tlie  lowest  spatulate,  obo- 
vate,  or  oblanceolate,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  ;  the  upper  becoming  lance- 
olate and  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  with  broad  base  usually  halt-clasping ;  uppermost 
reduced  to  one  or  two  subulate  bracts  :  head  solitary  or  two  or  three  on  naked 
peduncles  :  scales  of  the  involucre  slender,  glandular,  nearly  equal,  4  lines  long, 
loose  :  rays  30  to  40,  violet  or  purple  :  akenes  of  the  ray  5  -  6-nerved,  of  the  disk 
3  -  4-nerved.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2942. 

Var.  angUStifolius,  Gray,  liadical  and  lowest  caulino  leaves  lincar-spatulato,  2 
to  5  lines  wide  ;  the  upper  linear  :  stems  a  foot  high,  naked  above,  bearing  two  or 
three  slendcr-peduneled  heads. 

Subnlpino  and  alpine  meadows,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  6,000  to  10,000  feet ;  thence  to  alpine 
regions  of  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains,  and  north  to  Alaska  and  the  subarctic  regions.  A 
handsome  species  ;  the  heads  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  including  the  expanded  rays.  The 
variety.  Sierra  County,  Lemmon. 

++  ++  Leaven  very  narrow ;  style-appendages  long  and  slrndcr-sidnilafe. 

14.  A.  Andersonii,  Gray.  Lightly  woolly  when  young,  becoming  glabrous  : 
stem  simple  and  scapo-liko,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  tcrminal(>(l  by  a  single  rather 
large  head  :  radical  leaves  tufted,  linear,  almost  grassy  (2  to  8  inches  long,  from  a 
line  to  4  lines  Avide),  coriaceous,  3-7-ncrved;  tlie  cauline  smaller,  the  uppermost 
subulate  :  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear,  loose,  more  or  less  tomentose, 
almost  equal  in  length  (4  or  5  lines  long),  the  outer  ones  greenish  :  niys  16  to  20, 
purple  :  akenes  oblong,  4-G-nerved  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  barbel late-serrato.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  352.     Erigeron  Andersonii,  Gray,  1.  c.  vi.  540. 

Wet  alpine  meadows,  kc.  Sierra  Nevada,  from  l^Iariposa  to  Sierm  Co.,  at  7,fiOO  to  10,000 
feet.  Discovered  by  Dr.  Anderson,  near  Carson,  Nevada.  Expanded  head  with  the  raj's  an 
inch  or  more  in  diameter. 

A.  PULCHELLUS,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  is  perhaps  too  near  this,  ond  A.  ai-pigenus,  Gray, 
1.  c.  viii.  389,  la  also  closely  related  ;  they  form  a  peculiar  group  in  the  Xylorhim  section  of 
Ortlwmcris. 

§  4.  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  chiefly  entire  narroui  leaves:  scales  of  the  involucre 
imbricated,  narrow,  destitute  of  distinct  green  tips :  akenes  narrow  and  3-5- 
nerved:  pappus  fine  and  soft,  —  OxYTniroijuM,  Torr.  K-  Gray. 

15.  A.  dlvarloatua,  NuU.  Glabrous,  difTusely  much  briinrlied,  a  foot  or  two 
liigh  :  the  braiiclioa  siomior  :  lower  cauline  leaves  lanceolnte  ;  Mio  u|)per  linear  and 
at  length  subulate,  very  acute  :  heads  small  (3  or  4  lines  long),  loosely  jianicled  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  25  to  30,  lanceolate-subulate,  with  greenish  back  and  scari- 
ous  margins  :  rays  linear,  exserted,  numerous  in  a  single  row  :  akenes  very  minutely 
pubescent,  5 -6-nerved.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  163. 

Salt  marshes,  San  Francisco,  he,  Bnlavdrr.  This  is  the  Pacific  form,  viz.,  Trijyolium  con- 
spicunm  of  bindley,  and  yi.  Orciianns  of  Nuttall,  which  inhiibits  the  western  const  of  tlic  ronti- 
nent  down  to  Chili,  and  apparently  is  only  local  so  far  north  as  Cnlifornia.  It  dilfei's  from  the 
A.  divaricaJus  of  the  Atlantic  coast  in  tlie  rather  lirnicr  nud  greener  scales  of  the  iiivolnci-e,  heads 
inclined  to  be  larger,  and  the  branches  less  slender.  The  junture  akenes  in  lx)th  arc  little  com- 
pressed and  more  or  less  distinctly  .'i-nerved. 


09Q  COMPOSIT.E.  Brachyadis. 

22.  BRACHYACTIS,  Ledeb. 

Head  luany-tloweved,  heteroganious ;  the  rays  very  numerous  and  occuj)ying 
more  than  one  series,  Icrtile  :  ligules  small  ami  very  slender  or  almost  wanting. 
Involucre  loosoly  imbricated  in  few  series  of  herbaceous  scales,  or  the  innermost 
somewhat  scarious.  lieceptaclo  Hat,  naked.  Style-appendages  lanceolate.  Akeues 
more  or  less  compressed.     Pappus  simple,  of  copious  fine  and  soft  capillary  bristles. 

Ours  are  annual  and  nearly  glabrous  herbs,  with  narrow  and  entire  somewhat 

succulent  alternate  leaves,  minutely  ciliate  towards  their  base,  and  paniculate  or 
racemose  heads;  the  rays  when  developed  purple  or  rose-color.  — Benth.  in  Hook. 
Ic.  PI.  t.  HOG,  &  Gen.  PI.  ii.  271)  ;  Uray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  647. 

1.  B.  frondosa,  CJray,  1.  c  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  sometimes  spreading 
on  the  gnniud,  suim!tiiiu;.s  u[)rif^hl  :  leavtis  sputulate-linear,  about  an  inch  long,  the 
uppermost  passing  into  tlic  rallicr  broad  and  obtiitsu  herbaceous  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre :  heads  hemisi)heiical,  i  lines  long  :  rays  with  exserted  lignle  when  well 
developed  a  line  long,  linear,  nuich  longer  than  its  style  :  akenes  narrow,  appressed- 
pubescent.  —  B.  ciliata,  var.  carnosula,  Benth.  1.  c.  Tripolium  frundosum,  Nutt. 
Aster  frondosiis,  'Von:  &  Gray.  A.  anyustus,  Gray,  PI.  Wright.,  &c.  ;  Eaton,  Bot. 
King  Exp.  144. 

Borders  of  boiling  siiriiig,  Souoia  I'ass,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Bolander ;  thence  to  N.  Nevada, 
S.  Idaho,  and  New  Mexico. 

B.  CILIATA,  Ledeb.,  found  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  far  north,  also  in  Siberia,  has 
naiTow  linear  leaves,  linear  and  acute  scales  of  the  involucre,  and  ligule  a  mere  rudiment,  much 
shorter  than  the  pujipus  and  the  style.  It  is  Tripolium  angustum,  Lindl.,  and  Aster  amjuat us, 
Torr.  &  Ciray,  &.o. 

23.  ERIQERON,  Linn.  Fi.kabane. 
Heads  many-llowereil,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  fertile,  very  numerous  and  com- 
monly occupying  more  than  one  series  (in  one  or  two  species  occasionally  wanting) ; 
the  li<mles  narrow,  commonly  elongated,  in  the  last  section  very  short  and  incon- 
spicuous. Involucre  hemispherical  or  sometimes  campanulate,  of  numerous  and 
narrow  rather  firm  and  not  foliaceous  nor  green-tipped  scales,  whicli  are  little  imbri- 
cated and  hardly  unequal.  Beceptacle  flat,  rarely  convex,  naked.  Corolla  of  the 
disk-flowers  narrow,  5-toothed,  sonretimes  4  toothed.  Style-appendages  mostly  short 
and  broad,  obtuse.  Akenes  small,  flat,  and  with  only  marginal  ribs,  rarely  1  -  2- 
nerved  on  the  face  (especially  in  the  ray-flowers).  Pappus  rather  scanty,  i.  e.  of  a 
single  series  of  capillary  rather  fragile  bristles,  with  or  most  comiiundy  without  an 
external  series  of  short  bristles,  these  occasionally  united  into  a  crown  or  ring.  — 
Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  heads  terminating  the  stem  or  branches  ;  the  rays 
violet-purple  or  white ;  the  disk  yellow,  often  changing  to  purplish. 

A  largo  goiuiH,  widely  disporsod  over  the  world,  08|iecially  the  northern  henuHpliero,  imesiug  on 
the  ono  hand  into  Aslc.r,  fruni  wliicli  It  is  <;hio(ly  disthiguishod  by  u  HiiiiyiliT  invohicro  and  more 
Hcanty  and  fragile  uappus,  and  by  more  uuniorous  and  narrower  rays  ;  w'liilo  on  Iho  other  Imnd  a 
jieculiar  section,  with  «hoit  and  often  minute  rays,  passes  into  Conyza. 

§  1.   Perennial  {or  No.  12  perhaps  biennial). 
*   Rays  inconspicuous,  hut  exserted,  short,  filiform,  extremely  numerous :  heads  some- 
what racemed,  small :  jxippus  simple. 

1.  E.  armerieefolium,  Tuiv.z.  S])arsely  more  or  less  hirsute  with  spreading 
bristly  hairs  :  stems  f-lusteretl  un   the  small  rootstock,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  leafy  : 


Ericjeron.  C0MP0SIT^5.  327 

loavps  hirsutoly  ciliatc  liolow  tlio  luiddlo,  otliorwiso  glabrous  or  ^lahrato,,  entire  ;  the 
cauline  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  (1^  to  4  inclms  lon^f,  1  to  3  lines  wide),  tlie 
lowest  linear-spatulate  or  oblailceolate  and  nsually  ta|)ering  into  slender  j)etiolo.s  : 
lieads  peduncled  and  simply  racemose,  or  rarely  panicled  :  involucre  3  or  4  lines 
long  :  rays  more  numerous  than  the  disk  flowers,  tlie  purplish  or  whitish  nearly 
liliform  ligules  wdien  fully  developed  projecting  only  one  line  beyond  the  pappus"; 
disk-dowers  uniform.  —  (Jray  in  Proc  Am.  Acad.  viii.  (548.  E.  Innchopkyllum, 
Hook.,  apparently  a  largo  form.  E.  glabratum,  var.  minor,  Hook,  E.  racemosum, 
or  at  least  the  var.  nngnMifolinm,  Nutt. 

Saline  gravol  ami  moist  meadows  in  tlie  Sierra  Nevada,  at  6,500  to  0,700  feet,  Brewer,  Bolan- 
der.     Also  on  mountains  cast  to  Colorado,  and  thence  northward.     Kare  in  Siberia. 

E.  ACiiK,  Linn.,  especially  in  smoother  forms  {/?.  l)robachcnsL%  Mill.,  E.  elonqaliis,  Ledeb. 
&c.),  occurring  in  the  Hocky  Mountains  from  Colorado  north,  may  be  exi)ectcd  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada.  It  may  be  known  by  its  broader  leaves,  and  an  inner  set  of  pistillate  flowers  with  tubu- 
lar-filiform corolla.     There  are  none  of  these  in  E.  crmcrucfoliiun. 

*    -^   Rays  elongated  and  consjncAious,  or  wanting  in  some  sjiecimens. 
+-  Leaves  once  to  thrice  ternatebj  compound :  2^'^'ppiif  simple. 

2.  E.  compositum,  I^irsh.  Dwarf:  loaves  all  or  mostly  crowded  on  the  cos- 
pitose  rootstoeks,  slentlor-petiolcd,  hirsute;  their  divisions  linear,  obtuse,  spreading; 
the  cauline  (if  any)  simpler,  or  the  uppermost  mere  linear  bracts  :  scape  an  inch  to  a 
span  high,  bearing  a  solitary  proportionally  large  head  (involucre  3  or  4  lines  high)  : 
rays  30  to  50,  violet,  purple,  or  white,  2  or  3  lines  long,  occasionally  none. 

High  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  10,000  to  12,000  feet,  on  Mount  Dana  and  Wood's  Peak, 
Brewer.     Thenco  through  tlio  Rocky  Mountains  to  Arctic  America  and  Greenland. 

+-  +-  Leaves  entire  and  narrow,  clustered  on  the  rootstoeks,  fewer  and  scattered  or 
sometimes  hardly  any  on  the  mostly  simple  stems,  tvhich  are  terminated  by  solitary 
heads.      (No.  5  and  No.  8  have  stems  more  leafy  and  disposed  to  branch.) 

3.  E.  ursinum,  Eaton.  Sparsely  more  or  less  hirsute,  green,  a  span  or  less 
high  :  leaves  on  the  rootstock  spatulate  or  linear-spatidate,  tapering  into  a  slender 
petiole;  those  of  the  simple  scape-like  flowering  stems  linear-lanceolate  (G  to  18 
lines  long),  glabrate,  tlio  uppermost  remote  from  the  solitary  head  :  scales  of  the 
invoIu(n'<i  loose,  glandidar  and  fiparsely  hirsul(< :  rays  about  50,  broadish,  purple, 
fully  3  lines  long:  pappus  with  a  few  distinct  short  bristles  of  an  outer  series.  — 
Eaton  in  JJot.  King  Ji^xp.  148. 

On  Mount  Dana,  at  12,800  feot,  Bolander.  More  dwnif  than  tlio  plant  collected  by  Watson 
in  the  Uinta  Mountains,  Utah  ;  the  scapo  less  than  3  inches  high,  rciimps  tliis  is  E.  radi- 
calum,  Hook. 

4.  E.  uniflorum,  Linn.  Green  and  slightly  hirsute,  or  almost  glabrous  below, 
a  span  or  less  in  height :  leaves  of  the  rootstock  tufted,  spatulate,  tapering  into  a 
petiole;  those  of  the  simple  and  sometimes  scape-like  stem  becoming  lanceolate: 
scales  of  the  involucre  loose,  equal,  very  hirsute-woolly  :  rays  100  or  more,  blue  or 
purple,  about  4  lines  long.  — Torr.  &  Oray,  Tl.  ii.  108. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Sierra  Co.,  at  10,000  feet  (AV//077),  thence  northward  along  the  high 
mountains  and  through  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  in  N.  Asia  and  F,urope. 
A  dwarf  state,  but  otherwise  like  that  of  the  Colorado  mountains,  with  the  conious  and  ehnractcr- 
istic  long  hairs  of  the  involucre  gray  or  whitish,  not  dark  as  in  the  more  northern  specimens. 

5.  E.  caespitosum,  Nutt.  More  or  less  hoary  with  a  fine  chiefly  spreading  and 
roughish  pubescence  :  stems  decumbent  or  ascending  from  the  somewhat  woody 
rootstock,  about  a  span  high,  mostly  leafy  :  leaves  from  the  rootstock  objnnceolate, 
tapering  into  a  petiole,  an  inch  or  two  long;  the  cauline  linear  or  somewhat  lan- 
ceolate and  sessile,  obtuse  :  heads  solitary  (or  sometimes  two  or  tlirco  and  rather 
small),  siiort-poduncled  :  involucre  hii*sute  with  short  hairs  :  rays  30  to  50,  whito 


09Q  COMrOSlT.E.  Kiujeiua. 

or  purplisli  (about  3  lines  long) :   appendages  of  the  style  extremely  short  and 
obtuse  :  akenes  2  -  .'i-ncived,  minutely  hairy  :  the  short  s(iuaniollato  outer  pappus 

conspicuous.  ,  n  i       j 

Var.  tenerum,  Gray.  Slender  ami  small,  with  weaker  stems  and  small  heads  ; 
involucre  only  '1  lines  high,  less  hirsute. 

Eastern  side  of  tlie  Siena  Nevada  :  thence  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  New  Mexico.  The 
only  genuine  fonn  collected  on  the  borders  of  the  State  is  from  t'arson  ("ity,  /V.  Anderson.-- 
Vai-  lencruni,  summit  of  Silver  Mountain  near  El.bett's  I'ass,  alt.  11,000  feet,  Brewer.  Also  col- 
lected by  /F«<iwt  on  Star  I'eak,  N.  W.  Nevada,  at  9,000  leet. 

At  Mono  Pass,  around  rocks,  Dr.  Bolander  icllected  a  plant  winch  would  appear  to  belong  to 
E.  cwspitomm,  although  with  rather  longer  and  narrower  leaves  :  but  the  pappus  appears  to  bo 
simple. 

C.  E.  Nevadense,  <lray.  Slighlly  hoary  with  line  mostly  uppressud  rouglii.sh 
pubescence  :  slems  eivct  or  ascending  from  long  and  slender  subterranean  roolstocks, 
a  span  to  a  loot  high,  simi)le,  lealy  below,  mostly  naked  above  or  scapedike,  bearing 
a  solitary  large  head  :  leaves  linear  lanceolate  or  spatulate-linear,  narrowed  below, 
the  lowest  into  a  petiole  (the  whole  2  to  0  inches  long),  the  cauline  acute,  the 
u p perm o.st  reduced  to  subulate  bracts:  involucre  hirsute,  also  minutely  glandular; 
the  scales  mostly  equal  (4  lines  long)  :  rays  25  to  30  in  a  single  series,  rather 
broadly  linear,  white,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  styleap[)endages  ovate  and  acute  :  akenes 
minutely  pubescent.  Hat,  oblong,  2-nerved,  or  some  of  the  outer  3-nerved  (2  lines 
long) :  the  short  setilbrm  outer  pappus  scanty  and  inconspicuous. --  Troc.  Ain. 
Aciul.  viii.  G49.  L\  ca'spUosum,  var.  (/raudijiorum,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  153, 
in  part  (viz.  No.  548),  not  of  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Var.  h)  pygmsBUm,  Gray,  1.  c.  Dwarf  and  densely  cespitose  :  leaves  spatulate- 
linear  (half  an  inch  or  less  "than  an  inch  long,  barely  a  line  wide  at  the  summit), 
crowded  on  the  rootstocks  :  llowering  stems  nearly  naked  and  scape-like,  an  inch  or 
two  high  :  heads  much  smaller :  rays  narrower,  barely  3  hues  long,  purple. 

Sierra  Nevada  :  Mount  Stanford  and  Sierra  Valley  {Bulander,  Kellogg,  Lemmon)  ;  and  ia 
Neva^la,  Cedar  Hill  and  on  Mount  Davidson  (/lloomer),  and  West  Humboldt  Mountains,  Watsuti. 
Var.  pyijmmum,  Ebbett's  and  Mono  I'ass,  alt.  !),600  to  10,750  feet,  Brewer. 

E.  Ai:(ii;NT..VTiiM,  (iray,  1.  c.,  whi.-li  S.  Wntson  collected  on  the  footdiilla  of  the  Tah-Ute 
Mountains  in  Nevada,  may  be  known  by  tiie  fine  silvery-silky  foliage,  soft-pubescent  several- 
nerved  akenes,  and  conspicuous  outer  pai)pus.  E.  canu.m,  Gray,  has  glabrous,  narrow,  several- 
ribbed  akenes. 

7.  E.  Bloomeri,  Gray.  Somewhat  hoary  with  minute  appressed  pubescence  : 
leafy  stems  short  and  tufted  on  the  thickish  rootstock  :  leaves  crowded,  Hliform- 
linear,  or  the  broadest  spatidate  linear  tapering  .into  a  filiform  petiole.,  1  or  2 
inches  long  :  flowering  stems  erect,  naked  and  scapedike  at  least  above  the  middle, 
a  span  higti,  bearing  a  solitary  head  :  involucre  somewhat  campanulate  (4  or  5  lines 
high),  vilfous  ;  the  scales  equal  :  rays  none  :  style-appendages  acute  :  akenes  minutely 
puljescent,  flat,  ol)long  linear,  and  with  only  marginal  nerves  (2  lines  long)  :  piq)i)us 
simple.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  540;  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  148. 

Sierra  Valley  (?)  BolandUr.  Virginia  and  Carson  City  (Bloomer,  Anderson),  and  W.  Nevada, 
Watson.     Allied  to  the  foregoing  ;  with  foliage  nearly  of  tlie  following. 

8.  E.  ochroleucum,  Nutt.  Minutely  somewhat  hoary  with  a  fine  appressed 
hirsute  pubescence,  or  glabrate  :  leaves  very  narrowly  linear  and  tapering  to  the 
base  or  nearly  filiform,  mostly  crowded  on  the  rootstocks,  one  or  two  inches  long, 
the  cauline  rather  few  and  scattered  :  flowering  stems  slender,  about  a  span  high, 
naked  at  summit,  bearing  solitary  or  rarely  2  or  3  heads  :  involucre  more  or  less 
hirsute  (barely  3  lines  high) ;  the  scales  rather  rigid  :  rays  30  or  40,  cream-color  or 
white  (2  or  3  lines  long)  :  akenes  minutely  pubescent,  2  -  3-nerved  :  pappus  plainly 
double,  the  outer  of  very  short  subulate  squaraelliB. 

Sierra  Nevada  near  Summit  ;  thence  eastward  and  northward  nearly  to  British  Columbia.  The 
forms  with  leafy  stems  approach  the  next. 


Erigeron.  COMPOSIT.E.  329 

■(-  -f-  -t-  Leaves  oitire  and  narrow,  numerous  all  along  the  hranchinrj  jlowering  stenix: 
akenes  in  all  "l-nerved  or  onli/  some  of  the  outermost  ^nerved. 

++  Leaves  all  filiform,  canescent. 

9.  E.  filifolium,  Nutt.  Hoary  Avitli  minute  appressed  pubescRnce  ;  stonis  a 
span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  from  a  somcwliat  woody  (lecumhont  base  or  brancliinfj 
rootstock,  slender,  usually  coryml)osely  branching  :  leaves  very  narrowly  linear  (an 
inch  or  two  long,  a  lino  or  much  less  in  width),  and  becoming  filiform,  the  upper- 
most reduced  to  miniito  subidate  bracts  :  invohicro  canescent  and  somewhat  hirsute, 
2  or  3  lines  high,  the  outer  scales  shorter:  rays  CO  to  80,  white  or  pink  (3  or 
4  lines  long) :  akenes  sparsely  and  minutely  hairy,  becoming  glabrous  :  pappus 
almost  simple;,  the  short  outer  bristles  indistinct.  —  Diplopappus  filifolius,  Hook. 
Chrysopsis  canescens,  DC. 

Phimas  Co.  {Lcmmon)  ;  near  Carson  City  {Anderson),  thence  northward,  rather  common  in 
the  interior  districts  to  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

++  ++  Leaves  fl,at,  from  narroivly  linear  to  lanceolate. 

=   Pappus  simple  or  the  outer  of  fine  and  short  bristles :  heads  (except  in  the  last) 
corymbose  at  the  summit  of  the  very  leafy  stern :  rays  in  a  single  series. 

10.  E.  Breweri,  Gray.  Somewhat  hoary  with  fine  and  short  scabrous-hirsute 
pubescence  :  stems  ascending  or  erect  from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock,  a  span  to  a 
foot  high,  slender,  leafy  to  the  summit,  bearing  solitary  or  few  corymbose  heads  : 
leaves  short  (half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long),  linear-spatulato  or  narrowly  ol>lance- 
olate  :  involucre  glabrous  (2  or  3  lines  high) ;  its  scales  glabrous,  unequal,  the  outer 
successively  shorter:  rays  only  about  If)  (remarkably  few  for  an  Erigcrnn),  violet, 
narrow  :  pappus  nearly  simple,  the  outer  set  of  bristles  if  present  very  short  and 
inconspicuous. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  541. 

Woods  of  tlie  SieiTa  Nevada,  Mariposa  Co.,  at  4,000  to  6,000  feet,  Brewer,  Torreij,  Gray. 
Above  Carson  City,  Nevada,  Avdcrson.  This  might  as  well  be  ranked  as  an  Asler,  of  the 
Orthomcris  section,  except  for  the  style-appendages  and  an  obvious  relationship  to  some  of 
t"he  following  species. 

11.  E.  corymbosum,  Nutt.  Scabrous-hirsute  and  somewhat  hoary  with  short 
spreading  pubescence  :  stems  clustered,  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  corym- 
bose nt  the  summit,  bearing  several  pedunculate  heads:  leaves  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolnte,  acute,  tapering  to  the  base,  about  2  indues  long:  involucre  canescentiy 
hirsute  (2  or  3  lines  high),  formed  of  nearly  equal  scales :  rays  30  or  40,  violet  or 
purple,  slender  :  the  short  bristles  of  the  outer  pappus  rather  manifest.  —  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  ii.  178. 

Eastern  slope  of  Providence  Mountains,  Dr.  Cooper.  Incomplete  specimens,  perhaps  not  of 
this  species,  which  holongs  much  further  north,  in  the  interior  of  Oregon,  kc,  hut  mny  he 
expected  along  the  noitheastern  borders  of  the  Stat*.  The  lioary  pulwscence  principally,  and 
probably  insumciently,  distinguishes  this  from  E.  dcctimbeiui,  Nutt.,  of  Oregon,  which,  in  turn, 
nearly  approaches  the  next. 

12.  E.  foliosum,  Nutt.  Sparsely  and  minutely  scabrous-hirsute,  or  nearly  gla- 
brous :  stems  erect  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  one  or  two  feet  high,  coryrabosely 
branched  above,  bearing  several  short-peduncled  heads  :  leaves  numerous  to  the 
summit,  either  broadly  or  narrowly  linear,  obtuse  (from  an  inch  to  at  most  2  inches 
long,  and  from  2  lines  to  half  a  line  wide),  the  lowest  sometimes  spatulatc  :  invo- 
lucre varying  from  minutely  hirsute  to  glabrous  (3  lines  high),  the  narrow  scales 
unequal  :  rays  30  or  40,  narrow,  purple-blue  or  white  (sonietimes  none)  :  short 
bristles  of  the  outer  pappus  present,  but  inconspicuous.  —  Nu(t.  in  Trans.  Am.  I''hil. 
Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  309,  &  PI.  Gamb.  177.  J'J.  Dnuglasii,  Torr.  k  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  177. 
Diplopappus  (V)  occidentalis,  Hook.  A'  Arn.  —A  broader-leaved  form  with  conspicu- 
ous purple  rays  is  the  type  of  this  polymorphous  species.  The  extreme  fornis  to  be 
noted  as  varieties  are 


330 


COMPOSIT^ii).  Engeroii. 


Var.  stenophyllum,  Oniy.  Leaves  a  lino  or  less  in  width,  sometimes  becoiuiiis 
ulmust  lililuiiii.-  A'.  skiwi>li'i/llain,  Niilt.  PI.  (iiuub.  17G,  not  of  (Jmy  in  Tacil".  K. 

Ki^l).  iv.  UH.  ,       ,. 

Vivr.  inornatum,  <!niy.  Loaves  vavyinjf  from  spatulate-lmear  and  A  ur  J  luii's 
wide  to  very  narrowly  linear;  involncre  ^dabrous  :  rays  none. 

Open  woods,  &c.,  from  HuiaboKlt  uiul  Neviula  to  San  Diego  Counties,  both  tlie  broader  and 
the  narrow-lea vt!d  I'ornis.  Var.  inornatum,  which  may  prove  distinct,  Mendocino  Co.,  Kellogg 
and  Harford,  in  several  forms;  Upper  Sacraii>cnto  (Newberi-y,  "A".  JJoiujlasii,  var.");  near 
Uonner  Lake  {Torrcij),  and  Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon,  &c.  If  this  species,  through  its  longer- 
leaved  forms,  should  be  found  to  pass  into  E.  decumbens,  Nutt.,  of  Oregon,  it  will  still  be  most 
l)roper  to  preserve  the  name  q{  E.  foHosum,  of  the  sanro  age  as  the  other,  although  Nuttall  lirst 
described  it  from  an  imperlect  si>ecimen,  and  not  very  correctly  as  to  the  akene  ;  but  he  re-identi- 
fied it  in  his  pai)er  on  Dr.  (iambel's  collection. 

Kellogg  and  Harford's  No.  31)8  is  a  remarkable  dwarf  form,  apparently  of  the  var.  inonialum, 
approachmg  E.  sujifilcx :  the  involucre  is  minutely  glandular,  as  also  is  tho  minute  roughi.sh 
punescencc  on  the  branches  and  leaves. 

13.  E.  Bupplex,  Gray.  Villuns-liirsute  ;  stems  a  span  or  two  long  from  slender 
rootstocks,  decumbent,  mo.stly  simple,  terminated  by  a  solitary  and  peduncled  head  : 
leaves  spatulate-lanceolatu,  mostly  acuto  (about  an  inch  long  and  2  lines  wide),  the 
uppermost  becoming  linear :  involucre  villous  (about  4  lines  high),  the  scales  nearly 
equal  and  loose:  rays  wholly  wanting:  pappus  nearly  simple.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  353. 

Humboldt  and  Mendocino  Counties,  Bolundcr,  Kellogg.  Collected  by  Mr.  Andrews  several 
years  ago,  station  unknown. 

=  =  Pappus  conspicuously  double,  the  07iter  manifestly  chaffy :  rays  very  numerous 
or  none.     {Hoot  perhaps  not  perennial.) 

U.  E.  concinnum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Very  hirsute  or  hispid  with  long  spreading 
hairs :  stems  tufted,  a  span  or  more  high,  commonly  branching,  more  or  less  leafy  : 
leaves  spatulate-linear  or  the  radical  ones  spatulate  :  involucre  hirsute  (about  2  lines 
high),  its  scales  nearly  ec^ual  :  rays  narrow,  purple  or  white,  4  or  5  lines  long, 
or  in  tho 

Var.  aphanactis,  Gray  ;  the  rays  wanting  or  reduced  to  an  abortive  ligule 
shorter  than  its  style.  —  Proc.  Ajn.  Acad.  vi.  540. 

Sierra  Nevada  on  the  eastern  slope  in  Nevada  (^nc?c?so?i,  Torrcy),  near  to  and  doubtless  within 
the  State  line  ;  only  the  rayless  form  :  thence  eastward  throughout  the  interior  region.  In  both 
forms  the  outer  pappus  is  sometimes  of  narrow  and  acute,  sometunes  ol  decidedly  broad  and 
erose  or  truncate  chaffy  scales.  If  not  perennial-rooted  the  species  should  be  placed  .ne.\t  to 
E.  divergcns. 

.^+ ^+ ^^  Leaves  broader  {from  lanceolate  to  obovale),   in   one  sj)ecies  serrate:  rays 
extremely  numerous  :  outer  pappus  indistinct  if  any. 

15.  E.  speciosum,  DC.  Sparsely  hirsute  or  almost  glabrous  :  stem  stout,  erect, 
1  to  2i  feet  high,  furrowed,  branching  above,  very  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing 
several  or  numerous  corymbose  heads:  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
entire,  bright  green,  hirsutely  ciliate  {\\  to  4  inches  long),  closely  sessile  or  i)artly 
clasping  ;  the  radical  ones  spatulate  anif  tapering  into  a  petiole  :  heads  rather  large  : 
scales  Zi  the  involucre  .sparsely  hirsute,  very  narrowly  subulate  :  rays  very  narn.w 
and  mnnerous,  violet-purple.  —  Stenactis  speciosa,  Limll.  Bot.  Peg.  t.  1577  ;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  3G07. 

"California,  Douglas"  ;  but  it  lias  not  since  been  oolleiled  in  the  State  ;  yet  probably  it 
occurs  in  the  northern  districts,  as  it  is  common  throughout  the  moister  parts  ol  Oregon  and 
Washington  Territory,  whence  it  was  long  ago  introduced  into  gardens  Heads  showy,  tully  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  including  the  rays,  which  are  halt  an  uich  long. 

16.  E.  glaucum,  Kor.  Hirsute  or  villous  with  spreading  hairs  :  stems  ascen.l- 
ing,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  leafy  below,  bearing  solitary  or  few  very  large  heails  : 


Eriyeron.  COMrOSIT^..  331 

leaves  somewhat  succulent,  glabrate  with  age,  1  to  4  inches  long,  all  broad  and 
obtuse,  obovate  or  spatulate-oblong,  entire  ;  the  lowest  and  radical  ones  narrowed 
below  into  a  margined  petiole,  and  rarely  with  a  few  tectli  :  involucre  villous  and 
somewhat  viscid  :  rays  not  very  narrow,  violet.  —  Axler  Ca/i/oniiats,  Less.  Stetiadis 
glauca,  Necs.  Woodvillea  calendidacea,  DC.  Erifjeron  maritimum,  and  i)rol)ably 
E.  hispidum,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Sea-shore,  from  Monterey  to  Oregon  ;  flowering  at  almost  all  seasons.  Head  2  inches  in  diam- 
eter, including  the  rays,     the  namo  inappropriate,  as  the  herbage  is  seldom  at  all  glaucous. 

17.  E.  Philadelphlcum,  liinn.  I'tiboscent  or  rather  hirsute  :  Htenis  erect  from 
a  perhai)s  biennial  root,  1  to  3  foot  high,  leafy  to  the  summit,  hearing  several  or 
numerous  corymbose  rather  small  heads  :  leaves  oblong,  or  the  upper  oblong-lan- 
ceolate and  partly  clasping  at  base  ;  the  lowest  obovate  or  s[)atulate  ;  all  njore  or 
less  irregularly  toothed,  occasionally  nearly  entire  :  involucre  minutely  appressed- 
hirsute  :  rays  very  narrow  and  numerous,  llcsh-colorcd  or  reddish-i)urplc  :  pajipus 
simple.  —  E.  jmrpnreum,,  Ait. 

Moist  open  grounds,  aj)parently  not  rare  through  the  le!)gth  of  California  and  in  Oregon  ;  com- 
mon in  the  Atlantic  States.     Heads  less  than  an  nich  in  "diameter,  including  the  slender  rays. 

§  2.  Annuals  or  sometimes  biennials,  with  small  or  rather  small  heads  and  conspicuous 
rays:  pappxis  plainly  double;  the  outer  a  crown  or  circle  of  chaffy  squamellte 
rather  than  bristles,  hardly  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  akene  and  persistent  ; 
the  inner  of  the  ordinary  slender  bristles,  but  scanty,  and  deciduous  or  cadu- 
cous. —  Phalacroloma,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
«    Branched  from  the  base  arid  spreading  :  pappus  alike  in  ray  and  disk  ffowers. 

18.  E.  divergens,  Torr.  i^:  Gray,  lloary-pubesoent,  diffuse,  a  span  to  a  foot  or 
80  high,  corymbosely  l)ranching  ;  tlio  branches  terminated  by  solitary  ])cduncled 
heads  :  leaves  linear,  the  lowest  spatulato  and  sometimes  sparingly  toothed  or 
incised  :  involucre  hirsute  (about  two  lines  higli)  :  rays  very  numerous  and  slender, 
pale  purple  and  white,  or  sometimes  bright  blue-purph%  3  lines  long :  receptacle 
commonly  very  convex.  —  E.  Bellidiastrnm,  Gray  in  Hall,  Oregon  Coll.  ;  Eaton  in 
Bot.  King  Exp.  150,  not  of  Nutt.  (which  has  simple  very  deciduous  pappus,  broad 
white  top  to  the  akene,  very  flat  receptacle,  and  is  ujiknowu  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains). 

•  Sierra  Valley  (Lcnmon,  with  bright-colored  rays)  :  common  in  Oi-cgon  and  Nevada,  probably 
in  all  adjacent  parts  of  California  ;  extending  to  Nebraska  and  New  Mexico.  Near  Tort  Mohave, 
Dr.  Cooper;  a  form  like  E.  cincrcum,  Cray,  whicli  is  apparently  a  low  variety,  with  less  convex 
receptacle.    ' 

*  *  Stem  erect,  2  to  ^^  feet  high,  branching  only  above :  heada  numerous,  loosely  corym- 
bose, comparatively  small :  ray-flowers  having  only  the  short  outer  pappus,  th^  slender 
bristles  ivanting,  and  in  the  diRk-flowers  very  deciduous :  rays  white. 

19.  E.  Strigosum,  Muhl.  Slender,  2  to  4  feet  high,  roughisb  or  somewhat 
grayish  with  a  very  short  appressed  pubescence :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  or  the  lower 
spatulato  and  sometimes  toothed  :  lieads  loosely  corymbed  :  rays  2  or  3  lines  long. 

Plumas  Co.  (Lcmmon)  to  Oregon  ;  a  form  with  coarser  and  looser  hairiiuws  than  the  eastern 
plant,  approaching  E.  annmcm. 

E.  ANNUUM,  Pers.,  differs  from  this  in  being  larger  (3  to  5  feet  high),  hirsute  with  spreading 
hairs,  and  the  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  lower  leaves  coarsely  toothed  or  cut.  It  is  a  weed  of  cul- 
tivated grounds,  originally  from  the  Atlantic  States,  now  dispersed  over  the  northern  tennM-rate 
regions,  and  probably  has  reached  or  will  reach  California. 

§  3.  Anmials,  with  very  numerous  small  (not  over  2  linrx  long)  and  narrow  heads  in 
a  panicle  :  rays  inconspicuous  or  minute  (whitish),  hardly  exceeding  the  pale 
xje.llow  or  whitish  disk-flowers  :  pappus  simple.  —  C/ENOTUS. 

20.  E.  Canadense,  Linn.  (Horseweed.)  A  homely  weed,  with  slender  strictly 
erect   st^.ra,   from   a  few   inches  to   4  or  5   feet   high,  nearly  glabi-ous  or  sparsely 


332  U(.)M  rOSlT  Ji  Conyza. 

hirsute,  thickly  beset  witli  linear  entire  leaves,  or  those  at  the  base  broader  and  cut- 
lobed  :  leaiy  panicle  generally  long  and  narrow  :  pappus  simple. 

Wiuitc  and  culliviUfil  LNouiKis,  everywhere  having  tlio  aspect  of  na  introduced  weed,  common 
uhuobt  nil  over  tlio  worUl. 

24.   CONYZA,  Linn. 

Heads  many -flowered,  heterogamous,  but  not  radiate ;  the  pistillate  flowers  in 
many  series  and  more  numerous  than  the  fertile  ones,  with  only  a  filiform  truncate 
corolla  shorter  than  the  style ;  the  few  central  flowers  tubular  and  perfect,  or  some 
of  them  infertile.  Involucre  of  narrow  numerous  scales,  lieceptacle  flat  or  convex, 
naked.  8tyle-api>endages  siiort.  Akenes  small,  flattened,  visually  nerved  only  on 
the  margins.  l'ai)[)us  as  in  Erujtroii,  in  ours  of  simple  scanty  caj)illary  bristles.  — 
Mostly  tropical  or  subtropical  weeds,  with  alternate  toothed  or  lobed  leaves,  and 
small  corymbose  or  i)anicled  heads  of  whitish  or  yellowish  flowers. 

1.  C.  Coulteri,  Gray.  Annual  (]),  somewhat  viscidly  pubescent,  one  or  two  feet 
high,  very  leaiy  to  the  top  :  leaves  closely  sessile,  linear-oblong  or  the  lower  spatu- 
late,  coarsely  toothed  or  incisely  pinnatitid,  a])out  an  inch  long :  panicle  narrow, 
virgate  :  heads  very  numerous,  small,  barely  2  lines  long  :  involucre  hairy  :  central 
perfect  flowers  5  to  7. — Troc.  Am.  A(^ad.  vii.  iifif).  C.  suhdeairrem,  (Jray,  I'l. 
Fendl.  itc.,  not  of  DC.     JCrigenm  discoidta,  KeUogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  .OS. 

S.  E.  borders  of  the  State  {Coulter,  Cooper)  ;  on  tlie  Saii  Joaquin  {Kellogcj) ;  and  through  Ari- 
zona to  Colorado  and  Texas.     A  homely  weed. 

25.  BACCHARIS,  Liniu 

Heads  many-flowereil,  homogamons,  diuicious ;  in  the  sterile  plant  the  flowers 
seemingly  perfect  as  to  style  &c.,  but  with  abortive  ovary ;  in  the  fertile  pistillate 
only.  Involucre  of  dry  imbricated  scales,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips,  the  exterior 
successively  shorter.  Ifeceptacle  commonly  flat  and  naked.  Corolla  of  the  fertile 
flowers  small  and  filiform,  truncate,  wholly  destitute  of  ligule,  shorter  than  the 
style  :  in  the  sterile  flowers  tubular  with  a  somewhat  expanded  5-cleft  limb  :  the 
style  usually  2-cleft  at  summit,  sometimes  undivided.  Akenes  small,  several-ribbed. 
Pappus  in  the  fertile  flowers  of  copious  mostly  soft  and  fine  capillary  bristles  ;  in 
the  sterile  commonly  less  coi)ious  or  less  elongated,  often  tortuous  and  move  den- 
ticulate. —  Shrubby  or  sometimes  herbaceous  plants,  ours  all  glabrous,  often  gluti- 
nous, with  alternate  leaves  and  small  mostly  clustered  heads  of  white  or  yellowish 
inconspicuous  flowers. 

A  very  large  genus  in  South  America,  a  few  reaching  tlie  United  States  throughout  its  southern 
borders,  and  extending  noithward  along  either  coast. 

«  Leaves  broad,  short  and  obtuse,  commonly  few-toothed :  heads  panicidate-glumerate 
on  the  very  numerous  branches  :  paj>j)us  in  the  fertile  flowers  at  lenyth  much  exceeding 
the  involucre. 

1.  B.  pilularis,  DC.  Shrub  |  to  4  feet  high,  glutinous  :  leaves  sessile,  obovato 
or  cuneiform,  about  an  inch  long,  coarsely  or  sinuately  few-toothed,  or  occasionally 
entire  :  heads  2  or  3  or  more  in  a  cluster  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  globu- 
lar, 2  or  3  lines  long,  the  fertile  pappus  becoming  4  or  5  lines  long.  —  B.  pilularis 
&  £.  consanguinea,  DC. 

Common  in  sandy  soil  along  the  whole  length  of  tlie  coast,  and  reacliing  Oregon  ;  flowering  in 
autumn.  De  Candolle's  speeilic  name  may  relate  to  the  sixe  nntl  form  of  the  lloweiing  heads,  or  to 
small  globular  excrescences,  probably  galls,  which  often  occur  on  some  branchlets. 


Jiaccharis.  COMrOSIT.K.  333 

*  *  Leaves  long  and  Vftrr'ow,  acute,  sharp!)/  serrnlate  or  entire  :  hendu  in  a  nnhd  rom- 
poitvd  co7ym/)  or  c'/me  terminating  the  hcrhareom  striate  Jharrrinij  liranrhrs:  bristles 
of  the  pappus  in  fertile  Jlowers  less  copious  (20  to  .'}())  and  little  elongating. 

2.  B.  Douglasii,  DC.  Slimbby  at  base,  glutinous  :  leaves  lanccolato  and  very 
acute,  or  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate  (3  or  4  inches  long)  and  sharply  more  or  less 
serrulate,  triple-ribbed,  the  uppermost  smaller  and  narrow  :  heads  numerous  in  a 
terminal  compound  corymb  :  scales  of  the  involucre  in  the  sterile  heads  broadly,  in 
the  fertile  narrowly  lanceolatedinear,  the  scarious  margins  erose-ciliate  :  receptacle 
conical!  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  259,  excl.  syn.  Nutt.  &c. 

Sandy  soil  and  borders  of  swamps,  San  Fiancisco  to  I^os  Angeles.  The  flowering  branches  are 
herbaceous.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  in  the  fertile  flowers  denticulate-scabrous. 

3.  B.  viminea,  DC.  IMore  shrubby,  hardly  glutinous,  paniculately  branched  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate  (one  to  barely 
three  inches  long),  in<listiuctly  3-nerve(l  :  heads  (3  lines  high)  rather  numerous  in 
terminal  corymbs  and  somewhat  racemose  clusters  on  short  lateral  branches  :  scales 
of  the  involucre  very  thin,  broadly  lanceolate  or  the  outer  ones  triangular-ovate, 
"with  scarious  margins  eroso  and  mostly  villous-ciliate  :  receptacle  flat  (as  in  most 
species) :  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  of  smooth  bristles. 

Border  of  streams,  Nana  Co.  to  I.os  Angelos.  A  willow-like  shrub  :  foliage  eaten  readily  by 
horses  and  mules.     This  has  been  confounded  sometimes  with  B.  Dowjlisii  in  collections. 

4.  B.  glutinosa,  Pers.  SufTruticose,  less  branched  than  the  last :  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  linear-lanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  3-nervcd  from  near  the  base  :  heads 
numerous  in  a  terminal  compound  corymb,  rather  smaller  than  in  the  last :  the 
Bcalos  of  the  iiivolucro  similar  but  of  llrmnr  and  more  cliartacoons  texture  :  bristles 
of  the  pappus  scabrous-denticulate.  —  Ji.  Pingra'a,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Amcr.  Phil.  Soc, 
not  of  Molina.     B.  ccerulescens,  var..  Gray  in  Bot.  ]\Ie.x.  Bound.  83. 

San  Diego,  Nuitall.  Los  Angeles,  Wallace.  We  cannot  now  ascertain  whether  this  is 
Hooker  and  Aniott's  B.  glufi.nosa,  but  it  appears  to  be  the  Chilian  species,  and  B.  Alainani,  DC, 
of  Mexico,  seems  hardly  different. 

5.  B.  Ccerulescens,  DC.  SufTrutico.se,  2  to  8  feet  high,  scarcely  glutinous  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  3  or  4  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  l)oth  ends,  sharply  and 
rather  remotely  serrate  or  serrulate,  3-nerved  from  near  the  base  :  heads  very  numer- 
ous in  a  compound  terminal  corymb,  small  :  involucre  only  2  lines  high ;  the  scales 
chartaceous,  lanceolate  or  the  outermost  ovate-lanceolate,  with  very  narrow  and 
nearly  naked  scarious  margins  :  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  of  scabrous  bristles. 

San  Diego  and  San  Luis  Rey  (Parry),  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper,  Sdwtl),  and  through  Arizona  to 
Texas  and  Mexico. 

»   *   *   Leaves  small  and  narrow,  obtuse,  or  tlie  paniculatebj  miich-lrranched  stems  and 
slender  rush-like  striate-a.ngled  branchlets  nearly  naked. 

G.  B.  Emoryi,  Gray.  Suffruticoso  :  leaves  linear,  scattered,  half  an  inch  or  less 
than  an  imdi  long,  entire  :  heads  solitary  t(>rminating  th((  ])aniculnto  branchleU  : 
involucre  of  the  sterile  heads  2,  of  th(^  feitile  3  lin(>s  high  ;  the  scales  subctu'iaccous, 
obtuse,  the  outer  ovate,  innermost  linear  :  pappus  of  the  fertile  (lowers  line  and  copi- 
ous, attaining  half  an  inch  in  length  :  akenes  lO-striate.  —  Bot.  Mc.k.  Bound.  83. 

San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino  counties,  and  in  Arizona. 

7.  B.  sergiloides,  Gray,  1.  c.  SufTruticose  :  flowering  branches  often  leafless  : 
leaves  spatulate  or  almost  linear,  a  third  or  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  or 
reduceil  to  mere  scales,  mucronate,  entire  :  heads  numerous  and  panided,  the  sterile 
ones  nvK'^tly  clustered  :  involucre  of  the  sterile  heads  1  i.  of  the  fertile  2  lines  high  ; 
the  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  or  the  innermost  linear,  rather  acute  :  jiappus  of  the 
fertile  flowers  less  copious  and  little  exceeding  the  involucre  :  akenes  fcw-nerveil. 

Southeastern  borders  of  California,  Bigelow,  Dr.  Lc  Conic,  Palmer.     Also  in  Arizona. 


^34:  COMrurilT.K.  I'lmMea. 


Triuj.:  IV.     INIIl.OIDErE. 

Heads  heterogaiuous  with  tlic  inargiiial  or  outer  flowers  pistillate  (in  the  true 
Inuleoe  radiate  in  the  manner  of  Asttroide(e,  but  there  are  none  of  these  in  Cali- 
fornia), or  in  our  genera  discoid,  with  wholly  tubular  corollas,  but  those  of  pistil- 
late flowers  mostly  liliform  or  very  slender,  rarely  homoganious  and  more  or  less 
dioecious.  Anthers  appendagcd  at  the  apex,  sagittate  and  the  auricles  acuminate  or 
tailed  (rarely  only  acute)  at  base.  Branches  of  the  style  in  perfect  flowers  margined 
with  stigniatic  lines  up  to  the  very  apex,  not  tipped  with  an  appendage  :  sterile 
flowers  comuionly  with  undividtul  style.  Akones  small,  excejjt  in  Adenocauluu. 
Leaves  alternate,  except  in  Psilocarphas.     JHowers  in  the  head  all  of  one  color. 

26.   PLUCHEA,  Cass. 

Head  discoid,  many-flowered,  most  of  the  flowers  pistillate  and  with  minutely 
2-4-toothed  corolla,  a  few  hermaphrodite  but  sterile  flowers  in  the  centre  with  a 
tubular  5-lobed  corolla.  Scales  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated,  thin  and  dry 
(purplish),  appressed,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Stylo  of  the 
hermaphrodite  flowers  minutely  2-toothed  or  undivided.  Akenes  small,  4  -  5-an- 
gled.  Pappus  uniform,  a  single  series  of  fine  capillary  bristles.  —  Mostly  glandular- 
pubescent,  with  aromatic  or  heavy  odor ;  the  small  heads  in  corymbose  cymes,  the 
flowei-s  whitish  or  purple. 

1.  P.  camphorata,  PC.  Annual  herb,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  minute  some- 
what viscid  pubescence  :  leaves  oblong-ovate  varying  to  broadly  lanceolate,  irregu- 
larly more  or  less  toothed,  nearly  sessile,  somewhat  succulent :  cyme  corymbose, 
<l(>nso  :  involucre  tinged  with  purj)lo,  minutely  viscid-pubescent.  —  Torr.it  (^ray, 
¥\.  ii.  2GI. 

Salt  marshes,  Bay  of  San  Francisco  {Pickering  ami  Brackenridge,  Bohindcr) ;  San  Diego,  Palmer. 
Nevada  and  Arizona  ;  also  eastward  along  the  whole  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States. 

27.  TESSARIA,  Kuiz  &  Pavon. 

Head  and  flowers  like  those  of  Pluchea ;  but  scales  of  the  involucre  of  firm  tex- 
ture ;  the  outer  even  coriaceous,  broad  and  short,  the  innermost  narrow  and  some- 
what scarious.  Pappus  of  the  central  flowers  (in  our  species)  of  flrmer  bristles  with 
abruptly  dilated  tips.  —  Silky  canescent  shrubby  plants,  with  cymoso  or  corymbose 
rather  small  heads  of  purplish  flowers  :  all  Western  South  American,  excejit  the  fol- 
lowing. 

1.  T.  borealis,  Torr.  &,  Gray.  Shrub,  with  virgato  branches,  very  leafy  to  thti 
top :  leaves  lanceolate^  very  acute,  entire,  sessile,  silvery-canescent :  heads  in  a  small 
sessile  cluster  terminating  the  branches:  involucre  broaiUy  campanulate  ;  its  outer 
scales  tomentose  and  ovale,  the  inner  linear  and  scarious-flmbriate  at  the  tip  :  recep- 
tacle not  hairy  :  hermaphrodite  flowers  G  to  8  :  the  bristles  of  their  pappus  niore 
rigid  and  with  conspicuously  enlarged  tijis.  —  ]joory.  Rep.  143;  PI.  Fendl.  &,  PI. 
"Wright.;  Sitgreaves,  Rep.  t.  5.     Poiypajijms  sericeus,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb. 

Sandy  borders  of  streams,  from  Vctntina  Co.  (Uothruck)  and  southeastward  (Coulter,  Palmer) 
through  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  Called  Cuc/dmillu  by  the  Alexicans,  Arrowwood  by  trav- 
ellers. 


Micropus.  COMPOSITyE. 


:J35 


28.  ADENOCAULON,  Hook. 
Head  discoid;  the  4  to  7  marginal  flowers  pistillate;  the  5  or  8  central  ones 
sterile  by  the  abortion  of  the  ovary  and  stigma;  both  kinds  M'ith  nearly  similar  open- 
funnelform  4  -  5-Iobcd  corolla.  Involucre  of  5  ovate  herbaceous  scales  in  a  single 
series,  relloxed  in  fruit.  lieceptacle  Hat,  naked.  Anthers  sagittate  at  base,  not 
tailed.  Akenes  oblong-club  shaped,  large,  several  times  longer  than  the  small  in- 
volucre, obscurely  fow-ribbed,  toward  the  summit  beset  with  stipitate  glands.  Pap- 
pus none.  —  Herbs  with  slender  paniculately  brniiching  stems,  altornQto  and  cordftto 
or  reniform  thin  leaves,  which  beneath  are  clothed  with  lloccose  white  wool  (as  well 
as  the  stem),  at  least  when  young,  long  margined  or  winged  petioles,  and  very  small 

paniculate  heads  of  whitish  flowers  ;   the  pedimcles  beset  with  viscid  glands. 

Hook.  P.ot.  :Misc.  i.  119,  t.  15,  &  Fl.  i.  308;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  94;  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  053. 

1.  A.  bicolor,  Hook.  Peronnial,  one  to  three  feet  high  :  leaves  mostly  dcltoid- 
cor<lato  and  more  or  less  angulate-lobed,  very  white-woolly  beneath,  green  and  early 
glabrous  above,  2  to  4  inches  wide  :  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  especially  the  long 
and  slender  peduncles  beset  with  stalked  glands  :  akenes  a  third  of  an  inch  long  or 
even  more. 

Redwooils,  from  Santa  Cruz  Co.,  also  in  the  higli  Sierra  Nevada,  nortli  to  IJritisb  Columbia, 
thence  east  to  Lake  Superior.  Leaves  rarely  somewhat  lyrate  hy  a  pair  of  small  basal  lobes. 
There  are  one  or  perhai)s  two  nearly  related  species  in  Japan,  MamUhuria,  and  the  Himalayas, 
and  two  in  Chili.  _  •'    ' 

29.  MICROPUS,  Linn. 
Head  discoid,  several-flowered;  the  pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  corolla  forming 
a  single  series,  each  wholly  enclosed  (except  the  branches  of  the  style)  in  a  con- 
duplicately  infolded  and  laterally  much  compressed  very  gibbous  chafl"  or  scale,  which 
becomes  firm-coriaceous  or  cartilaginous  in  fruit,  and  falls  at  maturity  with  the  com- 
l)letely  enclosed  akene,  inclined  at  length  to  dehisce  into  two  valves  :  the  herma- 
phrodite but  storilo  flowora,  with  4-r)-toothe(l  tubular  corolla,  few  and  naked  in 
tho  centre.  Involucro  of  few  scarioua  Bcalos.  lJoco])taclo  small  and  HJiort.  Akene 
obovato  and  gibbous,  laterally  compressed,  smooth,  its  apex  (bearing  tho  corolla  and 
style)  lateral.  Pappus  none.  —  Low  floccose-woolly  annuals  ;  with  entire  leaves, 
and  the  small  heads  in  sessile  clusters.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  297  (excl.  §  3 
&  §  4)  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  651. 

The  genus  belongs  to  the  warm -temperate  region  of  the  Old  World,  excepting  the  following 
outlying  but  evidently  indigenous  species. 

1.  M.  Californicus,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Slendor,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  mostly 
erect,  simple  or  branched,  with  rather  close-pressed  Avhite  wool:  leaves  linear:  heads 
in  lateral  and  terminal  clusters  which  are  inclined  to  be  spicate  :  fructiferous  smles 
very  woolly,  under  the  avooI  smooth  and  even,  half-ohrordate,  and  with  a  subulate 
beak  terminating  in  a  somewhat  dilated  scarious  apex  :  embryo  nearly  straight. 
—  M.  {R/i>/nch(ifrpi.t)  nnf/nstifolivi^,  Nntt. 

Var.  SUbvestitUS,  Gray:  a  form  with  smaller  friictifcrotis  scales,  clothed  with 
much  less  wool  and  that  more  ai)presse(l,  so  that  the  shape  is  distinctly  seen:  but  it 
seems  to  pass  into  tho  ordinary  condition. 

Onen  grounds,  rommon  nearly  throughout  the  length  of  the  Slate,  cxtiMuling  to  the  islands 
off  Lower  California  ;  also  in  Oregon.  Tho  variety  from  Arroyo  Grande,  tlie  Contra  Costa 
range,  &c. 


o^^  CUiMPUSlT.E.  J'sUucaqjhus. 

30.   PSILOCARPHUS,  Nutt. 

Head  discoid,  inuiiy  llowcrcil ;  tiiu  pistilluto  lluwcrs  with  liliform  cuvullu,  imuicr- 
oua  (20  to  40,  mruly  10  to  12),  in  sevisrul  serioa  on  the  doproaaod-globular  rt'ciiittiiclo, 
ouch  looacly  uiicloacd  in  uii  obovuto  or  Buuii-obconluto  lioodud-aiiccutu  vuaicuiur  or 
iiilliiUid  chilli'  *•!'  in:a\v,  ('li)tli(id  with  aol't  wool,  (jC  iiioiiibntiiuccoua  tuxtiiic,  ita  a|i«x 
iiili'orao  and  luoio  or  Icks  beaked  with  a  hyahiiu  hcuIo  ;  thu  hcriuaphrodilu  but  Htoiihi 
Ihiwcra  linv  and  iiukcil  in  tho  ccntio,  witii  tubidar -1  -  0-toothud  corolla.  Hi.'alcH  ol' 
thu  iuvubiciu  lew  and  auiall,  Hiaiiuiis.  AUciio  idiluug  or  c)  lindiacoous  and  luodcr- 
aliily  coiupressed,  straight  (ita  small  areola  tenninal),  small  and  loose  in  the  sac  of 
tilt:  bcale,  wliich  In  inoiv.  or  ]e»*  ujm.-ij  dtnvii  the  iiiiicr  lace.  i'ii\)\tU6  none.  —  Low 
and  mostly  depressed  lloccose-woolly  annuals,  with  entire  leaves,  which  are  mainly 
opposite  !  Heads  small,  in  terminal  capitate  clusters  and  in  the  forks  of  the  branch- 
ing stems,  involucrate  by  the  upper  leaves. — Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  G52. 

Peculiar  to  Oregon  and  Ciiliforiiia,  and  one  or  two  species  in  Chili.  Oui-s  appear  to  be  redu- 
cible to  two,  bom  the  tirst  of  which  the  Chilian  F.  (jlobifcrus  dillerb,  perhaps  too  slightly,  in  ita 
broader  leaves  and  proportionally  wider  as  well  as  smaller  akenes. 

1.  P.  Oreganus,  Nutt.  Beset  with  loose  Avhito  wool,  especially  the  heads, 
becoming  dilluaely  branched,  mostly  forming  spreading  tufts  :  loaves  linear  t»r  the 
uppermost  narrowly  oblong  :  ukenes  cylindraceous  and  slightly  compressed,  about 
three  fourths  of  a  line  long.  —  F.  yluhiferus,  Nutt.  excl  syn. ;  a  loose  woolly  form. 
F.  brevissimus,  Nutt.  ;  dwarf-depauperate  state  of  the  same.  F.  Oreyanus,  Nutt.  ;  a 
state  with  the  white  woolliness  somewhat  appressed. 

Var.  elatior,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  the  most  remarkable  form,  probably  an  unusually 
luxuriant  condition,  a  span  high,  almost  erect,  with  leaves  nearly  an  inch  long,  and 
the  cluster  of  heads  large  in  proportion ;  as  yet  found  only  at  Portland,  Oregon. 

Santa  Barbara  to  Oregon  near  the  coast,  in  low  grounds  along  streams. 

2.  P.  tenellus,  Nutt.  Canescently  tomentose  with  finer  and  more  a])pressod 
wool,  which  soon  detaches  from  the  slender  or  liliform  dilfusely  very  much  branched 
stems,  forming  prostrate  tufts  a  span  or  two  in  diameter  :  lower  leaves  spatulate- 
linear  and  the  upper  spatulate  :  heads  smaller,  in  fruit  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter,  but 
the  fertile  flowers  fpiite  as  nunuuous  :  akenes  fusiform-oblong,  half  a  line  long. 

Low  grounds,  common  bom  Sun  Francisco,  &c.,  southward. 

3L  STYLOCLINE,  Nutt.,  char,  cvtcmlcd. 
Head  discoid,  many-Uowereil ;  the  pistillate  llowers  with  liliform  corolla,  several 
or  many  in  2  or  many  scries,  on  the  columnar  receptacle,  each  with  the  ovary  and 
akene  loosely  enclosed  in  the  base  or  body  of  an  ovate  broadly  boat-shaped  clialf  or 
scale  of  the  receptacle,  of  scarious  or  firmer  membranaceous  texture  ;  the  hermaphro- 
dite but  sterile  flowers  few  in  the  centre,  on  the  narrow  sumnnt  of  the  receptacle, 
involucrate  but  not  enclosed  by  4  or  5  merely  concave  scales  of  the  receptacle ; 
their  tubular  corollas  4-5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  hyaline  and  incon- 
8l)icuous,  or  hardly  any.  Akenes  obovate  or  oblong  with  a  narrow  base,  slightly 
oblique  or  straight ;  the  areola  terminal.  Pappus  none  to  the  akenes,  ci)mmonly 
a  few  caducous  scabrous  bristles  around  the  sterile  llowers.  —  Low  lioccose-woolly 
annuals,  Avith  entire  and  alternate  leaves  (in  the  manner  of  the  tribe),  and  small 
heads  in  glomerate  clusters.  In  affinity  intermeiUate  between  the  preceding  genera 
and  the  next :  Western  Nortli  American,  with  one  species  in  Alfghanistan.  — 
(.Iray,  1.  c.     Micrapus  §  3  &  §  4,  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c. 


I'Jvax.  COMI'USIT.K  ,S37 

§  1.  Feiiile  flowers  numerous;   (heir  chafl)/  siihtendiiKj  sca/rs  iinhricnfrd   in.  vuiny 

series  in  an  ovoid  head,  thin,  wholly  or  jiarthf  hi/aline,  those  next  the  sterile 

flowers  narrower  but  similar :  jmpjms  rommonli/  presott  to  the  sterile  floivers. 

—  EusTYLOCLiNE,  Gray.     [Stylocline,  Nutt.) 

1.  S.  gnaphalioides,  Nutt.  A  span  or  less  in  lioiglit,  loosely  wliito-woolly, 
diffusely  brancheil  :  leaves  broadly  linear  or  the  u]){)er  oblonjf,  obtuse  (barely  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  long)  :  fructiferous  scales  lightly  woolly  on  the  back,  broadly 
ovate,  a  firmer  central  portion  at  the  base  saccate  and  enclosing  the  akeno ;  the 
remainder  barely  concave  and  hyaline.  — Pacif.  K.  Koj).  iv.  101,  t.  13. 

Open  grounds,  from  tlie  Stanislaus  to  Monter<\v,  NuUa/l,  Andrews,  Uigr.low.  Seldom  collected  ; 
apparently  not  common. 

2.  S.  micropoides,  Mray.  Lower  :  leaves  linear  and  .somewhat  lanceolate, 
acute  :  fructiferous  scales  ovate,  with  the  whole  lower  jjortion  boat-shaped  and 
involving  the  akene,  very  woolly  on  the  back,  except  the  upper  expanded  hyaline 
]wrtion.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  84. 

Southeastern  borders  of  California  on  the  Colorado  River  {Ncicbcrry),  and  tlnough  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico. 

§  2.  Fi-rtile  flowers  5  to  10;  their  chaffy  scales  in  not  more  than  two  series,  boat- 
shaped  and  involving  the  akene,  of  firm  membranaceous  texture  and  with  a  small 
hyaline  tip,  as  in  Fsilocarphus  ;  the  5  uppermost  scales  sterile  and  larger, 
forming  an  involucre  round  the  sterile  flowers,  herbaceo-coriaceous,  open,  tapering 
into  a  rigid  incurved  hooked  cusp,  persistent  and  at  length  stellately  spreading. 

—  ANCiSTROOARrnus,  Gray. 

3.  S.  fllaginea,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  less  liigli,  slender,  erect,  canescent  with 
line  and  appresscd  wool :  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  somewhat  dilated  upward  :  invo- 
lucre outside  of  the  woolly  fructiferous  scales  obscure  or  none  :  pappus  to  sterile 
Howers  none.  — Ancistrocarphus  fllagineus.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  350. 

Mendocino  Co.,  at  Round  Valley,  Eel  River,  Bnlandrr.  Tliis  curious  little  plant  has  the 
aspect  of  Filarfo  Gallica  :  the  heads  are  inconspicuous  :  the  most  prominent  parts  when  developed 
are  the  rigid  sterile  scales  (about  2  lines  long)  with  their  hooked  tips,  adapted  to  attach  the 
small  plants,   at  maturity,   to  the  fleece  of. sheep  or  the  coat  of  cattle. 

32.     EVAX,  G.ertn.,  subgenus  HESrEREVAX,  Gray. 

Head  discoid,  many-flowered;  the  pistillate  flowers  with  fdiform  corolla  in  sev- 
eral series  on  a  convex  villous  and  centrally  elevated  columnar  receptacle,  each 
subtended  by  an  ovate  barely  concave  chartaceous  chaffy  scale  :  hermaphrodite  but 
sterile  flowers  several  (G  to  10)  on  the  upox  of  the  column  of  the  receptacle,  in- 
volucrate  by  a  whorl  of  3  to  5  thicker  chaffy  scales.  Scales  of  the  involucn> 
few  and  resembling  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle.  Akenes  obovate-oblong  with  a 
narrowed  base,  fltraiglit,  more  or  loHa  enn»profl.'=io(l  paraliiO  to  the  flubtending  chair, 
very  smooth.  I'appus  none.  —  G-ray,  in  Pacif.  K.  Pej).  iv.  101,  t.  11  ;  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  350,  &  viii.  G51. 

Evax  is  an  Old-World  genus,  to  which  is  appended  this  peculiar  Cnlifornian  tyjie,  apparently 
of  a  single  species. 

1.  E.  caulescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Loav  annual,  one  to  three  inches  high,  branching 
from  the  base,  densely  white-woolly  :  leaves  spatulate,  with  blade  a  (piarter  t^ 
nearly  an  inch  in  length,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole  :  heads  incimspicuous  in 
sessile  terminal  or  axillary  clusters,  or  solitary,  a  line  or  two  in  length  :  chaffv  scales 
of  the  receptacle  becoming  rigid,  those  surrounding  IIk!  sterile  flowers  thicker  and 
woolly  inside. — Fsilocarphus  caulescens,  Benth.  PI.  llartw.  319. 


;^,38  '  COxMP0SIT.E.  Filayo. 

Valleys  in  alluvial  or  gravelly  soil,  from  liiimlwldt  Co.  and  the  Sacramento  to  San  l-uis  Obispo. 
The  specimens  ilibtributeil  uniler  No.  415  of  Kellogg  and  llurfoid's  collection,  with  shorter  and 
smaller  leaves,  have  a  very  slender  column  to  the  receittaclo,  and  less  villosity.  Bolander's  I'rom 
Mendocino  Co.,  otherwise  similar,  have  a  shorter  and  thicker  cohunn,  and  nuieh  villosity  to 
the  roceptucle.     In  none  is  tlio  cohunn  so  thick  as  represented  on  the  plate  above  cited. 

83.  FILAGO,  Linn. 

Head  discoid,  the  pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  corolla  few  or  many  in  more  than 
one  series  on  the  obconical  or  short-columnar  but  flat-topped  receptacle,  each  in  the 
axil  of  a  concave  or  boat-shaped  hyaline  chalf  or  scale,  or  nearly  enclosed  in  it ;  the 
perfect  and  fertile  or  rarely  infertile  flowers  several  in  the  centre,  with  tubular  4-5- 
toothed  corollas.  Akenes  oblong,  almost  terete,  commonly  glandular  or  roughish- 
papillose.  Pappus  a  series  of  rather  copious  capillary  scabrous  bristles,  or  commonly 
none  to  the  outer  pistillate  flowers.  —  Mostly  erect  and  low  or  slender  lloccose- 
woolly  annuals,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  heads  in  capitate  lateral  and 
terminal  clusters  :  natives  of  the  Old  AVorld,  one  or  two  sparingly  naturalized  and 
two  indigenous  in  the  New. 

1.  F.  Californica,  Nutt.  Erect,  a  span  or  two  higli,  slender,  often  paniculately 
branched  :  leaves  linear  or  somewhat  spatulate,  about  halt'  an  inch  long  :  clusters  of 
ovoid  and  somewhat  angled  heads  axillary  and  terminal :  pistillate  flowers  8  to  10  : 
their  scales  broadly  ovate  and  deeply  boat-shaped,  very  woolly  outside,  almost  en- 
closing the  akene,  the  hyaline  tip  broad  and  very  obtuse  ;  inner  scales  narrowly 
oblong,  nearly  glabrous,  very  obtuse  :  ukenes  gland ular-roughish  :  pappus  none  to 
the  exterior  flowers.  —  F.  Californica  '&  F.  parvula,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Gnaphalium  (?) 
filaginoides,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  359. 

Open  ground,  common  through  the  western  part  oi"  the  State,  and  evidently  indigenous.  Most 
like  the  European  F.  arrcnuis. 

¥.  AiilzuNiCA,  (hay,  in  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  (552,  the  second  native  species,  collected  in  Ari- 
zona anil  Guadalupe  Island,  oil'  Lower  CaliConiia,  is  a  peculiar  small  species,  with  prolil'erous  lili- 
form  naked  branclies,  somewhat  resembling  i'.  spulhulata,  and  is  not  unlikely  to  occur  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State. 

34.  ANTENNARIA,  Gicrtn. 
Head  discoid,  diojcious,  niany-llowered ;  the  pistillate  with  filiform  truncate 
corollas  shorter  than  the  2-cleft  style ;  staminate  with  tubular  5-lobed  corollas  and 
style  with  undivided  truncate  apex.  Involucre  of  imbricated  scarious  persistent 
scales,  at  least  their  tips  white  or  colored.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked. 
Akenes  small,  nearly  terete  or  flattish,  mostly  glabrous.  Pappus  a  single  series  of 
capillary  bristles ;  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  very  slender,  connate  at  base  and  so 
falling  from  the  akene  in  a  body;  those  of  the  sterile  often  crisped,  mostly  thick- 
ened at  the  apex,  like  the  ant(!nnfo  of  some  insects  (whence  the  generic  name).  — 
Low  white-woolly  cespitosu  perennials,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  usually 
corymbose,  sometimes  solitary  small  heads ;  belonging  to  mountains  or  cold  regions, 
excepting  the  common  A.  plantatjimfuUa,  of  the  Atlantic  States,  which  also  extends 
■westward  and  northward  to  Oregon.  (The  common  Everlasting,  A.  margaritacta, 
is  now  included  in  the  next  genus.) 

A.  RACEMOSA,  Hook.,  of  Oregon,  &c.,  is  remarkable  for  little  wool,  loosely  racemose  or  panicu- 
late heads,  bristles  of  the  pappus  rather  less  united  at  base,  and  style  of  steiile  flowers  slightly 
2-lobgd  at  the  apex. 


Avfeinwrin.  COMPOSIT^E.  339 

§  I.  Bristles  of  (lie  pappns  of  the  sterile  flowers  hardly  at  all  thickened  hut  sparsely 
barbellate  at  the  summit ;  of  the  fertile  flowers  smooth  :  akene  oblonrj  linear, 
cinereous  with  a  minute  2nibescence,  consisting  of  short  bi-uncinate  hairs  ! 

1.  A.  dimorpha,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Depressed,  fonuing  close  matted  tufts  only  an 
inch  or  two  liigli  :  the  thickish  rootstocks  creeping  :  leaves  spatulate,  silky-woolly 
both  sides,  crowded  on  the  branches  of  the  rootst(.ick  :  heads  solitary  and  sessile, 
proportionally  large,  terminating  extremely  short  or  occasionally  more  developed  (one 
or  two  inches  long)  leafy  steins  :  scales  of  the  tur])inatc  involucre  mostly  glabrous, 
brownish  ;  those  of  the  sterile  head  ovate-lanceolate,  of  the  fertile  more  narrowly 
lanceolate  and  acuminate. 

On  tlie  Sierra  Nevada,  along  tlie  eastern  border  of  tlic  State  ;  tlicnce  nortliward  and  eastward 
to  and  rather  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains.  There  are  two  forms,  one  (var.  Nuttallii,  Eaton,  in 
Bot.  King  Exp.)  with  head  only  3  or  4  lines  long;  the  other  (var.  mncrocephiila,  Eaton)  with  large 
liead,  the  fertile  when  in  fruit  sometimes  as  much  as  9  lines  in  length.  On  the  Spi[>en  River, 
Washington  Terr.,  a  var.  {flagcllaris)  was  gathered  in  the  Wilkes  Expedition,  with  liliform  pro- 
liferous shoots  or  stolons. 

§  2.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  of  the  sterile  flowers  clavate  or  thickened  at  the  apex  : 
akene  shorter,  glabrous  or  minutely  papillose  :  heads  in  a  cluster  {or  occasion- 
ally solitary)  terminating  a  leafy  or  rarely  scapiform  jlowering  stem. 

*  Cespitose  by  means  of  surculose  or  stolon-like  leafy  sterile  shoots  from  tlie  base :  up- 

rigid  flowering  stem  simple. 

2.  A.  dioica,  Gaertn.  Eadical  shoots  forming  broad  matted  tufts  on  the  ground, 
bearing  rosettes  of  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  white  silvery-tomentose  leaves  :  flower- 
ing stems  2  to  10  inches  liigh,  bearing  mostly  linear  heaves  and  several  or  numerous 
beads  in  a  close  corymb  :  scales  of  the  involucre  with  obtuse  or  roundish  mostly 
pearly- white  but  often  rose-colored  tips,  of  rather  papery  texture  :  bristles  of  the 
pappus  of  the  sterile  flowers  abrujitly  dilated  into  a  broad  and  flat  tip. 

Sierra  Nevada  above  Yoseniitc  Valley,  and  northwanl.  Throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
tiiose  of  Nevada,  Oregon,  &c.,  usually  at  liigher  elevations  tlian  in  tlic  Old  World  :  collected  in 
the  Klamath  country  by  Dr.  Cronkhitc,  and  Sierra  Valley  by  Lcrmmm,  with  bright  rose-colored 
heads  :  doubtless  the  white  forms  not  wanting  in  the  northern  and  northeastern  parts  of  the 
State.  Dr.  Kellogg,  in  Proc.  (_'alif.  Acad.  v.  45,  has  described  this  a-s  a  flnnpluiJium  near  O. 
purpurcum,  viz.  G.  Ncvadensc,  Kellogg. 

3.  A.  alpina,  Grertn.  Radical  shoots  less  tufted  :  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  pro- 
ceding,  but  less  silvery  :  flowering  stems  an  inch  to  4  inches  high,  bearing  a  close 
cluster  of  few  heads,  or  sometimes  n  single  head  :  scales  of  the  involucre  livid-brown 
and  thin-scarious  (occasionally  the  innermost  with  white  or  whitish  tips),  acute  or 
acutish  in  the  fertile,  more  obtuse  in  the  sterile  heads  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  in 
the  latter  with  less  abrupt  and  broad  tips. 

Along  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  10,000  feet  or  more,  and  in  the  alpine  portion  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, extending  to  the  arctic  regions,  also  in  the  Old  World. 

*  *   Destitute  of  stolons  or  prostrate  sterile  shoots,  or  with  few  very  short  ascending  ones. 

+■  Stems  simple  and  virgate  from  a  rather  stout  rootstock,  the  naked  summit  bearing  a 
corymb  of  broad  heads  :  bristles  of  sterile  pappus  with  conspicuously  dilated  tips. 

4.  A.  Carpathica,  I\.  Brown.  Silvery  white-woolly  :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot 
or  more  high  :  radical  and  lower  leaves  lanceolate  and  ohlanceolate,  conspicuously 
3-nerved  ;  the  upper  becoming  linear  :  beads  large  (at  least  the  fertile  ones  4  or  /) 
lines  long),  few  or  several  in  a  close  corymbose  cluster  :  involucre  very  woolly 
and  turbinate  at  base ;  its  scales  livid  or  brownish  and  in  the  sterile  heads  with  ob- 
tuse white  tips,  those  of  the  fertile  beads  more  scarious  and  acutish  or  acute :  akencs 
smooth  and  glabrou.g. — The  form  corresi)onding  with  the  European  plant  about  a 
span  high. 


340  COMPOSlTJi.  Anlennariu. 

Var.  pulcherrima,  Hook.,  is  often  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  with  lowest  leaves  3 
to  5  inches  long,  luid  3  to  12  lines  wide;  the  uppermost  reduced  to  linear  or  subu- 
late bracts. 

Not  yet  detected  witliin  lliu  limits  of  Culifoniia,  the  nearest  stations  being  in  the  lluvullah  and 
Ettil  liiunboidt  Alountains,  Nevada,   H^attii/n.     The  next  much  resembles  it. 

5.  A.  luzuloides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Silvery-silky  :  stems  slender,  8  to  2U  inciies 
higli :  radical  und  lower  leaves  IVuni  linear-lanceolate  to  spatulate,  obscurely  3-nerved, 
the  others  linear:  heads  small  (2  or  3  lines  long),  n\imerous  in  a  corymbuse  cluster: 
involucre  nearly  glabrous ;  its  scales  barely  brownish  at  base,  all  M-ith  white  (or 
rarely  rose-colored)  and  rather  papery  tips,  those  of  the  sterile  heads  very  obtuse,  of 
the  lertile  less  so  :  akenos  glandular.  —  The  tyi)ical  form,  with  all  the  leaves  very 
narrow,  is  known  only  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  argentea,  Gray,  has  all  the  lower  leaves  wider,  oblanoeolate  or  even  spatu- 
late, an  incli  or  so  long,  3  or  4  lines  broad.  —  Pacif.  K.  liep.  iv.  54.  A.  argentea, 
Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  319. 

Mountains,  Upper  Sacramento  to  Mariposa  Co.,  above  tlie  Yosemite  Valley,  &c.  Biistles  of 
the  pappus  in  the  fertile  plant  very  slightly  united  at  base,  nmch  less  so  than  in  the  American 
forms  of  A.  C(irj/alhicu. 

+-  +-  ASleum  simple  or  braaclicd  from  a  cespUose  base,  leaj'y :  (he  heads  paaided  or 
racemose  and  narrow. 

G.  A.  microcephala,  Gray.  Silvery-silky  :  stems  slender,  erect,  a  span  higli, 
leafy  nearly  to  the  summit :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  or  the  lower  spatulate 
and  the  upper  linear,  above  gradually  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts  :  heads  small 
(about  2  lines  long)  and  rather  few-howered,  numerous  in  a  loose  naked  panicle  : 
involucre  glabrate,  of  wholly  scarious  and  tlun  obtuse  scales,  destitute  of  papery 
tips  :  akenes  very  glandular  :  pappus  of  fertile  flowers  not  longer  than  the  corolla, 
of  the  sterile  with  much  dilated  tips.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  74. 

Sierra  Co.,  Lanmon :  first  detected  in  Washoo  Valley,  Nevada,  by  Mr.  Stretch.  Involucre 
liglit  brownish,   the  tips  of  the  inner  scales  sometimes  rose-colored. 

7.  A.  Geyeri,  Gray.  Densely  white-woolly  :  branches  barely  a  span  high  from 
a  prostrate  tufted  base,  very  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  sjjatu- 
late,  short :  heads  (3  or  4  lines  long)  thickish,  cylindraceous,  the  fertile  usually  few 
and  somewhat  spicatcs  the  sterile  liardly  more  numerous  and  rather  corymbose  : 
involucre  woolly  below  ;  Llie  inner  scales  with  glabrous  obtuse  iia[»ery  tips,  which 
are  either  ivory-white  or  deep  rose-colored  :  bristles  of  the  sterile  papi)us  gradually 
and  moderately  Ihickened  upwards.  —  Ph  Pendl.  107,  &i  Pacif.  Iv.  lve[).  1.  c. 

Northeastern  borders  of  California,  Newberry.  Sierra  Co.,  Lciamon.  Discovered  by  Getjer  in 
the  interior  of  Oregon. 

35.  ANAPHALIS,  DC.  Eveulasting. 
Heads  discoid,  incompletely  dia-cious  ;  viz.  the  pistillate  with  filiform  2-4- 
toothed  corollas  very  numerous,  and  a  few  (or  occasionally  no)  hermaphrodite  but 
sterile  flowers,  with  tubular  5-lobed  corollas,  in  the  centiHi ;  the  staminate  nearly  as 
in  Antennaria.  Involucre  campanulate,  of  many  ranks  of  mostly  snow-wdiite  scari- 
ous scales.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Style  in  the  staminate  flowers  usually  2-cleft 
merely  at  the  apex.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capilhuy  bristles,  unconnected  at  base, 
in  the  sterile  flowci-s  (at  least  in  our  species)  slightly  thickened  upwards.  —  Peren- 
nials, all  Asiatic  (Himalayan,  &c.),  except  one  species,  with  wholly  the  aspect  of 
Gnaphalium,  which  is  dispersed  all  round  the  northern  hemisphere,  especially 
through  Xorth  America,  viz. 


GnnphaUnm.  COMPOSITE. 


341 


1.  A.  margaritacea,  Henth.  White-woolly,  ono  to  tliroc  foot  lii-'ii,  leafy  up 
to  the  bmad  compound  corymh  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  2  to  4  inches 
long,  mainly  l-nerved,  the  upper  face  early  becoming  glabrous  and  green  :  scales  of 
the  involucre  very  numerous  and  pearly  white,  obtuse,  not  longer  than  the  flowers 
-—Gnaphahum  margnritaceinn,  Linn.      Antennaria  margaritacea,  R  Brown,  kc. 

Thickets  and  open  grounds  from  near  San  Francisco  northward,  mostly  in  cool  districts  : 
ATnf-  iT  abundant  in  (al.for.ua  hut  common  in  Oregon,  a3  it  also  is  in  the  Northern 
Atlantic  States  and  in  Northenstcrn  Asia. 

36.  QNAPHALIUM,  Linn.         Cudweed,  Eveulasting. 
Heads  all  alike,  discoid,  heterogamous ;  the  pistillate  flowers  numerous  in  several 
series,  with  filiform  corollas  ;  the  perfect  and  fertile  flowers  fewer  in  the  centre, 
with  tubular  4  -  5-lobed  corollas.     Involucre  campanulate  or  ovoid,  of  several  or 
many  ranks  of  scarious  or  scarious-tipped  scales.      Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked. 
Stylo  in  perfect  flowers  2-cleft.     Akenes  oblong  or  obovate.     Pappus  a  single  series 
of  capillary  bristles, -which  are  barely  scabrous  and  not  thickened  upward.  —  Floc- 
cose-wooUy  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  yellowish  or  whitish  flowers. 
A  largo  genus,  widely  dispersed  over  the  world,  only  a  few  of  them  North  American. 
§  1.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  unconnected,  falling  separateli/.  —  True  Gnaphalium. 
*  Heads  or  clusters  terminating  the  erect  stem  or  its  branches :  scales  of  Uie  involucre 
very  numerous  and  more  or  less  bright-colored,  white  or  whitish,  rarely  tinged  rose- 
color  or  ijellowish,  and  glabrous  except  the  base.     {.Vostly  biennials  ?) 

-t-   Corymbose  or  sometimes  densely  glomerate  heads  broad. 

1.  G.  decurrens,  Ives.  Eather  stout,  from  ono  to  nearly  three  feet  high,  vis- 
cid-glandular under  the  more  or  less  deciduous  or  loose  avooI  :  leaves  conspicuously 
decurrent,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  (1^  to  3  inches  long,  2  to  4  lines  broad), 
acute  :  heads  very  numerous  in  dense  corymbose  clusters  :  involucre  broadly  cam- 
panulate,  white   (sometimes    becoming  sordid);    the    scales    oval   or  ovate. The 

var.    Californicum   (G.   Calif ornicum,  DC.)    has  jnostly  a  bright    white   involucre, 
rarely  tinged  with  rose-color;  the  scales  obtuse. 

Common  on  hillsides,  from  San  Diego  through  Oregon,  where  it  occurs  with  duller-white  in- 
volucre  as  xn  ih&G  (kcurreiv<  of  the  Northern  Atlantic  States.  Akenes  smooth  except  under  a 
strong  lens,  which  shows  mmuto  scabrous  points. 

2.  G-.  Sprengelil,  Hook.  &  Am.  Commonly  rather  stout  and  strict,  a  span  to 
a  foot  and  a  half  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  densely  white-woolly,  not  glandular  :  leaves 
linear  or  the  lower  spatulate-lanceolate,  somewhat  decurrent :  heads  in  a  dense  capi- 
tate cluster  or  a  few  clusters  :  involucre  campanulate  ;  its  scales  oblong-oval,  obtuse, 
white,  rarely  tinged  yellowish,  often  becoming  rather  sordid  or  tawny  :  akeno.s 
almost  smooth.  —  r,ot.  Beochey,  l^O;  Torr.  ,^  Cray,  Fl.  ii.  427.  G.  luteo-album, 
mainly  or  wholly,  of  American  authors. 

Hillsides,  &c.,  apparently  throughout  the  State,  thence  northward  to  Oregon  and  ea.stward  to 
New  Me.xico.  O.  hilco-album,  Linn,  (which  the  more  slender  forms  of  this  approach,  and  to 
which  G.  Vira-vira  of  Chili  seems  to  belong)  is  a  weaker  plant,  witli  fewer  clusters  of  heads,  more 
tawny  involucre,  and  akenes  studchul  with  glandular  elevations.  Very  jirohably  G.  Sandiricai- 
sium,  Gaudichaud,  is  an  older  name  of  this  species. 

-«--«-   Paniculate  rather  than  corymbose  heads  narrow:  stems  at  length  loosely  much 

branched. 

3.  Gr.  microcephalum,  Nutt.  White-woolly,  not  glandular  :  stems  a  foot  or 
.two  high,  slender  :  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblanceolate  (an  inch  or  so  in  length), 


342  COMPOSITiE.  Gnaphaliam. 

slightly  decurrent :  heads  in  numerous  small  clusters  terminating  the  paniculate 
branches :  involucre  cylindraceous  becoming  narrowly  campanulate ;  the  scales 
dull  white,  obtuse  or  acutisii.  —  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  404  ; 
Gray,  PI.  Wright.,  &c. 

Above  the  Yosemito  Valley  (Dolander),  and  Siena  Valley  (Lemmon)  ;  perhaps  also  near  l^ay  of 
Saa  Francisco.     Also  in  ()iej,'on,  Nevada,  and  cjvst  to  New  Mexico.     Heads  2  or  3  lines  long. 

4.  Gr.  ramosissimum,  Nult.  Viscid-glandular,  green,  lightly  woolly  :  stems  3 
to  6  feet  higli  :  leavea  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  conspicuously  decurrent  :  heads  very 
numerous  and  either  separate  or  clustered  on  the  loosely  paniculate  branches  :  invo- 
lucre somewhat  turl)inate  ;  the  scales  dull  white  and  often  tinged  with  rose-color, 
acutish.  —  PI.  Gamb.  17.'}  ;  Gray  in  P)ot.  Wilkes  Exp.  3G3. 

Hay  of  San  Francisco  to  Monterey.  Heads  not  lari,'er  than  those  of  the  foregoing  species.  The 
wlor  anil  the  glamliiiur  heiliage  aa  in  </.  ilirurrciui, 

*  *  Heads  small,  inconspicuous,  in  sessile  lateral  and  terminal  caj/Uate  looolly  clus- 
ters, subtended  by  leaves :  involucre  of  rather  few  and  sordid  or  brownish  scales  : 
stems  low  and  ivtak  or  diffuse,  from  an  annual  root. 

5.  Gr.  palustre,  Nutt,  Loosely  very  woolly,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  mostly 
erect  and  branching  mainly  from  thebaso  :  leaves  spatulate  verging  to  lanceolate  or 
linear  :  heads  2  lines  long  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  obtuse,  pale  brown  with 
whitish  tips.  — G.  palustre  &  G.  (/ussi/pinum,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c. 

Common  in  moist  grounds  through  the  I'aiiific  States,  and  eastward  to  and  beyond  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

G.  ULiGiNosuM,  Linn.,  the  common  little  Cudweed  of  the  Eastern  States  and  the  Old  World, 
has  been  credited  to  (.'alifornia,  but  probably  by  mistaking  small  forms  of  the  foregoing,  iVoni 
which  it  may  be  distinguishwl  by  its  more  ditiuse  growth,  heads  only  a  line  long,  and  propoi  lion- 
ally  broader  scales  of  the  involucre,  of  a  chestnut-brown  color. 

§  2.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  united  at  base  into  a  ring  :  heads  in  axillary  sessile 
clusters  or  sjyicate-cjlomerate :  involucre  as  in  the  preceding  subdivisio7i  (of 
brownish  and  not  very  numerous  scales).  —  (iAMOCHiKTA.  (Gamocha'ta,  Wed- 
dcll.) 

6.  Gr.  purpureum,  Linn.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  ascending  from  an  an- 
nual or  more  emluring  root,  coated  with  appressed  white  wool:  lower  leaves  spatulate, 
their  upper  surface  often  becoming  naked  and  green  ;  upper  leaves  mostly  spatulate- 
linear,  gradually  dinunishod  to  luiicts  of  the  glomerato-spicato  inllorescence,  the 
lower  small  clusters  of  which  are  commonly  rather  distant :  involucre  tawny  or 
brownish  tinged  with  ijurplish. 

Pacific  shore,  from  ("ohinibia  Hivcr  to  Santa  Barbara  (and  again  in  Chili,  &c.),  agreeing  with 
the  plant  of  the  Atlantic  const.  <}.  uslulatum,  Nutt.  1.  c,  from  Santa  Barbara,  is  probably  the 
same,  perhaps  of  the  more  southern  G.  spicatum  form. 


TiiiBE  V.     IIELIANTIIOIDE^. 

Distinguished  from  Asteroidece  chiefly  by  the  chaff  on  the  receptacle,  at  least  next 
the  margin,  and  subtending  fertile  flowers,  pappus  never  capillary  or  of  numerous 
bristles,  and  the  leaves  all  or  most  of  them  opposite ;  the  corollas  commonly  yellow  ; 
the  branches  of  the  st'ylo  often  truncate  or  tipped  with  a  cone  or  cusp  :  from  lleleni- 
oidece  known  by  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle,  &c. 

The  first  subtribe  (Ambrosieoe,  which  might  as  well  be  regarded  as  a  tribe)  is  most  peculiar  in 
the  Artemisia-like  habit,  and  the  few  or  solitary  fertile  flowers,  with  corolla  wanting  or  leduced 
to  a  short  tube,  and  leaves  not  rarely  alternate. 

The  whole  tribe  is  much  more  copio\isly  represented  in  the  Atlantic  States  than  in  California. 


Hymenodea.  COMPOSITE..  .     343 

37.  OXYTENIA,  Nutt. 
Head  heterogamous,  discoid,  about  5  marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  apetalous, 
consisting  merely  of  ovary  and  2-cleft  style;  the  other  flowers  10  to  20,  staminate 
(their  ovary  and  stigma  abortive),  Avith  funuelform  5-Iobed  corolla  and  uiulivided 
style,  and  nearly  distinct  anthers,  these  with  blunt  tips.  Involucre  of  about  5  thin 
and  broad  scales.  Eeceptacle  chaffy,  a  spatulate  villous  scale  subtending  each  or 
most  of  the  sterile  flowers  and  falling  with  them.  Akencs  obovate,  turgid,  beset 
"with  long  villous  hairs,  crowned  (at  least  when  young)  with  a  largo  and  protu- 
berant annular  disk.  Pappus  none.  —  Genus  nearly  related  to  the  next,  of  one 
species,  viz. 

1.  O.  acerosa,  Nutt.  Shrubby,  3  or  5  feet  high,  whitened  with  a  fine  pubes- 
cence :  branches  rigid,  rush-like,  mostly  naked,  terminated  by  the  racemose  or 
paniculate-clustered  inflorescence  of  small  woolly  heads  :  leaves  as  far  as  known 
alternate,  either  pinnately  3  -  5-foliolate  or  the  uppermost  simple  and  like  tlie  leaf- 
lets, i.  e.  very  narrowly  linear  and  revoluto  so  as  to  appear  filiform  or  acerose,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  rigid.  — PI.  Gamb.  172. 

Southeastern  borders  of  California  and  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona,  in  a  desert  region,  Gambel, 
Lieut.  Wheeler. 

38.   IVA,  Linn. 

Head  heterogamous,  discoid  ;  a  few  marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  with  a  short 

tubular  corolla ;  the  other  and  more  numerous  flowers  staminate  (their  ovary  and 

stigma  abortive),   with  funnolform   5dobcd  corolla  and  undivided  style:  anthers 

nearly  distinct.    Scales  of  the  involucre  few  and  mostly  in  a  single  series,  commonly 

united  into  a  cup.     Receptacle  chaffy  with  linear  or  spatulate  scales  subtending 

sterile  flowers.     Akenes  obovate,  thick,  naked,  often  granulate  ;  no  disk  at  the  apex. 

—  Leaves  simple,  at  le.ast  some  of  the  lower  opposite.     Heads  small,  nodding  on 

short  pedicels,  either  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  or  in  terminal  spikes  or  panicles. 

A  genus  of  several  species  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent,  one  of  which  extends  from  the 
Missouri  llivor  to  tlio  Pacific,  viz. 

1.  I.  axillaris,  Pursh.  Perennial,  branching,  a  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high, 
varying  from  minutely  hirsute  to  glabrous,  and  the  sessile  entire  leaves  from 
broadly  linear  to  spatulate  or  obovate  (about  an  inch  long)  :  heads  solitary  in  their 
axils,  hemispherical  :  scales  of  involucre  about  5,  broad,  united  at  base  or  beyond 
the  middle. 

Var.  pubescens.  Villous  with  lax  spreading  hfiirs  ;  the  involucre  turbinate  and 
almost  entire.  —  Gray  in  Bot.  "Wilkes  Exp.  350. 

Sandy  and  usually  saline  soil,  near  the  coast,  also  along  the  western  borders  of  the  State,  and 
north  to  British  Columbia.     The  variety  from  bay  of  Sun  Francisco. 

39.  HYMENOCLEA,  Torr.  k  Gray. 
Heads  homogamous  and  unisexual,  monoecious  ;  the  staminate  ones  many-flow- 
ered ;  the  pistillate  one-flowered  ;  the  two  kinds  intermixed  in  the  axillary  sessile 
clusters,  or  the  staminate  in  upper  axils.  Staminate  flowers  in  a  hemispherical 
licad,  with  an  open  5-C-lobpd  iiivolucro,  similar  to  those  of  ylvihmsia  (oidy  the 
chair  of  the  receptacle  is  much  dilated,  and  the  inflexed  tip  of  the  anthers  is  blunt): 
pistillate  flower  solitary  in  a  closed  and  akenedike  involurro,  which  is  pointed  with 
a  slender  beak   from  the  tip  of  which    the  style   protrudes,  its  middle  adorned 


344  COMPOSIT.E.  Hijmenodea. 

with  9  to  12  broad  and  silvery-scarioua  persistent  wings:  corolla  none.  Akene  as 
in  Ambrosia,  S:.c.  —  Low  and  much  branched  hhnibby  plants,  of  arid  deserta,  Arto- 
jnitiia-liku  in  habit;  with  idturnatu  linuui^lilifonn  luavua,  minutely  canesoont  beneath, 
the  lower  sparingly  pinnately  i»arted,  and  small  lieada  sessile  in  i)rofu8o  panielt)(l 
clusters.  —  ri.  lu-ndl.  7'J  ;  Torr.  VI  l''remont.  t.  8. 

1.  H.  Salsola,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Fruiting  invulucre  spindle-shaped  and  strobile- 
like, being  covered  with  the  spirally  disposed  orbicular  scales  (each  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  long),  which  are  imbricated  when  moist,  but  spreading  when  mature  and  dry. 

Sandy  saliiio  upliinda  near  tlie  Mohave  lliver  (Fremont,  Cooper),  and  through  tlie  desert  interior 
to  N.  W.  Nevada,  on  the  borders  of  CaUt'ornia,   JFalii07i,  Leiiimon. 

2.  H.  monogyra,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Fruiting  invohicre  smaller  (2  lines  long), 
bearing  at  the  muldle  a  single  whorl  of  obovate  or  rhombic-reniform  radiating  scales. 

Kiver  liottonis,  San  Diego  {Cleveland),  thence  to  tlie  Gila  :  not  rare  in  Arizona,  &c.  Plant 
3  to  5  feet  liigh.  Tlie  young  plant  so  named  in  the  Botany  of  King's  Expedition  belongs  to  the 
preceding  species. 

40.  AMBROSIA,  Tourn.  UA(iWKKn. 
Heads  homogamous  and  unisexual,  niona'cious  (sometimes  nearly  dioecious) ;  the 
pistillate  one-llowered,  mostly  in  the  axils  of  npi^sr  leaves ;  the  staminate  several- 
llowered  in  panicled  or  single  terminal  racemes  or  spikes,  without  bracts.  Stand- 
nate  flowers  in  an  open  seveml-lobed  or  almost  entire  truncate  herbaceous  involucre, 
subtended  by  slender  or  filiform  chaff;  their  corollas  broad  and  5 •  toothed ;  their 
anthers  almost  distinct,  tipped  with  a  slender-acuminate  inflexed  appendage ;  ovary 
and  stigma  none  or  rudimentary ;  style  with  truncate  tip  radiately  timbriate.  Pis- 
tillate tlower  in  a  closed  akeno-like  one-celled  involucre,  which  at  maturity  is  armed 
below  the  short  rigid  beak  with  a  single  row  of  4  to  8  tubercles  or  short  spines,  or 
sometimes  naked  :  corolla  none.  Akene  ovoid  or  obovate,  thick  :  pappus  none.  — 
Weedy  coarse  annuals,  or  perennials,  with  mostly  lobed,  pinnatifid,  or  piniialely 
divided  and  cleft  leaves,  the  lower  at  least  opposite ;  the  small  heads  greenish,  or 
the  sterile  flowers  barely  yellowish.  Chiefly  American  and  widely  diff"used,  but 
apparently  very  scanty  in  California. 

1.  A.  artemisiaefolia,  Linn.  Annual,  1  to  3  feet  high,  roughish-hirsute  : 
leaves  thinnish,  twice  pinnatihd  :  fruit  (i.  e.  fruiting  involucre)  smooth  below,  not 
reticulated,  armed  with  about  ti  very  acute  horns  or  spines. 

This,  the  common  JioiiuDt  IVormicood  or  Bitter  weed  of  the  East,  can  hardly  be  absent  from 
California.     S.   IValson  collected  it  in  Nevada,  and  others  in  Oregon. 

2.  A.  psilostachya,  UC.  Perennial,  more  strigosely  hirsute  than  the  forego- 
ing, with  thicker  and  less  divided  leaves,  the  upper  only  once  pinnatifid  :  fruit 
puberulent,  rugose-reticulated,  without  horns  or  spines,  or  with  short  and  rather 
blunt  ones. — A.  coronopifoiia,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  291. 

San  Luis  \\i.'.y  {Coulter,  Parry);  l?ay  of  San  Francisco  {Pickering  &w\  Brackenridfje) ;  San 
Diego  Co.,  I'aliiicr.     Also  in  Nevada,  and  thenco  eastward  lo  Texas  and  Illinois. 

41.  PRANSERIA,  Cav. 
Heads,  flowers,  &.c.,  as  in  Ambrosia,  except  that  the  fertile  involucre  is  armed 
with  more  than  one  rank  of  prickles  or  spines,  and  is  l-4:-celIed  and  1  -4-flowered. 
—  All  American  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants;  the  greater  part  North  American 
west  of  the  Mississippi. 


Frnni^erin.  COMTOSITyE.  '  o^c 

§  1.   Fertile  involucre  \-2-celled,  armed  with  several  stout  or  fattened  and  stravjht 

or  merely  curved  spines. 

*   Annual:  spines  on  the  fruit  very  flat  and  broad. 

1.  F.  Hookeriana,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  so  high,  rough-hirsute:  leaves  twice 
pinnatihd,  either  green  or  strigosely  hoary  beneath  :  ra.^cmes  panicled  :  fruitin<r 
involucre  smooth  ov  sonietunes  sparingly  hirsute,  ahout  3  lines  Ion"  •  its  wi.lelv 
spreading  spines  lanceolate-subulate  and  thin.  —  Ambrosia  amnthicarpa,  J  look. 

Lo.  AnKolos.  Bvcurv.  Knston.  lu,r,lors  of  tl.o  Stnto,  M„no  T>nk..  Botamhr.  Tl.onro  rmnmo.i 
to  Oiojron,  Icvivs,  Ncl)iivskn,  &c.     li.voluoio  ap|miontly  always  ono-ll..w(M(!.l  and  ono-collo<l. 

*   *   Perennial,  sometimes  woody  at  base. 

+-    Leaves  twice  or  thrice  pi nnat el y  parted,  their  ultimate  divisions  small. 

2.  F.  dumosa,  Gray.  Shrubby  and  divergently  much  branched,  a  foot  or  so 
high,  canescent  with  hue  and  close  white  pubescence  :  leaves  with  rather  few  obtuse 
lobes,  some  of  them  only  simply  pinnatifid  :  fruiting  involucre  nearly  glabrous  ■  the 
spines  flat  and  subulate.  —  Kep.  Frem.  2nd  Exp.  31G.  F.  albicaultJi  Tor/  PI 
Fremont,  16.  ,  .       . 

Gravelly  plains,  southeastern  borders  of  the  State,  Coulter,  Schotl,  Cooper,  he.    Also  in  Arizona. 

3.  F.  pumila,  Nutt.  Herbaceous,  a  span  liigh,  canescently  silky-hirsute  :  "  root 
creeping":  leaves  thrice  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  crowded  :  spike  dense  :  "spines  of  the 
fruit  not  exserted."  —  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil."  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  344. 

Near  San  Diego,  NuftaU,  Parry.  All  the  specimens  seen  are  yoni.g,  and  the  fruit  unfonned 
hut  Delpino  (Studj  sopra  Artem.),  who  makes  of  tliia  a  Reims  {Ilnninmhrosin)  says  that  tlin 
nj.per  fertile  involucres  are  2-cellcd  and  2-llow(MTd,  the  lower  one-coll.Ml  and  onc-llowered.  Nnt- 
tall  assigns  sliort  spines  to  the  fruit.     Very  i)rol.al)iy  tliis  species  is  a  dwarf  Avibrosia  tmuifolia. 

4.  F.  bipinnatifida,  Nutt.  Herbaceous  :  stems  decumbent  or  trailing,  2  or  3 
feet  long,  somewhat  hirsute  :  loaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid,  canescently  hirsute  or 
almost  silky:  spike  dense:  fruiting  involucre  ncariy  glabrous;  its  spines  rather 
short,  stout,  conical-subulate,  flattened. 

Along  the  sea-shore  from  San  Diego  to  British  Columbia.  Fraiting  involucre  4  or  5  Hues 
long,  rather  narrow.     Perhaps,  as  Lessing  supposed,  a  form  of  the  next. 

-t-  "*-  Leaves  undivided  or  merely  incised. 

5.  F.  Chamlssonis,  Less.  Herbaceous  :  stems  trailing,  a  foot  or  two  long, 
stout,  appressed-hirsute :  leaves  silky-canescent  or  silvery,  varying  from  oval  to 
cuneate-oblong,  contracted  at  base  into  a  long  petiole,  unequally  and  obtusely  ser- 
rate, sometimes  incised,  rarely  almost  pinnatifid  :  spike  dense  :  fruiting  involucre 
sparsely  hirsute  ;  its  spines  very  stout  and  flattish.  —  F.  Chamissonij<,  var.  malv,v- 
folia,  Less.     F.  cuneifolia,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Sea-shore,  in  sand,  from  San  Francisco  north  to  British  CoUinibia. 

6.  F.  deltoidea,  Torr.  Herbaceous  with  more  or  less  woody  base,  low,  canes- 
cent  with  a  hnoaiKl  close  woollinoss,  which  is  partly  deciduous  with  nge  :  branrho,s 
slender  :  leaves  varying  from  deltoid-ovate  or  almost  hastate  to  rhombic-lanceolate, 
obtusely  and  finely  serrate,  sometimes  sparingly  incised,  on  slender  petioles  :  sterile 
heads  rather  loosely  racemed  :  spines  of  the  ovoid  2-flowered  involucre  flat  and 
thin,  broadly  lanceolate  subulate,  pubescent  or  alino.st  glabrous.  —  PI.  Fremont. 
15,  &  Jiot.  Mex.   I5ound.  80. 

Southonstern  frontiers  of  the  State  :  common  on  the  Gila  :  also  in  T,ower  Galifoniia  if,  as  is 
prolmhle,  tills  is  also  /'.  chninpodiij'olin ,  Hcnth.  Hot.  Snlpii.  20,  the  older  name. 

7.  F.  eriocentra,  Gray.  Shrubby,  low,  hoary-pubesrent :  branches  slender : 
leaves  varying  from  cuneato  to  lanceolate,  sparingly  inrisod  :  heads  mostly  glomerate  : 
fruiting  involucre  and  its  rigid  neariy  terete  subuhite  spines;  rj.ithcd  with  long  vil- 
lous wool.  —  Proc.  .\m.  Arad.  vii.  3.'^5. 


346  COMPOSITE.  Franserui. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State  :  eastern  slope  of  Providence  Mountains,  Cooper.  On  the 
Colorado,  Newberry.     iMuiting  involucre  in  the  si)eciniens  examined  one-celled  and  one-seeded. 

§  2.   Fertile  involucre  mostli/  2-rclled  and  2-Jhwered,  small,  armed  tvith  short  and 
stoat  incurved  hook-tipped  spines  :  leaves  dissected. 

8.  F.  tenuifolia,  ^!niy.  Herbaceous,  iippavcntly  j)uromiial :  Hteiii  orucl,  1  to  3 
feet  high,  hirsuLu  :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  piiinatilid  or  dissected,  strigosely  pubescent 
or  hirsute,  or  sometimes  even  canescent  beneath  ;  tlie  ultimate  divisions  linear ; 
small  lobes  often  interposed  on  the  rhachis  :  sterile  spLkes  simple  aud  elongated  or 
paniculate  :  fertile  involucres  glomerate,  at  maturity  only  one  or  two  lines  long, 
ovoid  or  globular,  minutely  pubescent :  its  short  and  stout  subulate  spines  more  or 
less  incurved  and  with  uncinate  tips.  —  PI.  Fendl.  80  ;  1*1.  Wright.,  &c. 

Southciiatorn  liordcrij  of  the  Stiitc,  thonco  eastward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  also  in  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  and  in  Lower  California,  Cape  San  Lucas,  Xantiis.  Doubtless  it  is  also  F.  hispida, 
Beuth.  Bot.  Sulph.  (although  that  is  said  to  have  sometimes  four  Howors  in  the  involucre)  :  but 
the  present  name  will  still  hold,  as  Ambrosia  tenuij'olia,  Sjjreng.,  is,  it  appears,  the  very  same 
species. 

§  3.   Fertile  involucre  2  -  i-celled,  2  -  A-Jlowered,  thickly  beset  (like  Xanthium)  xvith 
slender  and  rather  soft  hook-tipj)ed  prickles. 

9.  F.  ambrosioides,  Cav.  Tall,  4  to  6  feet  high,  with  a  woody  base,  hirsute- 
pubescent:  leaves  oblung-iunceolate  with  mostly  truncate  or  conlate  base,  acuminate, 
unequally  toothed,  3  to  5  inches  long,  tiio  petiole  sometimes  wing-ap[)endaged  at 
base  :  sterile  raceme  rather  loose  :  fruiting  involucre  lialf  an  incli  long,  minutely 
hispid. 

Occurs  near  the  southeastern  and  the  southern  frontiei-s  of  the  State,  and  probably  within  its 
limits.     Not  rare  in  Mexico. 

42.  XANTHIUM,  Touni.  Cocklebuii,  Clothur. 

Heads  homogamous  and  unisexual,  niona>cious,  in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters 
or  short  interrupted  s[iike3;  the  pistillate  2-llowered  and  underneath  the  several- 
flowered  staminate.  IStaminate  Uowers  as  in  Ambrosia,  except  that  the  involucre  is 
of  several  distinct  and  narrow  scales,  and  the  receptacle  more  or  less  elevated,  its 
chaff  broader.  Pistillate  flowera  enclosed  in  a  bur-like  ovoid  or  oblong  closed 
indurated  involucre,  which  is  2-celled,  2-flowered,  and  armed  all  over  with  strong- 
ly hook-tipped  prickles  :  corolla  none.  Akenes  obovoid,  thick  :  pappus  none.  — 
Coarse  and  vile  annual  weeds,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves  ;  the  three  or  four 
species  perhaps  all  natives  of  America,  but  now  widely  dispersed  over  the  world  ; 
probably  none  indigenous  to  California. 

1.  X.  stnimarium,  Linn.  Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  not  prickly  :  leaves  del- 
toid-ovate or  somewhat  cordate,  irregularly  serrate,  often  slightly  incised,  rough  and 
green  both  sides,  on  long  petioles  :  fruiting  involucre  over  half  an  inch  long,  thick, 
tipped  with  a  pair  of  strong  beaks,  pubescent  or  sometimes  hispid  between  and  on 
the  lower  {)art  of  the  crowded  prickles. 

Waste  grounil  near  dwellings,  &c.  ;  also  on  the  sea-const.  The  common  Cocklcbur,  npymrcntly 
less  conunon  than  nt  the  east  ;  but  botli  the  ordinary  form  occurs  and  var.  ec/iinatum,  Torr.  k 
Gray,  with  thicker  and  glandular-hispid  involucre. 

2.  X.  spinosum,  Linn.  Hoary-pubescent :  stems  much  branched,  bearing  long 
and  yellowish  triple  spines  by  the  side  of  the  leaves  :  these  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  canescent  beneath,  often  2  -  3-lobed  or  cut,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole  : 
fruiting  involucre  narrow,  half  an  inch  or  less  long,  more  sparsely  prickly,  the  beak 
inconspicuous. 

Sea-coast,  San  Juan,  &c.  ;  also  in  the  IVwt-hills,  Calaveras  Co.:  introduced  from  Chili. 


Balsamorhiza.  COM  POSITyE. 


347 


43.  RUDBECKIA,  Linn.  Tonk-flowkr. 
Head  many-flowered,  hetorogainous,  with  noutral  my -flowers,  raroly  lioraogamoua 
by  the  absence  of  these  ;  disk-flowers  perfect.  Invohicre  of  foliaceou.s  commonly 
unequal  scales  in  one  or  two  series,  mostly  spreading.  Kcccptacio  remarkably  ele- 
vated, in  ours  columnar,  at  least  at  maturity,  so  that  the  [)erfect  flowers  are  spicate ; 
each  flower  subtended  or  partly  embraced  by  a  chafl".  Rays  long  and  nearly  entire. 
Disk-corollas  cyliudraceons,  r)-toothed.  Akeiies  quadrangular  and  mostly  laterally 
compressed,  smootli,  crowned  (in  our  sj)ccics)  with  a  persistent  chad-like  cup  or  4 
chaffy  teeth  more  or  less  united  into  a  cup.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  nlternute 
leaves,  disk-flowers  from  dark  brown  to  greenishyellow,  and  mostly  yellow  rays ; 
all  North  American,  l)ut  ordy  two  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

1.  R.  Californica,  Gray.  Stem  simple,  about  .3  feet  high,  .3  -  .5-leaved,  the 
long  and  naked  peduncle-like  summit  bearing  a  single  largo  head  :  leaves  finely 
soft-pubescent,  3  to  5  inches  long,  varying  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, pinnately  veined,  somewhat  toothed  ;  the  middle  ones  sometimes  with  a  pair 
of  lateral  lanceolate  lobes  at  base ;  uppermost  sessile ;  lower  tapering  into  a  slender 
petiole  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear :  rays  2  or  3  inches  long,  narrowly  oblong, 
yellow  :  disk  columnar,  one  or  two  inches  long,  dusky  brownish  :  akenes  com- 
pressed-prismatic, 2  lines  long,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of  4  irregular  thickish  chaffy 
teeth  more  or  less  united  at  base  into  a  cup. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  357. 

Wet  grassy  places  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  at  the  Mariposa  giove,  Bolnndcr.  Previously  col- 
Iflotoil  by  lhi(fi/(i/i,  porhap«  in  tlio  nanio  diHtrict,. 

U.  onOMiKNTAMR,  Nutt.,  of  Oroj^on  and  Utnli,  dllTorH  in  its  Hniootli  mid  nioic  nnnicionn  nn  woli 
RS  broader  loaves,  and  has  no  rays  at  all. 

44.   BALSAMORHIZA,  Hook.,  Nutt.         Ralsam-koot. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  fertile  ray-flowers,  and  perfect  disk- 
flowers.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  broader,  of  more  or  less  imbricated  scales,  the 
outer  loose  and  herbaceous  or  often  foliaceous.  .  Receptacle  flat  or  barely  convex, 
with  linear-lanceolate  chaff  (often  with  herbaceous  tips),  subtending  and  partly 
embracing  the  disk-flowers.  Rays  oblong  or  lanceolate,  with  short  tube  (deciduous 
except  in  one  species)  :  disk-corollas  cylindrical.  Branches  of  the  style  of  perfect 
flowers  slender,  hispid  throughout  or  on  the  long  filiform  appendages.  Akenes  of 
the  ray  obcompressed  (i.  e.  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales)  and  oblong,  of  the  disk 
prismatic-quadrangular  or  more  or  less  compressed.  Pappus  none.  —  Low  peren- 
nials of  Western  North  America,  mostly  of  the  arid  plains  ;  with  thick  terebinthine 
roots,  chiefly  radical  leaves,  and  scape-like  stems  ;  the  few  cauline  leaves  alternate 
or  occasionally  opposite,  and  the  rather  largo  head  of  yellow  flowers  con\monly  soli- 
tary.    (Named  from  the  resin  or  balsam  of  the  root.) 

The  thick  roots,  or  tubers,  from  which  sometimes  tlie  turpentine-tjistcd  resinous  bark  is  peeled, 
are  cooked  for  food  by  the  Indians,  especially  in  Oregon,  under  the  names  of  Pnxh,  Kdyoum,  &c. 
Tlie  seeds  are  also  eaten.  —  Besides  the  species  here  described, 

B.  (Kaluactis)  Cauf.yana,  Oray,  of  the  interior  of  Oregon,  forms  a  peculiar  Rnbgenus,  having 
rays  which  become  papery,  like  those  of  a  Zinnia,  and  jiersist  on  the  fruit ;  the  akenes  are  cinere- 
ous-pubescent and  all  (luailrangular,  those  of  the  ray  less  flattened  (olx-om pressed)  than  is  com- 
mon in  the  genus.     Tlte  stem,  moreover,  bears  several  heads. 

B.  MACR0rnvi,LA,  Nutt.,  of  the  no(;ky  Mountain  region  only,  is  a  genuine  sixries,  near  the 
variable  B.  Jfookcri,  and  like  it  with  leaves  both  undivided  and  ninuatejy  parted  on  the  same 
root ;  but  these  or  their  divisions  are  entire,  almost  glabrous  ana  smooth,  and  the  involucre  is 
generally  foliaceous. 


348  COMrOSIT.ii:.  Balsumor/uza. 

1.  B.  Hookeri,  Nutt.  Canescent  with  fine  mostly  soft  and  close  pubescence: 
leaves  usiiully  oiico  or  twice  ])innately  parted  or  divided,  lanceolate  in  outline,  a 
span  to  a  loot  long,  s|)reading  ;  the  divisions  crowded,  comuumly  incised  :  scapes 
naked  or  2-leaved  near  the  base,  equalling  or  surijussing  the  leuvos  in  length,  bear- 
ing a  single  head  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ran-ly 
some  of  the  outermost  broailer  and  loliaceous.  —  Hdiopsis  (()  baUamorhUa  &  tere- 
binthacea,  Ilo(jk.  Itulsamorhiza  Hookeri,  terebinthacea,  hirsuta,  &  incaiia,  Nutt.  in 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  SStjc.  n.  ser.  vii.  34 1). 

Hills  near  Oiikliiml,  Kellogg.  Near  Suiioinii,  ^ii/o'/ow  (wrongly  named  B.  mncrophylla).  On 
the  eastuni  sidu  of  the  SiiTiu  Neviula,  Jiloomei;  Anderson,  Leinmon.  CoiuiiKin  on  tho  plains  of 
Novudii,  Oregon,  kc.  li.  lursula  is  a  form  with  more  hirsute  pubesceni'e  :  1!.  incaua,  a  variety 
remarkable  for  its  soft  and  white  wool  :  />'.  liicbiiUluia'.a,  with  roughish  |iiiliesceiu:e,  has  some 
of  the  leaves  merely  iueised  or  sharply  toothed,  others  pinnately-iiarted  or  piiuiatilid. 

2.  B.  sagittata,  JSIutt.  ISilvery-canescent  with  dense  mostly  appressed  soft 
wool :  leaves  entire,  cordate-sagittate  or  sometimes  deltoid-hastate,  4  to  9  inches  long, 
on  still  longer  petioles,  all  radical,  or  one  or  two  small  lanceolate  jjetiolate  bracts  on 
the  scape,  which  bears  a  single  or  sometimes  2  or  3  heads  :  involucre  mostly  very 
woolly.  —  Buphthaimuni  sayittatum,  Pursh.  Es])eletia  sagittata  &  heliant/ioides, 
Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  38.  Balsamorhiza  (Artorhiza)  sagittata  &  heli- 
anthoides,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  the  Iwrders  of  the  Stafp,  &c.  (Jndnson,  Bloomer,  Wat- 
son) ;  thenee  to  and  beyond  the  Koeky  AU)uutains  from  Colorado  to  hluho  and  Dakotah. 

3.  B.  deltoidea,  Nutt.  Green  and  more  or  less  pubescent,  or  almost  glabrous  : 
leaves  deltoid-cordate  or  more  broadly  and  deeply  cordate,  more  or  less  serrate,  occa- 
sionally entire,  3  to  9  inches  long  and  on  longer  petioles,  all  radical,  or  2  or  3  small 
ones  or  bracts  on  the  scape  :  heads  solitary  or  rarely  a  pair  :  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate  or  linear,  obtuse.  —  B.  glabrescens,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.,  is  only  a  smoothi.sh 
form,  with  leaves  entire. 

Mcjist  ground,  fiom  Tejon  and  Ojai  to  Humboldt  Co.  and  Oregon.  Akenes  flat,  those  of  the 
disk  eompressed  ;  of  the  ray  obeompressed,  as  they  are  in  all  these  species. 

4.  B.  Bolanderi,  (Jray.  (Jlabrous  or  glabrate,  somewliat  glutinous;  a  span  to 
a  foot  high,  witli  mostly  scales  instead  of  leaves  from  the  rootstock  :  leaves  about  3, 
alternate  along  the  stout  stem,  cordate  or  ovate,  entire,  3  or  4  inches  long,  on 
moderately  long  petioles  :  head  solitary,  short-peduncled  ;  outer  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute,  foliaceous ;  the  inner  ones  nar- 
row and  very  villous,  resembling  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  356. 

Auburn  (Bolavdcr),  and  on  the  Upper  Saciamento,  Fremont,  Bach.  Head  largo.  Akencs  flat, 
of  the  disk  compressed,  of  the  ray  obeompressed. 

45.   WYETHIA,  Nutt. 

Head  many-flowered,  hcterogamous,  with  fertile  ray-flowers  and  perfect  disk- 
flowers.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  campanulate,  of  2  or  3  series  of  scales  ;  the 
outermost  foliaceous  and  often  enlarged,  the  innermost  mostly  smaller  and  chaffy. 
Koceptacle  Hat  or  m^arly  so  ;  the  rigid  linear  or  lanceolate  chaff  subtending  the  disk- 
flowers  flattish  or  partially  folded  around  the  akenes.  Kays  elongated  :  disk-corollas 
cylindrical,  5-toothed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Branches  of  the  style  in  perfect 
flowers  produced  into  subulate-fdiform  hispid  appendages.  Akenes  prismatic-quad- 
rangular, or  those  of  the  disk  laterally  compressed,  and  with  obtuse  or  acutish 
angles,  nervose,  their  broad  summit  continued  into  a  persistent  and  firm  chaffy-cori- 
aceous crown  or  cup,  which  is  uno(iually  cleft  into  5  or  more  lobes  or  teeth,  or  is 


Wijethia.  COMPOSIT^C. 


349 


more  truncate  and  produced  (at  tlio  angles)  into  1  to  4  chaffy  rigid  awns. —  Peren- 
nial herbs ;  with  simple  (rarely  branching)  stems  from  a  stout  root,  rootstock,  or 
caudex,  alternate  mostly  entire  and  ample  leaves,  and  solitary  or  few  and  largo  or 
middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  llowers.  —  Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.  Pliilad.  vii.  38,  &  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c.  351  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  G.'54.     Alar<;onui,  DC.  Prodr. 

A  genius  of  several  species,  all  niitives  of  the  region  between  tlie  Uoeky  Mountnins  and  tlie 
Pacific  ;  —  (ledicntedhy  Nuttnll  to  Captain  Wyeth,  with  wlioni  he  nftcrwards  crossed  tlie  continent 
and  by  De  Candolle,  two  years  later,  to  Hernando  do  Alarcon,  a  nol)le  Spanisli  navigator  who  first 
(in  1540)  visited  and  surveyed  the  coast  of  California.  It  is  to  lie  regretted  that  tlie  "enus  cannot 
commemorate  one  of  the  earliest  explorers  of  the  country  :  but  the  name  may  designate  a  section. 

§  1.  A/cenes  thick,  obtusely  qnadrangtdar,  croivned  with  a  conspicuous  calyx-like  pap- 
pus of  ovate  or  lanceolate  coriaceous  teeth  more  or  less  united  at  hase  into  a 
cup:  heads  very  large  and  broad  (the  disk  l)^to2  inches  in  diameter);  invo- 
lucre ope7i  and  leafy.  —  Alar^onia,  Gray. 

1.  W.  helenioides,  Nutt.  Soft-tomentose,  or  with  ago  becoming  almost  gla- 
brous a  loot  or  two  high  :  leaves  oblong  or  oval ;  radical  ones  a  foot  or  more  long, 
4  to  ()  inches  wide;  caulino  about  half  the  size,  all  contracted  at  base  iuto  a  short 
lictiolo  :  lieails  mostly  leafy  at  base  :  outer  scales  of  tho  involucre  ovato-lanceolato  or 

ovate,  sometimes  toothed  :  akenes  more  or  loss  pubescent  at  top  when  young. 

Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  82.     Alan^onia  helenioides,  DC.     Melarhiza  inuloides,  Kellogg. 

Hillsides  ;  common  near  San  Francisco  and  through  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento.  Akenes 
liajf  an  incli  and  tho  pappus  2  or  3  lines  long.  Teeth  of  i\w  corolla  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat 
hairy  outside. 

2.  W.  glabra,  Gray.  Green  and  glabrous  throughout,  minutely  resinous-glan- 
dular or  viscid  :  leaves  otherwise  as  in  the  preceding,  or  more  commonly  tooUied, 
and  the  upper  perhaps  narrower  :  akenes  and  pappus  glabrous,  the  lobes  of  the  lat- 
ter minutely  ciliate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  543. 

Hillsides,  San  Luis  Obispo  to  Marin  Co.  (A  specimen  from  Rolander's  collection  is  said  to 
come  fioni  Mount  Dana,  at  12,000  feet;  but  some  error  is  to  be  suspected.)  Heads  nearly  as 
large  and  leafy  as  in  IF.  helenioides,  the  bracts  or  leafy  involucral  scales  often  surpassing  the 
rays.  Disk-corolla  with  ovate  wholly  glabrous  teeth.  Foliage  said  to  have  a  viscid  exudation 
of  agreeable  odor. 

§  2.  Akenes  leas  thick,  and  with  acute  angles,  at  least  those  of  the  disk  laterally  com- 
pressed:  heads  less  large.  — True  WvrTiiiA. 
*  Involucre  hemispherical  or  broader  :  pappus  short  and  aivnless. 

3.  W.  ovata,  Gray.  Tomentoso  with  soft  ])ubescence  :  stem  2  feet  or  more 
high  (apparently  from  running  rootstocks),  leafy,  occa.sionally  branching  :  leaver 
broadly  ovate  or  the  larger  somewhat  cordate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3  to  G  inches 
long,  all  petioled  :  involucre  an  inch  in  diameter ;  its  scales  broadly  lanceolate, 
seldom  equalling  the  disk-flowers,  mostly  with  a  coriaceous  erect  ba.so  and  more 
or  less  spreading  acuminate  herbaceous  summit :  akenes  linear-oblong  (about  4  lines 
long),  minutely  pubescent,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of  G  or  8  short  and  broad 
unequal  chaffy  teeth,  all  of  them  somewhat  united  at  the  b;ise.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  357. 

Dry  hillsides,  Mariposa  Co.,  from  the  foot-hills  to  above  the  Yosemite,  Bridges,  Dolandtr,  &c. 
Bays  10  to  24,  about  an  inch  long. 

*  *  Involucre  narrow,  of  rather  feiv  erect  scales:  pappus  1  -4-atvned. 

4.  W.  mollis,  Gray.  Tomentoso  Avith  very  soft  white  wool,  which  is  partly 
deciduous  with  age  :  stems  2  or  3  feet  high,  often  bmnching  above  and  bearing  2  to 
4  racemose  naked  lieads,  rather  leafy  :  leaves  oblimg  or  sometimes  ovate,  3  to  9 
inches  long,  becoming  rigid  and  prominently  reticulated,  contracted  at  base  into  the 


350  COMPOSITE.  Wi/ethia. 

petiole,  or  the  uppermost  with  rounded  or  ahuost  cordate  base  :  involucre  campauu- 
late  ;  its  scales  1 0  to  12,  ovate-lanceolate  or  obluug-lauceolate,  mostly  herbaceous, 
and  longer  than  the  disk-ilowers  :  rays  10  to  15  :  akenes  linear-prismatic  (5  lines 
long),  miiuitely  i)ubes(:cnt  at  sunuuit,  crowned  with  a  very  short  truncate  chally  cup 
and  2  or  in  tlie  ray  3  to  5  subulate  awns.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  544. 

Sierra  Nevada,  from  above  the  Yoseniito  to  Mono  Lake,  Mount  Dana,  Souoni  Pass,  &,c.,  and 
adjacent  parts  of  Nevada.  Involucre  about  an  inch  long,  conmionly  very  white-wouUy,  some- 
times, like  the  whole  plant,  glabra te.     Said  to  grow  in  large  patches. 

*  *  *  Invulucre  hroadly  campaindate,  of  numerous  loose  scales  :  pappus  1  -  Pawned. 

5.  W.  angustifolia,  Nutt.  Green  and  hirsute,  at  least  the  simple  stems,  a  span 
to  2  ieet  higli :  leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  occasionally  ser- 
rulate ;  the  radical  anil  lower  onus  a  si)an  io  a  lout  long  ;  the  upper  sessile,  shorter 
and  uften  broader  :  head  naked  :  scales  ol"  the  involucre  numerous,  broadly  linear  or 
lanceulate  ;  most  of  them  herl)aceuus  or  t'uliaceous,  loose,  ciliate  with  villous  or  hir- 
sute hairs:  akenes  (3  lines  lung)  minutely  pubescent  at  summit,  bearing  one  or 
two  (or  those  of  the  iiiy  3  or  4)  stout  minutely  hirsute  awns,  with  some  very  short 
intervening  chalfy  scales,  more  or  less  luiited  at  base  (rarely  awnless).  —  Alarconia 
angustifuUa,  13C.  Wi/dhla  aiu/ustifolia  &  W.  robustu,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  l*hil. 
Soc.  vii.  352.     Jlelianthus  loinjifolius,  Hook.     II.  J/ooLerianus,  DC 

Plains  and  hillsides,  from  Mcniteroy  east  to  the  foot-hills  an<l  north  to  Oregon.  A  rather 
common  and  variable  spccitts.  There  are  indications  of  an  allied  species  in  the  foot-hills  of  Mari- 
posa and  Tuolumne  Counties. 

W.  HEi.lANTn()ii)E.s,  Nutt.,  his  original  species,  which  is  imperfectly  known,  but  resembles  IF. 
anffuslifolia,  with  a  more  leafy  stem,  and 

W.  AMPLKXiCAUi.is,  Niitt.,  wluch  is  very  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  upper  leaves  closely  ses- 
sile (both  with  commonly  awnless  pajipus),  inhabit  a  region  northeast  of  California,  but  have 
not  been  found  very  near  the  borders  of  the  State.  Their  thick  roots  or  rootstocks  are  used  for 
food  by  the  Indians,  along  with  those  of  Balsaviorhiza. 

46.  VERBESINA,  Linn. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous  Avith  fertile  rays,  or  rarely  by  their  abortion 
homogamous ;  the  disk-Uowers  perfect.  Involucre  of  immerous  or  rather  few  scales. 
Ileceptacle  convex  or  conical ;  the  chaff  embracing  the  akenes.  Akenes  flat  (later- 
ally much  compressed)  and  wingevl  on  the  margins,  or  those  of  the  ray  wingless. 
Tajjpus  of  2  awns,  either  free  from  or  united  with  the  wings.  — Chielly  lierbs;  with 
opp(Jsite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  llowers  ;  natives  of  the  warmer  i)arts 
of  America  :  only  the  following  reaches  the  borders  of  California.  —  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Gen.  ii.  379. 

1.  V.  encelioides,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Annual,  more  or  less  hoary-pubescent,  or 
sometimes  smoothish  and  green  :  stem  loosely  branching,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves 
triangular-ovate  or  somewhat  cordate,  or  the  upper  nearly  lanceolate,  coarsely  and 
incisely  serrate,  and  with  iuteiTupted  margined  or  winged  petiole  dilated  at  base 
into  a  toothed  or  laciuiate  foliaceous  clasping  auricle  :  heads  large,  corymbose  : 
scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  loose  ;  the  outer  set  linear-lanceolate  and  acu- 
uiinate,  foliaceous,  fully  equalling  the  ilattish  disk  :  rays  numerous,  cuneate-oblong, 
bright  golden  yellow,  3-lobed  at  summit  :  disk  akenes  surrounded  by  a  broad 
whitish  and  thickibh  wing,  which  at  the  summit  is  little  if  at  all  exceeded  by  the 
short  and  very  sl(;nder  awns  of  the  pappus.  —  Xhuenesia  encelioides,  Cav.  Ic.  ii.  GO, 
t.  178;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  359. 

On  the  Piio  Colorado,  or  at  least  tlirou^h  that  region  all  the  way  to  Te.xas,  and  the  northern 
provinces  of  Mexico,  now  widely  dilT'used  over  the  wanner  jiarts  of  the  world,  and  not  rare  in 
gardens.  The  wild  plant  along  our  borders  is  mostly  a  low  and  canescent  form  (var.  cana),  but 
It  becomes  luxuriant  and  greener  in  moist  and  richer  soil. 


Encelia.  COMPOSITiE.  35 1 

47.  ENCELIA,  Adanson. 
Head  many-flowered,  lieterogamous,  with  several  or  numerous  neutral  rays,  or 
rarely  homogamous,  the  rays  wanting;  disk-flowers  perfect.  Involucre  hemispherical 
or  campanulate,  of  more  or  less  imbricated  and  herbaceous  scales.  Receptacle  flat- 
tish ;  the  chafi"  subtending  the  disk-flowers  mostly  thin,  concave  or  folded  around 
the  akenes.  Disk-corollas  cylindraceous  or  somewhat  funnelform,  5-toothed. 
Style-appendages  commonly  more  or  less  elongated,  hirsute.  Akenes  flat  (laterally 
much  compressed)  and  thin-odged,  but  wingless,  obovato  or  oblong-ovul  with  more 
or  less  emarginate  or  bidentate  summit,  long-ciliate  or  naked.  Pappus  none  or  a 
pair  of  awns  ;  no  intermediate  scales.  —  Perennial  lierbs,  or  with  shrubby  base  (all 
American  and  chiefly  Western) ;  with  opposite  or  alternate  and  simple  but  sometimes 
lobed  leaves,  and  middle-sized  or  pretty  large  slender-peduncled  heads  of  chiefly 
yellow  flowers,  those  of  the  disk  occasionally  brownish  or  purple. — Benth.  &  Ilook. 
Gen.  ii.  378  (incl.  Geroea,  Barrattia,  &  Sinisia)  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  656. 

§  1.    Akenes  villous-ciliate :  pappus  none,  or  mere  rudimentary  awns  to  the  abortive 
ray -akenes  :  leaves  all  or  all  but  the  very  lowest  alternate.  —  True  Encelia. 

i.  E.  Californica,  Nutt.  Woody  at  base,  2  to  4  feet  high,  strong-scented; 
minutely  pubescent  and  rather  hoary,  or  becoming  green  and  smoother  :  leaves  (an 
inch  or  two  long)  varying  from  ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  entire  or  occasionally 
repand-toothed,  rather  indistinctly  3-ribbed  from  the  base,  abruptly  pctioled,  the 
broader  ones  rounded  nt  base  :  involucre  whito.-villous  :  rays  numerous,  an  inch 
long,  2-4  toothed  at  the  end:  akenes  obovato,  very  long-villous  on  the  callous 
margins,  the  notch  at  summit  very  shallow. 

Dry  hills  near  the  coast,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  and  thence  to  the  Gila,  where  it  is  vari- 
able, often  smaller,  dopauperate,  apparentlj-including  all  that  lias  been  referred  to  E.  conspcrsa, 
Benth.,  of  Lower  California.  Akenes  less  cinarginato  and  leaves  loss  narrowed  at  base  than  in  the 
Chilian  U.  oblongifoUa. 

2.  E.  farinosa,  Gray.  Shrubby  at  the  base,  silvery-canescent  with  a  dense  and 
furfuraceous  white  tomentum,  wholly  glabrous  Avhere  this  is  deciduous  :  leaves 
ovate  or  ovato-lancoolato  with  mostly  cunoato  base,  entire,  obtuse,  3-ribbed  at  base  : 
heads  rather  small  and  numerous,  on  slender  peduncles,  in  a  naked  panicle  or 
corymb  :  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  disk  :  rays  6  to  10,  barely  half  an  inch 
long:  akenes  obovate  and  with  a  deep  narrow  notch,  long-ciliate.  —  Emory,  Rep. 
143.     E.  nivea,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  88,  not  of  Benth. 

Southeastern  California,  and  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona,  Coulter,  Pnrry,  Newberry,  Cooper. 

§  2.   Akenes  villous-ciliate  and  with  a  pappus  of  2  chaffy  avms  :  leaves  mostly  alter- 
nate, naked-petioled.  —  Ger.ea,  Benth.      {Gercva  k  Simsia  §  Gera'a,  Gray.) 

3.  E.  eriocephala,  Gray.  Ilerbaceoua  (perhaps  annual  or  biennial)  :  stem 
mostly  simple,  a  foot  or  so  high,  leafy  towards  the  base,  naked  and  simple  or  loosely 
corymbose  above,  sparsely  hirsute  :  leaver  very  hirsute  with  long  and  spreading 
white  hairs,  obovate  or  spatulate,  and  tapering  into  a  margined  jietinlc,  or  tlio  upper- ' 
most  lanceolate  and  sessile,  mostly  with  some  coarse  teetli  :  scales  of  the  homispher- 
ical  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  loose,  green  and  somewhat  villous  (a.s  well  as  glan- 
dular) on  the  back,  densely  villous-ciliate  with  very  long  white  hairs  :  rays  12  or 
more,  oblong-obovate,  nearly  entire:  akenes  runoato-obovate,  very  villous  on  tho 
sides  as  well  m  margins,  each  nuirgin  produced  at  the  broadly  notched  sinnmit  into 
a  rigid  naked  persistent  awn.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  Gt)7.  Gera'a  rauesrens,  Torr.  & 
Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  48.     JSimsia  ((renpa)  canescens,  (rmy,  1^1.  Fendl.  85. 

Port  Mohave,  Fort  Yuma,  and  elsewhere  along  the  Colorado  and  vicinity.  Coulter,  Frevxont, 


o.-o  COMPOSIT.E.  L'nctlia. 

Ncwhcrnj,  S'cltott,  Cooper,  kc.  This  iiuist  be  a  showy  plant,  with  its)  (mostly  coiyinbosi!)  luuils 
uilonied  witli  Inoail  frnhli'ii  yi'llow  niys  (less  tliim  iiu  inch  litnj,'),  ami  undoineath  tlic  green  srales 
of  till)  invdliicrii  rriiij<cil  with  lung  wliitu  Iniirs.  Tho  original  aimeiliu  nanio  is  changuil  on  lucitunl 
of  tiio  olil  KiifcUit  cuiifscciin. 

'1.  £].  frutescens, (!iiiy.  Slniilihy  ladow,  liispid-HciibrouH,  loosnly  imicli  Iminclictl, 
2  or  iJ  lecL  lii)^li  :  1mhih;Ii(«s  luiiiiiiniUiig  ill  sinj^'lo  luii^'-puduiiclod  litwida :  Iciivos 
small  (rarely  an  inch  in  length),  obloiij<  or  ovale,  sometimes  sliylitly  cordate, 
entire  or  obscurely  toothed,  sliort-petioled  :  heads  small  :  involucre  scabrous-hispid 
or  canescent  :  rays  G  to  12,  cuneate-oblong  and  3-4-lobed,  sometimes  wanting: 
akenes  obovate  and  with  a  shallow  notch,  glabrous  on  the  sides,  very  villous  on  the 
margins  and  the  rather  short  or  une(iual  (occasionally  obsolete)  i)ersistent  awns.  — 
Troc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  Go7.     >Si>Hsia  (Gercfu)  frufesceus,  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  JJound.  81). 

Gravelly  ravines,  &c.,  soutiieasteni  borders  of  C'lilifornia  and  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona,  Nevada, 
and  Utah,  Fremont,  Enwnj,  Acwbcrri/,  kc.     Cordilleras  near  Sun  Felipe,  Sullon  Hayes. 

48.  HELIANTHELLA,  Ton.  &  Gray. 
Head  many-llowered,  heterogamous,  with  rather  numerous  neutral  rays  and  per- 
fect disk-flowers.  Involucre  hemispherical,  of  loosely  imbricated  linear-lanceolate 
scales  ;  tho  outer  mostly  Ibliaceous  and  attomiato-ucuminate  ;  innermost  shorter  and 
somewhat  cluilly.  lieceptacle  Hat  or  convex:  chall'  eiubiacing  the  akenes.  Disk- 
corollas  cylindruceous,  D-loothetl  j  tho  tooth  i)uborulent-boartled.  8tylo-a]»})endug(!a 
hirsute,  mostly  short  and  obtuse.  Akenes  flat  (laterally  much  compressed),  obovate 
or  oblong,  with  thin  and  acute  or  narrowly  wing-marginod  edges,  and  commonly 
emarginato  summit.  Pappus  an  awn  or  chall'y  tooth  from  each  margin,  and  with 
intermediate  (often  very  small)  thin  chaffy  or  almost  setiforin  scales,  both  occasion- 
ally almost  obsolete.  —  Perennial  (North  American)  herbs ;  with  both  opposite  and 
alternate  entire  leaves,  large  and  chieily  solitary  and  long-peduncled  terminal  luiads 
of  yellow  flowers,  and  the  general  habit  of  Ihliaiitlius  or  Wi/cthia. — Torr.  ^  (iniy, 
Fl.  ii,  333  ;  the  second  section  including  the  tyjjical  species ;  with  leaves  lanceolate 
or  broader,  and  connnonly  trij)le-ribbed  near  the  middle. 

1.  H.  Californica,  Oray.  Minutely  hirsute-pubescent  :  stems  slender,  one  to 
three  feet  high,  occasionally  bmnched  :  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  mostly  oppcisite, 
all  tapering  into  petioles  :  head  often  foliaceous-bracted  :  rays  seldom  much  if  at  all 
longer  than  the  involucre  :  chaff  obtuse  :  akenes  obovate,  smooth  and  glabrous 
throughout,  narrowly  margined,  minutely  ciliate  when  young  only  near  the  summit: 
pappus  of  two  short  triangular  or  subulate  chaffy  teeth  and  a  crown  of  minute 
squamellae,  nearly  obsolete  at  maturity.  —  Pacif.  Ii.  Rep.  iv.  103. 

Napa  Valley,  Bigelnw.     Near  Clark's,  Mariposa  County,  A.  Gray.     Sierra  Valley,  Lcminon. 

H.  LANCEOi.ATA,  Torr.  &  Gray,  wliich  has  akenes  naked  and  with  a  pair  of  slender  awns  but 
hardly  any  crown  ;  II.  UNiFi.oitA,  Torr.  &  <!niy,  witli  large  head,  akenes  silky-villous  on  tho  face 
as  well  as  margins,  a  jmir  of  stout  awns,  and  a  cons|)icuous  crown  of  long  and  nariow  sijuamellie 
between  them;  and  possiMy  11.  I'AUitvr,  (hay,  with  nuu'h  smaller  heads,  narrower  leaves,  b\it 
similar  akenes,  yet  shorter  or  obsolete  awns  (at  least  its  variety  viultiaiu/is,  II.  inullicuulis,  Eaton 
in  13ot.  King  K.\p.),  occurring  north  and  east  of  California,  nuiy  be  found  near  its  bonk 


lers. 


49.    HELIANTHUS,   Linn.         Sunfloweu. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  neutral  ray-  and  perfect  disk-flowers. 

Involucre  hemispherical  or  broader,  of  imbricated  scales,  more  commonly  with  narrow 

herbaceous  or  foliaceous  tips.     Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  with  chaff  embracing  the 

akenes  of  the  disk-flowers.     Rays  mostly  entire  :  disk-corollas  cylindrical,  5  toothed. 


HeNanlhx.i.  COxMl'USIT.E.  353 

Branches  of  the  style  tipped  with  a  subulate  hisi)id  appendage.  Akencs  thick, 
commonly  obovate-oblong,  either  4-angled  or  somewhat  lenticular,  laterally  more  or 
less  compressed,  the  edges  obtuse  as  well  as  margiidess.  Pappus  caducous,  of  2 
chaffy  awns  or  pointed  scales,  one  from  each  principal  angle  of  the  akene,  sometimes 
with  two  or  more  very  small  and  thin  intermediate  scales,  which  are  equally  cadu- 
cous. —  Coarse  annuals  or  perennials,  with  entire  or  merely  toothed  leaves,  at  least 
the  lower  ones  mostly  opposite,  and  solitary  or  somewhat  corymlwso  heads,  of  largo 
or  middle  size.      Hays  yellow  :  disk  yellow,  brownisli,  or  sometimes  dark  jjurplo. 

A  genus  of  iienrly  tlireescore  sjwcics,  nil  Aiiiuricnii  mid  cliielly  toiniifinlo  Norlli  AiiiPricaii, 
most  of  tliem  in  the  Atlantic  United  Stiitcs,  very  few  in  California. 

*    Av)iVfi/s,  yiitJi  haven  Cribbed  (tt  base,  (til  bid  the  loivent  iisitaUi/  nltfriKite :  receptacle 
ftat  :  disk  brown is/i  or  dark  pnrplisli. 

1.  H.  annuus,  Linn.  Largo,  hispid  and  rough  :  leaves  deltoid-ovate  and  the 
lower  more  or  less  cordate,  acuminate,  3  to  7  inches  long,  all  petioled  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  abruptly  slender-acuminate  :  chaff  of  the  recep- 
tacle shorter  tlian  the  flowers  :  akones  in  tlio  wild  plants  appressed  silky-pubescent, 
'1\  to  4  lines  long:  ])appus  of  2  chaffy  scales. — The  wild  plant,  with  peduncles 
moderately  if  at  all  thickened,  receptacle  an  inch  or  so  in  diameter,  and  even  the 
lower  leaves  not  much  cordate,  is  H.  lenticularis,  Dongl.  in  Bot.  Beg.  t.  1205. 

Banks  of  .streams,  and  open  places,  in  the  eastern  and  sonthcni  part  of  the  State,  more  common 
in  Nevada,  and  thence  to  Nehraska  and  Texas.  Seeds  nsed  for  food  hy  the  Indians.  In  all  jn-ob- 
ahility  this  wild  sunflower  of  the  plains  is  the  original  of  the  lonrj-cultivatcd  //.  nnnnvs:.  A 
spocinion  from  Fort  Tcjon,  by  Xantus,  would  ho  n^forrnd  to  that  s|iei'ieH. 

2.  H.  petiolaris,  Nutt.  Slender,  about  2  foot  high,  branching  :  leaves  from  ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  conimotdy  almost  entire,  contracted  at  base  into  long  and  slender 
petioles  :  head  rather  small :  acuminate  tip  of  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle  not  longer 
tlian  the  flowers  :  akenea  more  or  less  appre.ssed-pul)escent. 

Occurs  sparingly  in  the  eastern  .and  southern  parts  of  the  State  and  Nevada  :  common  in  Utah  and 
eastward  nhnost  to  tlie  Mississippi.      Seemingly  j)asses  into  depauperate  forms  of  the  preceding. 

'^.  H.  Bolanderi,  (trny.  Stem  hirsute,  branching,  2  foot  or  more  high  :  leavers 
ovate-lanceolate  or  tlie  lower  rhomboid-ovate,  acute  or  acuininajc,  very  sliarply  and 
coarsely  serrate,  on  slender  petioles  :  heads  somewhat  i)ani(rl(M|,  short-jiedunch'd  : 
involucre  loosely  hirsute  ;  its  scales  linear-lanceolate,  nttcnuate-acuminate,  loose,  folia- 
coous,  longer  than  the  disk,  mostly  equalling  the  10  or  12  rays  :  cliaff  of  the  receptacle 
entire  or  nearly  so,  tipped  with  an  awn  exceeding  the  dark  purple  corollas  :  akones 
silky-pubescent :  pappus  of  2  subulate  chaffy  awns.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  544. 

Lake  County,  at  the  Geysers,  Bolanclcr.  Also  collected  by  Bridrjcs,  hut  hahitut  unknown. 
Heads  small.     Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  on  petioles  of  about  half  their  length. 

4.  H.  exilis,  Oray,  1.  c.  More  or  less  hirsute  :  stems  .slender,  branching,  a  foot 
high  :  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  obscurely  3-norvod  at  base, 
lapering  into  ^  short  petiole  :  heads  very  small,  on  slender  sometinu^s  leafy-bractoil 
peduncles  :  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  a.s  in  the  jiroceding  :  mys  5  to  H  :  chad'  of 
the  receptacle  produced  into  an  awn-like  cusp  which  eipials  the  dark-jiurjile  corollas: 
akenes  nearly  glabrous  :  pappus  of  2  ovate-lanceolate  ebaffy  scales. 

Wet  places  around  Clear  Lake,  Bolnnder.  Long  Valley,  Mendocino  Co.,  a  larger  form,  one  or 
two  feet  high,  Kr.H.nrjrj.  Hoiids  4  to  0  lines  hi^h.  A  form,  jJrohnMy  of  this  species,  with  even 
the  u])per  leaves  mo.stly  opposite,  scales  of  the  involucre  broader  and  erect,  and  the  long  hirsute 
hairs  mostly  wanting,  was  collected  in  Owens  Valley  by  Dr.  Horn. 

*   *    Perenniah  :  receptacle  convex :  disk  dull  yellow. 

5.  H.  Californicus,  DC.  Stem  glabrous,  rather  slender,  2  to  5  feet  high, 
simple  or  branching  :  leaves  alternate  or  some  of  them  opposite,  minutely  scobrous- 


354  COMPOSlTa-E.  lldianlhKs. 

pubescent,  short-petiuled  or  nearly  sessile ;  the  lower  lanceolate  or  soiuetimes  uvate- 
lanceolate  and  acuiuinate,  either  entire  or  obtusely  serrate,  4  to  8  inelies  lon^' ;  the 
upper  usually  siualh'r  ujid  more  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire  :  heads  mostly  on  slender 
rather  short  pediuich's  :  scales  of  tlio  involucre  slender,'  linear-lanceolate,  tajierin*,' 
iiit(j  louj,'  and  Hpreailiii^'  acuiniuato  tips  :  raya  Ifi  to  20,  an  inch  or  more  long  :  chair 
of  the  receptacle  blunt :  ukenes  very  Hat,  j^labrous  :  pappus  of  2  or  3  lanceolate 
chall'y  scales.  — //.  gijanteus,  var.  insulus,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  17. 

Along  streams,  common  near  Sun  Francisco,  &c. ;  extending  into  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  uj)  to  4,000  feet.  Kootstofk  thick  and  tuberous,  with  a  terebinthine  juice  or  exudation. 
Sides  of  the  akene  Hat  and  entirely  destitute  of  angles.     Larger  leaves  triple-ribbed. 

H.  NuTTALUi,  Torr.  &  ^iray,  which  grows  in  N.  W.  Nevada,  has  more  slender  stems,  more 
linear  leaves,  scales  of  the  iiivolucn;  hirsute-ciliato  towards  the  base,  chall'of  the  recepUiclo  acute, 
pappus  more  slender,  ami  akeuo  (when  young)  with  evident  latcml  angles. 

60.  VIGUIEEA,  HBK. 

Head,  llowers,  &c.  as  in  lldianthas,  but  usually  of  smaller  size;  imbricated  invo- 
lucre less  herbaceous ;  receptacle  inclined  to  be  conical ;  and,  especially,  the  pappus 
less  deciduous  or  even  persistent,  consisting  of  2  or  more  scarious  chaify  scales  on 
each  side  between  the  awns.  —  Chielly  tropical  or  subtropical  American  :  only  one 
species  has  actually  been  observed  within  the  limits  of  the  Htate. 

In  Lower  California  (Caiio  San  Lucas)  there  are  a  few  s])ecies,  such  as  F.  ddioidea  aud  V.  lamen- 
tosa,  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  IGl,  and  y.  subiiiclsa,  Benth.,  which  may  be  related  to  tlie  fol- 
lowing. 

1.  V.  laciniata,  Gray.  Shrubby  (i),  minutely  scabrous-hispid,  branching  :  leaves 
on  the  branches  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  obscurely  hastate  in  general  outline, 
incisely  lobed  or  pinnatilid,  tapering  at  base  into  a  short  petiole,  coarsely  reticulate- 
veined,  sparsely  [)apillose-l)ispid  :  heads  corymbose,  less  than  half  an  inch  long  : 
involucre  short ;  its  scales  oblong-ovate  and  coriaceous  :  flowers  yellow  :  rays  8  to 
10:  receptacle  convex:  pappus  apparently  deciduous;  its  chaffy  awns  about  the 
length  of  the  sparingly  ciliato  akene ;  the  truncate  intervening  scales  conspicuous, 
more  or  less  conlhient  into  one  on  each  side,  aud  erosely  fimbriate  at  summit.  —  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  81). 

East  of  San  Diego,  Schotl,  Nexuberry,  Clevdand.  Apparently  a  low  bushy  i>lant,  shrul^by  at 
base,  and  with  slender  herbaceous  branches. 

2.  V.  nivea,  Benth.  (i)  Silvery-white  with  ajjpressed  and  dense  silky  jmbes- 
cenco  (hairiness  rather  than  tomentum),  low  or  procumbent  :  leaves  ovate,  entire  or 
nearly  so,  3-ril)bed  at  ba.se,  the  lowisr  ones  opposite  :  peduncle  slender,  nio.stly  bear- 
ing a  single  head  :  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  silky-tomentose,  in  about 
2  series,  rather  loose  :  chaff  of  the  involucre  rather  shorter  than  the  flowers  :  rays  10 
or  12,  yellow  :  akenes  (ovaries)  oblong,  somewhat  villous  :  pappus  of  a  few  thin  and 
small  chaffy  .scales  and  a  pair  of  chaffy  awns,  or  sometimes  the  awns  reduced  to 
scales  and  not  longer  than  the  hairs  of  the  ovary,  deciduous.  —  Encelia  nivea,  Benth. 
Bot.  Sulph.  p.  27  (?).  Helianthns  {Harpalium)  tephrodes,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
90.     BahiopsU  lanata,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  35  (?). 

S.  E.  California,  at  Mirasol  del  Monte,  in  tlie  desert,  SdinU.  An  iniHimiilete  specimen,  proba- 
bly identical  (aUliongh  tlu^  leaves  ari^  nioslly  alternate)  with  Hentiuim's  EiuxUa  niwii  of  Lower 
California,  wliicli  he  supposes  may  Ito  Kcllogg's  liiiliiopsis  laiiaia,  of  the  same  region,  and  would 
now  (in  (Jen.  I'l.  ii.  370,  378)  refer  tu  rif/uicni. 

51.     PUGIOPAPPUS,  Gray. 
Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous  ;  the  rays  7  to  10,  more  or  less  pistillate  and 
fertile  ;  disk-flowers  perfect.     Involucre  broadly  campanulate,  double  ;  the  outer  of 
4  or  5  loose  and  somewhat  foliaceous,  the  inner  of  mostly  10  thinner  and  rather 


Lrplomjne.  COMPOSIT/K.  355 

longer  croct  soiiles.  lieco|tt;iclo  lliit;  its  clialT  tliiii  and  swirious,  linoiir  or  laiicoolate, 
deciduous  with  tlio  fruit,  liays  mostly  broad  and  truncate,  obscuri'.ly  3  -  4-lobod 
or  crenate,  niany-nervod.  Disk-corollas  with  a  short-bearded  or  beardless  ring  at 
the  summit  of  the  slender  tube  ;  the  dilated  limb  5  lobed.  Style-branches  of  the 
ray-flowers  often  short  and  included  ;  of  the  disk-flowers  tii)ped  with  a  very  short 
cone  or  nearly  truncate.  Akcnes  obcompressed,  flat,  oval  or  oblong ;  those  of  the 
ray  broader,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  more  or  less  wing-margined  ;  those  of  the  disk 
wingless,  villous  or  ciliate,  coherent  at  base  with  the  subtending  aj)pressed  chaff. 
Pappus  of  the  ray  none,  of  the  disk  a  })air  of  long  bayonet-shajx^d  cliaif'y  awns,  little 
shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Glabrous  annuals,  all  Californian  ;  with  alternate  leaves 
once  or  twice  pinnatcly  parted  into  linear  lobes,  and  showy  heads  of  golden-yellow 
flowers,  terminating  hmg  naked  peduncles.  —  Gniy,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  659. 
Agnrista,  DC.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  337,  not  of  Don.  I'ugiopapjyus,  Gray  in 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  48,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  545. 

This  genus  and  the  ne.xt  take  the  plnce  of  Coreopsis  in  California. 

Coreopsis  Atkinsoniana,  Dougl.,  the  only  species  known  to  occin-  west  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tnins,  —  a  species  which  resembles  the  well-known  C.  tiiictoria  of  tlio  Arkansas  region,  common 
in  all  gardens,  —  belongs  to  Oregon,  and  may  be  expected  in  tlio  bordering  pai  t  of  California. 

1.  P.  calliopsidens,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  leafy  below :  lobes  of  the  leaves 
linear  :  head  large :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  ovate,  united  at  base :  rays  obovate- 
cuneiform  :  ray-akenos  with  a  tliin  winged  margin  ;  tlioso  of  the  disk  clothed  with 
very  long  villous  hairs  on  the  margins  and  inner  face.  -- At/nn'sfn  ca/lioj>8uiea,  DC. 
Prodr.  V.  569.      Coreopsis  calliopsidea,  IJolander,  Cat.  PI.  San  Prancisco. 

Moist  hillsides  and  plains,  from  the  Ray  of  San  Frnncisco  southward.  Variable  in  size  :  rays 
from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  and  from  4  to  10  lines  wide.  Disk-corollas  with  a  short- 
bearded  ring  on  the  tube. 

2.  P.  Bre"weri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Much  smaller  than  the  preceding,  with  finer  divis- 
ions to  the  leaves  :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  linear  :  rays  rather  narrow  :  akenes 
of  the  disk  long-villous  on  the  margins  and  the  middle  of  the  inner  face,  otherwise 
glabrous  :  chaffy  awns  of  the  pappus  stouter,  only  half  the  length  of  the  akene. 

Dry  bills  near  San  Buenaventura,  March  {Brewer)  ;  San  Bernanlino  desert,  Parry.  Rays  half 
or  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  2  to  4  lines  wide  :  disk-corollas  with  a  Iwardless  ring.  Ray  akenes 
nearly  as  in  the  next ;  those  of  the  disk  more  like  those  of  the  preceding,  except  in  tiieir  smaller  size. 

3.  P.  Bigelovii,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  high,  leafy  oidy  at  the  base  :  the  small 
head  on  a  nearly  naked  scape  :  leaves  almost  simply  i)innately  parted  into  a  few 
narrowly  linear  rather  fleshy  divisions  :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  broadly  linear : 
rays  broad  :  ray-akenes  narrowly  oblong,  roughish,  and  with  thickish  wing-liko 
margins ;  those  of  the  disk  slightly  ciliate. 

Drv  plains,  on  Mohave  Creek  (IHgclmr)  nnd  Fort  Tojon,  Dr.  Horn.  The  plant  from  San  Buena- 
ventura, inadvertently  referred  to  this  species  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  (M5,  is  the  preceding. 
The  head  of  this  only  half  as  large.  Rays  rpmdrate-oblong,  4  or  C  linos  in  longtli.  Ring  on  the 
tube  of  disk-corollas  distinct  but  beardless.  Akenes  of  the  disk  inclined  to  be  sterile  ;  but  this  is 
also  the  case  in  the  first  species. 

52.   LEPTOSYNE,  DC. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  sevend  or  numerous,  pistillate; 
disk-ilowora  perfect.  Involucre  double;  the  otiter  of  fi  to  8  narrow  and  hioso  foliu- 
ceous  scales;  the  inner  of  8  to  12  erect  more  mend)ranaceou9  scales.  ]{eceptnclo 
nearly  flat ;  its  cliafi"  thin  and  scarious,  linear  or  lanceolate,  deciduous  with  the 
fruit.     Rays  oblong  or  obovate,  3-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  end,  10-uervcd.     Disk- 


356  COMPOSIT.E.  Leplosijue. 

corollas  with  slender  tube  girt  by  a  ring  at  the  suuimit,  and  a  funnelibrm  or 
more  dilated  5-lobcd  limb.  iStyle-branches  of  the  disk-llowera  truncate-capitate  or 
tipped  with  a  very  short  cone ;  those  of  the  rays  little  exserted.  Akeiies  obconi- 
pressed,  ilat,  more  or  less  wing-iuargined,  similar  in  disk  and  ray.  Pappus  none,  or 
a  minute  callous  cup.  —  Low  glabrous  annuals,  or  larger  and  more  enduring  plants 
with  thickened  succulent  stems,  all  Californian ;  leaves  chiefly  alternate,  once  to 
thrice  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  or  tiliibrm  lobes ;  the  showy  heads  of 
yellow  flowers  terminating  long  naked  peduncles.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  G57. 
Tuckermannia,  Nutt. 

CoitEOCAiiPUs  (wilh  Acdma),  Beiith.  Bot.  Sulph.,  coutaina  two  or  three  still  obscure  sj)ei;ies  of 
Lower  Calilbrniu,  iiUied  to  this  and  the  piecodiiig  genus,  but  not  very  likely  to  occur  within  the 
limits  of  the  St.ite. 

§  1.  Annuals,  a  span  or  more  h'ujk^  with  long  naked  peduncles:  heads  an  inch  or  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  including  the  oblong  or  cuneate-obovate  more  or 
less  3-lobed  rags  :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  linear.  — True  Leptosyne. 

1.  L.  Douglasii,  L)C.  Leafy  only  at  the  base  :  the  peduncles  all  scape-like  : 
disk-corollas  with  a  conspicuously  bearded  ring  :  akenes  sparsely  beset  with  capitate 
rigid  bristles,  the  winged  border  at  length  very  tliick  and  corky,  the  summit  with 
an  entire  cup-like  ring  in  place  of  {)appus. 

Dry  or  sandy  soil,  from  near  San  Francisco  (?)  to  San  Diego.  Except  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  State  apparently  less  common  than  the  next. 

2.  L.  Stillmani,  Gray.  Stems  more  leafy  below  :  involucre  commonly  some- 
what hairy  at  base  :  disk-corollas  beardless  :  akenes  surrounded  by  a  thick  and 
corky  rugose  wing,  smooth  and  glabrous  except  the  inner  face,  which  mostly  be- 
comes sparsely  papillose,  and  often  bears  a  row  of  tubercles  on  the  midnerve :  the 
cup  in  place  of  pappus  either  entire  or  2-lobetl.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  92. 

Hillsides  and  plains,  Valley  of  the  Sacramento  to  the  Bay,  &c.  ;  the  common  si>ecie8  in  the 
central  part  of  the  State.     Kuyu  somewhat  cuneate-obovate. 

3.  L.  Newberryi,  Gray.  Leafy  only  at  base  :  the  peduncles  scape-like  :  disk- 
corollas  with  a  shorter  tube  bearing  an  inconspicuously  bearded  ring  :  akenes 
(young)  with  a  very  thin  wing,  both  faces  minutely  glandular-bristly,  the  cui)  at  the 
summit  obscure.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  358. 

Sitgreaves  Pass,  on  the  Colorado,  Newberry,  (.'amp  Grant,  Arizona,  Palmer.  Terhaps  not 
within  the  State. 

§2.   Succulent   thickened  steins  or  rootstocks  perennial,  leafy,  often  branched:  leaves 
rather  Jleshg  :  heads  large. — Tuckehmannja,   (iray. 

4.  L.  maritima,  Gray.  Stems  rather  low,  herbaceous,  from  a  fleshy  tuberous 
base  or  caudex  :  peduncles  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  long  :  heads  (including  the  nar- 
rowly oblong  slightly  3-toothed  rays)  3  or  4  inches  in  diameter :  ring  of  tube  of  tlie 
corolla  naked :  akenes  smooth  and  glabrous,  bordered  by  a  narrow  tliinnish  wing  or 
margin,  wliolly  destitute  of  paj^pus.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  538  ;  Kegel,  Eev.  llort. 
1872,  with  plate.  Tuckermannia  maritima,  Nutt.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  355  ;  Torr. 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  U2,  t.  31. 

Sea  beach  at  San  Diego,  and  on  the  islands.  A  striking  and  showy  plant.  In  cultivation  a 
short  naked  awn  is  rarely  produced  from  each  margin  of  the  akene  ! 

5.  L.  gigantea,  Kellogg.  Stems  shrubby  or  fleshy-woody,  2  to  8  feet  high 
and  1  to  5  inches  in  diameter,  leafy  at  the  top  :  heads  numerous  and  corymbose!, 
rather  short-peduncled  :  inner  scales  of  involucre  with  a  prominent  midrib  :  divis- 
ions of  the  leaves  more  filiform. 

Sun  Miguel  and  Santa  Barbara  Llands,  Uurfunl,  L'npl.  Fvnuy.     Uuudalupe  Island,  I'alnnr. 


Blepharipappus.  COMPOSITE.  35^ 

63.  BIDENS,  Linn.  Run-MARinoM,. 
Head  many-flowered  heteroga„.ous  and  the  3  to  10  mys  neutral,  or  homogaraous 
and  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular.  Involucre  double;  the  outer  of  a  few  mostly 
fohaceous  loose  or  spreading  scales;  the  inner  of  several  erect  and  more  membn^na 
ceous  scales.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex  ;  the  thin  narrow  chaff  deciduous  with  the 
fruit.  Akenes  obcompresse.l,  either  broad  and  very  flat  or  narrow,  beakless,  bearinjr 
a  pappus  of  2  to  4  rigid  and  retrorsely  barbed  awns.  _  Annual  or  perennial  herbs 
wdh  opposite  leaves,  and  small  or  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  or  sometimes  white 
flowers;  some  of  them  vile  weeds.  The  species  are  numerous,  and  very  widely 
distributed  over  the  world,  but  there  are  remarkably  i...  in  California  or  in  the 
J  acilic  region. 

*   Akenes  broad :  leaves  merely  serrate. 

two'hS.''^l'^^^f^®'?°'f  ®^'  ^,^'''^^-    ^""""^'  ^^"^^°"^'  ^«^fy  to  the  top,  a  foot  or 
3  to  5  there    r''^  ^"T'Y'^  tapering  to  both  ends,  clo.sely  sessii;,  serrate 
ravs  fi    n  ^0      ?;  l^e^'lf/'-^ther  large  and  showy:  scales  of  inner  involuci;  broad 
rays  8  to  10,  golden  yellow,  oblong  or  oval,  an  inch  long :  akenes  wed.rc-shaped  • 

S^xedZstleT  '  '°  '  "''"  ^°"^  ^""^  '^^''^'^  ^^'"^  ^'8id  or  almost  p^S; 

JS^:^2.T7ti^.:^;:i^z^  *'^  ^^^^^"^  ^^^  ^'^  *^^  «^^-  ^^*-^^  ^^  ^^--. 

raves'  or'^wX^hoironp",  of  I'Tf '^'^  n  ^^''^h,g™^«  *"  Oregon,  has  smaller  leaves,  heads  without 
E  r,  n    oieft      T^  ofbghter  ye  low,  and  smaller  Imrbs  to  the  akene  antl  awns.    The  two  per- 

Vo';ge:^:T±bly  Ui:  Setlin^r         "'""    '  "'''"■  '^"^  ^"■"°"'  "  ''''■  ^"'^"■^'  ^''  '''"^''^'^ 

*   *   Akenes  long  and  narroto  {Spanish  Needles)  :  leaves  divided  or  compound. 

2.  B.  pilosa,  Linn.     Annual,  more  or  less  hairy,  or  merely  the  leaves  sparselv 

^rr7:Tw    *--fi-t-l-the  Wr  5-parted  into  ovate  inLely  cleft  or  sCply 

serrate  thin  leaflets:  heads  small,  without  rays  or  with  2  or  .3  small  and  whit^h 

ones:  akenes  linear,  smooth,  or  the  outer  ones  upwardly  hispid-scabrous    at  lelst 

Or?    Fl   if  .3M  "''^'  2-^-'^^^"'^^^-  -^^-  C-i^for^^ca,  DC    Pmllr.  v.  SOo!     Torr  & 

Santa  Barbam  to  Los  Angeles,   near  water-cour.ses,  kc.     A  weed    widelv  difTnoed  nvr>r  tl,« 

le^nrSi^X^S^XSlf  "'^'  vesemblesa.,...  with  finely  di^ded 
54.    BLEPHARIPAPPUS,  Hook.,  Torr.  k  Gray. 

Head  heterogamous,  with  3  to  G  pistillate  rays  :  di.^k-flowers  7  to  12  perfect,  some 
of  the  central  infertilo.  Scales  of  the  involucre  fi  to  10,  nearly  in  a  flinglo  scricvs 
lanceolate,  erect,  almost  equal.  Keceptaclo  convex,  chafly ;  the  chafl"  thin  and 
membranaceous,  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Rays  short  and  broad,  cuneiform,  3- 
lobed.  Style  in  the  rlisk-flowers  long,  thickened  upwards  and  hairy,  2-cleft  only  at 
the  apex  (the  branches  obtuse  and  not  appendaged).  or  in  the  central  and  sterile 
flowers  nearly  entire.  Akenes  turbinate,  silky-villous.  Pappus  of  10  or  12  linear 
hyaline  scales,  traversed  by  a  stout  awn  like  midrib,  the  margins  lacerately  fringed 
so  as  to  appear  plumose,  rarely  wanting. —Annual,  corymbosely  or  paniculately 
branched  ;  both  rays  and  disk-corollas  whitp  ;  tho  anthers  brown-purple.  Only 
one  variable  species. 


358  COMPOSIT.E.  niepharqniiqmii. 

1.  B.  scaber,  Hook.     A  span  to  a  foot  high,  rough-pnbenilent  and  somewhat 
hispid,  above  niuro  or  less  glandular  :  leaves  alternate,   narrowly  linear  and  with 
margins  revolute  (or  small  ones  on  the  branehlets  involute)  :  lu-ads  a  (piailer  nr  less. 
than  hair  ati  ineli  hnig,  terminating  slender  branches. 

Var.  lEGVis,  <liay  :  a  tbrui  witli  the  lnuve.s,  iit  least  thosti  ol'  the  branches,  ahnost 
8niooth  and  mucli  appressud. 

Var.  subcalvus,  tJray  :  a  state  with  the  jjappus  both  of  ray  and  ilisk  reduced  to 
minute  hyaline  vestiges,  hardly  exceeding  the  hairs  of  the  akene. 

SieiTa  Valley,  and  alDiig  the  eivsteru  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada ;  cinnniun  thiouyli  the  inteiior 
in  Oregon  ami  Nevada.  Var.  Iccv is  is  No.  118  of  Bridges  coll.  in  herb.  Kew,  referred  to  nnder 
Heviizoiiia  in  (Jen.  PI. ;  the  locality  not  recorded.  Var.  subcalvus,  Siena  Valley,  Bohmdcr, 
Lenimon:  apparently  mixed  with  the  cuninion  state. 

56.   MADIA,   Molina.        Tauwicku. 

Head  few  -  manydiowered,  heterogamous,  with  1  to  20  pistillate  rays,  or  rarely 
the  rays  entirely  wanting  ;  the  diskdlowers  hermaphrodite,  either  fertile  or  sterile. 
Involucre  a  single  series  of  herbaceous  scales,  which  are  carinate  and  conduplicate, 
enclosing  as  many  akenes,  their  free  tips  erect  or  involute.  Receptacle  flat  or 
convex,  with  somewhat  herbaceous  chad  between  the  ray-  and  diskdlowers,  usually 
more  or  less  united  into  a  cup,  otherwise  naked  or  lindnillate  hirsute.  Kays  more 
or  less  cuneiform,  3dobed  at  summit.  Akenes  linear-oblong  or  clavate-oblong, 
incurved  or  nearly  straight,  laterally  compressed,  minutely  many-striate,  glabrous 
(those  of  the  ray  with  Hat  sides),  wholly  destitute  of  pappus,  or  in  one  section  a 
chall'y-plumose  pappus  to  mostly  sterile  diskdlowers.  —  Glandular  and  more  or  less 
viscid  heavy-scented  annuals ;  with  linear  or  lanceolate  entire  or  slightly  toothed 
leaves,  at  least  the  upper  alternate  ;  and  oitlier  peduncled  corymbose,  or  pauicled,  or 
clustered  heads  of  yellow  llowers,  opening  at  evening,  early  morning,  or  in  cloudy 
Aveathcr.  All  natives  of  the  Pacilic  States,  one  species  also  in  Chili.  —  lienth.  & 
Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  293;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  187.  Madia,  with  Madaria 
(DC),  Anisocarpus  (Xutt.),  Amula  (Nutt.),  &  Harpa-carpus  (Nutt.),  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl. 

§  1.   Rays  conspicuous  and  mostly  numn-ous  (9  to  20)  :  dish-Jlowers  also  numerous 
but  sterile,  or  the  exterior  ones  fertile,  with  pubescent  corollas.  —  ^Maoakfa. 

*   Disk-flowers  with  a  pappus  composed  of  fimbriate  or  jdumose-lacerate  and  slender 
chaffy  scales.      {Anisocarpiis,  Wutt.) 

1.  M.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Hirsute:  stem  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high:  all  the 
lower  leaves  opposite,  denticulate  or  occasionally  beset  with  slender  salient  teeth  : 
heads  rather  .small  and  paniculate,  tenuinating  slender  glandular  peduncles  :  scales 
of  the  involucre  with  short  inconspicuous  tip.s,  rather  large  for  the  size  of  the  head  : 
fertile  akenes  obovated'alcate,  the  many-striate  sides  nerveless  ;  those  of  the  disk  all 
abortive:  pappus  very  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii. 
391,  it  ix.  188.     Anisocarpus  madioides,  Is'utt. 

In  woods,  not  rare  from  Monterey  to  Oregon.  Leaves  2  to  5  inches  long,  2  to  6  lines  wide, 
thin.  Kays  half  an  incli  or  less  in  length,  cuneiform,  strongly  three-lobed,  twice  the  length  of 
the  involucre. 

2.  M.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Villous-hirsute  :  stem  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  all 
but  the  lower  alternate,  chiefly  entire  (the  lower  3  to  10  inches  long)  :  heads 
middle-sized,  racemose  (on  short  or  long  peduncles)  :  scales  of  the  involucre  with 
rather  slender  tips  :  rays  short  but  exserted  :  chatt"  of  the  recepta(de  linear,  uncon- 


Madia.  COMPOSITE..  359 

nected  :  akenes  narrow  and  elongated,  minutely  and  all  sparsely  hairy,  even  those 
of  the  ray,  the  latter  saliently  1  -  2-nerved  ou  each  face  ;  outer  ones  of  the  disk 
apparently  fertile  :  pappus  of  almost  setiform  plumose  unequal  chaffy  scales,  the 
longer  ones  little  shorter  than  the  corolla. — Anisocarpus  Bolanderi,  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  360. 

Woods  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  in  the  Mnripcsa  Sequoia  grove,  and  at  Donncr  Lal<e,  Bolandcr. 
Ileaiis  lialf  nn  inch  high  :  rays  3  lines  long.  Akenes  3  lines  long  ;  those  of  the  ray  lanceolate- 
falcate,  sometimes  bearing  the  rudiments  of  a  pappus  like  that  of  the  disk,  but  much  reduced  ! 

«   *  Disk-flowers  wholly  destitute  of  pappus,  either  all  or  onlij  the  central  ones  xterile : 
leaves  almost  all  alternate.     (Afadaria,  J)C.) 

3.  M.  elegans,  Don.  Pubescent,  and  more  or  less  hirsute  or  even  hispid,  as 
well  as  glandular,  one  or  two  feet  high,  or  in  depauperate  slender  forms  only  a  span 
or  so  in  height :  heads  loosely  corymbose  or  paniculate  :  scales  of  the  involucre  with 
slender  linear  tips  :  rays  (10  to  15  in  the  larger,  5  to  9  in  depauperate  forms)  elon- 
gated, acutely  3dobed  at  apex,  yellow  throughout,  or  often  with  a  brown-red  spot  at 
base  :  disk-flowers  all  sterile,  on  a  strongly  convex  hirsute-iimbrillate  receptacle  : 
fertile  akenes  obliquely  obovate,  the  areola  at  the  thick  truncate  summit  depressed. 
—  Madaria  elegans  k  M.  corymhosa,  DC,  (tc.  J/,  racemosa,  Nutt.,  one  of  the 
slender  forms. 

Hills  and  plains,  throughout  California  and  in  Oregon  and  Nevada.  Very  variable  in  size, 
pubescence,  glandulosity,  and  number  of  flowers  in  the  head  ;  but  all  apparently  of  one  species. 
The  larger  forms  are  handsome  in  cultivation. 

4.  M.  radiata,  Kellogg,  yiscid-pubescent  and  glandular,  2  or  3  feet  high  : 
heads  pretty  large  :  scales  of  the  involucre  with  short  tips  :  rays  9  to  20,  golden- 
yellow,  broadly  oblong  or  somewhat  cuneiform,  obtusely  3-toothed  :  disk-llowers 
also  fertile  except  the  central  ones,  on  a  nearly  Hat  and  glabrous  receptacle  ;  their 
akenes  somewhat  clavate  and  4-angular,  straightish,  with  depressed  areola  at 
summit ;  ray-akenes  narrowly  obovate- falcate,  flat,  tipped  with  a  very  short  beak 
which  is  reflexed  upon  the  summit  of  the  akene.  —  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  iv.  190. 

Near  the  mouth  of  the  San  Joaquin  River,  Bolnndcr.  Head  broad  :  ligules  lialf  an  inch  long, 
abrupt  at  base. 

§  2.  Rays  short  and  more  or  less  inconspicuous,  \2  to  \,or  rarely  wanting  altogether: 
disk-flowert  numernus  or  few,  all  fertile,  destitute  of  pappus,  and  with  corolla- 
tube  pubescent :  receptacle  flat  and  smooth.  —  I'^umadia. 

5.  M.  sativa,  Molina.  Viscid-hirsute  and  glandular,  heavy-scented,  one  to 
three  feet  high :  heads  racemose  or  paniculate,  often  glomerate  :  ray-flowers  5  to 
12:  disk-flowers  about  the  same  number:  akenes  obovate-oblong  and  slightly 
curved,  or  those  of  the  ray  obovate-lunate,  those  of  the  disk  commonly  (and  of  the 
ray  sometimes)  l-ncrved  down  the  sides. — The  following  forms  jiass  freely  into 
each  other. 

Var.  congesta,  Torr.  &  Gray  :  a  large  and  very  glandular,  common  form  :  the 
many-flowered  heads  sessile  in  crowded  clusters  :  akenes  (as  in  the  Chilian  plant) 
rather  narrow  and  mostly  angled  by  the  prominent  nerve  on  tlie  two  sides.  —  M. 
capitata,  Nutt.,  not  ''congesta"  as  printed  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Y\.  ii.  404. 

Var.  racemosa,  Gray  :  a  smaller  and  more  slender  form  :  commonly  fewer-flow- 
ered heads  rather  loosely  racemose  or  panicled :  akenes  usual  with  less  prominent  or 
obsolete  lateral  nerves.  —  Af.  racemosa,  Torr.  <fe  Gray,  1.  c.    Madorella  racemosa,  Nutt. 

Var.  diSSltiflora,  Gray  :  like  the  preceding  or  more  dopauperalo,  with  Rcatten>d 
or  panicled  smaller  and  mostly  fower-flowered  bonds,  oflm  oidy  f)  rays  nnd  us  fi>w 
disk-llowers:  akenes  inclined  to  short-obovate  (I^  to  2  lines  long),  nnd  with  cither 
flnt  nnd  nerveless  or  else  "l-norved  sides.  — JA  dissitiflora,  Torr.  it  Gray.  Madoi-ella 
dissitipmi,  Nutt.  • 


!60 


COMPOSITE.  Madia. 


Plains  and  hills,  throu^'liout  California,  Oregon,  and  the  interior  region  ;  the  Tarweed  of  the 
eastern  part  of  the  State.     An  exceedingly  variable  siiecies. 

G.  M.  glomerata,  Hook.  Koughish-hirfluto  und  glandular,  slender,  very  leufy, 
about  a  I'uot  liigli  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire  (1  to  3  inches  long)  :  heads  small 
and  narrow,  in  dose  clii.sLors  terminating  tiio  stem  or  paniculate  branches,  (ir  in  the 
upper  axils  :  ray-llowers  2  to  4,  or  sometimes  solitary  or  wanting  altogether  :  ilisk- 
liowers  2  to  4  :  akenes  slender  and  straightish,  at  least  those  of  the  disk,  which  are 
either  compressed  or  prismatic-fusiform  and  rather  acutely  4-5-angled  (2  to  nearly  3 
lines  long).  — Aviida  (jracUis  &  A.  Idrsula,  Nutt.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Sierra  Valley,  and  all  the  adjacent  eastern  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevaila  ;  thence  through  the 
interior  even  to  the  Saskatchewan.  A  true  Madia  with  flowers  reduced,  sometimes  to  a  mini- 
mum. 

§  3.  Rays  4  to  8,  vert/  short,  nut  exceedin;/  the  solitary,  disk-flower,  which  is  fertile, 
and  enclosed  in  a  3  -  5-toothed  herbaceous  cup  :  corolla  glabrous :  akenes  of 
the  ray  obuvate-iunate  and  mure  or  less  pointed :  those  of  the  disk  straiyht  and 
obliquely  obuvate.  —  IlAUi'JiCAUPUS.      {Uarpucarpus,  Nutt.) 

7.  M.  filipes,  CJray.  Hirsute  and  glandular,  a  span  to  a  foot  higli,  slender  : 
leaves  narrowly  linear  :  heads  small  (hardly  2  lines  in  diameter),  globular,  on  long 
filiform  jxuluncles,  loosely  paniculate.  —  J'roc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  391.  Sclerocarpus 
exujuas,  Smith  (I).  Narpacarjius  viadarioidcs,  Mutt.  //.  exi(juus,  Gray  in  Fiot. 
Mox.  Bound.  lUl. 

Common  in  open  grounds,  at  least  from  Monterey  northwards,  extending  near  the  coast  to 
Tuget  Sound. 

56.   HEMIZONELLA,  Gray. 

Head  few -flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  4  to  5,  pistillate ;  the  disk-flowers 
solitary  or  rarely  a  pair,  perfect  and  fertile.  Involncre  torosely  lobed  in  the  manner 
of  Madia,  i.  e.  of  as  many  herbaceous  scales  as  there  are  ray-flowers,  each  infolded 
and  completely  enclosing  its  akene,  but  rounded  on  the  back  and  generally  flattish 
on  the  inner  face.  Chalf  of  the  receptacle  an  herbaceous  3  -  5-toothed  cup  or  inter- 
nal involucre  enclosing  the  disk-Uower.  Corollas  glabrous  or  merely  glandular :  ray.s 
extremely  short.  Akenes  obovate  or  fusiform  antl  more  or  less  obcompressed,  and 
those  of  the  ray  incurved,  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy ;  the  small  terminal  areola 
oblique,  either  sessile  or  raised  on  an  ai)icidation  or  short  beak.  Pappus  none.  — 
[.ow  and  dillusely  branched  or  diminutive  annuals,  all  (lalifornian,  hirsute*  and 
glandular;  with  linear  entire  and  mostly  opposite  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  yellow 
flowers,  at  least  the  lateral  ones  leafy-bracted.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  18<J. 

In  their  heads,  and  somewhat  in  their  general  aspect,  these  little  plants  resemble  the  Harpae- 
carpus  -section  of  Madia  ;  their  akenes  are  as  completely  enclosed,  although  from  the  form  of  the 
akene  the  involucral  scales  are  not  conduplicate  or  carinate.  It  is  better  to  separate  them  from 
Hemizmiia,  as  a  genus  intermediate  between  that,  or  Lugap/n/Ua,  and  Madia. 

1.  H.  parvula,  Gray,  1.  c.  Dillusely  branched,  2  or  3  inches  high,  hispid  with 
Avhite  hairs  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  an  inch  or  less  long,  the  uppermost  clustered 
around  the  short-peduncled  or  almost  sessile  heads  :  akenes  narrow,  falcate,  between 
triangular-oboompressed  and  fusiform,  tij^ped  with  a  very  short  incurved  beak. — 
Ilemizonia  (Ileinizonella)  parvula,  (hay,  Proc.  Am.  Acail.  vi.  541). 

Klamath  Valley,  within  the  borders  of  Oregon,  Cronkliite.  Also  in  the  collection  of  Kdlvyy 
and  Harford,  the  station  not  recorded,  and  the  specimens  too  young. 

2.  H.  Durandi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffusely  much  branched,  a  span  or  so  high,  hirsute 
or  somewhat  hispid  :  leaves  linear,  about  half  an  inch  long  :  central  heads  naked 
on  slender  peduncles,  the  lateral  ones  2-bracteate  at  ba!>e  or  short-peduncled  :  akenes 


Hemiznnin.  C,0;yi  1>0SIT/K. 


361 


slightly  hairy ;  those  of  the  ray  obovate-oblong  and  obcoinprnssed,  tipped  with  a 
short  indexed  beak.  — //em'2o»,ia  {Hemuonella)  Diirandi,  (Iniy,  1.  o.  llnrpf^cnr- 
pus  mndarioides,  Duraiid,  not  of  Nutt. 

Dry  hills,  common  through  the  foot-hills  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  Iroin  Marii.osa  County  north- 
ward, and  m  Nevaila.  '  ^ 

3.  H,  minima,  dray,  I.  c.  An  inch  or  two  liigh  :  hsaves  lialf  an  inch  or  less  in 
length ;  the  uppermost  equalling  or  barely  surpassing  the  short-peduncled  or  almost 
sessile  heads  :  akenos  olwvate,  d(>cidedly  obcompressed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  tippe.l 
with  an  inlloxed  apiculatioii,  but  not  hmki^A.— Jlrnmnuin  {llrmiznnrlht)  miinnut 
Gray,  1.  c.  ' 

Dry  sterile  soil  in  the  Sierra  Nevada :  Soda  Spiings,  Brcrrr.  Rotwren  Nevada  Fall  and  Cloud's 
nest,  G7-ay. 

67.   HEMIZONIA,  DC,  Torr.  &  (Jiay.         Tauwf.i-.d. 

Head  many  -  few-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  1  to  20  i)istillate  mys ;  the  disk- 
flowers  several  or  numerous,  hermaphrodite  but  usually  all  and  always  the  central 
ones  infertile.  Involucre  of  as  many  scales  as  ray-flowers,  which  are  concave  and 
half  enclosing  their  turgid  akenes,  or  sometimes  a  few  loose  and  empty  outer  ones. 
Receptacle  flat  or  conical,  chafi'y  only  between  the  ray-  and  disk-flowers,  or  through- 
out. Rays  2  -  3-toothed,  cleft,  or  parted  :  disk-corollas  funnelform,  r)-lobetl.  Akeno^s 
of  the  ray  turgid,  more  or  less  gibbous,  obovoid  and  often  triangular,  commonly 
minutely  stipitate  ;  those  of  the  disk,  when  formed,  narrower  and  seldom  truly 
fertile.  Pappus  none  in  tlio  ray,  or  in  one  species  rudimentary  ;  either  none  or  of 
several  chafi'y  scales  or  awns  in  tlie  disk.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  some  with  indu- 
rated stems,  and  one  frutescent,  all  Californian,  mostly  glandular  and  viscid,  heavy- 
scented  :  some  of  them  are  Tarweeds  or  Rosin-weeds  of  the  Californians.  Leaves 
narrow,  all  but  the  lowest  alternate :  heads  middle-sized  or  small ;  the  flowers  yel- 
low or  white,  with  brownish  anthers.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  394 ;  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Ac.  ix.  190.  Hemizonia,  Hartmannia,  &  Cabjcadenia,  DC.  Osmadenia, 
Nutt.     Hemizonia  &  Calycadenia,  Torr.  k  Gray. 

§  1.  Fertile  akenes  very  oblique,  the  small  terminal  areola  from  the  siwimii  of  the 
inner  angle  or  face  on  a  narrow  beak  or  apicrdation ';  the  surface  dull,  often 
rugose  or  tuberculate  :  flowers  yellow.  —  Hartmannia,  Gray. 

*  Receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so,  chaffy  only  between  the  ray-  and  dL^k-floioers ;  the  chaff 
mostly  united  into  a  cup  or  internal  involucre:  heads  small  or  middle-sized:  akenes 
of  the  ray  rugose  or  somewliat  tuberculate  when  mature,  inserted  by  a  short  and. 
thickish  incurved  stipe:  disk-akenes  all  sterile  and  mostly  abortive,  usuallt/  bearing  a 
pappus  of  small  scales.     {Hartmannia,  DC.) 

-I-  Rays  and  disk-flowert  few  or  several ;  the  former  with  tube  thickish  nt  base;  the 
latter  with  conspirAious  pappus  of  chaffy  lace)-ate-toothed  scales  :  heads  comparatively 
small,  bracteate,  mostly  sessile  or  fascicled :  scales  of  tlie  involucre  lanceolate,  more 
or  less  carinate  toward  the  base. 

+-¥  Perennial  and  woody,  exceedingly  leafy :  rays  about  8. 

1.  H.  frutescens,  Gray.  Erect,  2  feet  or  more  high,  deci.lclly  shrubby,  with 
nnnierous  iiistigiato  flowering  brandies  very  leafy  to  the  top.  hirsute,  aromatic  and 
viscid  :  leaves  flliform,  and  with  tufts  of  shorter  ones  in  the  axils,  entire,  or  rarely 
with  one  or  two  short  lateral  lobes  :  heads  thyrsoid-racemose  :  involucre  nearly  gla- 
brous :  rays  8  or  9  ;  the  lignles  obovate-oblong,  2-  3  tonfhed.  about  the  length  of 


;j(j2  CUAirOSITJi.  Utiiuzonia. 

the  involucre  :  chail'  of  the  receptacle  of  as  many  narrow  linear  scales  which  are 
mostly  distinct:  receptacle  convex:  ilisk-llowers  10  to  12,  with  well-formed  but 
empty  ovary  :  pappus  of  5  linear  ilenticulato  scales,  about  half  the  Icnglli  of  tlio 
ovary.  —  I'roc.  Aui.  Acad.  xi.  7'J. 

|{(i('ky  iii'iii'i|iit'it  in  llm  iiilciior  til'  (iiiM(litlii|io  IhIiukI,  oil'  Lowor  (.'iilil'oriiiii,  lh\  J'uliinr,  IH7.'). 
The  only  known  Mpuclos  \\\\W.\\.  iluoa  iidI  inluibit  llio  8Uitu,  licio  j^ivon  to  conmiolo  tlio  mconnl  of 
the  genua.     Leaves  tin  incli  or  so  long,      involucre  little  over  2  lines  high,     llay-akeaes  as  in  the 


section  ;  tho  stipo  at  base  and  the  curved  beak  at  the  apex  pretty  long  :  sterile  disk-akenes  con- 
taining an  abortive  ovule. 

++ ++  Annuals  or  biennials  (as  are  all  the  folloit/ing  species  of  the  genus),  the  stems, 
however,  sometimes  indurated  in  age :  rays  only  5,  broad  and  short :  disk-Jlowers 
5  or  6. 

2.  H.  ramosissima,  Benth.  Diffusely  and  paniculately  much  branched,  slen- 
der, a  foot  or  so  in  hciylit,  almost  glabrous,  above  viscid-glandular  :  cauline  leaves 
chiefly  entire,  linear,  small,  sessile  with  broadish  liase,  occasionally  and  sparsely 
beset,  especially  on  the  margins  (us  also  are  the  branchlets),  with  some  hispid  or  hii-- 
sute  hairs  :  heads  scattered  or  somewhat  fascicled  on  tlie  leafy  branchlets  :  pappus 
of  sterile  akenes  of  8  or  10  bnjad  and  tluckish  chaffy  scales.  — Benth.  Bot.  Sulph. 
30;  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  100. 

Common  houi  Santa  Ikrbara  southward.     Heads  2  or  3  lines  long. 

3.  H.  faBCiculata,  'I'orr.  &  Gray.  Paniculately  branched  above  the  base,  a 
span  to  a  loot  or  two  high,  sparsely  hirsute  or  hispid  :  radical  leaves  once  or  twice 
pinnately  parted  ;  cauline  leaves  linear,  either  laciniate-pinnatilid,  few-toothed,  or 
entire,  an  inch  or  two  long,  those  of  the  branchlets  shorter  and  mostly  entire  :  heads 
fascicled  in  corymbose  clusters  :  ])ai)pus  of  the  sterile  akenes  of  narrower  chalfy 
scales.  — llartmannia  fasciculata,  I)C.     II.  glomerata,  Nutt. 

Common  from  Monterey  to  San  Diego.     Kxlmles  a  strong  balsam  >vhich  is  injurious  to  wool. 

+■  +■  Hays  12  to  20,  oblong-cuneiform,  xvith  slender  glandular  tube  ;  their  alcenes  gen- 
erally occupying  two  series  :  disk-Jloivers  more  numerous:  heads  larger  and  mostly 
loose,  terminating  curymbosely  jtaniculate  branches. 

4.  H.  angustifolia,  DC.  Dillusely  branched  from  an  at  length  indurated 
base,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  hirsute  and  viscid-glandular  throughout :  cauline  leaves 
all  entire,  linear  (chiefly  less  than  an  inch  long)  ;  rays  12  to  15  :  pappus  of  the  sterile 
disk-ovaries  none,  or  a  row  of  minute  short  bristles  rather  than  scales.  —  //.  multi- 
canlis.  Hook.  &  Arn.,  ex  (Jray  in  J>ot.  Mex.  Bound.  100.  //.  decumbens,  Nutt.  PI. 
Gamb.  175. 

Var.  Barclay!  diifers  in  having  the  ovaries  of  the  disk-flowers  enlarging  into 
sterile  akenes  bearing  a  conspicuous  chaffy  laciniate  pappus  :  mature  fertile  akenes 
more  incurved  and  with  an  unusually  conspicuous  terndnal  beak. 

Open  grounds,  from  San  I'^iancisco  and  Monterey  southward.  Var.  Bardoyi,  Monterey  {B«r- 
clay,  witli  laciniate  pappus),  San  I.uis  Obisjw  {Brewer,  with  l>roader  scales  to  the  pappus,  much 
as  in  //.  ramosistiima).  Akenes  rather  obscurely  rugose,  tipped  with  the  more  or  less  prominent 
narrow  beak,  the  little  stipe  at  the  base  usually  incurved  and  dilated  at  the  insertion. 

5.  H.  corymbosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Corymbosely  branched,  a  foot  or  so  high, 
hirsute,  nujre  or  less  viseid  and  glandular  ;  radical  and  most  of  the  caidine  leaves 
pinnatilid  with  linear  lobes  ;  uppermost  and  those  of  the  branches  linear  and  entire  : 
rays  15  to  25  :  pappus  of  the  sterile  disk-ovaries  of  minute  scales,  mostly  cut  into 
chatty  bristles,  or  sometimes  almost  none.  — II.  angustifolia,  ]ienth.  PI.  Hartw.,  not 
of  DC.  llartmannia  cori/mbosa,  DC.  Hemitonia  rnacrocephala,  Nutt.  PI.  Ciamb. 
174.      //.  balmmifera,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  G4,  fig.  13. 

Low  grounds,  common  through  the  central  and  western  ))ortions  of  the  State.  Heads,  includiii'j 
the  expanded  golden  yellow  lays,  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  many-llowered.  Uuy-ukenes  witli 
the  short  upturned  beak  somewhat  dilated  at  the  ti{t. 


Ihmizonia.  COMPOSITE..  363 


*  *  Receptacle  faf,  luith  a  distinct  chaff  for  each  of  the  8  or  10  disk-flowers  half  en- 
closing Its  sterde  akene :  heads  small :  rays  5  ;  akenes  smooth  and  even,  but  dull. 

(5.  H.  Virgata,  dray.  More  or  loss  gl.andular,  but  f^'labrous  or  slightly  liii-siite  • 
8tera  slciuler,  a  f.x.t  or  two  high,  siini.lc  or  virgatcily  l)ranche(l  :  caulinc  leaves 
linear;  tho  lower  laciniate  or  ahnost  pinnatifid  ;  up[.er  entire  ;  those  of  tlie  branches 
and  of  axdlary  fascicles  very  small  (2  or  3  lines  long),  (crowded,  each  tii>i)ed  with 
a  truncate  gland  :  heads  numerous,  virgately  racemose :  corollas  glandular,  the  6 
ligules  short  and  broad  :  scales  of  tho  involucre  and  the  similar  chaff  of  the  recep- 
tacle rather  chartaceous,  obovate  or  oblong,  consjjicuously  beset  over  tho  back  with 
largo  and  prominent  tack-shaped  stijiitato  glands  :  akenes  obovate,  5-an<rled  •  pannus 
none.  —  liot.  Hex.  Bound.  100.  "" 

Foot-hills,  fee,  from  Napa  to  Los  Aiigeles.  Heads  narrow,  3  or  4  lines  long  ;  tl.o  glands  often 
a Jnll  ha  (  Ime  m  Icngtli,  resembling  those  of  the  section  Cahjcadniia.  Tlie  gland  terminating 
the  smaller  leaves  is  more  or  less  cup-shaped  in  tlie  dried  specimens.  Disk-akencs  almost  fertile 
1  he  plant  exhales  a  balsamic  odor. 

*  *  *  Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  manrj-floivered,  chaff  1/  tliron</hont ;  the  cliaff  distinct. • 
heads  middle-sized :  rays  rather  nnmerons,  and  usually  in  more  than  one  series, 
short,  apparently  pale  yellorv :  akeiies  hardly  if  at  all  ruyose,  those  of  the  disk 
some  of  them  more  or  less  fertile  {these  with  a  depressed  central  terminal  areola). 
—  (§  Olocarpha,  DC,  excl.  sp.) 

7.  H.  macradenia,  DC.  Loosely  branched,  a  foot  or  two  high,  stout,  hirsute 
and  viscid-glandular  :  lower  caulino  and  radical  leaves  laciniato-pinnatilid  ;  the  others 
narrowly  linear;  uppermost  and  those  of  the  axillary  fa.scicles  filiform-subulate, 
tipped  with  a  truncate  gland  :  heads  mostly  glomerate  at  the  end  of  tho  branches  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  and  some  of  tho  chalf  beset  on  tho  back  with  large  long- 
stipitate  glands  :  rays  roundish-cuneiform,  3-lobed  :  fertile  akenes  obovate,  5-angled, 
short-beaked  from  the  inner  angle  :  receptacle  strongly  conical  :  pappus  none. 

Dry  open  ground,  from  tho  Bay  of  San  Fnincis(;o  southward.  One  of  the  commoner  "Tar- 
weeds,"  exuding  a  heavy-scented  viscid  matter,  which  blackens  the  noses  of  horses.  Notwith- 
standing its  frutescent  aspect,  the  root  is  annual,  or  at  most  biennial. 

8.  H.  pungens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Simple  and  at  length  much  branched,  a  span 
to  nearly  a  yard  high,  hirsute  or  sparsely  hispid  :  caulino  leaves  pinnatilid,  or  the 
lower  bipinnatifid  with  short  spinulose-acnminato  lobes  ;  those  of  tho  branchlots 
and  fascicles  entire,  small  and  crowded,  lancoolatn  or  iinear-subulato,  rigid,  spinn- 
lose-tii>[)cd,  ns  are  the  scales  of  the  Icufy-bracted  involucre  and  tho  narrow  chaff  of 
the  receptacle:  rays  scarcely  exceeding  the  disk,  narrow,  2-3-toothcd:  j>appus 
none  :  receptacle  strongly  convex.  —  Ilartmannia  punqen.9.  Hook.  ^-  Am.  ;  Hook 
Ic.  PI.  t.  334. 

Dry  hillsides,  from  San  Francisco  southward  to  San  Diego,  where  a  very  sparingly  hirsute  form 
occurs.     The  root  of  this  species  also  is  annual.     Akenes  as  in  the  preceding,  but  smaller. 

9.  H.  Fitchii,  Gray.  Panicnlately  branched,  rigid,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  villous 
or  somewhat  hirsute  :  radical  leaves  1  -  2-pinnately  parted  into  few  linear  or  subu- 
late divisions ;  caulino  leaves  (or  the  upper  ones)  like  those  of  the  branches,  sub- 
ulate-linear (about  an  inch  long),  rigid  and  spinulose-tipped,  very  pungent,  tho 
villous  jiubescence  generally  accomjianied  with  small  very  long-stalked  glands  : 
heads  foliose-bracteato  :  scales  of  the  involucre  subulate  :  rays  oblong,  2-toothed, 
little  exceeding  the  disk  :  chaff  of  the  convex  and  hairy  receptacle  pointle.^s,  bearded 
with  long  villous  hairs  :  fertile  akenes  obovate,  3-angled,  .smooth,  very  gibbous ; 
sterile  disk-akenes  with  a  pappus  nearly  equalling  their  corollas,  composed  of  8  to 
12  narrowly  linear  and  rigid  chaffy  scnlo.>^,  wlii(;h  arn  more  or  less  tinited  at  baso 
and  fringed  or  bearded  at  tip.  — Pacif.  H.  Pep.  iv.  108. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento  ;  Clear  Lake  ;  Long  Valley,  Plumas  Co.,  kc,  to  Carson  Valley, 
Alpine  Co.  A  well-marked  species  :  some  younger  and  less  villous  forms  resemhie  //.  punqriiji; 
but  the  chaff  is  not  pungent,  always  more  or  less  villous-bennled,  nu'l  the  |»ai>pus  is  ehiMacteristic. 


364  COMPOSIT.-E.  HtnuzoHia. 

§  2.  Fertile  aktnes  slii/hlli/  oblique  caul  with  depressed  terminal  areola  Uardly  erreu- 
tric,  (jlahrous,  smooth  and  even,  vbovate  and  obscurdy  triangular,  inserted  btj 
a  minute  injlexed  stipe,  mostly  in  two  series  :  heads  {corymbose)  inany-Jlowered, 
and  toith  conspicuous  strongly  'S-lobed  rays  {exjHinding  in  sunshine)  :  receptacle 
convex,  c/iajfy  Ihrouifhoul,  the  inner  ch{l)'  very  thin  :  disk-akenes  abortive,  desti- 
tute of  pappus. —  KuuEMlzoNiA,  Clmy.  (Jlemizonia,  DC,  as  to  tlio  typical 
sj)ecies  of  both  sections.) 

10.  H.  congesta,  DC.  yomewhat  corymbosoly  or  pauiculately  braiicluHl 
above,  a  foot  high,  lathcr  villous  than  hirsute  with  long  mostly  soft  hairs,  slightly 
glandular  towards  the  suiuiuit  :  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  tlie 
lower  (commonly  oppositti)  oblanceolato  aiul  sparsely  serrulate  :  heads  rather  few  : 
sciiles  of  the  involucre  with  lanceolate  foliaceous  tips  :  outer  series  of  chalf  of  the 
receptacle  somewhat  similar  to  the  scales  ami  distinct  or  partly  united  :  rays  light 
yellow. 

Low  ground,  in  the  western  part  ol'  the  States  Douglas,  &c.  Head,  including  the  expunded 
broad  rays,  about  an  inch  in  diameter.  This  ypccies  is  insufficiently  known.  Some  specimens 
which  have  been  referred  to  it  prove  to  have  white  rays,  and  to  be  a  less  glandular  and  more 
villous  form  of  the  next  ;  from  which,  however,  the  yellow  llowers  ought  to  distinguish  the 
present  species. 

11.  H.  luzulaefolia,  DC.  Corymhosely  or  iianimilately  much  branched,  a  span 
to  2  feet  high,  villous,  or  below  lloccose-woolly  when  yi»ung,  above  becoming  very 
glandular  and  viscid  :  leaves  linear,  entire  or  merely  denticulate,  the  lower  elongateil 
and  3  -  5-uerved  :  heads  numerous,  middle-sized  or  small,  mostly  on  short  naked 
peduncles  :  scales  of  the  involucre  with  short  herbaceous  tips  :  outer  series  of  chaff 
united  into  a  cup  :  rays  (6  to  10)  and  disk-flowers  white,  sometimes  tinged  with 
pink.  —  //.  sericea.  Hook.  &  Arn.  //.  rudis,  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph. ;  a  much-branched 
summer  state,  witli  small  heads  and  small  very  glandular  upper  leaves ;  the  long 
and  silky-woolly  Luzula-like  lower  leaves  gone. 

Dry  open  grounds,  common  throughout  all  the  western  part  of  the  State,  and  very  variable, 
especially  in  the  size  and  number  of  flowers  in  the  head  ;  blooming  continuously  from  April 
or  even  March  till  Novemk'r.  Involucre  from  5  or  (5  to  2  lines  hi<;li  :  mvs  from  5  to  2  lines  long, 
broadly  cuneiform.  The  var.  frwjarioidcs,  Kellogg,  I'roc.  t'alif  Acad.  ii.  70,  fig.  14,  apjiear-s 
not  ditferent  from  the  ordinary  form  of  the  sjjecies,  but  is  said  to  have  "the  refreshing  odor  of 
strawberries." 

§  3.  Akenes  of  dish  mostly  tvell-formed  and  sometimes  the  outermost  truly  fertile  {then 
hairy),  tnrbinate-quadrangular  or  slightly  obcompressed,  straight,  furnished 
ivith  a  conspicuous  chaffy  pappus  ;  of  the  ray  obovoid-triangular,  slightly 
oblique,  and  (he  terminal  areola  little  if  at  all  eccentric:  rays  1  to  7,  vei-y 
broad,  palmately  'S-lobed  or  parted :  heads  narrow,  small  .•  receptacle  small 
and  Jlat,  the  herbaceous  chaff  only  between  the  ray-  and  disk-Jlowers :  leaves 
entire  and  narroiuly  linear  with  revolute  margins,  or  filiform,  or  those  in 
axillary  fascicles  and  clusters  about  the  heads  subulate,  but  obtuse,  commonly 
tiprped,  and  sometimes  beset  on  the  back,  with  disk-like  or  when  dry  saucer- 
shaped  and  either  sessile  or  short-stipitate  glands  {tvhence  the  name).  —  Caly- 
CADENIA,  Gray.  {Calycadenia,  DC.) 
*  Diffusely  paniculate-branched  :  branches  fiUform  :  chaff  of  the  receptacle  united. 
■^  Disk-shaped  glands  none :  ray-akenes  apiculate  at  both  ends,  rugose. 

12.  H.  tenella,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  minutely  glandular,  also  sparsely 
liispid  when  young  :  leaves  linear-filiform,  the  lower  an  inch  or  two  long,  upper- 
most reduced  to  filiform  bracts  :  heads  terminating  the  very  numerous  and  widely 
spreading  filiform  branchlets,  cylindraceous  :  rays  3  to  5,  white,  3-paited  down  to 
the  long  and  slender  tube ;  disk-flowers  5,  white  marked  with  purple  :  ray-akenes 
glabrous,  rugose,  raised  on  a  short  stipe  and  tipped  with  a  short  and  thick  truncate 


Hanizonia. 


COMPOSITyE. 


beak  ;  (hsk-nkenes  obscurely  hairy,  tlioir  pappus  of  4  or  5  lanroolate  firra-chaffv 
sea  cs  tapering  into  stout  rougli  awns,  au<l  cf  as  many  intern.o.Iiate  short  trunoato 
and  lacerate  scales.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  191.  Osmadenia  (cnella,  Nutt.  Calvca- 
dema  tenella,  lorr.  &  Gray. 

+■  -H  DMwped  or  saucer-shaped  short-stalked  r,land  terminatinrj  the  fascicled  leaves 
and  (tracts:  ray-alnm  not  apknlate  at  either  e.ml,  the  terminal  areola  depressed 
tlie  surface  smooth  and  even :  Jlowers  apparently  white. 

13.  H.  Fremontii,  Gray.  A  span  high,  with  ascending  ])ranches,  slightly  hir- 
sute or  hispid  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  roughish  :  heads  several-bracted,  terminal 
ami  axillary,  sliort-peduncled  ..r  nearly  sessiln,  campanulato  :  rays  5  to  7,  3-nartod 
th<,ir  tube  very  short;  disk-llowers  about  20:  chair  of  the  recoptaclo  fonning  a 
12-  l.t-toothed  cup:  pappus  of  disk-akenes  10  chally  scales,  at  least  the  alternate 
ones  longer  ami  subulate-awned,  not  longer  than  the  ^k^n^.-Calycadeuia  Fremontii, 
Gray,  Hot.  Mex.  liound.  100. 

California,  Fremont.     The  particular  station  unknown. 

U.  H.  pauciflora,  Gray.  About  a  foot  high,  with  liliform  diverging  often 
zigzag  branches,  minutely  scabrous,  sparingly  hispid,  especially  along  the  inar-ins 
ot  the  lower  portion  of  the  linear-filiform  leaves  :  heads  distant  and  sessile  in  "the 
axils  along  the  branches  as  well  as  terpinal,  cylindrical:  ray  solitary,  3-parted  down 
to  its  short  tube;  disk-flowers  3  combined  into  a  3-toothed  tubular  cup,  their  pappus 
ot  5  subulato-awned  and  5  small  intorniediato  truncate  chaffy  scales.  —  Cah/cadenia 
paucijiora,  Gray,  1.  c.  ^ 

sin^cfbeen  mefwijr''  *''"  '*'*'''"  ""known.    Both  species  were  collected  in  184G,  and  have  not 

*  *  Virrjate;  the,  stem,  or  branches  strict:  heads  mostly  in.  the  axih,  either  solitary  or 
clustered :  rays  deeply  7,-lohed  or  sometimes  ?,parted ;  their  akenes  with  truncate 
summit  slightly  if  at  all  apiculate :  disk-corollas  narroia  and  long,  5-toothed  ■ 
Jlowers  m  some  and  perhaps  all  the  species  open  only  through  evening  and 
morning.  '^  j  y 

-!-  Soft-pnhescent,  not  at  all  hispid:  heads  somewhat  paniculate  or  in  short-ped uncled 
axillary  clusters. 

.Ji.^i"""!"^'  ^'"'T  "V"'"*  ^  ^""'^  ^''-^^'  ^"'^'^'^  ^^-'th  a  soft  fine  pubescence, 
not  even  hirsute  except  on  the  margins  of  the  uppermost  leaves  and  bmcts  :  these 
tipped  with  a  tack-shaped  or  saucer-shaped  and  short-stalked  gland,  or  sparsely 
be.set  with  similar  glands  :  flowers  white ;  rays  3  to  D,  almost  equally  3-parte<l  and 
with  short  but  slemler  tube;  disk-flowers  5  to  10  :  chaff  of  the  receptacle  united 
into  a  6-8-toothed  cup:  ray-akeiies  somewhat  rugo.se,  and  the  broad  terminal 
areola  rather  protuberant :  pappus  in  the  disk  of  5  or  f,  subulate-awned  scales  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  akenes,  and  of  one  or  two  a.hlitional  short  and  blunt  scales. 
—  H.  angustifolm,  D.iran.l,  PI.  Horm.,  Pacif.  R.  Pep.  iii.  10,  not  of  DC.  Caly- 
cadenia  mollis,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  3G0. 
^^Foot-l.ills,  Mariposa  and  Fresno  Counties  ;  very  common  at  White  and  Hatch's.  Bolaudfr, 

-k-+-  Glabrous  and  smooth,  or  some  of  the  hirer  leaves  .•^lightly  and  sparsely  hispid : 
heads  scattered,  solitary  in  the  arils  and  terminal. 
10.  H.  truncata,  Gray.  Slender,  a  foot  or  two  high  ;  fhe  virgatc  stem  some- 
times paniculately  branched  above:  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  the  short  upjier- 
most  and  the  bracts  tipped  with  a  very  largo  and  aliiiost  sessile  saucer-shaped 
gland  :   flowers  yellow  ;  rays  5  to  8,  3-cleft.  with  verv  short  tube  ;  disk-flowers   10 


366  COMPOSIT.E.  Iltmizoniii. 

to  20  :  chair  of  receptacle  more  or  less  distinct,  truncate  :  ray-akenes  as  in  the  piu- 
ceiling  :  pappus  ol'  tliost*  of  tliu  disk  wliort  and  awnli^s  ;  tlio  scales  7  to  1(>,  i)ljlt)ng, 
incisely  or  iiinbriatcly  Lootliod,  very  nmcii  shorter  than  the  akoue,  rarely  wanting. 
—  C'uli/cacltnia  truncdtu,  HC. 
Dry  grouml,  Vulluy  ol'  lliu  Sucruiiunito  to  Momlociuo  Co.,  iu, 

-J-  -t-  -f-  Setose-hirsute  or  hispid,  at  least  on  the  margin  of  the  leaves  or  bracts :  heads 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  and  often  clustered  in  the  axils  and  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  : 
short-stipitate  or  almost  sessile  saucer-shaped  glands  at  the  tips  of  the  upper  and 
fascicled  leaves,  bracts,  d;c.,  and  often  on  their  sides. 

17.  H.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  more  or  less 
liii-suto  or  hispitl  with  white  bristly  hairs,  especially  on  the  margins  towards  the 
base  of  the  almost  lilitbrm  leaves  :  heads  solitary  in  the  axils  :  "  Uowers  yellow  "  : 
pappus  of  10  subulate  awn-pointed  chatl'y  scales,  or  some  of  them  shorter  and 
truncate  or  obtuse.  —  Calycadenia  villosa,  D(J. 

Open  grouiula,  i)i  the  western  jKut  of  the  Stiite,  Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  &c.  Collected  in 
"Long  Valley"  by  Dr.  Kellogg,  who  notes  that  the  "(lowers  are  yellow,"  probably  pale.  Glands 
few  or  somethnes  none  except  the  terminal  ones.  Rays  3  or  4  ;  disk-flowers  5  to  10.  Except  in 
the  slenJerness,  the  scattered  solitary  heads,  and,  if  constant,  the  "yellow"  flowers,  it  is  difh- 
cult  to  distinguish  this  from  forms  of  the  next.  The  .specific  name,  villusa,  which  is  hardly  ever 
appropriate  even  in  Cali/cadcniii,  may  give  way  in  the  trunsfericnce  to  JJcinizuiiia. 

18.  H.  multiglandulosa,  (Jray.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  more  or  less  hirsute  and 
liispid,  especially  towari-ls  the  ba.se  of  the  almost  lilitorm  leaves :  stipitate  glands  mostly 
present  and  often  copious  on  the  upjier  leaves,  bracts,  involucral  scales  and  united 
chalf :  heads  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils,  and  connnonly  capitately  or  spicately 
crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  :  llowers  white,  sometimes  tinged  -with  rose- 
color  :  pappus  of  10  or  12  chalfy  scales,  either  all  or  about  half  of  them  subulate- 
acuminate  or  awn-i)ointe(l,  the  others  short  and  pointless.  —  Cali/cadenia  multiglan- 
dulosa &,  C.  cephalotes,  I)C. ;  Torr.  &  Gray  :  the  former  a  state  with  scattered  heads 
and  very  copious  tack-shaiied  glands  ;  the  latter  with  heads  all  or  most  of  them 
capitate-crowded  at  the  siunmit. 

Open  dry  grounds  ;  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State.  No  reliance  can  be 
placed  upon  the  abundance  or  rarity  of  the  glands,  the  crowded  or  more  scattered  heads,  nor  the 
j)ubeseence  of  the  al<encs,  in  tfiis  and  the  preceding  species.  Tlie  ray-ovaries  are  rarely  ([uite 
glabrous,  conmionly  a  little  hairy  at  toj),  or  s|iarsely  so  throughout.  The  scales  of  the  pappus 
aie  sometimes  all  alike  an<l  subulate  or  awn-pointed,  or  some  of  them  so  ;  but  usually  the  alter- 
nate ones  are  short  and  blunt.  These  characters  are  so  mingled  that  varieties  cannot  well  be 
defined,  at  least  with  the  present  materials. 

§  4.  Akenes  nearly  as  in  §  3,  hut  more  nearly  equal-sided,  acutely  ]0-ne7-ved  or  ribbed, 
all  more  or  less  hirsute  and  tvith  depressed  terminal  areola,  this  bearing  a 
coroniform  jxijipus  in  the  ray,  and  a  pappus  of  about  20  equal  plumose  awns 
in  the  disk-akenes,  only  the  central  ones  of  the  latter  sterile.  —  ELtl'HAiuzoNiA, 
Gray. 

19.  H.  plumosa,  Gray.  Two  or  three  feet  high,  with  the  heads  racemose- 
paniculate  along  the  virgate  branches,  somewhat  setose-hispid  and  with  line  rather 
viscid  pubescence:  caiilino  leaves  unknown;  those  of  the  flowering  brandies  all 
short  and  bract-like,  oblong,  tipped  and  often  spar.sely  beset  (as  are  the  similar 
scales  of  the  involucre  and  the  outer  chalf  of  the  rece|)ta{;Ie)  with  short-stipilate  and 
pale  saucer-shaped  glands  :  corollas  "  yellow  "  or  more  probably  white  ;  those  of  the 
ray  7  to  10,  dee]dy  and  irregularly  3-lobed,  of  the  disk  10  to  12.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  ix.  192.      Calycadenia  2^1  umosa,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  49. 

A'^alley  of  the  Sacramento.  Sent  from  Stockton  to  Dr.  Kellogg  by  an  unknown  collector. 
Heads  rather  broad,  3  lines  high,  exclusive  of  the  rays  ;  these  with  their  short  tube  about  4 
lines  long.  Receptacle  flat  or  neariy  so,  pubescent  ;  its  chaff  of  distinct  scales  in  about  two 
series,  the  inner  smaller.  Ray-akenes  fidly  a  lino  and  a  half  long,  turbinate,  with  a  more  con- 
tracted base,  and  a  rounded  summit  having  a  rather  small  and  not  protuberant  areola,  bearing  a 


Lagophjlla.  COMPOSIT.E.  367 

rather  firm  scarious  cup-liko  small  pappus,  its  margin  ciliate  and  obscurely  fimbriate.  Uisk- 
akencs  nearly  2  lines  long,  oblong-tarbmato,  ami  witli  a  broad  terminal  depressed  areola,  Imrdered 
with  the  pappus  of  about  20  equal  and  rather  stout  barbate-plumose  awns,  of  fully  a  line  in 
length.  All  the  outer,  and  sometimes  all  but  one  or  two  of  the  inmost  disk-akenes  are  seed- 
bearing.  On  account  of  the  anomalous  pa]>pua  to  the  disk-flowers  tiiis  species  might  Ix;  sought 
for  in  the  group  to  which  Blephnripappua  belongs,  and  which  it  much  resembles  in  the  disk- 
pappus.     It  really  forms  a  new  section  in  the  present  genus. 

58.  LAGOPHYLLA,  Nutt. 

Head  several-flowered,  heterogamoiis,  with  about  5  pistillate  fertile  ray.s,  and  as 
many  hermaphrodite  but  sterile  disk-flowers.  Involucre  of  as  many  herbaceous 
scales  as  ray-flowers,  which  are  flat  on  the  back,  witli  margins  at  base  infolded,  so 
as  to  completely  enclose  their  obcorapressed  akcnea,  and  commonly  2  or  3  looser 
and  more  foliaceous  empty  exterior  ones  or  bracts,  lleceptacle  small  and  flat, 
bearing  a  series  of  5  or  6  distinct  chaffy  scales,  subtending  disk-flowers.  liays  cunei- 
form, palmately  3-clcft  or  parted  :  disk-corollas  5-lobed.  Akcncs  of  the  ray  more 
or  less  obcompressed,  obovate-oblong,  smooth,  nearly  straiglit,  pointless;  tlio.so  of 
the  disk  slender  and  abortive,  all  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Soft-villous  or  hirsute 
annuals,  of  California  and  Oregon ;  with  ropentodly  brandling  slender  stems,  alter- 
nate or  opposite  mostly  entire  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  pale  yellow  or  apparently 
white  flowers. 

*  Leaves  chiefly  alternate:  heads  leafy-bracteate. 

1.  L.  ramosissima,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  two  high,  at  length  paniculatcly  very 
much  branched  :  lower  leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  and  somewhat  silky- 
hirsute  (an  inch  or  two  long) ;  the  upper  and  those  of  the  branchlets  successively 
smaller  and  copiously  villous  with  long  and  soft  hairs,  especially  along  their  mar- 
gins, often  becoming  concave  or  involute  when  dry  :  heads  almost  sessile,  clustered 
on  the  leafy  branchlets  :  rays  hardly  exsertod,  yellow  :  fertile  akenes  carinatcly  one- 
nerved  down  the  inner  face. — Torr.  Sz  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  402.  L.  ^nininia,  Kellogg  in 
Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  53. 

Dry  hillsides,  common  through  the  middle  and  northern  part  of  the  State,  and  in  adjacent 
parts  of  Oregon  and  Nevada.  Stems  brittle  :  loaves  cariy  deciduous  from  the  stoma  niid  tho 
lit  length  smooth  filiform  branches. 

2.  L.  dichotoma,  Bonth.  A  foot  or  so  high:  leaves  more  strigosely  pubescent; 
the  cauline  ones  spatulate  and  often  coarsely  crenate,  those  of  the  branchlets  and 
bracts  hirsutely  ciliate  :  heads  sessile  in  the  forks  of  the  repeatedly  dichotomous 
almost  naked  branches,  and  terminating  their  fdiform  peduncle-like  extremities  : 
rays  much  exserted,  apparently  white  :  fertile  akenes  concave  and  nerveless  (but 
minutely  striate)  on  the  inner  face.  —  PI.  Hartw.  317. 

Plains  of  tho  Sacramento  and  Feather  Rivers,  ITnrhvrfi,  Filch,  Jii'jrlmr.  Heads  larger  than  in 
the  preceding  ;  the  ligales  conspicuous,  about  3  lines  long. 

*   *    Leaves  commonly  or  mostly  opposite  :  heads  nalrd,  terminal,  slender-pcduncled. 

3.  L.  fllipes,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  paniculately  branched,  soft-villous, 
and  witli  some  small  sti[)itate  glands  :  leaves  linear  ;  some  nf  the  lower  rnuline 
sparsely  lacnniate-denticulate  (2  or  3  ijirlics  lonj:)  ;  ihoso  of  Ihe  branchlot.s  short 
(4  to  2  lines  long),  not  ciliate  :  head  small,  hractless,  on  a  filiform  peduncln  :  rays 
exsertod,  apiiarontly  white.  —  Pacif  P.  I^ej).  iv.  100,  S:  Mex.  P<mnd.  101. 
Hemizonia  filipes.  Hook.  &  Am.,  apparently,  but  the  specimens  of  Pouglns  not 
seen. 

California,  Dovglas.  On  the  Sacramento,  Fitch,  Ncivhcrry,  &c.  Seemingly  a  rare  species. 
Akenes  not  yet  known. 


3G8  CUMPOSIT.E.  Luyia. 

59.   LA.YIA,  Hook.  &  Am. 

Head  many-flowered,  heteiogaiuous,  Avith  8  to  20  pistillate  rays  and  numerous 
perfect  disk-flowers,  all  fertile,  except  occasionally  some  of  the  central.  Involucre 
lieniispherical  or  very  broadly  cuiupanulato,  of  as  many  scales  as  ray-flowers  (and 
sometimes  a  few  external  enipty  ones),  flat  or  nearly  so  on  the  back,  their  abruptly 
dilated  thin  or  scarious  margins  or  auricles  below  infolded  on  either  side  so  as  to 
meet  and  enclose  the  ray-akene.  Keceptacle  broad  and  flat,  or  rarely  convex 
(pubescent  where  not  chafl'y),  a  series  of  chafl'  like  an  inner  involucre  subtending 
the  outermost  disk-llowors,  or  in  some  species  with  thinner  clmlf  subtending  uU  or 
most  of  them,  liuys  cuneiform  or  oblong,  2-3-lobed  or  toothed  at  the  apex  :  disk- 
corollas  cylindraceous-funnelform,  5-lobed  at  summit.  Akenes  of  tlie  ray  obovate- 
oblong  or  narrower,  obcompressed,  glabrous  (with  one  exception)  and  smooth, 
destitute  of  pappus,  but  crowned  with  a  protuberant  disciform  areola;  of  the  disk 
nearly  similar  or  linear-cuneate,  mostly  hairy,  and  with  a  various  pappus  of  5  to 
20  bristles,  awns,  or  chafiy  scales,  either  naked  or  plumose,  or  occasionally  none.  — 
Annuals,  all  of  the  Califurnian  region  ;  with  leaves  nearly  all  alternate  and  often 
incised  or  pinnatifld,  and  showy  heads  of  yellow  or  yellow  and  white  flowers 
(mostly  with  brown  or  purple  anthers),  terminating  the  somewhat  paniculate  or 
corymbose  branches.  —  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  103;  lienth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  2.  395, 
where  the  synonymy  is  given. 

Rudiments  of  pappus  occasionally  occur  on  the  ray-akenes,  as  a  small  scale,  or  a  bristle  or  two, 
but  they  are  evidently  abnormal.  The  species  are  arranged  under  three  sections,  mainly  by  tlie 
pappus  :  otherwise  several  ot  them  are  almost  exactly  alike. 

§  1.  Pappus  of  \^  to  20  {or  rarely  fewa-)  aunts  or  stout  bristles  which  are  long- 
plianose  or  villosc  betoiv  the  middle :  receptacle  chaffy  only  at  the  marf/in, 
rarely  avioiuj  some  of  the  outer  disk-jloivers :  akenes  all  narrow  and  somewhat 
clavate,  crowned  with  a  protuberant  annular  or  rarely  almost  cupulate  disk, 
especially  in  the  ray.  Plants  all  hispid  or  hirsute  and  S]rri)ikled  above  with 
dark-colored  stipitate  glands.  —  Madaroglossa,  Gray.     (Madaroylussa,  DC.) 

*   Hays  white  (or  rarely  purple),  cuneiform  and  3-lobed  ;   the  disk  yelloiv. 

1.  L.  glandulosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  loosely  branching, 
roughish  with  short  hiypid  hairs  :  leaves  linear,  the  upper  ones  all  small  and  entire, 
the  lower  often  lanceolate  and  sparingly  incisely  i)inuatilid  :  heads  middle-sized  or 
smaller:  rays  8  to  13,  conspiciiously  exserted  :  disk-akenos  appressed  silkyvillous  : 
pappvis  mostly  bright  white,  the  very  copious  villous  woul  much  shorter  thuii  the 
stout  bristles,  thu  inner  portion  at  length  crisped  and  interlaced.  —  Blepharipappus 
glaiidulosus,  Hook.     Eriopappus  glandulosus,  Arn.     Madaroglossa  angusiifotia,  DC 

Var.  rosea,  Gray.  Pays  rose-purple  ;  otherwise  api)arently  identical  with  the 
ordinary  form. 

Dry  and  open  grounds  and  bare  plains,  from  the  Dalles  of  Oregon  through  the  eastern  poitions 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  bos  Angoles  Co.,  and  eastward  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah.  The  Var. 
rusca,  at  Ojai,  Ventuia  Co.,  S.  F.  J'eckhaiu :  apparently  ditl'ering  only  in  tliu  color  of  the  rays, 
which  in  the  species  are  white.  Heads  variable  in  size  :  rays  fiom  a  third  to  half  an  inch  in 
length.  L.  Neo-Mcxicana,  Gray,  PL  Wriglit.,  is  the  same,  with  the  occasional  development  of  a 
crown  of  chaffy  pappus  on  tlie  ray-akenes. 

2.  L.  heterotricha,  Hook.  Sc  Arn.  A  foot  or  two  high,  erect,  rough-hispid 
and  somewiuit  viscid  :  leaves  linear  or  lunceohile,  from  entire  to  laciniate-|)innatili(l  : 
heads  pretty  large  :  rays  10  to  18,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  disk,  oblong-cunei- 
furm,   bright  wliite  :  disk-akenes  villous-pubescent  :   pappus  white  or  whitish  ;  the 


Laijia,  COMPOSITyK.  3f,f) 

villous  wool  all  straij^lit  and  erect,  a  little  or  sonictiines  iiiiicli  slioiter  than  the  mthcr 
slender  bristles.  —  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  32G.     Madaroglossa  liderotriclia,  DC. 

Opon  grounds,  thiougli  the  western  part  of  the  State,  especially  in  the  San  Joaijuin  Valley. 
Heads  with  disk  half  an  inch  high  ;  the  large  and  showy  elongated  rays  three  nuarters  of  an  inch 
long.     The  copious  stijiitate  black  glands,  intermixed  with  the  short  hispid  and  above  apparently 


soinew 


The  copious  stipitate  black  glands,  intermixed  with  the  short  hispid  and 
hat  viscid  bristles,  suggested  the  specitic  name. 


3.  L.  carnosa.  Torr.  Sc  dray.  Dwarf  and  depres.sed,  rising  only  3  to  5  inches 
high,  more  or  less  hirsute-pubescent :  leaves  succulent,  spatulate  or  the  upper  linear- 
oblong,  the  lower  often  sinuate-pinnatiiid  :  heads  small  :  rays  8  to  10,  very  short 
(slightly  surpassing  the  involucre),  apparently  white  :  akenes  both  of  ray  and  disk 
jtubescent :  pap[)us  dull  whitisli,  its  slender  bristles  very  sparsely  plumose  with 
straight  villous  hairs  to  much  above  the  middle.  — Afadaro(/lossa  carnosa,  Nutt. 

Sands  of  the  sea  beach,  San  Diego  (NttttaU),  Monterey  {Parry),  Punta  de  los  Reyes,  Bigdow. 
The  rays  (nowhere  stated  to  be  yellow)  appear  to  be  white,  and  they  are  very  inconspicuous. 

*   *   Rays  as  well  as  disk-flowers  yellow. 

4.  L.  hieracioides,  Ilook.  Sc  Arn.  A  foot  or  so  high,  very  hispid  with  long 
and  spriMiding  rigid  bristles,  which  ubovo  aro  sonunvhat  viscid  :  L-aves  varying  from 
linear  to  oblong,  laciniate-toothod  or  almost  pinnatifid  :  heads  small  :  rays  U)  to  15, 
small,  a  little  e.xceeding  the  disk  :  disk-akenes  minutely  pubescent  :  pappus  rusty- 
brownish  ;  the  straight  and  erect  villous  hairs  rather  scanty  and  little  shorter  than 
the  bristles.  —  Madaroglossa  hieracioides,  DC. 

Open  grounds,  San  Francisco  to  Monterey,  &e.  Stem  not  rarely  spotted  by  the  dark -colored 
bases  of  the  bristles.  Loaves  mostly  only  an  inch  or  so  in  length.  Heads  only  3  or  4  lines  high  : 
rays  seldom  2  lines  long  ;  their  akenes  aometinioa  showing  rudiments  of  pappus. 

5.  L.  gaillardloides,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  foot  or  two  high,  loosely  branched, 
hispid  and  glandular  like  the  preceding  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  the  lower  com- 
moidy  pinnatiHd  :  heads  pretty  large  :  rays  12  to  20,  orange-yellow,  cuneate-oblong, 
twice  or  tiirice  the  lengtii  of  the  disk  :  disk-akenes  silky-pubescent  :  pappus  dull 
white  or  rather  rusty  ;  the  erect  and  not  abundant  villous  hairs  all  straight  and  con- 
siderably shorter  than  the  bristles. 

Open  grounds,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  especially  near  San  Francisco 
Bay.  Rays  in  well-developed  plants  two  thirds  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  ("half  of  the 
receptacle  soniotimes  (as  originally  desciil>cd)  among  the  outer  disk-llowers,  but  commonly  only 
bciwccn  the  disk  anil  ray.  In  lloiuiider'H  (tollcction  fnmi  {'"orcst  Hill,  riiu-iM' Co.,  are  HiMM'iinoMn 
uiidislingniHJiablo  from  L.  pndni'.lHV.I a  of  that  locality,  and  ni>parcnlly  growing  with  it,  nut  with 
the  pajjpus  of  the  present  K])ecics. 

6.  L.  elegans,  Torr.  Sc  Cray.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but  rather  hirsuto  than 
hispid,  and  the  linear  cauline  loaves  less  pinnatilid  :  rays  10  to  12,  lighter  yellow, 
obovate-cuneiform,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  disk  :  pappus  mostly  white  ;  its 
copious  villous  hairs  much  shorter  than  the  awn-like  bristles,  the  inner  crisped  and 
interlaced.  —  Madaroglossa  elegans,  Nutt. 

Open  grounds,  Ukiah  to  Santa  Barbara  and  T>os  Angeles.  In  the  pappus  this  resembles 
L.  ylandulosa ;  and  the  rays  are  similar,  except  in  their  color  and  rather  larger  size. 

§  2.  Pappus,  receptacle,  glandular  herbage,  and  whole  aspect  of  the  preceding  section, 
but  the  (5  to  25)  aivns  or  bristles  of  the  papjnis  naked,  or  rarely  tcanting.  — 
Callichuoa,  firay.     (Callichroa,  Fischer  &  Meyer.) 

7.  L.  pentachaeta,  Cray.  Sparsely  hirsute  or  hispid  as  well  as  glandular, 
loosely  l.)ranched  :  leaves  mostly  pinnatilid  and  the  lower  even  bi]Mnnati(id,  with 
long  linear  lobes  :  rays  largo,  golden  yellow,  olilong-ciineiform  :  disk-akenes  minutely 
pubescent,  soTnetimos  almost  glabrous  ;  ])appus  of  5  or  raroly  fewer  rigid  smootli 
bristles,  or  sometimes  wanting.  —  Pacif.  \l.  Kop.  iv.  108,  t.  1(5. 

Foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  on  the  Stanislaus  {Uiijelnv)  and  near  Forest  Hill,  Placer  Co., 
ItiiJmiifrr.  Heads  showy;  the  numerous  apparently  deep  yellow  rays  half  nn  inch  or  so  in 
length. 


870  CUMPOSIT^ii.  Layia. 

8.  L,  platyglossa,  (Jmy.  Aloro  or  less  lursutu  tw  wdU  us  gliuululur,  loosely 
bniiiciiiii;;  :  lower  U;iiv(!s  comaiouly  jiimiulilul  :  mya  large,  cunuate-ohovuto,  bright 
light  yellow,  uml  eoiiiiiioiily  with  wliiLish  ti[)s  to  the  lobes  :  ilisk-akeiu-s  ailky-liir- 
suto  :  puijpus  uf  15  to  25  u[)vviudly  seubrous  stout  and  rigid  awii-lilce  bristles,  whieli 
are  usually  only  u  little  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  PI.  Fendl.  lOii.  Callichroa 
phUt/ylossa,  iMscher  tV;  Meyer,  Ind.  ISeiu.,  &  Hort.  Potrop.  t.  5  ;  IJrit.  Fl.  (^ard.  ser.  2, 
t.  373;  Bot.  ^lag.  t.  3719.      Madaroglossa  hirsuta  &l  M.  august  if olia,  Nutt. 

Var.  breviseta,  <Jniy.  Pappus  barely  one  halt"  the  length  of  the  corolla  or  of 
the  akene  :  leaves  mostly  pinnatiiid. 

Coiiiiaoii  tliioaghout  tlie  whole  western  portion  of  the  State  :  the  variety,  Los  Angeh^s,  Jiiye- 
luw.  The  ordinary  form  is  fauiiliur  in  cultivation.  About  San  Francisco  it  is  popularly  named 
Tidy-iijjs. 

§  3.  Pappus  of  subulate  amus  or  of  chafy  scales,  either  naked  or  margined  tvith 
scanty  long  villous  hairs  at  base,  or  none  :  receptacle  chaffy  throughout :  akenes 
oblong-obovate  :  herbage  less  hispid  or  hirsute  than  in  the  foregoing,  and  wholly 
destitute  of  glands.  —  Calmolossa,  Gray.  (Calliglossa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Oxy- 
ura,  DC      Calliachyris,  Torr.  &  Gray.) 

Tiieso  jilanta  all  loolv  vi^y  mucli  alike,  and  ((-xccptiug  /..  Frnnontii)  are  hardly  distinguiHliahlo 
in  aanuct ;  yet  they  dili'er  in  .smii  piutitidars  (iiat  they  caiuiol  lie  redueed  to  one  or  even  two  poly- 
nioriiliuu.s  Njifi'ies.  The  sealis  of  liie  iuvoluere  are  Woolly  iuMidu  ut  the  muninit  imd  maiKinN  t'l' 
llie  inl'olded  |iortioii,  inoHtsu  in  A.  Firiiioiilii.  Tim  rayt*  In  all  are  aniph*,  eaneil'orm,  and  U-lobed 
at  the  end,  yellow,  or  sometimes  with  nearly  white  tips. 

L.  DouGLASii,  Hook.  &  Am.,  whicli  is  known  only  by  a  specimen  collected  "between  the 
Narrows  and  the  Great  Falls  of  the  Columbia"  by  Douglas,  and  preserved  in  the  Hookerian  herba- 
rium, ajjpuars  to  be  a  species  intennediate  between  the  present  .section  and  Madarocjlussa.  See 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  104. 

'.':    Receptacle  Jfat :  pappus  present :  disk-akenes  more  or  less  villous. 

9.  L.  Fremontii,  (J ray.  Dillusely  brancliing,  slender,  a  span  or  two  high, 
puberulent  and  somewhat  hirsute:  leaves  mostly  pinnately  parted  and  with  short 
linear-oblong  divisions  :  scales  of  the  involucre  very  woolly  inside  at  the  infoldfd 
portion:  rays  ileeply  3dobed  :  i)a))pus  of  about  12  ovate-lanceolate  and  subulate- 
pointed  chally  scales,  about  the  length  of  the  akene,  with  some  interposed  attenu- 
ated villou.s  hairs  resembling  those  of  the  akene  but  longer.  —  I'l.  Pendl.  103. 
Calliachyris  Fremontii,  Torr.  &  ^^ray,  in  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  140. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  Frnnmit,  kililbnaa,  Ilnrturij.  Also  near  Auburn,  I'laeer  Co., 
Buhuultr. 

10.  L.  calliglossa,  <lray.  Loosely  branching,  a  foot  or  so  higli,  rather  glabrous, 
but  the  leaves  (piunali'ly  parted,  or  on  the  branches  entire  and  sniall)  thickly  ciliate 
Avith  short  hispid  bristles  :  rays  commonly  paler  or  whitish  at  the  tijjs  :  ])ai»[)us  of 
10  to  18  very  unequal  scabrous  or  near  the  Viase  occasionally  somewhat  barbellate- 
ciliate  awns.  —  PI.  Fendl.  103,  Calliglossa  Douglasii,  Hook.  <^'  Arn.  Oxyura 
chrysantheinoides,  Lindl.  l>ot.  Heg,  t.  1850  ;  Fischer  &  I\Ieyer,  Hort.  Petrop.  t.  0. 

Var.  oligochseta,  (Jray.  l^ippus  of  only  two  awns  in  nnuiy  or  most  of  the 
flowers,  the  others  reduced  to  little  scales. 

Not  rare  through  the  western  part  of  tlie  State  ;  the  variety  at  Petaluinii,  ami  Santa  Ro.sa 
Valley,  Ncn-bcrry,  liolunila-. 

■■k    *   Jieceptacle  strongly  cADioex  :  jutppus  none  :  disk-akenes  glabrous.    (Oxyura,  l)C.) 

11.  L.  Chrysanthemoides,  (iray.  Like  the  |)receding  in  aspect,  or  leaves 
sometimes  more  "scabrous-pubescent  and  less  ciliate  :  akenes  broader  and  glabrous, 
and  with  no  epigynous  disk,  the  dilated  base  of  the  corolla  covering  their  apex.  — 
Oxyu7-a  chrysanthemoides  &  Hartviannia  ciliata,  DC. 

Hillsides  and  low  grounds,  near  San  Francisco,  &e.  Kays,  as  in  the  foregoing,  about  half  :in 
inch  long,  deeii  yellow,  the  tips  inclined  to  be  whiti.-ih. 


Jaumea.  COMrOSIT.E.  371 

60.  ACHYRACHiENA,  Schaucr. 
Ple.ad  many-flowered,  heterogaiuous,  with  G  tu  10  very  short  pistillate  and  fertile 
inconspicuous  rays;  the  disk-ilowers  also  fertile.  Involucre  oblong-canipanulate  ; 
its  scales  lanceolate,  as  many  as  ray-flowers,  flattish  on  the  back  below  and  each  by 
its  infolded  thin  margins  enclosing  an  akene,  or  one  or  two  empty  ones  besides. 
Ilecoptacle  nearly  Hat,  chaffy  at  the  margin  and  among  some  of  the  outer  disk- 
(lowcrs;  the  outennoat  clinfV  roHombliiig  tlio  scales  of  tlio  involucre,  the  rest  inoro 
mombnuiaceous  or  scarious.  J^iys  very  small,  hanlly  cxceoding  tlio  disk,  ilio 
palmatoly  3-cloft  concave  ligtilo  barely  exceeding  its  style  and  much  shorter  than 
its  slender  tube  :  disk-corollas  slender,  5-toothed.  Akenes  linear-cuneate  or  clavate, 
somewhat  obcompressed,  or  in  the  disk  nearl}'  terete,  10-ribbed,  and  with  the  alter- 
nate or  all  the  ribs  tuberculate-scabrous  at  maturity  ;  those  of  the  disk  truncate  at  the 
apex  ;  those  of  the  ray  rounded  and  with  an  epigynous  protuberant  areola ;  the 
former  with  a  jjappus  of  about  10  silvery  linear-oblong  blunt  scarioua  scales  in  two 
sei'ies,  the  5  outer  considerably  sliorter  than  the  alternate  inner  ones,  which  are  as 
long  as  the  corolla.  —  A  single  (Californian)  annual  species,  with  narrow  loaves, 
only  the  lower  opposite. 

1.  A.  mollis,  Schauer,  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  erect  and  mostly  slender, 
villous-pubescent  and  somewhat  glandular  or  viscid  :  leavers  long-linear,  entire,  or 
the  lower  sparingly  laciniate  :  heads  solitary  and  peduncled,  terminating  the  stem 
or  fastigiate  branches,  at  most  an  inch  long  :  flowers  whitish  or  yellowish,  the  rays 
turning  brownish.  — LejnJostephanus  mach'oides,  liartling. 

Common  in  fiolda  and  opon  lo'w  groinuls  tln-ougli  tlio  woalorn  nnd  cciitnil  jioitions  of  tlic  Stnto. 
Becoming  conspicuous  by  the  expansion  of  (lie  iiapims  when  thy  nml  divergenco  of  the  nkencs, 
forming  a  globular  silvery-chaffy  head,  somewhat  resembling  tliat  of  Thrift  {Arnicria  vuhjaris) : 
tlie  longer  pappus  a  (piarter  of  an  incli  long  ;  the  akene  about  the  same  length. 

Tribk  VI.     IIELENIOIDE^. 

Distinguished  from  Helianthoidece  by  the  absonco  of  chaff  on  the  receptacle,  from 
Anthemulea;  by  the  herbaceous  scales  of  the  involucre,  mostly  larger  ami  longer 
akenes,  &c.  :  the  pappus  when  present  of  chaffy  scales,  awns,  or  sometimes  awn-liko 
bristles,  rarely  of  finer  or  capillary  bristles,  but  then  the  herbage  dotted  with  trans- 
lucent oil-glands.  —  Belonging  chi<^fly  to  the  New  World,  and  especially  to  "Western 
Korth  America. 

61.  JAUMEA,  Ters. 

Head  raany-flowered,  with  pistillate  rays,  or  rarely  none  ;  the  flowoi-s  all  fertile. 
Involucre  cylindraceous-campanulate  or  somewhat  turbinate,  composed  of  very  broad 
and  imbricated  scales,  the  outer  shorter  and  fleshy.  Eeceptacle  naked,  in  the  Cali- 
fornian species  conical.  Corollas  glabrous.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  tippeil 
with  a  very  blunt  short  cone.  Akenes  all  alike,  linear,  10-nerved,  more  or  less 
angled.  Pappus  in  S.American  species  chaffv,  in  ours  none.  —  Herbs  or  slightly 
woody  |)lants,  glabrous,  with  opposite  nnd  entir(>  linear  (livshy  h-avcs.  rontiati"  at 
base,  nnd  solitary  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowej-s,  cui  peiluncles  somewhat 
thickened  at  the  apex  and  terminating  the  branches.  —  Benth.  it  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii. 
397;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  194.      Coinngi/ne,  Less.,  DC. 


;n2 


CUMI'OSIT.E.  Jaumtu. 


1.  J.  camosa,  (Jniy.  Stems  proeuiubont  or  uscending,  herbaceous  :  leaves 
linear  ur  hputulale-liucui',  very  Uushy,  somewhat  terete  when  fresh  :  head  erect  on  a 
short  peduncle:  rays  (J  to  10,  linear,  small  :  roce[)tacle  lHt,dily  conical,  smooth  and 
lleshy  :  akenes  wholly  f^labroiis,  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  iJOO. 
Coi/Kii/i/iie  airnosd,  Le.ss. ;  ToiT.  Si  ("iiiy,  Fl.  ii.  410. 

Salt  inuislies  along  the  coast,  hom  San  Di»go  to  Sun  Fruncisco,  and  to  Paget  Sound.  Its 
near  relative  inhabits  the  eastern  shore  of  extni-tropical  South  America,  and  has  a  iiapijus, 
but  no  rays. 

62.  VENEGASIA,  DC. 

Head  many-llowered,  with  numerous  pistillate  rays  ;  the  Howcra  all  fertile,  in- 
volucre very  broad,  imbricated  in  several  mnks ;  scales  round-ovato ;  the  outermo;>t 
somewhat  foliaceous,  the  inner  successively  more  membranaceous  and  a  little  colored, 
a  few  of  the  innermost  smaller,  narrow  and  scarious.  lieceptacle  Hat,  naked.  Tube 
of  the  corollas  glamlular-bearded,  especially  at  base  :  rays  elongated,  entire  or  2  -  3- 
tootlied  at  the  narrow  apex  :  disk-corollas  elongated-cylindrical.  Style-branches 
of  the  disk-flowers  very  obtuse.  Akenes  oblong-linear,  many-nerved,  somewhat 
5-angled,  destitute  of  pappus.  —  A  stout  herb,  with  alternate  cordate  petioled  leaves, 
and  rather  large  heads  of  yellow  tlowers. 

1.  V.  carpesioides,  DC.  Several  feet  high,  with  pithy  and  nairly  glabrous 
branches,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  membranaceous,  cordate  or  some  of  them  ovate- 
deltoid,  crenate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  sprinkled  beneath  with  some  minute  resinous 
atoms,  slender-petioled  :  heads  terminal  and  from  the  upper  axils,  on  short  slender 
peduncles.  —  J'artheiiopsis  maritimus,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  100. 

Kocivy  banks  of  streams,  &c.,  Santa  Barbara  and  southward..  Heads  handsome,  fully  two 
inches  broad,  iucluduig  the  (about  15)  long  rays.  It  would  be  well  worthy  of  cultivation.  The 
genus  commemorates  an  early  writer  upon  California,  the  Jesuit  missionary,  Michael  Venegas. 

63.  KIDDELLIA,  Nutt. 

Heads  several-llowered,  with  3  or  4  i)istillate  rays  ami  5  to  12  disk-Uowers,  all 
fertile.  Involucre  narrow,  cylindraceous,  of  4  to  10  linear-oblong  and  coriaceous 
equal  woolly  scales,  which  are  connivent  but  distinct,  except  at  the  very  base,  and 
a  few  thinner  or  scarious  ones  within,  sometimes  a  narrow  external  bract  or  two. 
Itcceptacle  Hat,  naked  and  smooth.  Kays  large  for  the  size  of  the  head,  very  broad, 
abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  tube,  truncate  and  3-lobed  at  the  enti,  5-7- 
nerved  (the  nerves  converging  and  uniting  in  pairs  within  the  lobes),  becoming 
papery,  persistent  on  the  akene.  Disk-corollas  elongated-cylindraceous,  with  a  very 
short  proper  tube,  5-toothed  at  summit ;  the  teeth  glandular.  Anthers  linear,  mi- 
nutely sagittate  or  emarginate  at  base.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  short, 
truncate-capitate  at  the  apex.  Akenes  narrow,  terete  or  nearly  so,  obscurely  striate 
or  angled,  glabrous,  or  in  one  species  cobwebby-villous.  rapi)us  of  4  to  G  iiyaline 
nerveless  and  pointless  chally  scales.  —  Low  and  branching  woolly  herbs,  [trobably 
all  perennial  ;  with  alternate  spatulate  or  linear  leaves,  either  entire  or  the  radical 
ones  pinnatoly  incised,  and  corymbose  small  heads  of  golden  yellow  flowers,  much 
resembling  those  of  a  section  of  Zinnia  which  belongs  to  the  .same  region.  —  Cray, 
PI.  Fendl.  94,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  358. 

There  are  three  species,  nil  of  the  Texano-Aiizonian  region  ;  namely,  11.  antclinuideit,  of  Texas 
and  Northern  Mexico,  which  is  remarkalile  for  the  long  cobwebby  hairs  on  the  akene,  and  the 
pappus-scales  as  it  were  dissolved  at  the  a|»ex  into  similar  hairs;  It.  ^^/(//■/(«  of  Nuttall,  with 


'/"'■/'".'/"■  coMi'osnM';. 


37:5 


ciitiro  pnppufl-floalp.s,  wlilch  rxtoii,la  f,,,,,,  W.  A,kniisns  MmoukI.  S.  Ufnli  to  S.  Arizona,  wlirro  a 
lonn  with  solitary  slondnr  podiinclpd  licads  w.us  ini.stnkcii  for  tlio  tliird  or  following  species. 

1.  R.  Cooperi,  (Jray.  A  foot  or  two  liigh,  tonicntoso-canescent ;  somewhat 
naked  with  age  :  loaves  narrowly  linear,  entire,  minutely  punctate  :  lieads  soli- 
tary on  filiform  peduncles  terminating  the  branches  :  akenes  glabrous  :  jjappus  of 
oblong  erose-laciniato  chaffy  scales,  about  a  quarter  of  the  length  of  the  glandular 
disk-corolla. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  358. 

Fort  Mohave,  on  gravelly  banks,  Coo]m:  Also  on  or  nair  the  higher  Rio  Colorado,  NcmhtrrM 
Leaves  an  inch  or  less  in  length.  Involucre  ahout  3  lines  long.  Kays  nearly  half  an  inch  longi 
and  about  4  hnes  broad,  usually  four  in  number.  Pappus  irregularly  lacerate-toothcd  above; 
the  teeth  few,  sometimes  slender  and  almost  capillary. 

64.  BAILEYA,  Gray. 
Head  many-flowered,  with  5  to  50  pistillate  rays  in  one  or  more  series  ;  all  the 
flowers  fertile.  Involucre  hemispherical,  of  numerous  and  nearly  equal  thin-herba- 
ceous linear  woolly  scales,  about  in  two  series.  Roceptaclo  flat  or  barely  convex, 
naked.  Knys  largo,  oval  or  oblong-cuiioate,  broadly  3-tootho(l  at  the  apex,  7-norvod, 
tapering  into  a  narrow  but  not  tubular  base,  becoming  scariona-papory  (but  very 
thin),  persistent  on  the  truncate  ni)ox  of  tho  akcno.  Disk-corollas  tubular-funnel- 
form  above  the  short  proper  tube,  5-toothed  ;  the  teeth  glandular-bearded.  Anthers 
linear,  minutely  sagittate  at  base.  Style-branchos  short,  with  truncate-cai)itate 
apex.  Akenes  oblong-linear  or  slightly  club  shaped,  somewhat  angled,  many- 
ribbed  or  striate;  the  apex  truncate,  sometimes  obscurely  toothed  by  the  extension 
of  the  ribs,  or  in  the  ray  callous-thickened.  Pappus  none.  —  Ploccosely  white- 
woolly  herbs  (of  the  Arizona-desert  region),  apf.ai-ently  all  annuals,  a  foot  or  so 
in  height ;  leaves  alternate,  soft,  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear,  the  lower  once  or 
twice  pinnatifid  ;  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  slender  peduncles,  mostly 
showy  from  the  abundance  of  the  persistent,  at  length  deflexed,  thin  and  sulphur- 
colored  rays. —  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  105,  k  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  195. 

Thispnua,  which  rommomorates  one  of  our  worthiest  naturalists,  the.  late  Professor  Railev 
now  claiins  the  placo  vyhich  was  originally  suggcstod  for  it,  nanudy,  with  lUddrUia,  these  two 
genera  with  tiio  following  constituting  a  woll-markcd  subtribc. 

1.  B.  pauciradiata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  paniculately  bnvnchcd  to  the  summit, 
somewhat  villous  as  well  as  woolly  :  loaves  mostly  linear,  tlie  upper  entire,  tho 
lower  elongated  and  laciniato-pinnatifid  :  peduncles  slender,  .seldom  over  an  inch 
long  :  head  small,  rather  few-flowered  :  tlio  oval  mys  5  or  fi  (sliort-unguiculate  only 
3  or  4  lines  long)  :  the  disk-flowers  10  to  20  :  akenes  evenly  many-striate,  'rou<di 
with  minute  points. 

iSoutheasteni  Iwrdor  of  tho  State,  on  tho  Uio  Colorado,  in  sand,  (\mUrr,  SrfintI,  C,^,,,n: 
2  B.  ploniradiata,  Gray,  I.  c.  Wholly  floccose-woolly,  much  bmnched  fnuii 
the  base  :  the  branches  erect,  terminating  in  mostly  long  solitary  pedunclos  :  lowp.<;t 
leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  once  or  twice  pinnatitid  into  ol)long  or  broadly  linear 
lobes  ;  the  upper  linear,  3-cIeft  or  entire  :  head  middle-size.l  and  many-flowered  : 
the  rays  25  to  40  in  2  or  3  ranks,  dilated-obovato  and  broadly  3-tootiipd  (4  or  5 
hnes  long)  :  akenes  angled  with  .strong  and  .striata  witli  intermediate  more  slender 
ribs,  minutely  scabrous  or  nearly  smooth. 

California,  Coulter.  Not  uncommon  in  Arizona,  and  througli  Sonoia  and  Sonthorn  Tt/ih  to 
the  l)ordcrs  of  Texas  :  perhaps  not  collected  witliin  the  State. 

3.  B.  multiradiata.  Gray,  1.  c.  TVnsely  floccose-woolly  :  .stem  simple  or 
sparingly  branched   below,   bearing  long  naked'  or  sometime.^  se.qpe-like  pednnclci 


g-j-^  COMPOSIT.E.  W'hilntya. 

(from  4  inches  to  a  foot  in  length)  :  knaves  nearly  all  once  or  twict'  i)innatili(l  :  ht'iul 
larg(i  :  rays  40  or  r)()  iu  about  2  ranks,  iMineate-ohlanci'olatc  (iully  half  an  incii 
lou"):  alicnes  as  in  tlm  prccedin}",  smooth  and  glabrous  or  with  some  resiimus 
globules. — Torr.  in  Kmory  Kep.  144,  t.  G. 

Ill  tlio  Ciililoniiiui  collofUiiii  i)f  ('oullcr.  Very  piolmltly  coHccUhI  in  Arizmm  or  Soiioni,  wlicm 
this  apucioa  occurs,  as  also  further  eustwurd. 

65.  WHITNEYA,  Uiuy. 
Head  niany-llowered,  with  7  to  'J  pistillate  fertile  rays  :  the  disk-llowers  appar- 
ently perfect,  but  infertile.  Involucre  campanulate,  of  9  to  12  thin-herbace(jus 
lanceolate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceohito  and  ec^ual  scales,  in  a  single  or  somewhat 
ilouble  series,  more  or  less  concave  at  base.  Keceptaclo  conical,  somewhat  foveolate, 
villous.  Kays  large,  elongated,  minutely  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  many- (10  -  1C-) 
nerved,  the  nerves  also  prominent  on  the  short  tube,  becoming  thin-papery,  and 
persistent  on  the  mature  akene.  Disk-corollas  tubular-fumielform,  with  a  very 
short  proper  tube,  persistent  on  the  infertile  ovary,  obtusely  S-toothed.  Antbcrs 
linear.  IStyle-bninches  of  the  disk-Howers  linear,  hirsute-i)uberulent  externally, 
extended  a  little  beyond  the  stigmatic  lines  into  an  obtusish  tip.  Akenes  of  the 
ray  oblong  somewhat  obcompressed,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  lightly  several-nerved, 
wholly  destitute  of  papi)us  :  those  of  the  disk  similar,  but  sterile.  —  A  low  jjcrennial 
herb  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  canescent ;  the  mostly  simple  stems  bearing  2  or  3  pairs 
of  opposite  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate  leaves,  and  solitary  or  few  slender- 
peduncled  showy  heads  of  golden  yellow  llowers.  —  Gray,  iu  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  vi. 
549,  &  ix.  195. 

1.  W.  dealbata,  Ciray,  1.  c.  About  a  foot  high,  from  slender  and  naked  creep- 
ing rootst(Jcks  :  lisives  obovate  or  spatidale  and  tapering  into  petioles,  or  the  np|ier 
small  and  huice.ohite,  lioaiy  with  a  very  line  and  close  woolliness  :  rays  oblong-Ian 
ceolate,  about  an  inch  in  length. 

In  open  woods,  &;c.,  at  an  elevation  of  5,000  to  7,000  feet,  from  above  the  Mariposa  Sequoia 
grove  northward  along  tlic  Sierra  Nevada,  Jirciver,  Bolandcr,  Ordij,  kc.  A  handsome  plant,  of 
a  very  distinct  genus,  whicli  was  dedicated  to  the  accomplished  Director  of  the  Calit'ornian  State 
Geological  Survey,  in  the  prosecution  of  wliich  it  was  discovered.  It  seems  to  occur  through  a 
coiisitrerahle  range  in  the  Sierra  ;  and  it  is  likely  to  be  prized  in  cultivation.  The  original 
character  of  the  genus  is  lu^re  luatcriidly  corrected.  The  rays  commonly  bear  rudiments  of  sta- 
mens in  the  form  of  sterile  lilamciits  :  their  lower  surface  is  puberulcnt,  as  also  the  akenes  and 
nearly  the  whole  surface  of  the  disk-corollas. 

66.  BURRIELIA,  DC,  Iknth. 
Head  several-flowered,  with  one  to  five  very  short  rays  which  hardly  ecjual  the 
more  numerous  disk-flowers,  all  fertile.  Involucre  cylindraceous,  of  4  or  5  (rarely  3) 
oblong  thin-herbaceous  scales.  Receptacle  subulate  or  almost  filiform,  rough  with 
projecting  points  on  which  the  akenes  are  inserted.  Tube  of  the  corollas  slender, 
as  long  as  the  campanulate  4-5-lobed  limb  and  as  the  barely  spreading  oval  or 
oblong  ligule.  Anthers  oblong,  more  or  less  auricled  or  sagittate  at  base,  tipped 
with  a  slender  lanceolate  or  linear-liliform  appendage.  Style-branches  tipped  with 
subulate-acute  minutely  hirsute  ajipendages.  Akenes  long-linear  or  somewhat  fusi- 
form, llattish,  with  indistinct  marginal  or  other  nerves.  Pappus  of  flattened  subu- 
late awns  or  awn-like  rigid  scales,  fully  as  long  as  the  corolla,  of  the  disk-llowers 
2  to  4,  of  the  ray  one  or  two  or  rarely  none.  —  Small  and  slender  annuals  (all 


r^ria.  coMPosriM':.  375 

Californian),  barely  liairy  ;  wiMi  opposite  entire  linear  leaves,  and  slender-pcdunelcd 
heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the  branches.  —  DC.  J'rudr.  v.  G63,  in  part; 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  398. 

1.  B.  microglossa,  DC.  Sparsely  hairy,  a  span  higli,  l)ranehing  :  rays  1  to  3, 
inconspicuous,  shorter  than  their  style  :  appendages  to  the  anthers  lanceolate : 
style-appendages  broadly  subulate  :    akenes  minutely  and  sparsely  hispid. 

Low  mouiu],  ill  the  iioiRhhorliootl  df  San  Francisco.  Heads  a  quarter  to  a  tliinl  of  an  indi 
in  length. 

2.  B.  leptalea,  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous  :  stems  filiform,  mostly  simple  :  leaves 
very  small  and  narrow  :  rays  4  or  5,  longer  than  their  style  but  "shorter  than  the 
disk  :  appendages  to  the  anthers  almost  filiform  :  style-appendages  narrowly  and 
abruptly  subulate  from  a  broad  base  :  akenes  minutely  scabrous-hispid.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  546. 

Santa  Lucia  A[ountain9,  on  tlie  Nacimiento  River,  Brewer.  Receptacle  subulate,  giudually 
tapering  from  a  broadish  base,  little  shorter  than  the  involucre. 

67.  BiERIA,  Fischer  &  Meyer,  Bentli. 
Head  many-floAvered,  with  5  to  12  or  14  exserted  pistillate  rays;  all  the  flowers 
usually  fertile.  Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispherical,  formed  of  a  single  series 
of  herbaceous  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate  flat  scales.  Receptacle  strongly  and  usually 
acutely  conical,  rough  or  muricate  with  projecting  jjoints  wliich  bear  the  akenes. 
Pays  oval  or  oblong,  entire  or  2  -  3-toothed  :  disk-corollas  with  a  very  slender  or 
filiform  tube  equalling  or  longer  than  the  campanulate  or  cyathiform  S-lobed  limb. 
Anthers  oblong,  bimucronulate  or  somewhat  sagittate  at  base,  tipped  with  a  deltoid- 
ovate  or  oblong  obtuse  appendage.  Style-branches  tipped  with  a  very  short  capitate- 
truncate  or  flattened  and  very  obtuse  appendage,  Imt  its  centre  sometimes  pointed 
with  a  short  bristle  or  rarely  a  more  substantial  cusp.  Akenes  linear,  subclavatc,  or 
linear-cuneate,  more  or  less  coinpressed  and  4  -5-angled  or  nerved  ;  those  of  the  ray 
not  at  all  embraced  by  the  involucral  scales.  Pappus  of  a  few  awns  with  chaffy- 
dilated  base,  or  of  awned  or  partly  awii-jjointed  chaHy  scales,  or  else  wholly  wanting. 
—  Aimuala  (all  (Californian),  mostly  low  or  small,  pubescent  (U'  almost  glabrous; 
with  opposite  linear  and  entire  leaves,  or  else  laciniate-pinnatilid  into  linear  lobes, 
and  small  or  middle  sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  slender  peduncles,  terminating 
the  stem  and  branches.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  1.  c.  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
i.x.  19G.  Burrielia,  DC.  1.  c,  oxcl.  sp.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c,  excl.  sp.  J)irh(rta, 
Nutt.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

§    1.    Pappus  uniformly  7ione  :  ahenea  somewhat  rounded  at  the  apex,  the  areola 
rather  small :  leaves  all  entire.     [B<vria,  Fischer  S:.  Meyer.) 

1.  B.  chrySOStoma,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  More  or  less  pubescent,  or  the  margin 
of  the  narrow  linear  leaves  sparsely  hirsute,  a  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high  :  scales 
of  the  involucre  5  to  12,  oblong-ovate  or  oval-oblong,  acute  :  rays  as  many,  oval 
or  oblong  :  receptacle  rather  broadly  conical  but  acute  :  akenes  subclavate-linear, 
glabrous  but  most  commonly  glandular.  —  Fischer  k  Afeycr,  Iiid.  Scm.  r>ec.  1835, 
»t  Sert.  I'otroj).  t.  7;  l)on.,\nri(.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  3!)5.  Hin-rirtln  hivsuin,  Nutt. 
Ji.  chrj/soMonin,  Torr.  i^:  CJray,  l"'l.  ii.  10(5,  37'.). 

Var.  macrantha  {finrrielia.  chri/sostovia,  var.  vvn-rantha.  Gray,  Pacif  M.  Hep. 
iv.  106)  is  a  form  strikingly  largo  in  all  its  j)arts,  a  foot  or  more  high  ;  tlie  hoacl 
broad  and  ample;  the  obhjug  rays  from  half  to  three  (piaiters  ol'nn  ituh  long. 


376  COMPOSIT.E.  Boeria. 

Hills  ftiul  moist  giouml,  thiou^'hout  the  western  i)ait  of  the  State  ;  the  huge  viuiety  in  wct 
niciiilowfl  on  tlio  (toiwt,  lioni  Miiriu  Co.  {Jliyduw)  to  lluuibohlt  Co.  {BoIuikI'i;  Kcllo(j<j,  &e.),  luus.s- 
insr  into  iho  onlinuiy  I'min.  The  opiiosile  ihiiumiiemto  extreme  is  conimon  t'luiher  mnitli  and  in 
tlie  inleiior,  iiioluilily  in  wleiile  Hoil,  with  iililonn  stems  only  a  or  4  inches  iiigh,  and  the  wales 
ol"  the  involiii'ie  and  rays  reiluced  to  5  or  li,  the  hitter  only  2  lines  long.  AkiMies  narrow,  .some- 
times  bjiai'sely  dotted,  sonielimes  thickly  heset  willi  minute  ghuuls  or  gliindular  fioints.  Style- 
ajipendayes  truntalo-eapituto. 

§  2.  Fappus  present  and  of  2  to  5  {rarely  8)  uniform  awns  or  aivned  chajfi/  scales 
(or  rarely  wantuu/)  :  akenes  truncate  at  the  apex ;  minutely  cinereous-puberu- 
lent :  leaves  except  in  B.  plat  year pha  entire.      {Burrielia,  DC,  mainly.) 
•A   Chaffy  scales  of  the  pappus  entire. 

2.  B.  gracilis,  Gmy,  1.  c.  Closely  resembles  the  precediii'^',  but  smaller  than 
its  larger  I'unus,  a  span  or  more  high,  branching  ircely  :  scales  of  the  involucre  10 
to  M,  oblong-lanceolate  :  rays  as  many,  oval  or  oblong:  receptacle  very  narrowly- 
conical,  acute  :  akenes  slender  :  i)ai)pus  in  the  ray  of  2  or  3,  in  the  disk  of  4  or  5 
awns,  with  a  subulate  or  lanceulate  chally-dilated  base.  —  Burrielia  gracilis,  DC. 
1.  c.  ;  liook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3758. 

Open  ground,  aijjiarently  eommon  I'rom  San  Francisco  15ay  southward.  Itays  3  or  4  lines 
long.     Awns  of  the  luiiipiis  sometimes  very  little  dilated  at  hase. 

3.  B.  tenerrima,  Cray,  1.  c.  Like  the  preceding  or  usually  smaller  and  more 
Blonder:  acalea  of  the  involucre  and  rays  5  to  I)  or  10:  receptai'le  rather  hinadly 
conical  and  hardly  acute  :  sh-niler  awns  of  the  pappus  2  or  more  from  a  broad  and 
ovate  cliaify  base.  —  Burrielia  teneii-ima,  DC,  probably.  B.  parvijiora,  IS'utt.  1.  c. 
B.  lonyifolia,  Nutt.  1.  c.1 

Y\Q\\\  the  Sacramento  southward  through  the  State,  and  in  Arizona.  Distinguished  horn  the 
preceding  chielly  by  the  broad  and  short  scales  of  the  jjajjiius  ;  probably  passing  into  it. 

4.  B.  platycarpha,  Gi-ay,  1.  c.  A  span  high,  slender,  loosely  branching, 
slightly  pubescent  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  aiul  entire,  or  some  of  them  3-cleft : 
peduncle  mostly  thickened  next  the  head  :  scales  of  the  involucre  6  or  7,  ovate, 
distinctly  3-nerved  :  rays  as  many,  oblong  :  receptacle  acutely  conical  :  akenes  cune- 
ate-linear :  pappus  both  in  ray  and  disk  of  7  or  8  firm  oblong-ovate  chaily  scales, 
tipjied  with  a  slender  awn  of  about  the  same  length.  —  Burrielia  platycarpha,  Gray 
in  Dot.  Mex.  Bound.  97. 

Valley  of  tiie  S.ieramento,  Stillman.  A  slender  form  also  (collected  by  Fuiltun.  Scales  of  tlie 
involucre  4  lines  long  in  the  principal  specimens.  Stylc-appcndages  truncate  or  very  obtuse,  but 
sunnounted  by  a  short  abrupt  cusp. 

*   *    Ch((ffy  scales  of  the  pappus  laciniate. 

f).  B.  Palmei'i,  Cray.  Dwarf,  less  than  a  si)an  high,  rather  stout,  dill'iisely 
brancheil  from  the  base,  hirsute-pubescent  :  leaves  linear,  thickish,  all  entire  : 
peduncle  thickened  under  the  head  :  scales  of  the  involucre  9  or  10,  ovate,  thicki.sh- 
herbaceous,  with  midrib  carinate-thickened  and  salient  at  base,  and  lateral  nerves 
indistinct :  rays  as  many,  oval,  rather  short  :  receptacle  obtusely  conical  :  akenes 
linear  and  slightly  narrowed  below  :  pappus  of  5  (or  sometimes  more)  broadly  ovate 
limbriate-laciniate  scales,  those  of  the  disk  with  a  stout  nwn,  of  the  ray  mostly  blunt 
and  awniess.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ined. 

r.uailalupo  Island,  olf  bowiir  California,  7/r.  E.  Palmer.  Introduced  to  comi'leto  the  account 
of  the  genus.     Head  'i  lines  high  and  broad  :  rays  '2  lines  long. 

§  3.   Papptis  of  truncate  or  pointless  short  chaffy  scales  between  2  or  3  awned  ones  or 

naked  awns,   or  sometimes  wanting :  akenes  truncate  at  the  apex :  receptacle 

obtusely  conical :  leaves  or  some  of  the  lowermost  laciniately  cleft  or  j^i'i^ati- 

fid.  —  DiciiJJTA,  Gray.     (Dichata,  Nutt.  1.  c.) 

6.  B.  maritima,  Gray.     Low  and  diffuse,  pubescent  when  young  with  loose 

cobwebby  hairs,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  entire. 


Adnwlrpis.  COMPOSHMC.  377 

or  tlio  lownat  spariii|^ly  ImMiiinto-tontlicd  :  Rcalofl  of  tlio  invnincro  and  Rliort.  oil)i(Milnr 
raya  0  to  8  :  ak(MiC3  miniitnly  hairy  :  pappua  of  3  to  5  ptoiit  awna  and  at  least  t\vi<',(! 
as  many  small  and  narrow  laciniate  chall'y  scales. —  Ihirridla  nuiritima,  (Iray,  J'mc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  SryS. 

On  tlic  Faralloiias,  ronky  islets  ofT  San  Francisco,  Afr.  Gruhcr.  Tlie  rays  in  the  specimen  do 
not  exceed  tlie  disk,  but,  being  broad  and  flat,  probably  tliey  may  become  more  conspicuous. 

7.  B.  Fremontii,  Oray,  1.  c.  Slender,  a  span  liigh,  somewlint  liirsnte-pubcs- 
Cftnt  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  entire,  or  with  2  to  5  very  narrowly  linear  lobes  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  and  rather  sliort  oval  rays  10  to  12  :  disk-corollas  slender  and 
with  a  long  narrow  tube  :  pappus  of  mostly  4  slender  awns,  and  as  many  or  twice 
as  many  short  linear  or  oblong  and  entire  or  2cleft  blunt  scales,  or  sometimes  want- 
ing. —  Dichrrta  Fremontii,  Torr.  in  PI.  Fendl.  102.  Biirrielia  (Dic/ueta)  Fremontii, 
Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  317,  a  state  (always"?)  without  i)appus. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento  (Fremont,  Hartior.g)  and  near  Vallejo,   Greene.     Ovaries  minutely 

f)nbc9ccnt,  or,  in  the  form  from  Hartweg,  without  pappus,  glabrous  ex(;cpt  at  the  summit.  Upper 
eaves  inclined  to  bo  dilated  bolow,  nnd  to  have  3  to  5  palmiitcly-disposed  lobes. 

8.  B.  Tlliglnosa,  Oray,  1.  c.  Diffuse,  at  length  decumbent,  a  span  to  a  foot  high, 
loosoly  pubescent  with  eomowhat  cobwebby  hairs:  lower  or  most  of  the  leaves 
copiously  pinnatilid  from  a  broad  or  broadish  rha(dua  ;  the  lobes  narrowly  linear  : 
scales  of  the  involucro  nnd  oblong  oxserted  rays  usually  10  to  13  :  throat  of  disk- 
corollas  very  broad,  and  narrow  tube  rather  short :  papi>us  of  2  or  3  stout  chaliy- 
subulate  awns,  and  as  many  or  twice  as  many  intervening  conspicuous  and  broad 
truncate  and  laciniato-fimbriate  scales.  —  Diclujita  uliginosa,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Var.  tenella.  Gray,  1.  c.  (Dichu'ta  tene/la,  Nutt.  1.  c),  is  only  a  depauperate 
state,  on  drier  .soil,  with  narrow  linear  leaves,  and  more  of  them  entire  ;  the  rays  and 
involucral  scales  reduced  to  8  or  9,  or  rarely  to  5  or  G, 

Low  grounds,  common  through  tlie  western  i)ai-t  of  the  State.  Very  variable.  Leaves  in  the 
larger  plants  a  span  long,  and  the  stems  luxuriant  in  proftortion.  Akenes  a  line  long,  oblong- 
linear  and  a  little  narrowed  downward,  sometimes  pubescent,  sometimes  glabrous,  apparently  in 
plants  growing  together. 

68.  ACTINOLEPIS,  DC,  Benth. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  few  or  numerous  pi.stillato  rays ;  all  the  flowers  fertile. 
Involucro  campaiuilato,  of  a  single  series  of  oblong  or  lanceolate  thin-herbaceous 
scales,  which  become  concave  or  involute  and  embrace  more  or  less  the  ray-akencs. 
Receptacle  naked,  convex  or  conical,  or  in  an  ambiguous  species  flat.  Rays  oval  or 
oblong,  2  -  3- toothed  :  disk-corollas  with  narrow  tube  and  carapanulate  6-lobed 
limb.  Anthers  tipped  with  an  abrupt  narrowisli  or  very  slender  appendage.  Style- 
branches  with  a  truncate-capitate  (or  rarely  conical)  tip.  Akenes  linear  and  mostly 
tapering  to  the  base,  or  linear-cuncate ;  tliose  of  the  my  commonly  somewhat  in- 
curved. Pappus  a  series  of  chalfy  scales  or  squamellrc  (either  few  or  numerous), 
which  are  either  pointless  or  extended  into  an  awn,  or  sometimes  none.  —  Low  and 
difl'use  or  depressed  annuals,  all  of  the  Californian  region,  mostly  woolly,  in  one 
section  glandular;  with  opposite  or  alternate  commonly  toothed  or  pinnately-partcil 
leaves,  and  small  or  proportionally  rather  large  lieads  terminating  tlie  branches. 
Flowers  all  yellow,  or  the  rays  occasionally  white  or  rose-color.  —  Gray  in  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  ix.   197, 

A  rather  well-marked  genus,  as  rightly  characterized  on  the  original  species  by  Torrey  and 
Gray,  now  hapi)ily  extended  by  ncntliam' in  the  Gcnci-n  rinntnnim,  nnd  still  more  nuRmented  in 
the  paper  rofened  to  above.  The  section  placed  foremost  resembles  H'lTin,  section  Dic/uitn  fnym 
which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  partial  enclosure  of  the  rnyakcncs  iu  the  si-nles  of  the  mvolucrc. 


378  CO^rrOSIlVE.  AcUnolepi^. 

§  1.  Not  woolii/,  bttl  mostly  ylantlalar,  diffuite,  luith  opposite  piniKttt'li/  2^'^''^*^^^  ^''  ^''<^ 
radiait  twice  jtiuiuUtli/  dissedal  Itaven,  their  segiueiUi  linear  and  attenuate  : 
heads  on  slender  peduncles,  and  ivith  rather  large  and  manerous  (i/elluio)  rai/s: 
involnrre  rather  broad :  receptacle  acutely  conical :  anther-appeiulai/es  oblong. 
—  i'Til.oMiatis!.     (/'tilomeris,  ^'utt.     llyvienuxys,  Ouypapjius,  luir.  iV;  (Jru}'.) 

As  yet,  it  is  imcertaiii  wlietlier  the  following  are  mere  varieties  of  one,  or  wlietlier  they  retain 
their  small  distiintions  uniformly.  If  at  length  redueeil  to  one  the  iianio  A.  curoiuiria  should  bo 
preferred,  Nuttall's  name  (probably  suggested  by  a  likeness  to  Chrysanthemum,  cm-oiuirium)  being 
a  year  or  so  earlier  than  llijiiicnoxys  Cati/oniicu  of  liooker. 

*  Minutely  ylioidular-pubescent :  rays  10  to  15,  elonr/ated-oblony :  involucral  scales 

oliUmy-lanceulate :  receptacle  pubescent, 

1.  A.  coronaria,  timy,  1.  c.  Dillusi'ly  hmucliiug  elendor  stoms  a  foot  loiif,' : 
pappus  ul"  10  (or  8  Lu  12)  iiiuceolHto  or  oblong  cleiiUouliito  scales,  all  tapering  into 
awns  a  little  shorter  than  the  disk-corollas,  or  in  the  ray  fewer  and  some  of  them 
awnless.  —  Ptilomeris  coronaria  &  P.  aristata,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Anier.  Phil.  Soc.  vii. 
382,  Shortia  Calif  arnica,  Nutt.  in  garden  catalogues.  Hymenoxys  Calif ornica, 
Hook.  ]>ot.  Mag.  t.  3828  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  280,  with  var.  coronaria. 

Near  San  Diego,  Nultall.  So  far  as  we  know  collected  only  by  him,  and  in  cultivation  from 
his  seeds.  l)e.scribed  as  "  very  glabrous"  in  the  Botanical  Magazine,  doubtless  incorrectly.  Rays 
nearly  half  an  inch  long,  usually  VI. 

2.  A.  anthemoides,  Gray.  Leaves  perhaps  more  copiously  divided  and  glan- 
dular, and  heads  rather  smaller  :  pappus  none.  —  Ptilomeris  (Ptilopsis)  anthemoides, 
Nutt.  1.  c.      Hymenoxys  calva,  Torr.  tt  Gray,  1.  c. 

AVith  the  preceding,  Nuttall.     Also  towards  Julian  City,  Bolander. 

3.  A.  mutica,  Gray,  1.  c.  Like  the  foregoing  :  pappus  of  6  to  8  quadrate-oblong 
scales,  eiose-laciniate  at  the  truncate  or  very  obtuse  summit,  shorter  than  the  proper 
tube  of  the  corolla,  occasionally  one  or  two  of  them  slightly  awned.  —  Ptilomeris 
mutica,  Nutt.  1.  c.      11  ynienoxys  mutica,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Near  San  Diego,  A^ul/a/l  ;  by  whom  only  it  has  yet  been  collected. 

«   *  More  or  less  pubescent,  but  hardly  if  at  all  glandular :  rays  G  to  8,  shorter,  oval: 
involucral  scales  ovate  :  receptacle  glabrous. 

4.  A.  tenella,  Gray,  1.  c.  Smaller  than  the  foregoing  :  the  heads  and  leaves 
about  half  the  size  of  those  of  J.  coronaria :  lobes  of  the  latter  shorter  and  blunter 
as  well  as  fewer  :  i)appus  of  5  to  8  short  quadrate  scales,  which  are  lind)riate  at  the 
broad  sunuuit,  or  some  of  them  occasionally  bearing  a  delicate  short  awn. — Ptilo- 
meris  tenella,  ^k,  P.  ajjinis,  Nutt.  I'l.  (Jamb.  173  ;  llu)  latter  a  form  with  some  of  the 
l>appus  awned. 

Near  Los  Angeles,  Gambd.      Eays  2  lines  long. 

§  2.  Floccose-woolly  :  most  of  the  leaves  alternate:  invohicre  narrow:  rays  rather  few, 
obovale :  receptacle  convex  or  obtusely  conical :  akenes  mimitely  liairy  or  some- 
times  glabrous  :  pajtpus  0/  8  to  10  or   more  scales   or  squamelUe.  —  True 

ACTINOLEPIS. 

*  Heads  small  and  sessile  or  leafy-brncted,  with  only  5  {or  "  3  to  5  ")  yellow  rays : 
receptacle  merely  convex  :  anther-appendages  ovate- lanceolate  :  pappus  of  subulate  or 
almost  setifonn  scales,  commonly  wanting  in  the  diskjlowers.      {Actinolepis,  DC.) 

5.  A.  xnulticaulis,  DC.  Seldom  a  span  high,  dilfuscly  branched  from  the 
base,  the  white  wool  below  somewhat  deciduous  with  age  :  leaves  cuneate  or  spatu- 
late  with  a  long  tapering  base,  the  summit  obtusely  3-toothed  or  3-lobed  :  scales 
tif  the  ])appus  10  to  15,  une.(]ual,  very  slendcn-,  usually  (but  not  always)  wanting  in 
all  the  disk  Uowers. —  llouk.  Ic.  t.  325  ;   IJut.  Mc.\.  IJound.  t.  33. 


Ihhia.  COM  POSIT/!':.  HTO 

Dry  plains,  coinmon  from  Santa  Barliara  s'huthward.  Ilcails  soniowhat  (histpicd  ;  tlip  invo- 
lucre only  2  lines  long,  llaya  f^cncrally  S.  The  .st^ite  with  paiipus  in  tlie  disk  .i-s  well  jus  ray  was 
collected  by  Prof.  Brewer  in  the  SantaMaria  Valley,  Santa  Iftez  Mountains,  &c. 

*  *  Headi^  more  or  less  pedunrled  (ermuinfinrf  the  hrnnches,  with  G  <o  8  rays :  recep- 
tacle obtmelij  conical:  anther-appendages  ahrnpth/  tipped  vnth  a  very  slender 
linear-Mtiform  appendage  {in  the  manner  of  Biirrielia)  :  jmppus  both  in  disk  and  ray 
0/  8  or  1 0  chaffy  scales. 

R.  A.  Wallace!,  ('Vny,  1.  c  Donsoly  clotliod  witli  \o\\<^  and  very  ilnr.coac 
■white  wool,  at  lenj^'th  ditrusely  much  branclinl,  an  \w\\  to  a  spaii  hi-^h  :  leaves 
obovate  or  spatulato,  entire  or  (somewhat  3-lol)0(l  at  the  apex  :  .scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre obtuse :  pappus  of  8  or  10  short  and  firm  oval  or  oblong  obtuse  and  pointless 
nerveless  scales.  —  Bahia  Wallacei,  Gray  in  Pacif.  K.  Kep.  iv.  105;  the  form  with 
golden  yellow  ray  as  well  as  disk. 

Var.  rubella,  Gray  :  a  form  Avith  pale  purple  an<l  white  rays.  —  Bahia  rubella, 
Gray  in  IJot.  Mex.  IJound.  95. 

Dry  plains,  from  near  Los  Aiigoles  aiid  San  Felipo,  Wnllarc,  Parr;i  (the  variety).  Also  on  the 
Colorado  {<^«pt.  Ilinlw),),  niul  tlio  southern  borders  of  Utah,  Palmer,  Si/rr.  A.s  yet  a  rare  speeieM. 
Style-branches  tippi'd  with  a  short  subulate  cone  1  Scales  of  the  iiivolviero  involute  with  age  m 
the  manner  of  the  genus. 

7.  A.  lanosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Loosely  floccose-woolly,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  at 
length  dili'usely  l)ranched  :  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire  :  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear-oblong,  rather  acute  :  rays  white  or  rose-color  :  akcnes  slender  :  pappus  of  4 
or  5  subulate  scales  tapering  into  a  slender  scabrous  awn,  and  as  many  alternating 
oblong  and  awnless  or  pointless  scales.  —  Burrielia  (Dichata)  lanosa,  Gray  in 
Pacif.  R.  Hep.  1.  c. 

Gravelly  hills  and  plains,  on  the  Colorado,  near  the  Mohave,  kc,  Bifirlow,  Coojyr.  Also  in 
Arizona  and  S.  Utah.  Style-branches  obtuse,  or  apiculate  with  a  minute  cusp.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  almost  condupli(;ately  infolded  at  maturity,  enclosing  the  akene. 

§  3.  Floccose-ivoolly,  depressed,  tvith  mostl y  alternate  leaves:  involucre  narrow:  rays 
8  or  9,  small:  receptacle  flat :  al-enes  linear,  compressed,  with  callous  margins 
exceedingly  villous :  j^appus  of  2  chaffy  scales  :  anther-appendages  oblong- 
ovate.  —  Eatonet.la,  Gray. 

8.  A.  nivea,  Gmy,  1.  c.  An  inch  or  ro  high,  in  a  Pmnll  tuft  from  a  Blonder 
root,  white  with  Hoft  wool:  Imvoa  much  crowded,  obovate  Hpiiliilnlf^  entire  :  \m\i\ 
barely  exscrted  on  a  short  naked  peduncle  :  sc:des  of  the  involucre  linear-olilong, 
acute,  partly  embracing  the  comparatively  large  akenes  of  the  my  :  pappus  of  a 
pair  of  broadly  ovate  conspicuous  scales  tapering  into  a  slender  short  awn  which 
nearly  equals  the  disk-corolla.  —  Burrielia  nivea,  D.  C.  Eaton  in  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  174,  t.  18. 

Foot-hills  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  IVnho.r.  Vrry  likely  to  orrur  within  Iho 
State.  A  remarkable  plant,  evidently  related  to  the  foregoing,  but  it  iniKht  W  regarded  as  the  tyi>e 
of  a  new  genus.  Head  barely  3  lines  long.  Hays  apparently  either  pale  yellow  or  wlnte.  Style- 
appendnges  very  short  and  obtuse.  Akenes  almost  2  lines  long,  linear  and  slightly  narrowed 
downward  ;  the  faces  flat,  smooth  an<l  shining,  blackish  ;  a  callous  stu.ug  rib  to  each  margin, 
which  is  .lensclv  villous  with  very  long  and  soft  white  haii-s  :  scales  of  the  pappus  answering  to 
the  margins,  the  recepUcle  is  descnbed  as  convex  :  but  it  is  flat  in  the  specimen  exaiinnc<l. 
naked  and  scrobiculate. 

69.    BAHIA,  T>agasca. 

Head  many-Howered,  with  4  to  15  pistillate  rays;  nil  the  flowers  fertile.  In- 
volucre a  single  or  moro  or  less  (hmble  aeries  of  thin-herlmceous  oval  or  iMiicoolato 
appresaed  equal  scales,  either  piano  or  barely  concave,  not  otnbracinp  akenes,  dis- 
tinct, or  united  at  base,  or  rarely  for  a  greater  length.  ]?ec.-ptacle  flat,  convex,  or 
conical.     Kays  oval,  obovate  or  oblong,  entire,  or  barely  toothed  at  the  apex  :  disk- 


oy(j  CUMPOSIT^E.  Ihhia. 

coi-ulliis  willi  II  iiiirrow  but  iioiiimoiily  rutliev  Hlutrt  iind  glaiululiir  or  liirsulu  i)V()|>cr 
tubo.  AnUu'ia  tipiH'tl  witli  tin  oviito  apiKMidugo.  8lylo-bmii(;bus  willi  truncuU)- 
cui>ittito  or  obtuso  tip,  sometimes  witb  a  short  subulate-conical  apiKUulago.  Akeucs 
narrow,  linear  or  oblouj^-linear  and  tapering  to  the  base,  4-angled,  the  i)\dtescenco 
minute  or  none;  the  terminal  areola  large.  Pappus  of  several  (4  to  12)  blunt  and 
nerveless  scarious  scales  (in  true  JJahia  often  callous-thickened  next  the  base), 
rarely  obsolete  or  wanting.  —  W.  North  American  with  a  few  Mexican  and  extra- 
tropical  S.  American  plants,  perennials,  with  perhaps  a  single  exception ;  with  oppo- 
site or  all  but  the  lower  alternate  entire  or  divided  leaves,  aud  mostly  peduncled 
heads  of  yellow  flowers.  — Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PL  ii.  402. 

Altliougli  the  tyiiical  section  is  leiivcscnteJ  eastward  of  California,  all  our  specic^s  are  of  tlie 
two  following  sections ;  the  lirst  s[)eeies,  howevei',  approaches  Bahiu  proper  ;  the  last  section  con- 
nects with  Mwiuto/zia. 

§  1.  Ferennial,  sometimes  ahruhhy  at  base,  Jfoccose-tvoolit/  or  cottony:  leaves  mainly 
alternate  and  vuistly  either  jnnnately  or  teruately  jxirted  or  lohed :  scales  of 
the  cavipauidate  or  obovoid  involucre  erect,  commonly  a  little  united  at  base, 
oval  or  oblan;/,  more  or  less  carinately  one-nerved :  throat  or  limb  of  disk- 
coroUa  rather  narrow:  style  branches  truncate,  or  rarely  minutely  tipped: 
scales  of  the  pappus  wholly  nerveless.  —  Euu)l'llYLLUM,  (Jray.  (Kriojihyllum, 
Lagasca.      TrichophyUum,  Nutt.) 

«    Heads  corymbose  or  cymose,  small,  short-pedicelled,  with  only  i  to  8  short  rays  :  the 
wool  close  and  cottony :  stems  tvoody  at  base,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  alternate. 

1.  B.  artemisieefolia,  Less.  Two  to  four  feet  high,  loosely  branching,  whitened 
when  young  with  a  coat  of  close  cottony  avooI,  which  is  mostly  nearly  deciduous 
with  age,  excei)t  from  the  lower  surface  of  the  once  or  twice  pinnatitid  leaves  ;  their 
lobes  few,  linear,  obtuse,  witli  revoluto  nuirgins  :  heads  numerous  in  irn^gular  pa- 
niculate cymes  :  involucre  cylindraceous-campanulate,  slightly  if  at  all  woolly  ;  its 
scales  8  to  10,  oblanccolate  or  narrowly  oblong  :  receptacle  convex,  strongly  alveo- 
late and  to(»thed  :  scales  of  the  i)ai)pus  8  to  12,  oblong-linear,  the  four  answering  to 
the  i)rinciind  angles  or  nerves  of  the  akene  rather  longer.  —  Jl  stachadifolia  &  var. 
Californica,  DC,  a  stunted  foim,  Avith  leaves  less  lobed,  or  the  ujjpermost,  as  often 
liappens,  entire. 

TJocks  and  hlulls,  coninion  from  tiiu  Hay  of  San  Francisco  to  Santa  l^urhara.  Decidedly 
Hhruliliy.  Leaves  Hunn^whut  lik(^  liiose  of  Artanisiu  vidijuris.  lieadn  8  or  i  lines  long  :  Hcales 
of  the'invohicru  distinct  to  the  hast;  or  nearly  so,  hocouiing  concave  at  maturity.  Kays  (5  to  8. 
If  this  is  the  Kriojthrilhtiii  sttvchadi/ulium  of  Lagasca,  that  speciUc  name  has  j)riority  ;  hut 
the  leaves  of  that  are  (hy  implication)  entire,  and  it  may  be  an  unrecognized  species  from  Mexico, 
as  stated. 

2.  B.  confertiflora,  DC,  A  foot  or  two  high,  white  with  a  coat  of  close  wool, 
which  is  somewhat  deciduous  with  age  :  branches  erect  and  commonly  fastigiate, 
slender,  naked  at  sunnnit  and  terminated  by  a  small  and  dense  few-  to  many- 
llowered  corymbose  cyme  :  leaves  small,  of  cuneato  outline,  pinnately  A  -  7- parted 
(rarely  3-parted)  into  narrow  linear  lobcts  :  involucre  obovoid  or  narrow  cumiianulate  ; 
its  scales  about  5,  broadly  oval  :  receptacle  convex  or  low  conical  in  tlie  centre,  not 
alveolate:  scales  of  the  pappus  8  to  14,  oblong-linear,  somewhat  nniH"iual. 

Var.  trifida,  Gray  (U.  tri/ida,  Nutt.),  seems  to  be  merely  a  form  growing  in 
more  exposed  stations  ;  with  the  leaves  mostly  sessile  or  tapering  into  a  broadly 
margined  petiole,  and  3-  5-cleft  at  the  apex  into  shorter  lobes. 

Hillsides,  &c.,  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  south  to  San  Diego. 
Shruhby  at  base,  the  llowering  shoots  mainly  herbaceous.  Involucre  'I  lines  long.  Flowers 
deep  golden  yellow  :  rays  4  or  5,  broadly  oval  or  orbicular. 


liuhia.  cumposhm:.  881 

*  «  Heads  larger,  solitary,  terminating  naked  peduncles :  scales  of  the  involucre  oval 
or  oblong:  sterns  herhaceous  or  nearly  so,  mostly  nnmerovs  from  the  root,  erect  or 
ascending  from  a  decumbent  base;  the  ivhite  wool  usually  Jloccose  and  cojnous  :  lower 
leaves  often  opposite,  the  others  alternate. 

+■  Leaves  narrow  or  cut  into  narroro  lobes  :  akenes  mostly  slender:  pappus  conspicu- 
ous, of  8  or  10  oblong  or  oval  scales,  the  alternate  ones  commonly  shorter  or 
smaller. 

3.  B.  lanata,  DC.  A  foot  or  two  l»igh,  slcndor :  loaves  pimiatcly  cleft  or  parted 
into  3  to  7  laiicoolato  or  linear  lobes,  which  are  entire  or  sonietiines  again  few-lobed 
or  incisely  tootlied  ;  uppermost  and  lowest  leaves  often  nndivided  :  peduncles  slen- 
der :  rays  mostly  8  or  9,  oblong,  conspicuous  :  akenes  glabrous  or  minutely  liirsute- 
puberulent.  —  //.  lanata,  tenuifolia,  ieucophylla,  &  achillrmides,  DC  Achillea 
lanata,  Pursh.  TrichophyllMm  lanatum,  I^Iutt.  Heleniuni  lanatnm,  Spreng.  Eri- 
ophyllnm  ca'spilosiim,  Dougl.  in  Dot.  Keg.  t.  1167,  one  of  the  broader  leaved  forms. 
'J'lie  following  are  some  of  the  varieties  or  forms  of  this  polyniorphous  species  :  first 
taking  for  the  type  Pursh's  and  Nuttall's  original,  from  the  interior  of  Oregon,  <^c.  ; 
witli  middlo,-si/,(Ml  liead.'^,  glabrous  and  shortish  akenes,  and  narrowly  or  ligulate- 
linear  lol)(\s  to  the  leaves.  B.  Ieucophylla,  DV.,  is  founded  on  a  form  of  this,  with 
leaves  rather  laciniate-toothcd  or  cleft  than  pinnatitid,  and  the  wool  more  persistent 
on  the  upper  surface. 

Var.  tenuifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray  {B.  tenuifolia,  DC),  is  merely  the  most  slender 
form,  simple-stemmed,  with  very  narrow  lobes  to  the  leaves,  and  .small  heads. 

Var.  grandiflora:  has  larger  heads,  the  involucre  (at  most  half  an  inch  high) 
densely  clothed  with  persistent  wool  :  akcnos  sparstily  hirsuto-jtuberulent :  leaves 
usually  retaining  tho  wool  on  both  sides,  and  few-lobed  or  laciniate,  or  the  upper 
linear  and  entire. — B.  Ieucophylla,  Torr.  &  Gray,  in  part.  B.  lanata,  Benth.  PI. 
Hartw.  317. 

Var.  achillceoides  {B.  achillceoides,  DC.),  with  branching  leafy  stems,  more  or 
less  laciniately  bi[)innatifid  leaves,  middle-sized  or  small  heads,  and  minutely  hir- 
sute-puberulent  (sometimes  glabrate)  akenes. 

Var.  brachypoda:  a  stout  form,  with  thickish  and  obovate  leaves  pinnatifid 
into  short  linear-oblong  (entire  or  I  -  2-toothed)  lobes,  some  of  tho  upper  opposite  : 
heads  rather  small,  corymbose-clustered  or  in  threes  on  short  or  shortish  jieduncles  : 
nkenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Common  in  Cnlifornia,  especially  nortliward  near  tlio  const,  cxtomliiig  to  PiiRot  Sound  and  tlio 
interior  of  Oregon  ;  the  typical  form  not  seen  soutli  of  Ukiah.  V^ir.  grnvdi flora,  on  liillsidos, 
along  tho  Sacramento  an<l  its  tributaries.  (A  form  between  this  and  the  next  variety,  Guadahipo 
Island  off  Lower  California,  Dr.  J'dlm^r.)  Var.  achilhnnidcs,  near  San  Francisco  and  northward. 
Var.  brachypoda,  on  the  sea-coast  at  Shelter  Cove,  Mendochio  Co.  ;  a  sea-side  and  seemingly 
rather  abnormal  form,  perhaps  of  De  Candolle's  B.  Ieucophylla.  Receptacle  varying  from  convex 
to  decidedly  coincal ;  but  the  differences  in  this  respect  not  con-elated  witli  the  other  very 
various  differences  in  foliage,  size  of  the  head,  smoothness  or  otherwise  of  the  akenes,  &c.  Tube 
of  the  corolla  mostly  glandular-hirsute,  sometimes  beset  with  almost  sessile  glands.  Scales  of  the 
pappus  varying  from  oval  to  broadly  linear,  .sometimes  of  two  lengths  and  forms,  sometimes  all 
nearly  alike.     It  seenn  imiwssiblo  to  distinguish  tho  forms  here  inilicateil  into  species. 

4.  B.  integrifolia,  DC.  About  a  sjian  high,  in  tufts  :  leaves  varying  fron\ 
linear  to  spatulate,  entire,  incisely  few-toothed,  or  the  lower  and  more  dilated  ones 
S-.'i-lobed  :  heads  rather  small  or  middle-sized  :  rays  0  to  8  :  disk-corollas  minutely 
glandular,  especially  the  tube  :  akenes  glabrous,  or  sometimes  obsrundy  glamlular 
towards  the  summit.  —  Trichojdiyllum  viultlfiorum,  JS'utt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii. 
37.  7\  integrifolivm.  Hook.  Fl.  i.  31G.  Bahia  Ieucophylla,  Torr.  S:.  (Jniy.  in  jmrt. 
B.  cuneata,  K(dlogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  49,  a  form  with  more  toothed  or 
lobed  leaves. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  at  or  above  8.000  feet,  from  Mono  Pass  nortliward,  through  Nevada  and 
the  interior  of  Oregon,  to  tlic  Rocky  Mountains.     Involucre  3  or  4  lines  Iiigii.     Ih'cejUjide  vary- 


38i5  coMrosnvK  Buiua. 

ing  from  convex  to  low  conical.     B.  intctjrifoliii  is  the  older  specific  niinie  uiuicr  this  genus,  and 
the  better  one,  although  Tru/iophi/lluin  iiiuilijlorum  was  earlier  imblisiied. 

5.  B.  gracilis,  llouk.  &  Am.  A  span  or  so  in  heiglit,  Lraiiched  from  tlie  base, 
slender  :  luavca  narrowly  linear  and  entire,  or  dilated  above  and  3-])arted  or  3-Iobetl: 
liwuLs  sleniler-pudiinc-led,  raLlier  small  :  mya  5  to  7  :  diak-corollas  and  akenes  cou-snicu- 
ously  ylandular.  — JJ.  leucujj/ii/lla,  in  part,  Eaton  in  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  173. 

Known  thus  far  only  from  Snake  Fort,  interior  of  Oregon  {Tolmic),  and  the  not  leniotc 
Robert's  Station,  Nevaila,  iralaua.  Tolniie's  plant  has  simple  entire  leaves,  as  far  as  known, 
heml  rather  large  in  proportion,  the  involucre  4  lines  high,  and  the  receptacle  low  convex.  The 
variety  collectetl  by  Watson  is  canescent  with  lino  appressed  wool,  leav(!S  mainly  3-parteil,  nar- 
rower and  rather  smaller  heads,  and  a  narrower  conical  receiitacle.  It  is  likely  to  occur,  in  one  or 
both  forms,  in  the  northeastein  part  of  the  8late. 

+-  -J-  J^tavcs  luostly  broader  and  with  short  (lud  broader  lobes ;  2^(i]>jius  very  short, 
soiaetuues  obsolete  or  ivaiUiiKj  ! 

6.  B.  arachnoidea,  Fiseher  &  Meyer.  A  foot  or  two  high,  loosely  branched, 
disposed  to  becoim;  rather  woody  at  base,  (;lothed  with  loose  floccose  wool  :  leaves 
dilated,  varying  from  rhombic  or  cuneate  in  outline  to  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly 
tliin,  3-5-lobed  or  incised;  the  lobes  or  coar-se  teeth  mostly  oblong:  involucre 
broadly  cami)anulate  or  hemispherical  (3  or  4  lines  high):  rays  10  to  13,  large: 
disk-corollas  with  very  glandular-hirsute  tube  :  receptacle  low  convex  or  sometimes 
more  elevated  :  akencs  comparatively  short  and  thickish,  hardly  longer  than  tlie 
disk-corolla:  i)a])pus  of  few  or  several  very  short  scales,  sometimes  however  longer 
than  the  breadth  of  the  akene,  sometimes  almost  or  i|uite  obsolete.  —  Oray,  PI. 
Eeudl.  100.     B.  latifolia,  iJenth.  Bot.  Sulpli.  30. 

Oiien  and  shady  jihues,  especially  among  Ikdwoods,  common  near  the  coast  from  Santa  Cruz 
to  Menilocino  Co.  Leaves  more  fre(|uently  ojiposite  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  and  on  steiile 
shoots  than  hi  the  other  species.  Pappus  sometimes  reduced  to  a  mere  border,  or  even  wanting 
altogether.  In  a  specimen  of  this  sort,  collected  by  Holander  in  the  Mariposa  Sccpioia  grove, 
quite  beyond  the  ordiiiaiy  ninge  of  this  species,  tlui  leaves  on  the  low  llowering  stt^ins  are  un- 
usually narrow,  no  that  the  jilaiit  might  almost  bo  taken  hir  an  cpaitpoBO  state  of /^  hitcgrifolut. 
Hut  tlie  ludpcr  tube  of  tiui  disk-corolla,  as  usual  in  the  present  .speciea,  is  densely  very  hiisulo 
with  many-j(iinl<'d  and  sci^mingly  glandular  hairs. 

7.  B.  parviflora,  (iray.  A  span  or  less  higli,  dilfusely  branching,  tloccose- 
woolly,  sh;nder  :  leaves  linear-oblong  or  spatulate,  3  — 5-lobed,  or  the  upper  entire, 
from  half  to  a  quarter  of  an  inch  or  less  in  lengtli  :  involucre  narrow,  only  2  lines 
long  :  rays  5  or  0,  hardly  longer  than  the  disk  :  disk  corollas  nearly  glabrous  : 
receptacle  conical  :  aktuies  somewhat  fusiform,  the  outermost  ndnutcly  hirsute,  the 
inner  glabrous  :  pappus  of  short  nearly  ecpial  scales.  — li.  Wallacci,  (Jray  in  J'roc. 
J5ost.  Soc.  iS'at.  Ui.st.  vii.  Mf),  not  of  I'acif.  Ji.  \W\k 

Near  Fort  Tejon,  Xun/us.     The  smallest  of  the  genus. 

§  2.  Annual,  Jlocctdose-woolly :  leaves  alternate,  entire :  scales  of  the  involucre  touted 
hy  their  mari/ins  into  a  earn] nmu late  S-i)dobed  cup:  style-branches  truncate: 
scales  of  the  pappus  wholly  nerveless.  —  I'sicuuo-MuNOLoi'iA,  Uray. 

8.  B.  ambigua,  Oray.  ]More  than  a  span  high,  slender,  loosely  branched  ;  the 
branches  terminated  by  .slender- peduncled  small  heads  :  leaves  spatulate-linear  or 
oblanceolate,  (entire,  ta|)ering  to  tlie  base,  se.ssile  :  receptacle  conical,  narrow  :  rays 
8  or  9,  oval,  hardly  exceeding  the  ovate-lanceolate  lobes  of  the  involucre:  tube  of 
disk-corollas  liirsute :  akenes  linear  or  the  outermost  oblong-linear,  jirismatic, 
glabrous,  or  the  outer  ones  slightly  hairy  :  jiapjuis  a  crown  of  (J  to  1)  very  slant 
and  obtuse  hyaline  scales,  or  sometimes  none.  —  Lasthenia  {Monolojiia)  arublyua. 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  547. 

Near  Fort  Tejon,  Fh:  Harti,  1864.  Not  sime  met  with.  Lenves  less  than  an  inch  long,  2 
lines  or  less  wide.  InvohRie  about  3  lines  long  ;  the  scales  strictly  in  a  single  series  and  united 
for  two  thirds  of  their  lengUi  into  a  rather  narrow  eampanulate  cnji.      Heceptacle  minutely  scro- 


Monoloina.  COMPOSHVE.  383 

biculnlo,  liiirely  smootli.  l?nys  Imicly  two  lines  in  lonj,'tli.  oval,  Hlifjlilly  S-cronato  nt  tlio  end. 
Disk-corollas  with  almost  canipaniilate  linili ;  the  ovate  tcctli  or  short  loiics  nearly  iR-aiilless.  As 
this  has  not  only  the  pappus  but  the  narrow  piisniatie  akcjies  of  Jidhia,  it  is  relerred  to  this 
genus,  as  iJcntham  suggested,  notwithstanding  the  ganiophyllous  involucre. 

70.  MONOLOPIA,  DC. 

Head  many-flowcrcd,  with  8  to  10  pistilhite  rays;  some  of  tlio  disk-flowers  often 
sterile.  Involucre  a  single  (or  in  M.  minor  somewhat  double)  series  of  tliin-herba- 
ceons  flat  equal  scales,  united  at  base  or  iiito  a  hemispberical  ctip.  Ivcccptacle  more 
or  less  conical,  naked.  IJays  broad,  2  -  4-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  summit,  some- 
times with  an  opposite  small  lobe  or  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  ligule  :  disk- 
corollas  with  a  rather  slender  tube  and  a  dilated-funnelform  or  cainpanulato  throat 
or  limb,  the  ovate  lobes  more  or  less  bearded.  Anthers  tipi)ud  with  ovate  append- 
ages. Style-branches  truncate-obtuso.  Akenes  obovate  or  oblong,  quadrangular- 
com])ressed  or  flatter,  the  outer  ones  obcomprcssed  or  triangular,  with  terminal 
areola  small,  wholly  destitute  of  pappus. — Californian  floccoso-woolly  or  cottony 
animals  :  with  mostly  alteruato  or  aonu'times  niaiidy  opposite  entire  or  piiinately 
parted  leaves,  and  terminal  slondor-i)eduncled  lioads  of  yellow  ilowei-s. 

The  tyjjc  of  the  genus,  our  seeond  section,  is  jU.  mnjor.  Excc|)t  for  this  species  it  were  better 
to  inclucle  the  first  section  in  Bahin.  Tlie  best  character  of  the  genus  is  furnished  by  the 
broader  and  flattened  akenes,  supplemented  by  the  constant  absence  of  pappus,  —  not  in  tlm 
gamophyllous  involucre,  which  varies  in  the  original  species,  and  nearly  fails  iu  one  form  of  it. 

§  1.  Loir,  a  span  high:  leaves  (alternate)  not  claspinfj,  sometimes  jyetiolc.d  and  pi n- 
natifiii  :  rays  destitnte  of  the  little  appendage,  barely  2  -  Ztoothed  at  the  apex. 
—  Pheudo-Bahia,  Gray. 

1.  M.  bahiaefolia,  l>enth.  Slender,  Avhiti.sh  with  close  cottony  wool  :  loaves 
linear-ol)lanceolate  or  spatulatc  and  entire,  or  some  of  them  obtusely  3-lobed  (about 
half  an  inch  long)  :  scales  of  the  involucre  united  about  to  the  middle  :  akenes 
hairy,  especially  towards  the  rounded  suinjuit.  —  PI.  Ilartw.  317. 

Var.  pinnatiiida,  Gray.  Leaves  (sometimes  an  inch  long)  nearly  all  once  or 
oven  twice  pinnatcly  i)artod  into  oblong  or  linear  lobes.  —  Afnnolopia  Ileermanni, 
Durand. 

Ilillsidns,  &;c.,  Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  narlu'c<j.  The  variety,  Calavorns  To.,  Dr.  /frrrmniin. 
Also  near  Auburn,  Placer  Co.,  Bolnndcr.  Involucre  broadly  camj)anulato  or  hemispberical,  '2^ 
lines  high.  Kays  about  8,  oval  or  oblong,  2  or  3  lines  long,  lleceptacle,  at  least  in  the  variety, 
narrowly  conical.     Akenes  a  line  long,  rather  broad  and  fl.attish,  with  small  areola. 

2.  M.  minor,  T)C.  Loosely  very  woolly,  mostly  pinnately  3-.5-p;uted  into 
linear  divisions  :  scales  of  the  involucre  united  only  below  the  middle,  rather  obvi- 
ously in  two  series  :  ovary  glabrou.s.  —  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  313. 

California,  the  locality  unknown,  collected  only  by  Dniii/his.  Head  hemispherical  :  receptacle 
apparently  little  elevated.     Dvarics  obovate-oblong.      Lobes  of  the  corolla  bearded. 

§  2.  Larger:  leaves  entire  or  somewhat  toothed,  ses.vle  and  partly  clasping:  rays 
dilated,  coar.<^elg  3  -  i-toofhed  or  lobed  at  the  stinunif,  the  base  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  •'<tyle  appendaged  with  a  small  and  rounded  denticidate  lobe.  — 
True  MoN'OL<jPiA. 

3.  M.  major,  DC.  White  or  whitish  with  floccose  wool,  sometimes  })ecomiug 
glabrate  and  green,  a  .^pan  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  varying  fnnu  linear  to  broadly 
lanceolate  or  the  upper  lanceolate-oblong,  entire  or  coai-sely  and  uueipially  ropand- 
sorrate  :  scales  of  the  broadly  campanulate  or  hemispherical  involucre  united  to  or 
above  the  middle:  akenes  glabrous  or  very  minutely  hirsut.e-ind)erident.  —  Hook. 
h;.  PI.  t.  344,  it  I'.ot.  iMag.  t.  :5S3<). 


•J^4  .  COMI'OSIT.K.  Mouolaj,iu. 

Viir.  lanceolata,  CJiivy,  is  merely  a  state  with  tlio  scales  of  tiie  involucre  sepa- 
rato  down  aliiiubL  to  tlie  base,  and  the  akenes  jn.'rliaps  unil'uriuly  itubcnilcnt.  — 
Jl.  tanceolata,  Nutt.  VI  (Jaiub.  175. 

Coiniiion  tliroujjli  tlio  cinilml  purl  of  tlio  Htuto,  iiiiil  IVom  Sun  KniiR'isco  I5iiy  to  Sun  Dioffo. 
Tho  vmifly  iiliouL  l.os  An^'ilcs,  kr.,  A'litliill,  I'urnj,  Jlrewcr.  Also  on  tlio  Sun  Jouijuin,  /''iriniinl. 
I<i!iivos  1  lo  -1  im.iii'.s  lon^  ;  llio  lowiT  onus  not  luicly  opposilo.  llcuils  jiirlly  lur^c  l{uys 
about  10,  I'loni  a  tliinl  to  ii  I'liU  inch  long,  proportion^illy  bro;ul,  with  base  abruptly  i:ontnicti;il 
into  a  short  and  sk-ndur  tuiu!.  Akenos  a  liuu  to  a  lino  and  a  halt'  long.  It  is  through  somu  niis- 
tiike,  as  the  speeiniuns  and  original  description  show,  that  Henthani  refers  Nuttall's  M.  lanceulata 
to  Bahia  arachnuulai.     It  is  really  a  slate  rather  than  a  variety  of  M.  major. 

71.  LASTHENIA,  Cass. 
Head  luany-lloweruil,  with  f)  to  15  pistillate  rays;  all  tho  flowers  fertile.  Invo- 
lucre a  single  series  of  herbaceous  scales,  united  by  their  edges  almost  to  their  tii)s 
into  a  5  -  15-toothed  campanulate  or  hemispherical  cup.  Receptacle  conical,  naked, 
muiicate  or  papillose  with  projecting  points  which  bear  the  akenes.  Kays  very 
shurt  and  included,  oblicjuely  truncate,  or  in  one  species  large  and  exserted  :  disk- 
corollas  with  narrow  tube  and  campanulate  or  cyatliiform  4  -  5-lobed  limb.  An- 
thers ti[)i)ed  with  small  ovate  or  obK)ng  appendages.  8tyle-branches  capitate-truncate 
or  obtuse.  Akenes  linear  or  linear-oblong,  compressed  (tho  faces  liariUy  if  at  all 
angletl  or  obviously  costato),  their  terminal  areola  largo,  bearing  a  pappus  of  5  to  10 
lirm  and  thickish  mostly  subulate-pointed  scales  nearly  as  long  as  the  disk-corolla, 
or  in  one  species  none.  —  Slender  (Western  American)  annuals,  green  and  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  somewhat  succulent ;  with  the  linear  and  mostly  entire  leaves 
opposite  (even  to  the  uppermost),  sessile  and  more  or  less  connate  at  the  base ;  the 
heads  of  yellow  llowers  on  terminal  peduncles,  M'hich  are  more  or  less  thickened  at 
tho  summit,  sometimes  nodding.  —  The  lirst  section  is  intermodiato  between  tho 
genuine  Ldslhenia  and  iMonulcpui. 

§  1.  llni/s  (unplt  and  coii.yjicuous,  numerous:  akenes  linear-ohlo)tg,   wliolly  ihdilute 

of  pappus. HOLOUYMNE. 

1.  L.  glabrata,  Lindl.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base  and  dill'use,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent :  leaves  sometimes  one-toothed 
or  lol)ed  on  each  side  (1  to  3  inchiis  long,  1  to  3  lines  wide)  :  involucre  10-15- 
tootlied  :  rays  oval,  l!  -  .3-tootlnHl  at  the  end  :  disk-corollas  as  long  as  the  glabrous 
akene,  their  lol)es  sparsely  papillose-barbellate  outside  (as  in  Munulupia).  - —  L.  t'ali- 
fornica  &  (ilubraUi,  Lindl.  l>ot.  Jieg.  t.  1780,  ik  t.  1823.  HoUuiymne  (jlabrata, 
liartling.  ;  Hook.  IJot.  Mag.  t.  3730.      Movolopia  (/lairata,  I'ischer  &  Meyer. 

Low  grounds,  coniniou  from  Mcn<locino  Co.  and  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Santa  Bnrbara.  In  the 
larger  forms  showy  ;  the  expanded  ray  becoming  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter. 

§  2.   Corollas  xhort ;  the  few  anil  very  short  rays  wholly  inconspicuous,  not  txceediiuj 
the  disk-jUnvers,  little  surpassiiKj  the  j)aj>jms.  —  True  L.\STIIKNIA, 

2.  L.  glaberi'ima,  Di-'.  Low,  with  stems  weak  or  decumbe,nt,  a  span  or  two 
long:  leaves  rather  succulent,  entire  (an  in(;h  or  two  long,  a  line  or  two  broad): 
involucre  broad,  about  15-toothed:  corollas  shorter  than  the  rather  broadly  linear 
and  jninutely  i»ubescent  akenes,  their  lobes  naked  :  jjappus  of  5  to  10  firm  chalfy 
scales,  2  or  3  of  thcMu  subulate  pointed  or  short-awned,  the  others  mostly  lacini- 
ately   cleft  or  erose. 

Wi't  meadows,  along  or  near  the  coast,  from  Monterey  /  to  Mendocino  Co.,  and  Oregon. 
Involucre  about  3  lines  high.  Hecejitacle  in-oadly  conical.  Ours  is  not  very  dillcrent  from  tho 
Chilian  s|ic(Ucs,  the  only  remaining  one  of  the  genus. 


Hulsea.  C0MP0SITJ5.  385 

72.  AMBLYOPAPPUS,  Hook.  &  Arn. 
Head  several-flowered,  heterogamous  but  discoid,  4  or  5  marginal  flowers  pistil- 
late ;  the  10  or  12  others  perfect  ;  all  fertile.  Involucre  of  4  to  6  oval  or  obovate 
thin-herbaceous  equal  scales,  as  long  as  the  disk,  tlieir  concave-carinate  centre  partly 
embracing  ray-akenes.  Ileceptaclo  small,  conical.  Corollas  all  very  short,  tubular, 
and  with  short  and  obtuse  at  longtli  connivent  tooth  ;  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
unoipially  2-4-toothod  and  shorlor  than  tlio.ii'  etylo;  thoHO  of  tho  porfoct  Howoi-a 
T)  toothod.  Antliora  short.  Stylo-branchoa  short,  in  tho  porfoct  liowoi-e  truneato 
and  minutely  tuftod  at  tho  summit.  Akoncs  oblong-turbinato,  4-nnglod.  Pappus 
of  8  to  12  equal  oblong  blunt  and  nerveless  chaffy  scales,  which  are  opaque  and 
thickened  at  base,  much  shorter  than  the  akene,  about  equalling  tho  corolla.  — Only 
one  species. 

1.  A.  pusillus,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  low  glabrous  but  somewliat  glutinous  aromatic 
annual,  a  si)an  or  so  high,  corymbosely  branched  above,  and  with  small  heads  of 
yellowish  flowers  terminating  the  numerous  branchlots  :  leaves  alternate  or  the 
lower  opposite,  narrowly  linear,  mostly  simple  and  entire,  some  pinnately  3-5-parted. 
—  Hook.  &  Arn.  in  Hook.  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  321.  Aromia  tenuifolia,  Nutt.  Infantea 
Chilensis,  C.  Gay,  Fl.  Chil.  iv.  257,  t.  48. 

Around  Saii  Diego  :  probably  introduced  from  riiili,  where  it  is  coniniou  along  tho  const.  It 
also  Inhabits  Guadalupe  Island,  off  Lower  California. 

73.  AMAURIA,  Iknth. 
Head  many-flowered,  with  numerous  pistillate  rays  ;  all  the  flowers  fertile.  Invo- 
lucre hemispherical ;  its  scales  linear,  almost  ctpial,  in  2  or  3  scries,  the  outer  nearly 
herbaceous,  the  inner  somewhat  scarious.  licceptacle  flat,  naked.  Kays  almost 
entire :  disk-corollas  narrow,  5-toothcd.  Style-branches  niif(jrm,  tipped  with  a 
short-subulate  acute  appendage.  Akenes  linear,  4-iingled,  destitute  of  pappus.  — 
Only  the  following  species. 

1.  A.  rotundlfolia,  Bonth.  A  somowhat  .shrubby  (])  viscid-pubcwiont  and  low 
plant ;  witli  the  leaves  opposite  or  the  upper  alternate,  petiolcd,  orljicular-cordata, 
incisely  toothed  or  lobed  :  heads  (about  half  an  inch  in  diameter)  loosely  corym- 
bose :  corollas  yellow,  those  of  the  disk  and  tlie  tube  of  the  (about  20)  rays  gland- 
ular-hispid:  akenes  nearly  glabrous.  —  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  32,  it  Oen.  PI.  ii.  404. 

San  Quentin,  Lower  California,  lat.  30°  21',  Hinds.  Known  oidy  by  the  specimen  described 
by  IJentham.  The  habitat  is  so  near  tho  southern  boundary  of  the  .State  that  this  obscure  plant 
may  be  looked  for  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Diego. 

74.     HULSEA,  Torr.  k  Cray. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  numerous  narrow  pistillate  rays  and  very  many  disk- 
flowers  ;  all  fertile.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  broader,  of  narrow  and  lax  sorae- 
Avhat  equal  scales  in  2  or  3  series,  the  outermost  herbaceous,  the  innermost  more 
scarious.  Receptacle  flat,  naked,  somewhat  foveolate.  liays  linear,  entire  or 
minutely  2-3-toothed  at  the  ti|)  :  disk-corollas  narrow  atid  (>longa(od,  and  with 
a  slender  proper  tube,  .^-toothcMl.  Atithers  tipi)ed  with  an  ovale  appendage.  Slylo- 
hmnehoH  witli  Romowhat  dilated  rounded  tips.  Akenes  clnvatediiioar,  cnmpreKHCMl- 
(piatlrangular,  black  at  maturity,  villous.  Pappus  of  4  short  and  very  thin  hyaliue 
chaffy  scales,  which  are  pointless  and  nerveless,  mostly  l)road,  and  laceiate  at  the  sum- 


:-J8G  COMl'O.-^lT.K.  Huhea. 

luit.  —  I'croiiiiiul  and  aomo  uf  tliciii  apiuireiitly  bioiiniul  ur  aiimiul  licrlirf,  all  uf  tho 
Caliruniiaii  yiorni  Novada,  glaiulular-pubobcout,  and  sume  also  woolly  ;  with  altcr- 
uatu  pimiately  lobcd  ur  toothed  leaves,  and  large  heads  of  yellow  llowers,  or  the 
mys  in  one  species  imrple. 

Au  interesting  genus,  dedicated  to  the  discoverer  ol'tlie  lirst  species,  the  late  Dr.  G.  \V.  Hulse, 
foruieily  ol'  Louisiana,  who  made  some  collections  in  California. 

*  totems  tlum/ated  and  bearing  several  racemose  or  corymboae  heads :  scales  of  the 

iuvolucre  linear  and  acuminate. 

1.  H.  Californica,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Tall,  viscid-pubescent :  heads  3  to  7  on  au 
apparently  naked  stem  or  peduncli!,  subtended  by  ovate  lanceolate  bracts  (hall'  an 
inch  long)  :  rays  yellow  :  scales  of  the  pappus  rountled-ciineate,  the  truncate  apex 
denticulate.  —  liot.  Mex.  Bound.  \)i>. 

Mountains  east  of  Sau  Diego,  in  bushy  pht(!es,  I'arr;/.  iSase  of  stem  and  leaves  still  unknown. 
Kays  lialf  an  inch  long,  furnished  witii  stciile  filaments.      AkiMies  a  tjuarter  of  au  inch  long. 

2.  H.  heterochroxna,  Gray.  Two  feet  high  or  nion;,  viscid-pubescent,  leafy  to 
the  to[):  leaves  oblong,  thin,  coarsely  and  sharply  tootheil  ;  the  uppermost  subtend- 
ing the  •(  or  f)  raceniosti  heads  ovate  and  partly  clasping;  lowest  narrowed  to  the 
sessile  ba.se  :  corollas  hirsute  ;  rays  very  nunu'rons,  purple  :  scales  uf  the  papjais 
erose-denticulate,  two  of  thoni  oblong,  the  alternate  two  much  shorter.  —  True!.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  3U'J. 

Yosemite  Valley,  on  granite  debris,  Bulander.  Involucre  fully  half  an  inch  high.  Rays  40  or 
50  ;  the  small  ligule  only  2  or  3  lines  long,  sparsely  hirsute  :  tubes  of  all  the  corollas  very  hir- 
sute ;  those  of  the  disk  apparently  tipped  with  purple  when  old.     Akenes  3^  lines  long. 

=k   *   Stems  or  branches  leafy  and  terminated  by  a  solitary  head. 

3.  H.  brevifolia,  G<ray,  1.  c.  A  foot  high,  glandular-jjubescent :  stem  simjjle 
or  with  slender  simi)le  luanches  :  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  the  lower  spatidati', 
repand-toothed,  obtuse,  sessile  :  heail  ratlier  small  and  narrow  :  scales  of  the  invu- 
lucre  linear,  barely  in  two  series:  rays  only  10  or  12,  light  yellow:  scales  of  the 
papj)Us  nearly  entire,  obUuig,  the  alteinate  ones  rather  .shorter. 

In  tile  Mariposa  .S('(|uoia  grove,  Jlolmttlcr.  Leaves  an  inch  and  a  half  or  less  in  l(!iigih.  Invo- 
lucre half  an  iiicli  high.  Kays  3  or  4  lines  long.  Akenes  3  or  4  lines  long.  The  liabit  of  the 
])lant  is  more  like  that  of  the  foregoing  species  ;  but  the  stem  or  branches  with  only  terminal 
heads. 

4.  H.  algida,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  glandular-pubescent,  and  when 
young  more  or  le.sM  villous  or  woolly  :  stem  stout  and  simple  (or  scsveral  from  a 
thickish  rootstock  or  i-oot),  very  leafy  below  :  leaves  ligulate  or  linear-s[)atulale, 
coarsely  toothed  or  incisely  almost  pinnatilid,  .sessile  ;  the  lower  crowded  and  with 
entire  scai-ious  spathaceous  bases  y)artly  sheathing  the  base  of  the  stem  ;  the  upjier 
sj)arser  and  gradually  reduced  to  linear  bracts :  head  large  and  broad  :  involucre 
woolly,  its  linear-attemuite  scales  numerous  in  at  least  3  series,  loose  :  rays  50  to  GO, 
yellow:  jjappus  of  very  broad  and  short  strongly  limbriate-laccrate  scales.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  547. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  on  rock.s,  &(•.,  at  and  above  10,000  feet;  Mount  Diuia  and  Wood's  I'cak, 
Brewer,  Bolaiulcr.  Mount  Lyell,  J.  A/uir.  Above  Sierra  Valley,  Lciiimon.  Lowest  leaves  3  to 
t)  inches  long,  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  wide.  Heads  almost  an  inch  high,  with  rays  half  an 
inch  long.  Akenes  3  lines  long  :  pappus  not  longer  than  the  hairs  of  the  ukene,  the  scales  some- 
times concreted.  Plant,  according  to  Dr.  liolander,  "  very  odoriferous  with  the  copious  balsamic 
secretion." 

*  *   *  /Stems  depressed  or  largely  subterranean  (in  volcanic  scoria),  leafy  at  summit, 

terminated  by  a  solitary  head :  peduncle  sometimes  scape-like. 

5.  H.  nana,  (jray.  Glandular-pubescent  :  leaves  pinnatilid  or  iuci-sed,  aiul 
Avith  a  rather  long  margined  petiole  :  peduncle  an   inch  or  two  long  :  scales  of  the 


r„l<,foTin.  COMPOSTT/K  337 

involucro  oblong-livnccolato,  in  2  sftiio.s  :  rays  20  or  30,  yolldw  :  scales  of  tlic  jmj)- 
pus  liinliriato-laccmto.  —  Pucif.  1'.  IJcp.  vi.  TH,  t.  12. 

Var.  Larseni,  with  tufted  steins  leafy  almost  to  the  head. 

Crater  Pass,  Oregon,  lat.  44°,  Newberry.  The  variety  on  Lassen's  Peak,  Bolander  and 
Larsen. 

6.  H.  vestita,  Gray.  Wliite-wooUy  when  young ;  the  scapes  soon  naked  and 
glandidar  :  leave.s  obovato  or  s])atulatc,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  entire  or  nearly 
so  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear  or  lanceolate,  in  2  or  3  series  :  rays  20  to  30,  yel- 
low :  scales  of  the  very  silvery  and  conspicuous  jjappus  erose-toothed,  the  two 
longer  ones  oblong  and  equalling  the  proper  tube  of  the  corolla,  the  alternate  ones 
shorter  as  well  as  broader  and  truncate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  547. 

On  a  volcanic  hill  south  of  Mono  Lake,  at  the  height  of  9,000  feet,  Brewer.  Leaves  an  inch  or 
so  long,  very  white  with  the  floccose  wool,  which  may  be  deciduous.  Head  an  inch  high  at 
maturity.     JJays  barely  3  lines  long. 

75.  BIGIOPAPPUS,  Gray. 

Head  rather  many-llowcred,  with  5  to  12  pistillate  rays;  all  the  flowers  fertile. 
Involucro  a  single  or  somewhat  double  series  of  rather  rigid  herbaceous  subulate- 
linear  erect  scales,  similar  to  the  uppermost  leaves,  at  length  coucavo  and  half 
embracing  akenes.  Receptacle  flat  and  naked.  Rays  not  exceeding  the  disk,  the 
oblong  entire  or  2-toothed  ligule  not  longer  than  its  tube  :  disk-corollas  slender  and 
with  3  to  5  short  erect  teeth.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  with  short  and  flat 
linear  atiginatic  portion,  tipped  with  a  longer  slendor-subulato  hispid  appendage. 
Akenes  linear,  slender,  compressed,  minutely  rugose,  sparsely  hirsute,  those  of  the 
disk  more  or  less  4-angled.  Pappus  of  \  or  5  rigid  ami  wholly  opacpio  subulate 
awn-shaped  scales,  as  long  as  or  surpassing  the  corollas,  or  in  the  ray  one  or  two 
nmch  shorter.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  R.  leptocladus,  Gray.  Slender  annual,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  or  more,  mi- 
nutely hairy  and  roiighish,  with  narrow  linear  altiirnate  entire  leaves,  and  corymbose 
or  panicuktf.  filiform  branches,  inclined  to  bo  long  and  naked,  terminateil  by  small 
heads  of  inconspicuous  (leshcolorcd  or  i)ur])lish  flowers.  —  Pro(!.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  548  ; 
iJcnth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  40G. 

Dry  ground  in  the  foot-hills,  both  of  the  Coast  Range  (Napa  Co.,  kc.)  and  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ; 
extending  into  Oregon  (where  it  was  first  collected  by  Dr.  Lyall)  and  Nevada. 

76.  PALAFOXIA,  Lnga.sca. 

Head  10- 30-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular  (but  the  marginal 
Romotimos  with  enlarged  and  irregular  ray-liko  corollixs,  and  in  one  eastern  species 
with  pistillate  3-cloft  rays).  Involucre  canipanulate  or  turbinate  ;  the  scales  mom- 
branaceoiis  or  herbaceous,  in  (»no  or  two  series.  HivepUich'  llat  ami  nakcMl.  Corolla 
various ;  the  lobes  usually  long  and  narrow.  Style-branches  fdiform,'  minutely 
glandular-hirsute.  Akenes  4  -  5-angled,  linear  or  elongatrd-obpyramidal.  Pappus 
of  4  to  12  hyaline  chafl"y  scales  traversed  by  a  strong  midrib,  commonly  shorter 
and  blunter  in  the  outermost  flowdrs  (rarely  nearly  wanting).  —  Herbs,  or  some- 
times shrubby,  roughisb-iiubcscent  or  scabrous,  and  mostly  glandnlnr  above  ;  with 
narrow  alternate  and  entire  1  -  3-nerved  leaves,  and  small  or  middlc-sizod  solitary  or 
loosely  corymbose  heads  of  rose-colored  or  flesh-colored  flowers. 

A  small  genus  confined  to  the  southern  borders  of  the  United  Stntos  nnd  to  Mcxi.o,  polymor- 
phous as  to  the  corollas,   which  in  all  the  eastern  North-American  s|K?cies  have  n  cnrnpanulate 


r>y^  COMPUSIT.E.  ralaj'uxai. 

limb  very  deeply  cleft  or  parted  into  narrow  linear  lobes.  One  ol"  the  following  species  occui-s 
on  tlie  soutlieastern  borders  of  the  State  ;  the  other  only  further  south,  but  it  is  here  included 
for  comparison. 

1.  P.  linearis,  Lugascu.  Herbaceous,  cinereous  scabrous,  a  foot  to  three  I'cet  in 
lioight :  loaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  ucuto  :  heads  narrow,  loosely 
corymbose  and  slender  pednncled  :  scales  of  th^o  involucre  narrow  linear  in  a  single 
series  :  fiowei-s  all  perfect  and  alike  or  nearly  so  :  the  pale  purple  corollas  with  lobes 
shorter  than  the  elongated  nearly  cylindrical  throat  :  i)appua  of  4  to  8  linear  scales, 
which  are  more  or  less  pointed  or  short  awned  by  tiio  projection  of  the  tai)ering  tip 
of  the  very  stout  midrib,  nearly  t-ipudling  the  corolla,  or  in  the  iiuter  llowers  some- 
times very  short  and  blunt.-  -  llo(»k.  i)ot.  Mag.  t.  21."J2.  A(/enUuvi  liiitare,  Cav. 
Ic.  iii.  t.  iiOf). 

vVlong  the  Colorado,  at  Fort  Yuma,  Mohave,  &c.,  Coulter,  ISchoU,  Newberry,  Cuofier.  Extends 
through  the  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona  to  Mexico.  Heads  an  inch  or  less  in  length.  Tliis  is  tlic 
species  on  which  the  genus  was  founded. 

2.  P,  leucophylla,  Gray.  Shrubby,  6  to  10  feet  high  :  leaves  linear,  obtu.se, 
thickisli,  wliitened  willi  a  close  and  dense  silky-hirsute  pubescence  :  papjjus  of  4 
linear-oblong  blunt  ami  emarginate-scales,  consideraldy  shorter  than  the  flesh- 
colored  corolla  and  the  -1  alternate  shorter  ones,  Avhich  are  S[)atulate-oblong,  with 
midrib  vanishing  at  the  niiiUlUi ;  some  of  the  outer  akenes  with  u  short  i;orneons 
crowu  instead  of  the  scales:  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.  —  Vnn,.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  291. 

Carmen  Island,  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  Dr.  Palmer. 

77.  CHiENACTIS,  DC. 
Head  homogamous ;  the  ftowei-s  all  perfect  and  tubular,  but  an  outer  series  almost 
always  more  or  less  enlarged,  usually  forming  a  sort  of  ray.  Involucre  campauulate 
or  hemis])herical ;  its  scales  narrow,  more  or  less  herbaceous,  equal,  in  one  or  two 
Hurios,  usually  becoming  concave  and  inclined  to  embrace  subtonded  akones.  Ke 
ceptacle  Hat,  foveolate  antl  naked,  in  one  species  with  bristle-shaped  rigid  chalf  sub- 
tending most  of  the  llowers  !  Corollas  tubular  inclining  to  funnelform,  ami  with  5 
short  obtuse  lobes,  or  the  marginal  ones  either  slightly  or  conspicuously  enlarged 
above,  with  the  dilated  linxb  5-cleft,  sometimes  irregularly  or  obli([uely  so,  approach- 
ing to  palmate ;  their  nerves  deeply  intramarginal.  Anthers  linear.  Style-branclies 
narrow,  tapering  into  a  slender-subulate  or  occasionally  obtuse  minutely  hirsute 
appendage.  Akenes  slender,  linear,  tapering  to  the  base,  more  or  less  4-angled, 
commonly  pubescent.  Papi)us  of  4  to  12  awnless  and  nearly  or  quite  nerveless 
liyaline  chaffy  scales  (in  the  marginal  llowers  mostly  shorter),  in  one  anomalous 
species  wanting.  —  Herbs,  chielly  of  humble  stature,  annuals  or  biennials  (or  some 
po.ssibly  perennial),  all  of  the  Californian  region ;  with  alternate  1  -  3-pinnately 
dissected  leaves,  and  middle-sized  or  large  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow,  white,  or 
llesh-colorcd  llowers  terminating  the  loose  or  (toryndxtse  branches.  —  Gray,  I'roc 
Am.  Acad.  x.  7:5. 

Macrocarphiis,  Nutt.,  haidly  forms  a  primary  section,  ami  (,'.  carphodinia,  with  its  anomaly 
of  chaff  to  tlic  receptacle,  is  otherwise  just  like  the  related  species.  In  one  or  two  species  the 
receptacle  might  perhaps  be  said  to  be  cliatfy  next  tlie  margin,  there  being  two  ranks  of  invu- 
lucral  scales  subtending  llowers. 

§  1.   Pappus  })rf!itiU. — True  Cii.enactis. 

*    doroUan  yellow,   llit   outerjiuml  outs  abviouult/    tulaiytd  at  the  suinviit,    and  l/itir 
liiiili   iiKjrf  or  A-.v.s-  irrc(/iilarli/  rt-loltrd,   fonuliu/  a  .'«iji  of  ra//. 


C/umactis.  ,  •(  );^i  l>()SI T.E.  ^^go 

-.-  Pappmofi  or  .ometime.'^  5  nho„t  rqnnl  mo,ffy  ohhuuj-laur.olafc  ncutisk  scales,  or 
in  the  marginal  Jfowrrs  irrf,j„lar  and  unequal  as  well  as  shorter. 

1.  C.  lanosa,  DC.  Whitisli  with  floccosc  l)ut  (looidnous  wool,  the  oldor  leuvps 
becoming  glabrous,  a  span  or  more  high,  brancherl  and  leafy  only  at  the  base  ■  tlie 
simple  naked  peduncles  therefore  long  and  scape-like,  l)earing  solitary  hea.ls  :  leaves 
with  few  narrow  y  linear  divisions,  or  the  uppermost  entire:  enlarged  marginal 
corollas  with  short  ovate  lobes,  hardly  surpassing  those  of  the  disk. 

3  to'Ii1m.h"'i,,n'''"  ^^""*'"'"^  *"  '"'"''  ''''"'  ^^'"«"-     """•'•''  '""■'•b-  l"'l''  ••"  i>"li  l'i«li,  "n  |"Mlun.-lrs 

2.  C.  glabriuSCUla,  DC.  Lightly  floccose-woolly,  at  length  somewhat  glabrous 
branching  throughout,  a  foot  or  so  high  :  leaves  with  several  rather  short  thickish 
obtuse  linear  divisions  :  heads  on  stout  rather  long  pruluncles  :  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre rather  broadly  linear  and  olituse  :  marginal  corollas  with  conspicuously  enlarged 
and  radiating  palmate  limb,  the  lobes  oval  or  oblong.  -  Var.  me),acephah.,  Gra/in 
lacit.  R.  Rep  IV  104,  is  merely  a  stouter  form,  with  mostly  larger  heads  and 
flowers  ;  so  is  G.  demidata,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  177. 

Opoi,  gronn.^^  from  the  Unpcr  Sacramento,  and  along  the  loot-I.illH  of  tl.e  Sierra  to  Los 
Angeles.  I  athor  stoat.  Heads  from  half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  high,  inclined  ol^  ™ 
bose,  on  peduncles  from  2  to  7  inches  long.  "      '"''""'''  ^  "^  ^^i^y'"- 

3.  C.  tenuifolia,  Xutt.  Slightly  and  .lelicately  woolly  when  young,  becomin^r 
nearly  glabrous,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  leafy  and  branching  to  the  top 
leaves  once  or  somewhat  twice  pinnately  parted  into  very  narrow  or  filiform  lobes  • 
heads  somewhat  corymbose,  on  short  peduncles  :  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre 
narrowly  linear  and  very  numerous  :  enlarged  marginal  corollas  with  short  some- 
what irregular  lobes  and  not  surpassing  those  of  the  disk.  —  C.  iilifolia,  Gray,  PI 
Fendl,  98.  .    .'       »        j>      • 

Vicinity  of  San  Oiego.  Hmds  barely  4  or  ^  jiues  high,  hn.ad  in  i.ioportiMn,  on  i.o.hmclos  of 
sne'il^s  "VheVJ/r^  1  " -k".''?  ''^^''^.^''-''t-  Akenes  nnK-l>  si.orter  than  in  L  {.receding 
species  lie  C.  fihfoha,  described  from  a  single  specimen  lielonging  to  the  Dublin  Univei-sitv 
herbarium,  is  probably  a  form  of  this  rather  than  of  the  preceding  spedes.  " 

■f-  -J-  Pappiis,  at  least  of  the  disk-floxvers,  double,  of  4  ordinary  and  of  \  to  ^  ver,, 

much  smaller  alternating  scales. 

4    C.  hoterocarpha,  Gray.     A  span  to  nearly  a  foot  Iiigh,  lightly  and  loosely 

woolly  when  young,  simple  or  branching  above,  leafy  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into 

4  to  J  narrowly  linear  unequal  divisions  :   scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear  • 

t"    ,f  on'"'''«'"''^  ^^'■""'''•^   ''^'^^'    "^^^"f?   lobes  mostly  surpassing   the  disk.  —  PI 
J^endl.  98. 

Var.  tanacetifolia,  Gray.  Dwarf,  with  l)ipinnate]y  parted  leaves  mostly  tufted 
at  the  base;  their  lobes  numerous,  very  short,  crowded,  often  oblong  or  oval  :  root 
biennial.  —  6.  tanacetifolia,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  545. 

On  the  Sacramento  and  its  tributaries,  Ukiah,  &c.,  Fremont,  Ilnrtirrq,  Bnlmuhr  The  vari- 
ety Lake  Co.  near  Hear  Lake,  Botandrr.  Heads  about  half  an  inch"  high  ;  the  i,ednncle  an 
inch  or  two  long.  I  anpus  of  tiie  outermost  flowers  sometimes  as  in  the  inner,  or  irreKular  an.l 
.sliorter,  sonietinios  much  shorter  and  the  small  outer  scales  wanting. 

»   *   Corollas  white  or  flesh-colored, 

+-  The  marginal   ones   obviously   enlarged  and  somewhat  obliquely  5-lobed,    but   not 
surpassing  the  disk  :  pappus  of  on,ly  4  or  sometimes  5  7t snail y  equal  scales :  scales 
of  the  involucre  numerous  and  narrow-linear.       Herbage   with  minute   woolliness 
which  early  disappears,  then  glabrous,  minutely  granular  or  glandular  above. 
fi.  C.  brachjrpappa,  Gray.     Corymbosely  branched,  a  foot  high  :  loaves  twi(!o 

pinnately  parted  into  short-linear  and  rather  rigid  divaricate  lobes  :  peduncles  short : 

scales  of  the  pappus  truncate  and  almost  square  or  slightly  cuneate,  one  fourth  v->f 

the  length  of  the  akene.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  30O. 


390  COMl'OSIT.E.  Clutnactii. 

Southeastern  Nevaila,  Miss  Scads  ;  iiiiiy  l)c  looked  lor  on  tlic  Colorailo  :  addiil  lu  coniplett:  tlio 
account  of  the  gi-nus. 

().  C  stevioideB,  Hook,  i^  Ani.  CJorymbobcly  hmiu'.liud,  a  spun  or  luoro  high  : 
l(MiVD3  uiicu  ur  huimiwliiit  twico  pimmtuly  piuiod  inU)  miiiow  lijiear  lobes,  Uio  upiu;!- 
m(»atly  oiiliro  :  scales  ul"  tlio  pa[i[)Us  lanccolato  or  iuin'i»\vly  ol)luiig,  uciilc,  uol  iimcli 
shorter  than  tho  akum;. 

Sand-hills  on  the  Colorado,  Hear  the  Mohave,  &u.,  mill  through  Nevada  north  to  Pyramid  Lake 
and  east  to  Utah  and  New  Mexico.  Heads  rather  sujall,  on  iieduncles  from  half  un  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  length. 

4-  +-   'The  iiuinjinal  corollas  little  or  not  at  all  eiilaryed,  reyular  or  near  1 1/  so. 

++  Scales  of  the  involucre  tapering  into  a  Jiliforni  or  setaceous-subulate  tip  :  /xtj'j'us  of 
4  equal  scales :  pubescence  minute  and  glandular,  no  wooUintss. 

7.  C.  carphoclinia,  Gray.  Corymbosely  branched,  slender,  rigid,  a  span  high  : 
leaves  once  or  twice  [)inuately  parted  into  nearly  lilifurni  lolies  :  invohicre  eainjjanu- 
late  ;  its  scales  with  rather  al)riii)t  and  short  setaceous  (jr  subulate  tips  (sometimes 
sparsely  hispid  as  well  as  glandular-viscid)  :  receptacle  furnished  with  5  to  10  slen- 
der and  rigid  persistent  awns  subtentling  Howers  and  almost  equalling  them  in 
length  :  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate-lanceoliite,  acuminate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  akene, 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  or  in  a  few  of  the  outermost  llowers  short 
and  truncate.  —  Uot.  Mex.  llountl.  i)  1. 

Southeastern  borders  of  tiio  Strife  ;  ut  Fort  Yuma  {TInnnas)  ;  on  the  (iila  and  Colorado  Desert 
{Scholl,  A.  B.  Graij)  to  S.  Utah,  J'urry.  Also  Northwestern  Nevada  near  the  borders  of  Cali- 
fornia, Lemmon.  Remarkable  for  the  pidece  (rather  than  fiinbrilloe)  of  the  receptacle  in  the  form 
of  awns,  subtending  some  or  most  of  the  disk-llowei-s. 

8.  C.  attenuata.  Gray.  IJesembles  the  preceding;  but  leaves  ap])arently  less 
divided  and  more  liliform  :  heads  smaller  (5  lines  long),  much  narrower  and  fewer- 
flowered  :  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow  and  more  concave  or  involute  :  receptacle 
naked,  as  in  the  genus  generally  :  scales  of  the  i)appus  broadly  obovate-cuneate  and 
truncate,  many  times  sliorter  than  the  corolla  or  the  akene,  little  excelling  the 
liirsutc  hairs  of  the  lattt;r.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  73. 

Ehrenberg,  Arizona,  A.  E.  Janvier,  from  W.  M.  Caiiby ;  possibly  on  the  borders  of  Califoiiiia 
also  :  added  to  comi)lete  the  genus. 

++++  Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse  and  j)ointless  :  pappus  double,  i.  e.  <f  4  long  and  4 
very  short  and  dijTcrentli/shaped  scales  :  leaves  once  orr  somewhat  twice  jnnnatijid  or 
the  ujipennost  entire  :  woolUness  thin  and  soon  deciduous. 

9.  C.  Xantiana,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  rather  stout ;  tho  stem 
or  branches  terminated  by  a  solitary  large  liead  on  a  thickish  i)eduncle  :  leaves 
pinnately  parted  into  3  to  7  narrowly  linear  and  distant  lobes,  the  terminal  one 
elongated  :  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  rather  loose  :  anthers  at  length 
mainly  exserted  :  pappus  of  4  lanceolate  scales  almost  equalling  the  corolla,  and 
4  exterior  ones  wliicli  are  obovate  or  obcordate  and  several  times  shoiter.  —  Proc, 
Am.  Acad.  v.  545. 

Var.  integrifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  slender  simple-stemmed  form,  with  most  of  the 
narrow  linear  elongated  leaves  entire,  rarely  a  lobe  or  two,  and  tlio  head  narrower 
and  fewer-flowered. 

Near  Fort  Tejon,  Xantus.  Owens  Valley,  Dr.  Horn  (the  variety).  Western  borders  of 
Nevada,  Anderson,  Lemmon.  Head  an  inch  or  less  high,  on  a  niost|y  iistulous  iiedunele  of  an 
inch  or  two  in  length  ;  one  or  two  of  ihe  ui)])erni()st  simide  leaves  passing  into  involucral  bracts. 
Corollas  a  (juarter  of  an  inch  long  ;  the  short  lobes  of  those  of  the  disk  sparsely  bearded  exter- 
nally ;  those  of  the  margin  twice  or  thrice  as  large.     Akenes  fully  3  lines  long. 

10.  C.  macrantha,  D.  C.  Eaton.  A  span  high  :  leaves  pinnately  or  somewhat 
twice  pinnately  parted  into  broadly  linear  or  oblong  lobes  :  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear  :  anthers  iuchuled  :  pappus  of  4  linear-oblong  scales  about  half  tlu;  length  of 


aaillardia.  COMPOSrr.K.  391 

the  corolla  and  4  cuneatc-ol)l(iii|^f  ones  three  or  four  tinn's  shorter.  — Bot.  King  Exp. 
171,  t.  18. 

Western  holders  of  Nevada  {Newberry,  JVatson,  Levim.nn)  ;  therel'nie  piobahly  witliin  the 
State  :  extends  east  to  S.  Utah,  Capl.  liiilwp,  Parry.  Heads  from  half  to  three  fourths  of  an 
iiuih  long,  on  short  slender  peduncles.  Corollas  flesh-colored,  sonic  of  the  marginal  with  more  or 
1(!S3  enlarged  limb. 

++++++  Scales  of  the  involiirre  ohtnse  or  pointless  :  pappus  of  S  to  12  similar  obloiuf- 
linear  scales,  little  shorter  than  the  flesh-colored  corolla :  leaves  commonly  twice  2nn- 
natifid  into  fine  and  short  very  obtuse  lobes.     {Afacrocarphiis,  Nutt.) 

11.  C.  Douglasii,  Hook.  ^'.  Arn.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  from  an  annual  or 
hionnial  root,  white-tomontose  or  glabrato  :  loaves  narrow-ohlong  in  outline  ;  the 
lobes  very  many  and  crowded  :  heads  corymbose,  rarely  solitary  (half  to  two  thirds 
of  an  inch  high).  —  C.  Douglasii  &  C.  achilleoefolia.  Hook.  <t  Arn.  ;  Torr.  in  Stans- 
bury  Rep.  t.  6.     Ilymenopappus  Douglasii,  Hook.  ¥\.  i.  31G. 

Through  the  Sienii  Nevada,  thence  through  Oregon  and  ea.st  to  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

12.  C.  Novadenslfl,  ("Jray.  Leas  than  a  span  high,  deiirossed,  in  a  perennial 
tuft :  leaves  with  ovate  or  cuneato  general  outline  and  much  fewer  lobes,  white 
woolly  :  heads  solitary,  on  peduncles  a  little  surpassing  the  crowded  leaves.  —  Hyme- 
nopa}rpus  Nevadensis,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v. 

Alpine  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada ;  Lassen's  Peak  {Brctcer,  Lcmmon) ;  alx)ve  Summit  {Kel- 
logg) ;  Mono  Co.,  Muir. 

§  2.  Papptts  wanting :  scales  of  tlie  involucre  acute.  — Acaiipii.ka,  Gray. 

13.  C.  artemisieefolia,  Gray.  Somewhat  viscid-pubefscent,  a  font  or  two  high  : 
the  naked  summit  paniculate,  bearing  slender-peduncled  rather  small  heads  :  leaves 
1  -  3-pinnately  divided  or  parted,  the  small  ultimate  divisions  short  and  linear : 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate  :  corollas  apparently  fl(;sh  color  (rather  than 
"  pale  yellow  ") ;  the  marginal  ones  little  or  hardly  at  all  enlarged.  —  Acarpha;a 
artemisioifolia,  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  98  ;    Bot.  Mex.  Pjound.  95,  t.  32. 

Near  San  Diego,  Coulter,  Parry,  Cleveland. 

78.  GAILLARDIA,  Fongeioux. 
Head  many-floworcd,  with  several  neutral  rays.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  or 
3  series  ;  the  outer  larger,  foliacoous  and  taper-pointed,  spr(m<ling  or  at  length  ro- 
flexed  above  the  coriaceous  and  appressed  base  ;  the  inner  smaller  and  partly  scari- 
ous.  lleceptacle  convex  or  hemispherical,  with  one  or  more  a^vns  among  the  flowers 
Avhich  may  be  taken  to  represent  chaff.  Rays  cuneate,  palmately  3-cleft  at  the 
end  :  disk-corollas  elongated-cylindraceous,  with  5  pointed  teeth,  which  are  beaided 
with  jointed  hairs.  Anthera  with  long  ovate-lanceolate  tips.  Style -branches  tipped 
with  a  bri.stly  tuft,  and  extended  beyond  it  into  a  filiform  hispid  apjieudage. 
Akenes  obpyramidal  or  oblong  turbinate,  each  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of  villous  hairs. 
Pappus  of  6  to  10  hyaline  chaffy  scales,  traversed  by  a  strong  midrib,  whicli  is  con- 
tinued into  a  naked  awn  of  about  the  length  of  the  corolla,  or  in  the  sterile  rays 
the  scales  awnless.  —  Scabious-like  herbs,  all  North  American,  pubescent  with 
many-jointed  hairs ;  the  leaves  altei'nate,  minutely  impressed-punctate,  varying  from 
ontiro  to  inoi«od  or  even  iiinnatifid  ;  heads  solitary  and  long-pedunclcMl,  largo  anrl 
showy  ;  disk-flowers  usually  purplish  or  brownish  ;  the  rays  yellow  or  partly  dark 
purple. 


392  COMPOSIT.M  UaiUardia. 


G.  PiNNATiKlDA,  ToiT.,  of  Coloniilo  luiil  New  Mexico,  may  apmouch  L'iililoiiua  by  way  ol  Ari- 
zona. The  following  Wt-stfiii  speidus  is  almost  suie  to  bo  loiuul  along  the.  nortlu-rn  borders  of  tlur 
Slalo,  and  is  thiin-foiu  adniiltiHl.  It  is  the  only  truly  perennial  .species,  except  the  laif  and 
remarkable  (L  maul  is,  (iray,  in  Am.  Naturalist,  ix.  ti73,  recently  discovered  by  Dr.  Tarry  in 
Southern   Utah. 

1.  G.  aristata,  Pursli.  Poicimiiil,  a  .span  to  a  foot  or  luoio  liij^h  :  lowest  Ifuvi-.s 
sputuluti)  or  ol)laiii't'(tl;tti',  .sidiiotiiiioa  piunatilid,  tapoiiug  into  iH'-tiolf.s  ;  tlio  tipper 
sessile  ami  often  entire  :  bristles  on  the  receptacle  slender,  much  longer  than  the 
akenes,  sometimes  almost  as  long  as  the  corolla  :  rays  10  to  18,  an  inch  or  more  in 
length,  yellow,  sometimes  tinged  with  purjile  at  the  ver^'  base.  —  Lindl.  l>ot.  Ifeg. 
t.  1186  ;  Hook.  Bot.  J\Lag.  t.  29-10. 

Plains  and  open  ground,  common  through  Oregon,  extending  to  the  Saskatcluiwan  region. 

79.   HELENIUM,  Linn.        SsKiiisii-wEicK. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  numerous  or  several  pistillate  (rarely  infertile  or 
neutral)  rays  :  disk-flowers  small  and  very  numerous,  all  fertile.  Involucre  of  one 
or  two  series  of  mostly  small  scales  ;  the  outer  ones  foliaceous  or  herbaceous,  narrow 
and  unequal ;  innermost  shorter  and  more  membranaceous  ;  all  spreading  and  at 
lengtii  refloxed.  IJeccptacle  mostly  globular  or  homisphorical,  naked.  Rays  nearly 
or  quito  destitute  of  tube,  mostly  cuuuato,  palmutely  S-H-lobed,  usually  drooping  : 
disk-corollas  cylindraceous  above  the  usually  very  short  and  narrow  proper  tube  ; 
the  5  or  sometimes  4  teeth  short  and  obtuse,  glandular.  Style-branches  with  capi- 
tate-truncate tips.  Akenes  turbinate,  striate-ribbed,  hairy  on  the  ribs.  Pappus  of 
5  to  12  thin  or  hyaline  chaffy  scales,  with  or  without  a  midrib,  and  either  blunt, 
apiculate,  or  awn-pointed.  —  Erect  simple  or  branching  herbs  (N.  American  and 
Mexican)  ;  with  all  the  leaves  alternate  and  all  but  the  lower  sessile,  often  decur- 
rent  into  wings  on  the  striate  stem  ;  heads  small  or  large,  on  naked  peduncles 
terminating  the  stem  or  branches  ;  flowers  yellow,  or  those  of  the  disk  at  tip  turn- 
ing brownish  or  purplish  (the  rays  in  some  eastern  species  in  jtart  brown-purple). 
Foliage  minutely  inq)ressed-i)unctate,  or  dotted  with  resinous  globules,  puLerulent 
or  nearly  glabrous.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  202. 

*  Heads  large,  the  disk  an  inch  in  diameter  and  the  rays  about  an  inch  lomj  :  root 
perennial :  stems,  So.,  somewhat  woulli/-j>ubescent  when  yoany. 

1.  H.  Hoopesii,  (Iray.  Stem  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  bear- 
ing 1  to  G  heails  on  rather  slender  peduncles  :  leaves  pale,  glabrous  or  becoming  so, 
thickish,  entire,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  spatulate  with  a  long  tapering  base  : 
rays  cuneate-linear  and  moderately  2 -3- toothed  at  tip,  these  and  the  involucre 
tardily  retlexed  :  scales  of  the  pappus  lanceolate,  gradually  tapering  into  a  subulate 
or  awn-like  point,  a  little  shorter  than  the  disk-corolla.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
18G3,  65. 

Sierra  Nevada  at  Sonora  Pa.s3  (lircwcr,  Bolandcr)  ;  thence  to  the  Hoeky  Mountains  in  Colorado.. 
Leaves  2  to  4,  or  the  lowest  8  to  10,  inches  long,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wide.  I)i.,k- 
corolhi  with  a  rather  long  tube.     Akenes  rather  slender. 

2.  H.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Stem  stout,  a  fi)ot  or  two  high,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  leal'y  below  :  heads  on  mostly  long  and  luiked  very  thick  peduncles  en- 
larging at  the  summit  :  leaves  obovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  :  rays  cuneate, 
3-lobed,  deflexed  (in  the  \isual  manner  of  the  genus) :  scales  of  the  pappus  lanceolate 
or  subulate,  commonly  beset  with  3  or  4  almost  setiform  teeth,  and  tapering  into  a 
slender  awn  which  almost  equals  the  disk-corolla.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  358. 


AcUnella.  COMPOSITvE.  3<Jo 

...„ nns  . ... 

striking  large-llowcrca  species.  Hays  an  iiicli  long  wlion  well  developed.  Disk  at  first  dcprcsscd- 
hemispheiiail,  becoming  globular  in  fruit  :  the  sumnut  of  the  peduncle  thickened  under  it. 

*  *  Heads  rather  lan/e,  the  glohoxe  disk  half  an  inch  or  more  wide,  and  the  rays  half 
to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long :  root  perennial :  herbage  glabrous  or  minutely 
pubescent. 

3.  H.  autumnale,  Linn.  Stem  leafy  to  the  corynibDse  anminit,  a  fdot  to  3  or 
4  foot  IiIkIi  :  loaves  broadly  lanceolate  (2  to  4  inche.s  lonj;),  fifton  aorrato  :  heads 
niosMv  sevoriil  on  slondc^r  rather  Hhort  poduneloa  ;  seah^s  of  the  ])ap|)U.s  ovate  or 
ovato-lancoolato  and  awn-pointed,  from  iialf  to  two  thirds  the  l(<n<.;th  of  the  corolla. 

Probably  along  the  northern  bonlors  of  the  State,  being  coinnion  in  Oregon  (the  vai'.  grandi- 
fioriim,  Torr.  &  (tray),  also  in  Nevada  ;  thence  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

4.  H.  Bigelovii,  Oray.  Stern  from  one  to  three  feet  high,  commonly  simple  : 
leaves  lanceolate  or  elongated-oblong;  varying  to  linear,  entire  (3  to  G  inches  long,  3 
to  6  lines  or  rarely  over  an  inch  wide) :  head  on  a  slemler  peduncde  from  3  to  18  iiiclies 
long  :  rays  numerous,  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length  :  disk  depressed-globose,  from 
half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter :  scales  of  the  pajipus  ovate-lanceolate  or 
siibulate,  tapering  into  an  awn  considerably  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Pacif.  K. 
Hep.  iv.  107. 

Wet  ground,  Sierra  to  Yosemite  "Valley,  &c.,  and  westward  to  Lake  Co.  A  very  branching 
specimen,  with  much  shorter i-ays,  collected  by  Prof.  Brewer,  (near  Monterey  ?)  may  bean  extreme 
form  of  this  rather  than  of  the  ibllowing  species. 

*  *   *   Heads  middle-sized  or  small ;  the  rays  .ihnrter  than  the  globose  disk,  about  a 
quarter  nf  an  inch  or  less  long :  root  annual  or  biennial:  stems  loosely  branching. 
6.  H.  puberulum,  "DC.     Two  to  four  feet  high,  paniculately  much  branched, 

minutely  ciiiereous-i)uberulent  :  branches  terminating  in  long  shmder  peduncles  : 
loaves  lanceolate  ami  entire,  or  the  lower  oblong  and  rarely  incisoly  toothed,  nearly 
all  much  decurront :  involucre  mostly  short  and  inconspicuous,  as  also  the  rellexed 
mys  :  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate,  with  a  short  n\ucronate  tip  or  awn,  one  third  or 
one  fourth  the  length  of  the  corolla. 

Common  along  water-courses  and  shores  through  tlie  western  portion  of  tlin  St«te,  from  San 
Francisco  lUy  southward.  Disk  half  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter.  Kays  2  or  at  most  3  lines 
long,  usually  few.  //.  Mexkanum,  so  called,  in  the  Hotnny  of  Whipple's  Expedition,  from 
Holinas  Bay,  appears  to  be  a  form  of  //.  jnibr.rulum,  to  which  may  also  belong  Coulter's  No. 
357,  although  it  has  more  slender  rays  and  blunt  pappus-scales.  The  materials  of  lioth  are 
insufficient. 

6.  H.  laciniatum,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high,  branched  from  the  base, 
cinereous-puberulcnt :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  laciniato-pinnatifid,  little 
decurrent,  one  or  two  inches  long  :  scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  longer  than  the 
rays,  these  shorter  than  the  disk  :  scales  of  the  pap]>na  ovate,  abruptly  tapering  into 
a  conspicuous  awn,  a  little  shorter  than  the  broad  corolla,  about  the  length  of  the 
akene.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  203. 

«'  California,"  probably  on  the  southeastprn  bordei-s,  Coulter  (No.  350.,  3r)a).  Yaq\u  T^iver, 
Sonora,  Dr.  Palmer.  Peduncles  about  3  inches  long.  Hca<l  with  yellow  disk  4  to  6  lines  in 
diameter  ;  the  rays  2  or  3  lines  long.  Disk-corollas  a  line  long,  their  pi-oi^>cr  tube  e.Ktrcmely 
short. 

80.  ACTINELLA,  Nutt. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  8  to  12  pistillate  mys  ;  all  the  flowers  fertile.  Invo- 
hicro  hemispherical ;  its  scales  in  2  or  3  sericfl,  nearly  e(]ual,  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
rigid  or  coriacooua  (or  the  inner  with  margins  membranaceous),  npi^ressed.  Kocejv 
taclo  conical  or  strongly  convex,  naked,  sometimes  villou.s.  l^iys  conspicuous. 
3-toothed    or  S-lobed  at  the   truncate  extremity  ;    disk-comllas  elongat^'d-cylindm- 


394 


C(jM1'U.S1T.E.  Acluitltu. 


ceuud,  with  5  emit  ahorl  (often  glaiidular-hcanlcd)  Uiclh.      Style-branches   of  the 

perfect  Uowers  with  (lilatttd-tniueate  iiiiiuitely  poiiicillate  tip.    Akenessliovt,  tmhinatc, 

ailUy-liiisuto.      I'appiis  nl'  A   to    12  hyaline   1 -nerved  or  iioiveleHH  chully  Hcah'.s  ;  tlit! 

nerve  when  con«|tic,iioiis  .sonietiiiu^i  |)ri)jecting  into  an   awu.  —  (Jhietly   perenniid.s 

(of  VV.  IMorth  America),   low  or  acauleacent,  disi)0Hed  to  he   woolly  at  base  of  the 

stem;  the  leaves  alternate,  pinnately   [)arted  or  entire,  nsiially   resinons-inijjressed- 

puuctate  :  heads  peduneled,   terminating  the  stem,  scape,   or   branches,   sometimes 

loosely  corymbose  :  flowers  yellow. 

The  acaulesceut  species  iiiliubit  tlie  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  plains  eastward.  Those  in  and 
near  Cahfornia  have  leafy  and  branching  rigid  stems,  in  tut'ts  IVoni  persistent  somewhat  woody 
rootstocks. 

1.  A.  Richardsonii,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  varying  from 
hoary  with  sliort  wocdiiiu-.-sa  to  nearly  glabrou.s,  leafy  to  the  to])  :  leaves  rigiil,  ]tidi- 
olecl,  3-7-parte(l  into  linear  or  ahno.st  liliform  divisions,  or  some  of  them  eMtii(!  : 
lieiids  mostly  inimenKis  and  corymbose  :  .scales  of  the  involucre  oblong-ovate,  the 
outer  series  united  at  base  :  receptacle  conical,  glabrous  or  minutely  })ubescent  ^vhen 
young  :  scales  of  the  pappns  f)  to  7,  ovate-lanceolate,  subulate-acuminate,  either 
slightly  or  considca-ably  shorter  than  the  disk-corollas,  mid-nerve  hardly  any. — 
Pia-admia  Richnnlwnii,  Hook.  VI  i.  :U7,  t.  lOH. 

Var.  oanescens,  l>.  C-.  ludon.  A  hoary  form,  barely  u  Hpun  liigii,  with  fewer 
and  larger  heads,  and  shorter  ovate  antl  merely  acute  scales  of  the  pappus.  —  Mot. 
King  Exp.  175. 

Collected  on  the  northern  borders  of  the  State  in  the  Wilkes  Expedition  :  common  in  the 
interior  of  Oregon  and  in  Nevada,  extending  to  and  beyond  the  Rocky  Jlonntains.  Sierra  Valley, 
Lcinmcm.  The  latter  a  form  with  large  lieads  (about  5  lines  high),  in  this  respect,  and  somewhat 
in  the  p.ippus,  approaching  the  remarkable  var.  canescciis,  which  was  found  only  on  one  of  the 
Eastern  Humboldt  Mountains. 

2.  A.  Cooperi,  Gray.  Two  feet  high,  with  loose  and  more  simple  virgate 
branches  terminated  by  single  heads,  ininutely  pubendent :  lower  leaves  unknown ; 
upper  ones  3-parted  into  narrow  linear  divisions  :  recei)tacle  convex,  densely  villous: 
rays  elongated,  acutely  3-cleft  at  the  summit :  scales  of  the  pai>i)ns  5,  broadly  ovate 
and  obtu.se  or  slightly  j)ointed,  travensed  by  an  obscure  niidnerve,  not  half  the 
length  of  the  disk-corollas.  — J'roc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  359. 

Southeastern  border  of  the  State,  on  Providence  Mountains,  at  the  altitude  of  5,U00  feet,  1»: 
Cooper.     Head  as  large  as  in  the  variety  of  the  preceding  ;  the  rays  longer. 

81.   SYNTRICHOPAPPUS,  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  5  pistiljate  rays;  all  the  flowei-s  fertile.  Involucre 
cylindraceous,  of  5  equal  and  oblong  carinate-concave  scales,  which  partly  enclose  the 
ray-akenes.  Eeceptacle  Hat,  naked.  Hays  oval,  obtusely  2  -  3-toothed  at  the  apex  : 
disk-corollas  nearly  funnelform,  glabrous  and  naked,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  ovate- 
oblong.  Anthers  tipped  with  a  long  lanceolate  appendage.  Style-branches  linear, 
surmounted  by  an  ovate-lanceolate  Hat  appendage.  Akenes  linear-turbinate,  with 
5  strong  and  obtuse  hirsuto-villous  ribs,  truncate  at  summit,  the  terminal  areola 
large.  Pappus  of  numerous  barbellate  white  bristles  in  a  single  series,  shorter  than 
the  disk-corolla,  united  at  base  in  a  ring  (and  some  of  them  higher  up),  and  decidu- 
ous together.  —  A  low  diffuse  white-woolly  aniuial,  with  alternate  3-lobed  leaves, 
and  wholly  the  aspect  of  Actinolepis,  to  which  it  is  clearly  related.  — Gray  in  Pacif. 
R.  Rep.  iv.  106,  t.  15. 


niennospcnna.  CO  M  PCS  IT.  K.  395 

1.  S.  Fremontii,  (5r;iy.  Two  or  tliroo  iiichos  Iil^'li,  much  rcsciubling  Adino- 
h'pin  Wttlhicn:  l(!aves  spiifculato  or  narrow  cuncatc,  .'J-lolu-d  at  l.li(i  apex,  or  some- 
times nearly  entire  :  earliest  liead  slender-peiluncled,  the  otliers  clustered  :  Uowcra 
golden  yellow. 

In  the  desert  region  of  tlio  soutlieiistern  borders  of  the  .'^talo  (Soda  Lake,  Dr.  Cooper),  and  in 
S.  Nevada  and  Utali  {Fremont,  Ncicbcrrij,  Capt.  JJishop,  rnhncr).  Ilea.ls  3  lines,  rays  barely  2 
lines  long. 

82.  TRICHOPTILIUM,  day. 

Head  many-ilowored  ;  tlio  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular.  Involucre  hemispher- 
ical, of  about  10  ovate-lanceolate  thin-herbaceous  almost  eipial  scales,  somewhat  in 
two  series.  Receptacle  flat  and  naked.  Corolla  cylindiaceous,  Avith  5  short  and 
sproadin<;  ovato  lobes  ;  fdaments  inserted  just  alwve  its  base.  Style-branches  with 
dilated  and  very  obtuse  or  truncate  tips,  but  no  proper  appendage.  Akencs  oblong- 
turbinate,  hirsute.  Pappus  of  5  broad  hyaline  or  at  length  firmer  nerveless  chafTy 
scales,  -which  arc  dissected  into  slender  but  rather  rigid  bristles,  the  middle  ones 
little  shorter  than  tho  corolla.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  T.  incisum,  Gray.  A  small  and  depressed  winter-annual,  diffusely  branched 
from  tho  root,  a  span  or  less  in  height,  clothed  throughout  with  long  and  loose  or 
somewhat  deciduous  white  wool,  under  which  it  is  somewhat  hirsute  or  glandular  : 
leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite,  oblong-cuneate  or  si)atulate,  coarsely  and 
sharply  toothed  or  cut-lobed  :  heads  (about  4  lines  long)  solitary  on  slender  petlun- 
cles,  tho  earlier  ones  scapo-liko  :  corolla  "  yellow."  —  15ot.  Me.x.  Pxnind.  97;  Torr. 
IV.if.  \{.  Rep.  v.,  t.  f). 

Gravelly  hills,  of  the  Colorado  desert  region  near  Fort  Ynina,  Mohave,  kv.,  Fremont,  Thurhry, 
Lieut.  Dn  Bnrrii,  Cooper.  Tho  latter,  who  fonnd  it  in  ravines  of  the  Caldo  Valley,  states  that 
tho  flowers  are  yellow.  Akenes  inenibranaecous,  slightly  f)  -  (inerved,  soniewlmt  angular  :  mp- 
pus-scales  (including  the  bristles,  of  which  the  outer  are  regularly  shorter)  about  the  length  oi 
the  akene. 

83.  BLENNOSPERMA,  bes.s. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  5  to  12  pistillate  rays,  atid  sometimes  as  many  apeta- 
lous  pistillate  flowers  ;  tho  disk-flowers  numerous,  all  sterile.  Scales  of  the  hemi- 
apherical  involucre  5  to  12,  in  a  single  series,  equal,  oblong,  jdane,  membranaceous, 
somewhat  united  at  base.  Receptacle  flattish,  naked.  Rays  an  elliptical  or  oblong 
entire  ligule  sessile  on  the  ovary,  without  a  tube.  Corollas  of  the  disk-flowers  with 
narrow  tube  abruptly  expanded  into  the  broadly  campannlate  4  -  5-lobcd  limb. 
Anthers  oval.  Style  in  the  fertile  flowers  with  flat  linear  or  oblong  stigmatic  lobes, 
in  the  staminate  flowers  undivided  and  capitate  or  disk-sliaped  at  summit :  tlioso 
flowers  with  barely  a  rudiment  of  ovary.  Fertile  (ray)  akenes  pyriform,  obscurely 
8-10-ribbed,  destitute  of  pappus,  powdered  as  it  were  with  pa])illro  which  when 
moistened  apparently  develop  into  jelly. — Low  and  difl'usely  bmnching  annuals 
(of  Chili  and  California),  glabrous  or  nearly  so  j  with  alternate  leaves  pinnately 
parted  into  narrow  linear  divisions,  and  rather  small  pedunculate  heads  of  light 
yellow  flowers,  terminating  the  brapches.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  272;  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  ix.  200. 

1.  B.  Californicum,  Torr.  Sc  Gray.  About  a  span  high  :  !><'id."s  of  the  involu- 
cre and  rays  7  to  12  :  a  series  of  pistillate  flowers  within  and  alternating  with  the 
rays  :  style-branches  of  the  fertile  flowers  oval  or  oblong,  flat.  —  Coniothele  Cah- 
fornir.a,  DC. 


;>()(;  COMPOSITvE.  Pcrilyk. 

Moist  giouml,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  to  San  Diego.  Scales  of  the  involucre  sometimes  tippeil 
witli  iturpie.  lliiys  2  or  3  lines  long.  Tlie  minute  papillie  on  tlie  ukene,  as  seen  under  the 
niicroscojie,  swell  up  when  wetted,  open  at  the  e.vtruinity  or  split  into  two  valves,  and  emit  two 
long  tilaments  of  e.xtrenie  tenuity,  tiie  whole  apparently  forming  a  gelatinous  mass  enveloping  the 
ukene  ;  just  iis  occurs  in  Crdcidiuin  and  in  .some  s})ecie3  of  ScMciu,  &c.  From  this  peculiarity  it 
took  its  generic  name,  whicli  means  "luucilagiuuus  mieJ." 

tMiociiiiUM  MiM.TK'Aiii.i;,  Hook.,  is  a  Hmull  plant  riistunlillng  Jlli'iini>sprnna,  l)\il  with  a  fuga- 
cious capillary  jjajipus.  It  is  common  along  the  coast,  of  Oregon,  hut  has  not  been  iletcctcd  in 
California  ;  the  specimen  so  nanidl  in  the  Botany  of  the  Mexican  Boundary,  collected  by  Dr. 
Stillman,  proving  to  bo  iilciuwsjKrma.     See  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  206. 

84.  PERITYLB,  Bentb. 
Tlofttl  muny-lK>\voiT(l,  witli  iiistillato  mys  or  occuaiuimlly  none ;  tho  llowera  all 
fertile.  Involucre  cuinpamilaLe,  of  nearly  etjual  scales,  slightly  carinate  on  the 
back,  in  a  single  or  double  series.  Keceptacle  llattish  or  conical,  naked.  Riys  3- 
toothed  :  disk-corollas  4-toothed  ;  the  tube  glandular.  Style-branches  tipped  with 
(or  insensibly  changing  into)  a  short  and  obtuse  or  more  commonly  subulate  or 
iiliform,  hairy  appendage.  Akenes  oblong,  flat  (laterally  compressed),  dark-colored, 
bordered  by  a  cartilaginous  mostly  ciliate-bearded  margin.  Pappus  a  series  of 
hyali)ie  or  setiform  scales,  usually  nmre  or  less  united  into  a  cup  or  crown,  and 
commonly  a  slender  awn  from  one  or  both  margins.  —  Low  annuals  or  j)erennials, 
of  tho  southern  j)art  of  California  and  adjacent  regions  ;  with  petioled  usually 
palmately-lobed  or  incised  and  membranaceous  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones  oppo- 
site, and  pedunculate  rather  small  heads  terminating  corymbose  or  paniculate 
bi-anches  (rarely  in  a  corymbose  cyme).  Kays  white  (or  sometimes  yellow  1) :  disk- 
llovvers  yellow.  —  lienth.  Bot.  ^\\\\A\.  23,  t.  15,  &  Gen.  PI.  ii.  398;  Cray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  ix.  194. 

In  our  view,  as  stated  in  tho  paper  above  cited,  tho  crown  of  pa]ipu8  furnishes  a  better  charactor 
than  tho  slyUi-apjM!ii(higis,  m  anytliinif  in  tin-  involucre,  to  distuiguish  this  genus  from  Lap- 
/laiiiia,  Olio  species  of  which  also  has  short  and  blunt  stylo-appendages.  Luphamm  nearly  takes 
the  2>ltiee  of  J^critijlc  eastward,  and  one  species  of  it  inhabits  tlie  soutliern  part  of  Nevada. 

P.  INCANA,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ined.,  recently  discovered  on  Guadalupe  Island,  Lower 
California,  is  aii  anomalous  sj)ecies,  stout  and  somewhat  frutescent,  as  white-woolly  as  Scnecio 
Cineraria,  and  with  numerous  layless  heads  in  a  ciowded  and  naked  pedunculate  corymb. 

1.  P.  Californica,  Benth.  Pubescent  or  glabrate  :  l<;aves  mostly  opposite, 
broadly  ovate  or  deltoid,  incisely  toothed  or  somewhat  lobed  :  rays  oblong,  perliaps 
yellow  :  style-appendages  short  and  obtuse  :  akenes  hispid-ciliate  :  the  outermost 
obovate  and  with  mucli  thickened  corky-cartilaginous  margins,  the  inner  obovate- 
oblong  and  with  nerve-like  margins,  narrowed  at  the  top  :  awns  of  the  pa[>pus  one 
or  two,  scabrous. 

Probably  only  in  Lower  California;  Bay  of  Magdalena,  Hinds;  Cape  San  Lucas,  Xantics. 
Heads  3  or  4  lines  long.  Throat,  i.  e.  the  expanded  upper  part,  of  the  disk-corolla,  rather  shorter 
than  its  tube.     Peccptacle  almost  fiat. 

2.  P.  plumigera,  Cray.  Clandular-puberulent  above,  the  base  of  stem  un- 
known :  leaves  of  the  brunches  ovate  or  oblong,  small,  toothed  :  heads  smaller  than 
in  the  foregoing:  rays  oblong,  apparently  white  :  style-appendages  short  and  obtuse: 
akenes  oblong,  not  contracted  at  the  apex,  very  densely  villous-ciliate  :  awn  of  the 
pappus  only  one,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  sparsely  liispid-plumose  above.  —  I'l. 
Fendl.  77. 

California,  Cotdler.  Probably  from  the  southeastern  borders  of  the  State  or  adjacent  portion 
of  Arizona.     Receptacle  strongly  convex. 

3.  P.  Acmella,  Cray,  1.  c.  Puberulent  and  somewhat  glandular  :  lower  leaves 
opposite,  ovate  and  deeply   3-cleft ;    the  upper  alternate   and   somewhat   hastately 


Diinodw.  COMPOSIT/R.  ;-^(j7 

3-l(tl)C(l  :  licads  small :  rays  broadly  cmieatc-ohloiif^  :  stylo-appondagcs  sliort  and 
a(;iitisli  :  akoiies  c)l)long,  densdy  hispid-ciliatc  :  awns  of  tlu!  pappus  2,  niucli  shortor 
than  the  corolla,  S(-al)rous.  —  ,Spilanthes  Pseiuh-Acmella,  Hook.  ^  Arn.  13ot.  lieechey, 
150.     Bnltonia  §  Dichetophora,  sp.,  Bcnth.  Sc  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  2G9. 

Monterey  Iky,  L'ly  k  Collie.  Routlicni  part  of  tlie  Stntc,  CouUcr.  Receptacle  merely  convex. 
Heads  2  lines  higli.     Throat  iiml  linili  of  the  disk-eorollas  lonp;cr  than  tlie  tulxj. 

4.  P.  Emoryi,  Torr.  Sparsely  hirsute  as  well  as  gland\dar  :  leaves  round-cordate 
or  fan-shnped  in  ouMine,  H-O-eleft  and  the  lolies  copiously  incised,  the  upper  alter- 
nate and  less  lolxnl  :  scales  of  the  involucre  rather  broad  :  rays  short,  wdiitc,  broadly 
oval  :  style-ai)pendages  oblong  and  obtuse  :  akenes  narrtnvly  oblong,  hispid-ciliatc  : 
awn  of  the  iiappus  only  one,  very  slender,  sparsely  barbellate  above,  or  in 

Var.  nuda,  Gray,  with  no  awn.  — P.  nuda,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  It.  Pep.  iv.  100. 

Desert  legion,  aloiifr  the  Kio  Colorado  on  both  sides,  near  Fort  Yuma,  &c.,  and  on  the  Gila. 
Heads  rather  largo  for  tlie  genus,  3  or  4  lines  higli  :  receptacle  broad,  nearly  flat.  Rays  said  in 
the  l?()tany  of  the  Mexican  boundary,  p.  82,  to  be  "  plainly  yellow  "  ;  but  the  ticket  of  Dr. 
Cooper's  specimens  from  the  same  district  states  that  they  are  white.  So  they  are  in  Palmer's 
Guadalupe  plant,  'riiroat  or  expanded  jiart  of  the  disk-corolla  shorter  than  the  tuljo.  Style- 
appendages  certainly  slmrt  and  obtuse  ui  the  original  specimens.  Yet  in  one,  seemingly  of 
the  same  si)e(;ics  (vnr.  nuda),  but  with  larger  rays,  collected  in  1870  on  Carmen  Islaml,  Lower 
California,  by  Dr.  E.  Palmtr,  these  appendages  are  somewhat  longer  and  subulate-acute  !  So, 
also,  ill  specimons  recently  collected  by  him  on  Guadalupe  Island.  This  is  evidently  n  winter- 
animal  ;  and  so  apparently  nre  all  the  foregoing. 

5.  P.  leptoglossa,  Gray.  Cinereous-puberulent  :  leaves  (of  bran(;hes)  small 
and  alternate,  ovate  and  somewhat  cordate,  slender-petioled,  coarsely  or  doubly 
toothed  :  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow  :  rays  linear,  rather  long  :  style-appendages 
iiliform  and  acute  :  akenes  linear-oblong,  hispid-ciliolato  :  awn  of  the  pappus  only 
one,  very  slender,  barely  scabrous.  —  PI.  Fendl.  77. 

California,  Coulter.  Known  only  from  his  collivrtion.  Heads  large  for  the  genus,  5  lines  long  ; 
receptacle  merely  convex.  Rays  4  to  6  lines  long  :  disk-corollas  with  slender  tube  and  a  remai-k- 
ably  long  and  narrow  cylindrical  throat. 

P.  Pauryi,  p.  Aoi.ossa,  and  P.  coiiONOriFOl-lA,  Grny,  tlie  latter  witli  distinctly  white  rays, 
belong  to  a  region  further  eastward. 

85.   DYSODIA,  Cav. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  few  or  numerous  pistillate  rays  or  sometimes  nono ;  all 
the  flowers  fortilo.  Iiivohicro  cyliiulracoons  or  campanulate,  of  rather  rigid  equal 
scales  in  a  single  series,  often  united  below,  commonly  subtended  by  a  row  of  bracts. 
Keceptacle  flattish,  naked,  often  alveolate,  fimbrillate,  or  hirsute.  Pays  entire  or 
2-3-toothed  at  the  apex:  disk-corollas  narrow,  5-toothed.  Style-branches  of  the 
perfect  flowers  slender  and  tipped  with  a  subulate  or  nearly  filiform  hispid  append- 
age. Akenes  linear  or  linear-cuneate,  4  -  O-angled  or  many-nerved.  Pappus  single, 
of  10  (or  rarely  more)  firm  chally  scales  -which  are  deejdy  disserted  into  many  rigid 
scabrous  bristles,  about  eipialling  the  corolla.  —  Herbs  (all  Mexic^'in  and  N.  Ameri- 
can) ;  with  strong  and  mostly  disagreeable  scent  (whence  the  generic  name),  opposite 
or  aHernate  leaves,  and  peduncled  heads  of  yellow,  orange,  or  reddish  flowers  :  sr^t- 
tered  oil-glands  rather  conspicuous  in  the  foliage  and  involucre. 

D.  CHRYSANTilEMOiPF.s,  Lagasca,  common  along  the  waters  of  tlie  Missis-xippi  and  tlience  to 
Mexico,  may  approach  California  by  way  of  Arizona. 

1).  Hi-KCKmA,  Gray,  a  Htriking  aiid  npparenlly  Hliiubbv  Mpecies,  with  rounded  tcnmte  lenlloti 
and  large  heads,  wa.s  discovcitMl  at  Cajie  Han  Lucas  in  Lower  California,  far  beyond  our  limits. 
2'he  following  have  ))een  found  in  the  State. 

1.  D.  porophylloides,  Gray.  T^oosely  much  liniiiclicd.  abmit  2  fci-t  high, 
glabrous  :  branches  slender  and  rigid,  strinte,   terminated   by   middle  sized   heads  : 


oQg  COMPOSIT.E.  Dijsodia. 

leaves  alternate,  siuiiU,  mostly  3  -  O-piirteil  into  lincar-laiiceolatc  or  sul)ulatG  divis- 
ions wliit'h  are  seldom  yiaiid-beaviiig ;  all  the  upper  reduced  to  subulate  })ra(;ts  ; 
those  suhtendiiij,'  the  involucre  very  short  and  simple:  scales  of  the  involucre  linear, 
abruptly  acute,  beset  with  oblong  oil-glands,  coalescent :  rays  few  and  inconspicu- 
ous :  "  llowers  yellow  "  :  scales  of  the  pap[ius  deejjly  parted  into  about  *J  bristles.  — 
VI  Thurb.  3-'2. 

Soutliuuateiii  horilcra  of  the  Stiite  at  Sail  Fuhpo  (Thurbcr),  ami  Fort  Mohiivo,  I)r.  Coo/ji'i: 
Also  collected  lit  Caiup  Uiiint,  S.  Arizoim,  hy  J>r.  Palmer,  with  more  develoiicil  leuHets.  llciul 
liulf  to  three  (i»uirtcis  of  an  inch  long.  Hays  linear,  not  longer  than  the  disk,  hardly  surpassing 
tlie  style. 

2.  D.  Cooperi,  (ir.iy.  .Scabrous-puberulent,  "2  feet  high,"  stouter  than  the 
l)receding  and  willi  head  fully  an  inch  long  :  leaves  (of  brunch)  lauceolate,  rigid, 
coarsely  ami  spinulosely  few-toothed,  and  parted  near  the  sessile  base  so  as  to  form 
a  pair  of  subulate  stipule-like  lateral  lobes  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  and  scales  linear- 
subulate  and  attenuate-acuminate,  gradually  i)assing  into  each  other,  carinate  with 
strong  midrib  :  rays  somewhat  exserted,  "  jiurple  "  :  papi)us  as  in  the  preceding.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  201. 

youtheiisteru  borders  of  the  State,  eastern  side  of  rrovidt-nce  Mountains,  Dr.  Coojia:  The 
lower  leaves  arc  ]a-ohably  more  divided. 

86.   NICOLLETIA,  Cray. 

Head  many-Uowered,  with  a  series  of  pistillate  rays;  all  the  llowers  fertile.  Invo- 
lucre cylindraceous,  of  8  to  12  equal  oblong  scales,  calyculate  with  one  or  two  snmll 
exterior  scales.  Receptacle  convex,  naked.  Hays  oblong,  minutely  2  -  3-toothed  : 
disk-corollas  slender,  S-toothed.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  slender,  con- 
tinued into  filiform  acute  hispid  appendages.  Akenes  linear,  slender,  terete,  taper- 
ing to  the  base,  pubescent.  Pappus  double  ;  the  outer  a  series  of  cai)illary  bristles 
like  those  of  Porop/ii/llam ;  the  inner  of  5  thin  chalfy  scales  with  midrib  produced 
into  a  bristle  or  awn,  n(;arly  c(iualling  the  disk-corolla.  —  Low  and  branching 
glabrous  annuals  ;  with  alternate  leaves,  i)innately  divided  into  a  few  narrowly 
linear  or  subulate  lobes,  and  short-peduncled  rather  large  heads  terminating  the 
branches.  Oil-glands  in  the  foliage  and  involucre  few  and  large.  Kays  pink  or 
purple,  the  disk-llowers  (always/)  yellow. —Torr.  Frem.  Rep.  2d  Exp.  315;  PI. 
Wright,  i.  119,  t.  8  ;  P.ot.  Mox.  l5ound.  93. 

There  are  two  sixcios,  both  riiro  ;  one  found  near  the  southwestern  borders  of  Texas,  tlie  other 
near  tiie  .soulhcasteni  hordi'rs  of  Cahh)rnia.  The  genus  was  dedicate.!  to  the  memory  of  tlie 
distinguished  geogiaidiical  explorer  and  astronomer,  J.  N.  Nicollet,  under  whom  Fremont  unliated 
Lis  work. 

1.  N.  OCCidentaliS,  Gray,  1.  c  A  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  thickish  and 
with  short  lobes,  the  uppermost  close  to  the  head  :  scales  ui  the  i)appus  lanceolatc;- 
.subulate,  tapering  into  a  short  slender  awn. 

Sandy  banks  of  the  Mohave  River.  Fremont,  Dr.  (,;>o/>rr.  The  latter  found  it  at  Camp  Cady, 
and  lias  recorded  tliiil  tlu'  lays  are  ])ur|ile,  the  disk  yellow. 

87.  POROPHYLLUM,  Vaillant. 
llead  several-  many  llowered,  with  all  the  llowers  perfei:t.  Involucre  cylindrical 
or  cylindraceous,  of  5  to  10  oblong  or  linear  eipial  scales  in  a  single  series.  Kecep- 
tacle  small,  naked.  Corollas  with  a  slender  or  filiform  tube,  and  a  narrow  5-cleft 
limb.  Stylc-brandics  slender,  tipped  with  a  subulate-liliform  hispid  appendage. 
Akenes  long  and  slender,  nearly  terete,  striate  or  anglcil.      Pa[)pus  of  cojjious  rather 


Pedis.  COMPOSITE..  300 

rigid  scabrous  capillary  bristles,  about  the  Icngtli  of  the  corolla.  —  Herbs,  sometimes 

with  ligneous  base,  glabrous  and  often  glaucous ;  with  slender  branches  terminated 

by  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow,  whitish,  or  purplish  llowcrs,  and  altemnto  or  below 

opposite  leaves;  these  and  the  scales  of  the  involucre  marked  by  scattered  immersed 

oil-glands,  in  the  manner  of  Tageies,  &c.,  therefore  strong-scented. 

Species  all  American,  chiefly  of  Mexico  and  farther  south,  a  few  alonj;  the  honlors  of  tlio 
Unitoil  .States,  two  in  liowor  California,  but  only  the  following  within  tlio  Stato. 

1.  P.  gracile,  IJenth.  Slender,  loosely  much  branched  from  a  rather  woody 
base,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  lower  leaves  linear  with  tapering  base,  the  upj)er  nearly 
filiform  or  slendcr-subulato  :  scales  of  the  involucre  4  to  G,  oblong-linear,  obtuse, 
with  narrow  scarious  margins:  head  5  -  15-flo\vered  :  akenes  scabrous-puberulent, 
narrowed  at  tlie  summit.  —  Bot.  Suli)h.  29.     P.  Greggii,  var.  minor,  Gray. 

Gi-avelly  banks,  Fort  Mohave  anil  south waid  (Dr.  Cooper,  &c.),  San  Diego,  Cleveland.  Unnds 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  long  :  flowers'"  purple  "  or  "dirty  wbite."  Herbage  with  a  stiong 
fragrant  or  fennel-like  odor.  According  to  Mr.  Johnson,  who  collected  it  on  the  Colorado  Uivcr, 
it  is  there  called  "  Poison 'flower." 

88.   PECTIS,  Linn. 

Head  several -many-flowered,  with  pistillate  rays;  the  flowers  all  fertile.  Involucre 
cylindrical  or  campanulate,  of  a  few  e([ual  and  mostly  carinate-concave  scales  in  a  single 
series.  Receptacle  small,  naked.  I?<ays  entire  or  2-  3-toothed  at  the  ape.x  :  disk-corollas 
mostly  slender,  5-toothed,  sometimes  unequally.  Stylo  long,  somewhat  thickened  uji- 
wards  and  minutely  hispid ;  the  branches  very  short  and  obtuse  or  truncate.  Akenes 
linear  or  filiform,  niany-striato.  Pappus  of  few  or  rather  nuMUMous  bristles,  or  some- 
times of  a  few  awns,  with  or  without  some  small  chalfy  scales,  sometimes  in  some 
or  all  the  flowers  of  little  scales  oidy,  these  united  into  a  crown.  —  Low  odorous 
herbs  (all  American) ;  with  opposite  narrow  and  cliiefly  entire  leaves,  their  margins 
beset  with  some  long  bristles,  at  least  toward  the  base,  in  their  substance  as  in  that 
of  the  involucre  bearing  some  scattered  oil-glands.  Heads  small,  or  sometimes  i-ather 
ample  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  scattered  :  floAvcrs  yellow. 

P.  PUNCTATA,  Jnc(|.  [Pcctidium,  DC),  witli  its  pappus  of  3  or  4  very  rigid  sinonlh  awns,  atid 
P.  MULrrsETA,  Bonth.,  with  a  pappus  of  2  or  3  bristles  or  none  in  the  disk,  and  leaves  conspicu- 
ously bristle-fringed,  grow  in  Lower  California.  P.  riiosruATA,  Cav.,  with  broadish  leaves  nn<l 
sessile  heads,  comes  into  Arizona  ;  as  does  P.  IMBKiinis,  Gray,  a  inW  si)ccips  rcninrknblc  for  the 
want  of  bristles  to  the  leaves.  The  following  are  attrilnited  to  California  solely  on  the  authority 
of  Coulter's  collection,  from  which  they  were  fust  described  ;  and  they  may  nil  havo  Iweii  col- 
lected east  of  the  Rio  Colorado. 

1.  P.  papposa,  Gv^y.  Annual,  glabrous,  diffusely  mtich  branched,  a  span  to  a 
foot  high,  "lemon-scented"  :  leaves  elongated-linear  (2  or  3  inches  long,  loss  than  :i 
lino  wide),  furnished  with  very  few  bristles  at  biise  :  heads  slejider-poduncled,  scat- 
tered or  coryndjose,  about  20-flowcred  :  scales  of  the  involucre  0  to  8,  linear :  rays 
elongated,  linear-oblong:  pappus  in  the  ray  a  scaly  crown,  in  th(>  disk  of  IT)  to  20 
cai)illary  and  very  unequal  barhcllate  bristles.  —  V\.  Fendl.  02. 

California,  Coulter,  No.  331.  Common  in  the  Gila  Valley  and  through  Arizona,  ScUotI,  Pithnrr, 
Wriyht,  &c.  Akenes  slender,  minutely  hirsute  with  Handuhirtipix-d  and  sometimes  hooked 
hairs.     Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  infolding  the  my-akeues,  ns  in  all  mw  H|>ocies. 

'i.  P.  Coulterl,  (Irny,  1.  <i.  Annual,  puborident,  dilfu«e,  2  or  3  iiu;hcH  high  : 
leaves  narrowly  linear  (about  half  an  inch  long),  spai-sely  brislle-fringetl  :  heads  on 
peduncles  mostly  longer  than  tlio  leaves  :  scales  t>f  the  involucre  and  o.XRcrled  rays 
about  5,  both  oblong  :  pappus  in  ray  and  disk  nearly  alike,  of  2  t<»  4  short  and 
stout  awns  wliich  are  retrorsely  brist]v-harl)ed. 


400  CUMPUSlT.ii.  Ptclis. 

California,  Coulter,  No.  330.  Arizona,  Dr.  Palmer.  Invohiure  2  or  3  lines  long  ;  the  whole 
head  4  or  5  lines  long,  rather  lew-liowercd. 

3.  P.  iilipes,  <^Jiay,  1.  c.  Annual,  slender  and  dill'use,  glabrous  :  leaves  narrowly 
linear  (an  iueli  i)r  ni(»ro  lunj,',  buldoni  u  lino  wido),  simrin<>ly  briatle-IVinj^'od  at  haso  : 
|iiti|iiii('l(M  i'.ii|iilliii'y,  tiiKt  til'  (wo  iiK'hcH  ion^:  mciiIch  ui'  tlio  invulucri)  fi,  nillicr  Itrtimlly 
linear,  obtuse  :  rays  t;.\.serLoil,  oblong'  :  diHli  llowers  about  5  :  nkenes  slender :  jiapiius 
of  ubout  2  (1  to  3)  slender  awns  wliieli  are  gradually  sligbtly  dilated  at  base  and 
minutely  scabrous  towanls  tbe  apex,  in  the  disk  sometimes  a  minute  crown  with  a 
solitary  awn. 

California,  Coulter,  No.  329.  New  Me.xico,  Thurber,  BU/elow,  Henry.  Janos,  Chihuahua, 
Schott.  Involuerc  narrow,  2  to  2^  lines  long.  Only  Coulter's  plant  shows  the  sliort  crown  of 
the  ilisk-pajipus.  There  is  no  trace  of  it,  and  the  awns  are  2  or  3,  in  the  other  specimens,  which 
are  from  a  district  farther  cast  than  that  probably  traversed  by  Coulter.  Bentham  thinks  it 
likely  to  be  F.  Taliscuna,  Hook,  k  Am.  ;  but  it  does  not  accord  with  the  character  of  that 
species.      Probably  it  has  not  been  collected  within  California. 


Tuiiib;  VII.     A^'TIIEMIDE.E. 

Distinguished  from  JJclenioidew  by  the  drier  nu)re  scariously  margined  or  tipped 
and  imbricated  siudt^s  of  the  involucre  ;  from  Astenndeie  by  the  same  and  by  tho 
truncate  tijis  of  tho  style  in  the  perfect  lloNvers,  never  continued  into  an  apjieudagft ; 
tho  pa[)pus  none  or  a  mere  crowji.  Belonging  mainly  to  the  Old  World,  very  few 
in  Western  Noith  America,  except  of  Artemisia. 

89.   ACHILLEA,  Linn.         Yaiiuow. 

Head  numy-llowered,  with  few  or  several  pistillate  rays ;  all  tho  llowera  fertile. 
Scales  of  the  narrow  involucre  imbiicated  in  iaw  series,  aj^pressed,  mostly  Avith 
scarious  margins,  itcceptaclu  from  llattish  to  conicid,  with  thin  chaif  Mubtending 
the  llowers.  J  fays  mostly  short  or  broad.  Akenes  oblong  or  obovate,  obcomi)ressed, 
surrounded  by  a  narrow  and  cartilaginous  margin,  ilestitute  of  pappus.  —  Perennial 
herbs  {numerous  in  the  Old  AVorld,  but  very  few  in  the  New),  rather  strong-scented; 
with  alternate  either  serrate  or  i)innately  dissected  leaves,  and  small  corymbo.se 
beads  of  yellow  or  white  or  sometimes  rose-colortnl  flowers. 

1.  A.  Millefolium,  Linn.  A  foot  or  two  high,  or  lower  on  mountains,  villous- 
woolly  at  least  when  young  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  in  general  outline,  twice 
pinnately  parted  into  line  linear  acute  and  3  -  5-cleft  lobes:  heads  small,  crowded 
in  a  compoiuid  corymb-like  cyme  :  rays  4  or  5,  obovat(i,  white,  rarely  rose-color 
(occasionally  becoming  tubular)  :  akenes  slightly  margined. 

Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  11,000  feet,  extending  through  nil  the  mountain.s  north- 
ward and  eastward  ;  not  rare  in  the  western  )»art  of  tlie  State  at  tlie  level  of  the  sea  ;  there 
Itcrliaps  introduced  fnun  the  Old  World  ;  liut  ili;uiy  indigenous  all  round  the  northern  hemi- 
sphero. 

00.  ANTIIEMIS,  l.uui.        Cii.vMuMii.K, 

Head  many-llowered,  with  numerous  pistillate  or  sometimes  neutral  rays;  tho 
«lisk-flowers  fertile.  Involucre  hemispherical  ;  the  scales  very  numero\is,  imbricated 
and  appressed,  scarious-margined,  with  a  more  rigi<l  centre.  Receptacle  from  con- 
vex to  oblong-conical,  chaffy  with  slender  or  thin  scales  or  awns,  sublending  the 
ilowers,  at  least  the  central  ones.  Uays  commoidy  conspicuous.  Akenes  obovoid 
or  oblong,  4-r)-angh!d,  S-10-ri]>bed,  or  many-striate,  truncate  at  the  ai)ex.     Pappus 


Matrintrln.  CO^^POSn^K  ^Q] 

none  or  a  sliort  chafTy  crown.  —  Herbs,  of  numerous  species  in  tlie  Old  World,  a 
very  few  have  bocomo  roadside  weeds  in  the  United  States.  The  only  common 
one  is  the  May-weed,  which  has  reached  California,  viz., 

1.  A.  Cotula,  Linn.  A  much  branched,  somewhat  pubescent,  strong-scented 
and  acrid  annual,  a  foot  or  less  high  :  the  alternate  leaves  tlirice  pinnately  divided 
into  small  linear-subulate  lobes  :  heads  rather  small  terminating  the  branches, 
somewhat  corymbose  :  rays  soon  refle.xed,  white,  sterile,  having  an  imj)erfect  stylo 
or  none  :  disk-flowers  yellow  :  receptacle  conical,  naked  toward  the  margiu,  but 
with  almost  bristle-sha[)ed  chaff  near  the  centre  :  ])appus  none.  —  Maruta  Cotula, 
Cass.  :  differing  from  true  Anthemis  in  the  sterile  rays,  &c. 
Sparingly  found  along  roadsides  :  introduced,  but  not  yet  common. 

91.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  Linn. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  numerous  pistillate  rays;  the  disk-flowers  usually  all 
fertile.  Involucre  hemisj)herical  or  flatter;  the  more  or  less  scarious  short  and 
appressed  scales  imbricated  in  several  series.  liece[)tacle  flat  or  convex,  naked. 
Rays  usually  elongated  :  tlisk-corollas  often  flattened  (obcomprcssed)  or  2-winged 
below,  4  -  5-toothed.  Akenes  sliort,  nearly  terete,  several-ribbed  or  angled,  trun- 
cate at  the  tip,  mostly  (in  ours)  destitute  of  i)appus. 

A  laige  and  diversified  genus  in  the  Old  World  (especially  when  it  includes  Leucanthemum  and 
Pi/reihrum),  but  not  indigenous  to  North  America  except  in  the  arctic  regions.  Only  one  species 
is  much  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  viz. 

1.  C.  Leucanthemum,  Linn.  A  perennial  wcimI,  spreading  from  sliort  run- 
ning rootstocks,  nearly  glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  steins  siiiii>le  or  sparingly 
branched,  the  naked  summit  bearing  a  large  head:  leaves  incisely  pinnatifid  or 
toothed  ;  the  lower  spatulate  ;  the  upper  becoming  linear  and  smaller  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  with  somewhat  rusty  tips  :  rays  white  (over  half  an  inch  long)  :  disk 
yellow  :  akenes  many-ribbed.  —  Leucanthemum  vuhjare,  I^ain. 

In  fields  nt  Santa  Cruz  ;  jirobably  in  some  ntlier  ]ilaces  :  introduced  from  the  Old  AVorld.  Not 
yet,  perhajts  may  not  become,  in  California  the  troublesome  weed  that  it  is  in  the  Atlantic  States, 
whore  it  takes  possession  of  meadows,  and  is  known  as  O.r-cye.  ]),xisy.   White  Daisii,  and  fFhilf\ 

V'Ct<.(f. 

92.  MATRICARIA,  binn. 
Head  many-flowered,  with  or  without  rays.  Involucre  hemis[)hcri(ml  or  flatter, 
of  numerous  and  more  or  less  scarious  appressed  scales  in  few  series.  Keccj)tacle 
conical  or  ovate,  naked.  Corollas,  akenes,  &c.,  as  in  the  preceding  genus.  Pai)pus 
none  or  a  minute  crown. —  A  rather  large  genus  of  the  Old  World;  only  the  fol- 
lowing on  the  Pacific  coast,  where  it  is  apparently  indigenous. 

1.  M.  diSCOidea,  DC.  Annual,  a  span  or  two  high,  branching,  glabrous, 
leafy  :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  dissected  into  numerous  short  and  narrow 
linear  divisions  :  heads  small,  short-pedunclod  :  involucre  of  broadly  oval  scales 
with  white-scarious  margins:  rays  none:  disk  greenish-yellow,  much  elevated: 
receptacle  high  conical  :  akenes  with  an  obscure  coroniform  margin  in  place  nf  pap- 
pus. —  Af.  (auacetoideK,  Fischer  k  ]\Ieyer.  Santolinn  suaven/enx,  I'ursh.  Tnnacetum 
matricarioides,  Less.  7\  suaveolevs,  Hook.  T.  panciflornm,  DC.  Arteminin  matri- 
carinides,  Less.  Cntvla.  matricarioiden,  Bongard.  Lepidnthcrn  (in  errata)  or  Lrpi- 
danthus  snaveofens,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc. 

Waste  grounds,  through  the  whole  length  of  the  State,  and  north  to  Unnlnskn.  It  has 
migrated  to  and  beyond  tlio  Mississinjii  us  a  weed,  as  also  to  some  iilnces  in  the  north  of  Europe. 
Said  to  be  used  in  C'alifornia  as  a  domestii;  remedy  for  agues  and  bowel-complaints.  IloAda  a 
quarter  of  an  inch,  or  in  fiuit  half  an  inch  in  length,  greenisli-yellow. 


402  r(JMPOSIT,E.  Taaacduin. 

93.  TANACETUM,  Linn.  Tansy. 
Head  muiiy-llowered,  lieteiogcimous,  with  the  ilovvers  all  tubular,  the  uutenuost 
series  pistillate,  or  rarely  these  wanting  when  the  flowers  are  all  perfect,  mostly  all 
fertile.  Involucre  of  numerous  dry  more  or  less  scarious  and  brownish  imbricated 
and  appressed  scales,  lieceptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Corollas  of  the  pistillate 
flowere  ecjually  or  obliquely  2  -  5-toothed  ;  of  the  perfect  flowers  5-toothed.  Akenes 
generally  about  5-ribbed  or  angled,  or  the  marginal  ones  3-sided ;  the  broad  trun- 
cate summit  bearing  a  short  and  scarious  coroniform  pappus,  or  none.  —  Strong- 
scented  herbs ;  with  alternate  mostly  compound  or  lobed  leaves,  and  corymbose  or 
mrcly  solitary  erect  lu^ads  of  yellow  flowers. 

A  mcHlenitcly  lurgo  gt'Uiis  in  thu  Old  World,  wiilcly  roiireaonted  by  T.  vulgare,  Linn.,  the  coni- 
nion  Tunsji,  which,  so  I'ar  as  wc  know,  is  not  at  all  naturalized  m  California  ;  but  there  is  u 
stouter  iniligenous  species  on  the  coa.st  related  to  it.  Then,  in  the  interior  dry  region  there  are 
three  or  four  peculiar  species  (section  S/j/i(t;ronicria  of  Nuttall)  related  to  certain  others  in  Asia  ; 
the  one  found  in  California  much  ap[)roachea  Artemisia.     Ours  are  perennials. 

^i    Pappus  tvideal :  leaves  very  much  dissected  into  inuumei-able  divisions. 

I.  T.  Hnronense,  Xutt.  Soft-hairy,  usually  mu(;h  so  when  young:  stems 
stout,  a  foot  or  twu  liigli,  very  leafy  :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  dissecte<l  ;  tlio 
very  small  and  numerous  lobes  oblong  or  linear  and  much  crowded  :  h(^ads  large, 
half  an  inch  in  tliameter,  on  sUjut  i)etluncles  :  corollas  of  the  pistillate  flowers  rather 
conspicuous  and  somewhat  ray-like,  3  -  5-lobed,  the  tube  flattened,  slightly  winged 
at  base  :  akenes  very  obscurely  ribbed  :  pap])us  toothed.  —  T.  cainplioratuin,  Less. 
2\  Douglasii,  DC.  T.  elegans,  iJecaisne,  V\.  Serres,  t.  1191.  Omalanthns  campho- 
ratus,  Less.     Omalotes  caviphorala,  DC. 

Sandhills,  along  the  (toast,  from  San  Francisco  to  Paget  Sound.  Also  on  the  Ujjpor  (Ji'cat 
liiikos,  and  from  Jludson's  May  to  the  iiortlierii  borders  of  Maine. 

*  *   PdppiiH  none:  /cares  once  or  twice  pinnate! i/  dissected  into  rather  few  divisions. 

'2.  T.  potentilloides,  (!ray.  Silvery-silky:  stems  numerous  from  a  stout  root, 
tlilfuse  or  aseendiiig,  a  .span  to  a  foot  long,  spar.sely  leafy  :  radical  leaves  twice  pin- 
nattdy  divided  and  peticdeil,  the  cauline  mostly  sessile  and  once  divided  into  linear 
entire  lobes ;  u])permost  reduced  to  nearly  simple  bracts  :  heads  3  to  G  in  a  loose 
corymb  (sometimes  rathcsr  panicled),  hemispherical,  about  3  lines  broad  :  scales  of 
tiie  involucre  about  10,  broadly  obovate,  silky-tomentose  :  receptacle  flattish,  very 
hirsute:  llowcus  all  fertile;  the  pistillate  ones  with  a  small  and  slender  2-3- 
toothed  corolla:  akenes  obovate-turbinate,  3  -  ^-angular,  thin  and  vesicular,  with 
truncate  broad  summit.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  204.  Artemisia  potentilloides,  (hay, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  55L 

Kastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevaila,  in  Sierra  Valley  (Lemmon),  and  Carson  City,  Nevada, 
.Indcrsou.  Tlie  corymbose  heads  as  well  as  tlie  broad  and  abru])t  top  of  the  akene  refer  this  to 
Ttinacetum.  The  akene  is  thin  and  utricular,  forming  a  loose  investment  to  the  seed  :  when 
soaked  it  swells  up  and  lieeomes  jelly-like ;  and  its  cells  under  the  microscope  siiow  spiral 
threads. 

94.  ARTEMISIA,  Linn.  Wou.mwoud.  Saok-uusu. 
Head  several -niany-llowered,  heterogamous,  with  the  flowers  all  tubidar  and  the 
outermost  series  pistillate,  or  liomogamous  by  the  absence  of  these  ;  the  more 
numerous  perfect  flowers  either  fertile  or  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and 
more  or  less  scarious-margined,  imbricated  in  few  series,  ajipressed.  TJeceptacle  flat- 
■^i.sh,  convex,  or  hemispherical,  nak(!d,  sometimes  hairy.  Corollas  of  the  pistillate 
llowers  slemler  and  small,   2  -  3-tootii('d  ;   of   the   perf.-ct    flowers   enlarged    above. 


6. 
2. 

A. 
A. 

PRACITNCULOIDES. 
NOHVEOICA. 

3. 
4. 

n. 

7. 
8. 

A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 

VULOARI8. 
DISCOLOR. 
LUDOVK'IANA. 
rvrNOCKlMtALA. 

Sl'lNEKCENH. 

Arlrmm,,.  CO^rrORTT.E.  /J03 

n-tooMicil.  Antlinrs  usually  witli  narrow  tips.  Akonos  oLovnid  or  ol)long,  mostly 
roundod  at  the  apex  and  with  a  rather  small  terminal  areola,  almost  always  j^labrous. 
Pappus  none,  or  in  one  species  a  vestige.  —  Herbs  or  undershrubs,  bitter  and 
odorous  ;  with  alternate  leaves  most  commonly  dissected,  and  the  numerous  small 
h^ads  of  yellow  or  yellowish  flowers  usually  nodding,  and  racemose  or  panicled, 
sometimes  paniodate-spicatc. 

All  iiiiiiioiisn  gcmis  iniiiiily  of  tlio  nortliern  hemisphere,  its  hefiihiiiarters  in  Northern  Asi.i  ;  not 
inaiiy  species  in  California,  and  fewer  still  in  the  Atlantic  Slates  ;  hut  ahonmliii^  through  tlio 
interior  arid  region,  where  the  Sugr-bitshrs  form  (i  characteristic  feature.  Our  species  are  all  per- 
ennials, A.  Imiinis,  Wilhl.,  not  having  been  I'onnd  so  far  west.  To  facilitate  tlio  detenniuation 
of  the  species  an  artificial  key  is  appended. 
Heihaceons,  or  hardly  woody  at  the  base  ; 

Oreen  and  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  linear,  entire, 
Green,  becoming  glabrous  :  leaves  twice  pinnately  parted, 
White-cottony  underneath  the  leaves  ;  upper  face  green. 
Lobes  of  the  leaves  lanceolate,  a(uite, 
Lobes  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
White-col  tony  throughout, 
Silky  villous  all  over, 
Shrubby  and  si)iny  :  heads  few  and  scattered, 
Shrubby,  unarmed.     (See  also  No.  7.) 

Grayish-puberulent  :  pinnate  leaves  with  long  filiform  divisions,  1.  A.   Californica. 

White-pubescent :  leaves  palmately  cleft  or  toothed,  sometimes  entire. 
One  to  6  feet  hi^h  :  leaves  about  3-toothed,  9.  A.  tridentata. 

A  sjian  or  two  high  :  leaves  deeply  cleft  or  some  entire  : 

Their  3  lobes  linear,  10.  A.  trifida. 

Their  3  to  5  lobes  obovato  or  spatulate,  11.  A.  aruusoula. 

§  1.   Flowers  hetprognmnns  {Rome  of  the  marginal  ones  pistillate  onlij),  hut  all  fertile  : 
receptacle  not  villous.  —  Abuotanum,  ]>csser. 

*  Shrnhhy  :  lobes  of  the  cinereons-2}uberulent  leaves  filiform-luiear. 

1.  A.  Californica,  Less.  About  4  feet  high,  with  a  decidedly  Avoody  base, 
very  leafy  :  leaves  all  pinnately  3  -  7-parted  into  almost  fdiform  divisions,  or  some 
of  the  uppermost  entire  :  heads  small  and  numerous  in  narrow  racemose  panicles  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  broad,  nearly  glabrous  :  akenes  somewhat  turbinate  and 
3-5-ribbed,  utricular,  with  a  very  broad  and  somewhat  toothed  summit. — A. 
Fischcriaiia,  Besser.     A.  foliosa  Sc  A.  abrotanoides,  Nutt. 

Dry  banks,  from  below  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Francisco.  Heads  roundish,  about  2  lines  in 
diameter.     Keceptacle  hemispherical,  naked,  not  hairy,  as  said  by  Nuttall. 

*  *    Herbaceous  :  leaves  or  their  lobes  linear-lanceolate  or  broader. 

+-  Not  ibhite-cottony :  corolla  sparseli/  hairy. 

2.  A.  Norvegica,  Fries.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  stout,  loosely  villous'-pubescent 
when  young,  or  glabrous  :  leaves  mostly  bipiimately  parted  or  cleft  into  linear- 
lanceolate  or  broader  acute  lobes,  or  the  uppermost  reducerl  to  trifid  or  pimi)lo 
bracts:  heads  large,  in  a  simple  naked  panicle  or  loose  mcome  :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre oblong,  brownish  :  akenes  oblong,  about  5-angled.  —  Novit.  Suec.  ed.  1  (1817), 
56.  A.  rnpestris,  Fl.  Dan.  t.  801.  A.  arctica,  Less.  (1831).  A.  Chamissonixina, 
*Besser  in  Hook.  Fl. 

North  side  of  Wood's  Peak  in  the  Sieri»  Nevada,  at  0,000  feet,  Brciocr.  Also  in  the  Rocky  and 
other  high  mountains  to  Alaska,  Arctic  America,  E.  Siberin,  and  the  Norwegian  Alps.  Heads 
globular,  about  4  lines  in  diameter. 

-t-  -t-  Leaves  ivliite-rnttony-tovientose  uvderneath  or  on  bnlli  sldin  :  rorolla  glabrous. 

3.  A.  vulgaris,  Linn.  A  foot  or  two  high  ;  brancdiing  :  leaves  green  and  gla- 
brous or  soon  becoming  so  above,  cottony-tomentose  bonenth.  Incininti'lv  onco  or 
twice  pinnatiiid,  or  souie  of  the  upper  sparingly  lobcil  or  loolln-d  ;  tlu-  lobes  lanceo- 


404 


COMIHJ.SIT.E. 


late,  tapering  and  acute  :  heads  munerous,  spicately  clustered  in  a  leafy  panicle, 
ovoid  or  globular,  luoaely  woolly-canescent  or  becoming  glabrous. — The  typical 
forms  are  common  tlauughout  the  northern  portion  of  the  Old  "World,  especially  in 
Asia. 

Var.  Californica,  IJesscr.  Stems  commoidy  simple  and  tall :  leaves  sparingly 
pinnatilid,  3  -  T) -parted,  and  the  upper  merely  toothed  or  entire.  —  A.  hettrophylla, 
Nutt.,  &c. 

Dry  soil,  not  rare  near  the  coast  from  San  Francisco  northward  (a  very  large  form  at  Shelter 
Cove,  Humboldt  Co.,  Bolander)  :  also  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  A  very  widely  spread  and  most 
variable  specius,  into  wliicli  both  the  following  appear  to  pa-ss  by  transitions. 

4.  A.  discolor,  1  )ougl.  Low  and  slender,  a  foot  high  :  leaves  green  and  gla- 
brous above,  iinely  cottony-tomentose  beneath,  nearly  all  once  or  twice  ])innalely 
parted  into  narrow  linear  lobes  :  heads  smaller,  si)icately  clustered  in  a  narrow  and 
rather  naked  mcemedike  panicle,  globular,  nearly  glabrous. 

Sierra  Nevada  at  Ebbett's  Pass,  &c..  Brewer.  Thence  northward  and  eastward  to  the  Cascade 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Exactly  the  yl.  discolor  has  not  been  met  with  in  California.  The 
specimens  are  between  it  and  some  forms  of  the  preceding,  and,  with  the  Nevada  plant  of  King's 
Exi^edition,  varying  to  A.  incompta,  Nutt. 

5.  A.  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.  From  one  to  three  feet  high,  cottony-tomentose 
tliroughout:  leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  sparingly  toothed, 
or  some  (d'  the  lower  occasionally  3  -  5-clt'ft,  the  upper  surfaces  ometimes  losing  its 
wool ;  heads  very  numerous  ancl  spicatcly  clustered  in  a  narrow  and  usually  clcuso 
panicle,  ovoid  or  globular,  small. 

Dry  open  grounds,  Monterey  and  elsewhere  in  the  western  part  of  the  State  (with  broad  and 
entire  leaves,  Ilartwcg,  Rutlan,  &c.)  :  more  common,  in  Jiarrow-lcaved  forms,  on  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  thence  abundant  to  and  nmch  beyond  the  hocky  Mountains. 

§  2.  Floivers  hetefOf/amoits,  as  ia  the  preceding  section,  but  only  the  jdstiltate  jUnvei's 
at  the  marrj in  fertile  ;  the  ovary  of  the  otherwise  perfect  flowers  abortive,  their 
style  mostly  undivided  and  tufted  at  the  apex. — Duaounculus,  ])esser. 

•+-  Fertile  akenes  and  corollas  glabrous :  stems  herbaceous  or  barely  woody  at  base. 

6.  A.  dracunculoides,  Pursh.  Green  and  glabrous,  or  a  little  i)ubescent 
when  young,  branching,  2  to  4  feet  high,  in  tufts  :  leaves  linear,  entire,  some  of  the 
lower  rarely  3-cleft :  heads  small  and  very  numerous  in  an  ample  compound  leafy 
panicle,  mostly  ixulicclled. 

Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  also  found  westward  (banks  of  San  Leandro  ("reek,  Jiolandcr ; 
Fort  Tcjon,  Dr.  Horn)  ;  and  through  Nevada  and  Oregon  to  beyond  the  Mississippi,  lleatls 
only  a  line  or  so  in  diameter,  glabious.  The  herbage  is  destitute  of  the  sharp  odor  and  taste  of 
A.  JJrocunculus. 

7.  A.  pycnocephala,  DC.  Densely  silky-villous  all  over  :  stems  mostly  sim- 
ple, a  foot  or  two  higii,  somewhat  woody  at  base  :  leaves  once  to  thrice  pinnately 
parted  into  ratlier  few  and  crowded  chiefly  linear  lobes  :  heads  numerous,  spicately 
clustered  in  a  dense  virgate  panicle.  —  Also  A.  pachystachya,  DC. 

Sand  hills  along  the  coast  from  Monterey  to  Humboldt  Co.  Heads  fully  2  lines  in  diameter : 
involucre  very  villous. 

-»-  -»-  Fertile  ahtnes  and  the  corollas  villous  with  long  crisped  hairs  :   stems   woody. 
[Picrothamnns,  Nutt.) 

8.  A.  spinescens,  D.  C.  Eaton.  A  span  to  a  foot  C)r  so  high,  -with  stout  and 
spreading  rigid  branches,  bearing  .sharp  spines,  villous-tomentoso :  leaves  small, 
petioled,  pedately  once  or  twice  ])arted  into  linear-spatulato  or  oblong  lobes  :  heads 
rather  few  and  loosely  racenutse  or  sjjicate  on  a  persistent  si)inescent  rhachis:  scales 
of  the  involucre  few  (f)  or  G),  round-obovate,  lua'baceous  with  scarious  margins.  — 
Bot.  King  Kxi).  180,  t.  1!).      Ficrothamnns  dest^rtorum,  Nutt. 


Colula.  COMPORIT/K.  .105 

Tlirnugli  the  interior  ile.serf,  from  the  Hooky  Mountains  to  tlie.  enHtcrii  luisc  of  tlie  Sierm  Nevadn  ; 
iirohal)ly  within  tlie  Inmiers  of  the  State.  Well  referred  by  Prof.  Katon  to  Artemisia  ;  but  the 
habit  and  the  woolly  akenes  are  peculiar. 

§  3.   Floivers  in  the  head  all  perfect  and  fertile.  —  SKRirniuiUM,  Be.sser. 

The  N.  Amoriean  species  of  this  see^tion  are  tlie  true  Safjc,-bush:.i  or  S!nge- brushes  of  the  interior 
arid  region.  Their  licad.s  are  always  few-flowered,  generally  narrow,  an(l  the  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre little  scarious. 

A.  CANA,  Pursh,  the  Jf'ild  Sage  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  or  what  Pursh  took  to  represent  it,  is  the 
more  northern  species,  with  linear  entire  loaves,  and  probably  does  not  nearly  approach  the 
borders  of  C-alifoniia. 

9.  A.  tridentata,  Nutt.  Shrubby,  a  foot  to  5  or  G  feot  liigh,  b\ishy-])i-anchcd, 
c.anesceiit :  leaves  crowded,  cnneate  varying  to  linear-cuneate,  obtusely  3-toothed  at 
the  truncate  apex,  or  the  uppermost  entire  :  heads  spicate-clustered  on  the  branches 
of  the  compound  narrow  panicle,  obovoid  or  oblong,  5  -  6-llowered. 

Eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Sonora  and  Mono  Passes,  through  Nevada  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  in  immense  abundance.  The  larger  stems  attain  the  diameter  of  5  or  6  inches 
in  favorable  situations.     Heads  about  2  linos  long. 

10.  A.  trlflda,  Null  Shrubby,  a  span  nr  two  IiIkIi,  iii  turts,  (•.lvnofl(•.(^nt :  loaves 
linciir  and  (3iitiro,  or  many  of  thoin  lincar-cniKMvto  and  donply  cloft  into  3  linnar 
lobes  :  heads  more  simply  spicate,  3  -  8-flowered. 

Ebbett's  Pass  and  Mount  Dana  (lircwer,  Bolandcr);  and  through  Nortlicni  Nevada  to  tlio 
Kooky  Mountains  ;  often  accompanying  the  foregoing. 

11.  A.  arbuscula,  Nutt.  Shrubby  in  dense  tufts,  barely  a  span  high,  very 
canescent :  leaves  cuneate,  deeply  3-cleft,  or  the  side  divisions  again  3-lobed  ;  the 
lobes  from  obovate  to  linear-spatulate  :  heads  loosely  spicate,  about  8-(lowcred  :  outer 
scales  of  the  involucre  more  herbaceous  and  rigid. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Summit  Station,  E.  L.  Greene..  Thence  eastward  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

96.  COTULA,  Linn. 
Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  one  or  more  rows  of  marginal  flowers  pistil- 
late and  apetalous,  mostly  pedicellate ;  the  proper  disk-flowers  perfect  and  either 
fertile  or  sterile.  Involucre  of  about  two  ranks  of  nearly  equal  somewhat  scarious- 
marginod  scales.  Jlecoptaclo  commonly  flat  or  convex,  naked,  papillose.  Disk- 
corollas  short,  4-toothe(l.  Akonos  obcoinpro.<?sod,  mostly  with  thick  or  spongy 
margins  or  wings,  and  notched  at  summit,  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Small  annuals  or 
some  perennials,  strong-scented  when  bruised  ;  with  alternate  leaves,  and  solitary 
slender-ped uncled  inconspicuous  heads  of  yellow  flowers  :  chiefly  of  the  southern 
hemisphere,  whence  two  species  have  reached  California. 

1.  C.  COronopifolia,  Linn.  Glabrous,  rather  succulent:  stems  creeping  and 
ascending,  a  sj)an  to  a  foot  long  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-linoar,  laciniato-pin- 
natifid,  toothed,  or  the  upper  entire,  the  base  or  broad  petiole  clasping  or  slioatbing  : 
marginal  and  pistillate  flowers  in  a  single  series  and  on  long  pedicels  :  disk-flowers 
on  shorter  pedicels. 

Wet  places  around  Ran  Francisco  Bay  :  doubtless  introduced.  Now  widely  diffused  over  the 
world,  mainly  in  the  southern  hemisphere.     Head  half  an  inch  in  diameter  or  less. 

2.  C.  australis,  Hook.  f.  Somewhat  hairy  :  stems  slender,  diff'usely  much 
branched,  a  spaix  high  :  leaves  usually  twice  pinnately  parted  into  linear  divisions  : 
heads  very  small  :  marginal  pistillate  flowers  in  two  or  three  ranks,  pcdicellod  ;  the 
disk-flowers  hardly  so.  —  Fl.  N.  Zeal.  i.  128. 

Waste  places,  San  Francisco,  Kellogg :  also  gathered  in  Oregon  t>y  E.  Hall.  Prolmbly  a  wnif 
from  Australia  or  Now  Zealand,  where  it  alwunds. 


40G  COMI'OSIT-K.  Soliva. 

06.    SOLIVA,  Kuiz  &  Pavoii. 

Head  mauy-flowcred,  hcteiogamuus,  of  many  pistillate  and  apetalous  ilowci-s,  and 
a  few  perfect  but  mostly  sterile  ilowers  in  the  centre.  Scides  of  the  invi)hu're  ft  to 
10,  nearly  equal,  in  ono  or  two  series,  scarious-margined.  Keceptaclo  tiat,  naked. 
J)isk-ilowei's  tubular,  thickish,  2  -  G-toothed  ;  their  stylo  often  undivided.  Akeiics 
obcompressed,  with  rigid  wings  or  callous  maigins,  the  summit  of  Avhich  is  usually 
pointed,  and  the  apex  armed  by  the  indurated  persistent  style,  destitute  of  pajipu-^. 
—  Small  and  depressed  herbs  of  S.  America  (one  naturalized  on  tlie  shori's  of  the 
Atlantic  United  States,  and  one  seemingly  indigenous  to  California):  leaves  petioled 
and  pinnately  divided  into  small  and  narrow  segments  :  heads  sessile,  in  fruit  glo- 
bose :  ilowers  greenish  or  yellowisli. 

1.  S.  daucifolia,  Nutt,  Annual,  diffuse  or  creeping,  about  a  span  high,  soft- 
hairy:  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  dissected  into  rather  few  linear  acute  divisions: 
heads  small  (2  or  3  lines  broad),  sessile  in  the  forks  :  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate, 
acuminate  :  akenes  minutely  hairy,  obovate,  with  the  broad  or  narrow  and  thin 
wings  entire,  each  terminating  upwards  in  an  incurved  tooth  or  j)uint.  —  Torr.  vV: 
Gray,  Fl.  ii.  425. 

Moist  grounds  neiir  the  coast,  from  Suiitii  biubani  to  Mendocino  Co.  Mudi  like  ,V.  sess-i/is  of 
Chili  ;  tho  wings  of  the  akcncs  very  variable  in  breadth,  bioad  and  thin  in  sonic  wcll-dcvclojicd 
specimens,  often  wanting  towards  tho  base  of  the  akene,  or  rarely  developed  there  into  separate 
teeth  or  lobes. 

Tribe  VIII.     SENECIONIDE^. 

Distinguished  generally  by  the  involucre  of  one  or  two  series  of  more  or  less 

herbaceous  ecjual  scales,  or  calyculate  with  some  shorter  ones  at  base  ;  the  p.appus  of 

soft  and  tine  capillary  bristles,  giuieraily  more  delicate  than  in  any  of  tho  prc(;eding 

tribes ;  and  tlie  nutoptaclf,  not  chalfy.     Anthers  often  sagittate  at  base,  but  without 

tails.     Style- branches  of  perfect  flowers  various,  but  commonly  truncate  or  somewh.it 

capitate  at  tip,  rarely  prolonged  into  an  appendage.     Flowers  almost  always  yellow. 

■  Ckocidium  Min.TicAi'f.F.,  Hook.,  found  on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  River,  a  delicate  little 
plant  with  tlio  aspect  of  Scnccio,  is  likely  to  occur  on  the  northwestern  borders  of  the  State. 

07.  PETASITES,  Tourn. 
Head  many-llowered,  het(in)g!imous,  more  or  less  dioecious;  the  numerous  pistillate 
flowers  in  the  margin  either  with  filiform  or  (in  ours)  with  distinctly  ligulate  rays. 
Involucre  campanulate  or  cylindraceous ;  its  scales  nearly  in  a  single  series,  and 
usually  with  some  small  and  loose  subulate  bracts  at  base.  Receptacle  flat.  Flowers 
in  the  sterile  plant  very  numerous  in  the  disk  and  rather  few  in  the  ray  ;  in  the 
fertile  very  few  perfect  or  infertile  ones  at  the  centre,  the  rest  pistillate.  Cordla 
of  the  hermaphrodite  flowers  with  a  5-cleft  limb  ;  their  style  entire  or  barely 
2-lobed  at  the  club-shaped  puberulent  summit.  Akenes  glabrous,  5  -  10-ribbed. 
Pappus  of  copious  long  and  soft  capillary  bristles,  fewer  in  the  sterile  flowers.  — 
Herbs  of  northern  regions ;  with  creeping  rootstocks,  sending  up  large  radical  pal- 
mately  veined  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  stout  scapes  in  si)ring,  beset  with  scaly 
or  imperfectly  foliaceous  clasping  bracts,  and  terminated  by  a  racemose  or  cymo.so 
clusterofratiier  small  hciids:  Ilowers  p\irplish  or  white.  —  J'l'fattiUs  &  iVardosmia,  DC 


Tftrmhjmln.  COMPOSITJC.  407 

'I'lin  AiMciican  apecioa  me  of  tlio  Nardosmin  section,  willi  iiioic  coryml'ose  lieads  and  rlecidiMl 
vnys.  Tlio  low  species  of  the  group  are  very  nearly  related  :  the  most  southern  one,  and  the  only 
one  found  in  C'alifoniia,  is  the  following.  Hut  P.  sagitlaUt  {Aardo.iniia,  Hook.),  of  the  Ilocky 
Mountains,  may  i>ossibly  occur. 

1.  P.  palmata.  Clothed  with  loose  cottony  wool  when  young,  becoming  gla- 
brous with  age  :  leaves  rounded  in  outline,  very  deeply  5-7-ck'it,  the  lobes  incisely 
toothed  or  lobed  :  flowers  dull  white,  deliciously  scented  :  rays  in  the  sterile  heads 
oblong  and  conspicuous,  in  the  fertile  ones  narrow  and  shorter  than  their  style.  — 
tnssilaijn  palmata,  Ait.  Kew.  oil.  1.,  iii.  188,  t.  2.     Nanln.vnia  palmafa,  Ilook. 

Damp  woodlands,  from  San  Francisco  northward.  Also  in  Oregon  and  sparingly  to  New  Eng- 
land and  Ijabrador. 

98.   TETRADYMIA,  DC. 

Head  4  -  9- (rarely  18-)  llowercd,  honiogaiuous  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  per- 
fect. Involucre  cylindrical  or  rarely  cainpanulate ;  its  scales  4,  6,  or  sometimes 
more  numerous,  oblong  or  narrower,  rather  rigid,  more  or  less  concave  and  carinatc, 
nearly  equal,  in  one  or  two  series,  and  rarely  with  short  external  ones  at  the  base. 
Receptacle  small,  flat  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  with  a  slender  tube,  abruptly  dilated 
into  a  5-partcd  limb  ;  the  lobes  linear  or  lanceolate,  traversed  by  a  more  or  less 
evident  mid-nerve.  Anthers  cxserted,  linear,  raucronately  sagittate,  the  auricles 
connate.  Style-branches  with  minutely  penicillato  apex  tipped  with  a  very  short 
and  obtuse  or  sometimes  more  conspicuous  and  acute  cone.  Akenes  terete,  oblong 
or  somewhat  fusiform,  obscurely  H-nerved,  long-villous  or  glabrous.  Pappus  of 
copious  fine  and  soft  capillary  scabrous  bristles.  —  Low  and  much  branched  shrubs 
(of  the  interior  arid  region,  mainly  between  the  Sierra  and  the  Tiocky  ^fountains)  ; 
with  alternate  linear  or  subulate  entire  leaves,  and  corymbose  or  racemose  clusters 
of  middle-sized  heads  :  corollas  yellow.  —  DC.  Vwdr.  vi.  240  ;  Gmy,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  ix.  207. 

In  the  paper  above  cited,  the  genus  is  extended  so  as  to  include  an  ambiguous  spcics,  con- 
stituting the  third  section. 

§  1.  W/iite-woolli/,  except  the  nmall  terete  fascicled  leaves  in  the  axils  nf  the  jn-imari/ 
leaves  converted  into  spines  :  involucre  of  5  or  G  scales,  f)  -  ^d-Jlowered :  bristles 
of  the  pappus  in  a  single  series,  almost  equalled  and  concealed  by  the  finer  but 
similar  pappus-like  long  tvhite  hairs  which  densely  clothe  the  ak^ne  !  —  Lago- 
TIIAMNU9,  Torr.  (fe  Gray.     (Lar/othamnus,  Nutt.) 

1.  T.  spinosa,  Hook.  <fe  Arn.  From  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  rigid  divaricnto 
branches,  clothed  with  dense  white  wool  and  armed  with  sharp  slonder  spines  : 
leaves  crowded  in  the  fascicles,  succulent,  linear  or  terete,  glabrous  (about  3  lines 
long),  mostly  shorter  than  the  spines  :  heads  racemose  or  scattered  along  the  bmnches 
(half  an  incli  long),  short-peduncled. —  Lacjotliamnus  microphyllns  k  L.  ambicjuns, 
Nutt. 

Eastern  borders  of  the  State  ;  San  Bornadino  Co.,  on  Providence  iMountains  {Cooper),  and 
through  the  Nevada  desert  to  Idaho. 

§  2.  White-woolly,  or  sometimes  almost  glahrate :  involucre  of  4  or  5  concave  scales 
containing  four  flowers  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  very  copious  :  akenes  either 
very  villous  or  in  the  same  species  glabrate  or  glabrous/  Imitictiiahymia, 
Torr.  (^  Cray. 

2.  T.  canescens,  DC.  A  foot  or  two  high,  unarmed,  silvery-tomontoso  :  loaves 
narrowly  linear,  varying  to  linear-lanceolate  or  somewhat  spatulnto  (and  from  an 


^Qg  COxMPOSlT.E.  Telnuhjmia. 

inch  to  barely  halt' an  inch  lony),  tho  wool  porsistont :  heads  coryinhusely  chi.stcind. 
—  Delcsa.  ic.  iv,  t,  01). 

Dry  hills  ami  pliiiiiH  ;  I'loiu  Mono  l,ako,  &(i.  {Brcwe.r)  tluougli  Noviulii  to  tho  inti rior  of  Oiu/(on 
iiiul  iilului,  mill,  ill  lilt)  viir.  incniiiii{T.  incnnis,  Niitt.,  which  luw  shorter  loaves  iiiul  lieads)  cast- 
waril  to  Now  Moxico,  Culonulo,  ami  Wyoming.  Heads  in  tho  luiger-loavcil  I'onii  alumt  tlinm 
i|iiailers  ul'  an  iiuh  long  ;  in  tho  other  sonielimea  only  hall'  an  inch.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly 
linear,  tho  iniil-nervc  or  axis  connaonly  carinato-thickened  tVoni  the  apex  downward.  Tips  of  the 
style-branches  usually  nearly  as  ligured  iu  the  plate  cited,  or  the  base  of  the  cone  distinctly  liis- 
pid,  but  occasionally  the  cone  is  more  prominent,  acute,  and  hispid  with  a  few  stiti'  bristles.  In 
sucli  specimens,  and  also  in  some  others,  the  ovaries  are  perfectly  glabrous  ;  in  others,  the  ukenes 
become  glabrous. 

3.  T.  glabrata,  Torr.  &  (jray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  unarmed,  cottony-toiuentose 
with  very  white  but  more  deciduous  wool  :  leaves  rather  tleshy,  becoming  glabrous 
in  age  ;  the  primary  ones  linear-subulate  and  conspicuously  mncronate  (half  an  inch 
long),  erect  or  appressed  on  the  brancin^s  of  the  season;  those  of  tho  fascicles  shorter 
and"  obtuse:  heads  coryndwse.  —  Tacif,  li.  Jiep.  ii.  122,  t.  5;  Eaton  in  Uot.  King 
Exp.  193. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the  borders  of  the  State,  Beckwilh,  Anderson.,  Leimncni. 
Thence  tlirough  the  desert  to  Salt  Lake.  Heads  and  llowers  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.  Style- 
branches  tiiipcd  with  a  very  short  and  obtuso  cone.     Akones  seemingly  always  densely  villous. 

T.  NuTTAi.i.ii,  Torr.  iV  (Iray,  the  spiny  species  of  this  section,  apparently  has  not  been  met 
with  west  of  Ulah  or  Main). 

§  3.  Karli/  (/laliratc,  uimniinl :  Iruvi-n  ull  rcdaml  to  subulate  (/treii  miltn  ;  tlnm  at 
the  summit  of  the  branddets  passmg  into  the  scales  of  the  \5  -  IS-fioivered 
campauulate  involucre,  which  thus  becomes  imbricated! — Lepidospauton,  Gray. 

4.  T.  squamata,  Cray.  Paniculately  branched,  3  or  4  feet  high:  branches 
slender  :  leaves  reduced  to  very  snuiU  thick  and  rigid-pointed  scales  :  heads  ra- 
cemose or  paniculate  :  involucre  glabrous,  of  8  to  12  inner  scales  in  2  or  more  series 
and  subtended  by  several  or  numerous  shorter  bracts  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  linear- 
lanceolate  :  style-branches  Avith  acute  and  minutely  hairy  tips  :  akenes  rather  short, 
completely  glabrous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  2U7.  Liuosyris  squaviata,  Gray,  1.  c. 
viii.  290. 

Var.  Breweri,  (Jray,  1.  c  Branches  slemler  and  rush-like,  minutely  and  remotely 
scaly  :  involucii;  aiiblended  ]>y  few  Lracts.  —  Carphejihorus  junceus,  Durand,  Tl. 
lleerm.  in  Pacif.  Ji.  liep.  v.  8,  not  of  Benth. 

Low  hills  and  canons.  Sierra  Santa  Monica,  towards  the  sea,  Bretccr.  Tejon  Pass,  Hecrmaun. 
The  above  is  the  var.  Bmuxri.  The  var.  I'nhncri  is  of  the  Colorado  desert  in  Aiizomi  (Dr. 
Falnier)  :  it  has  more  rigid  l.ranchlcts,  rather  closely  beset  with  thickish  green  scales,  those  of  the 
pedicels  thinner,  imbrii  ut.'d  ami  |)assing  into  those  of  the  involmre,  which  thus  appiius  to  be 
many-ranked  ;  and  the  nappus  is  very  copious.  Mead  in  both  formsabout  \  lines  long.  Although 
(|uite  glabrous,  the  vestiges  of  woolin  the  axils,  at  Ica.st  in  var.  I'alincri,  .show  that  the  plant 
may  have  been  white-cottony  at  fust. 

99.  LUINA,  Benth. 
Head  about  10-flowered,  homogamous;  tho  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Invo- 
lucre campanulate,  of  10  or  12  linear-lanceolato  dry  and  rather  rigid  carinate-one- 
nerved  equal  scales,  shorter  than  the  llowers.  Receptacle  Hat.  Corollas  with  a 
slender  tube  and  u  tubular-funneUbrm  5-lobed  limb;  its  lobes  ovate- lanceolate, 
spreading,  with  mid-nerves  more  or  less  evident  and  extending  down  the  throat. 
Anthers  soon  exserted,  linear,  minutely  and  mucronately  sagittate  at  base.  Style- 
branches  linear-semiterete,  minutely  papillose-puberulent  externally,  very  obtuse, 
totally  destitute  of  appendage.  Akenes  terete,  obscurely  10-striate,  glabrous,  or 
with  a  few  scattered  line  hairs.  Pappus  of  copious  soft  and  white  scabrous  capil- 
lary bristles.  —  A  cottony-woolly  low  herb ;  with  simple  stems  from  a  stout  woody 


Pun  tin/roles.  COMrORITJC.  4()9 

rootstock  or  caiidox,  alternate  sessile  and  entire  leaves,  and  small  corymbose  heads 
of  light  yellow  llowers.  —  Benth.  in  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  1139,  d"  Gen.  PI.  ii.  438. 

1.  L.  hypoleuca,  Benth.  A  foot  high,  eqnally  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  ovate- 
ohlong  or  elliptical,  obtuse,  an  inch  long,  reticulate-veiny,  very  white  beneath, 
becoming  green  and  glabrous  above  with  age  :  heads  half  an  inch  long,  on  rather 
slender  peduncles,  3  to  9  in  an  open  cluster  :  corolla-lobes  almost  half  the  length  of 
the  funn(>lf()rm  throat. 

Var.  Californica,  Gray.  More  densely  woolly  :  ui)per  surface  of  the  leaves 
hardly  becoming  naked  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  only  a  third  or  fourth  of  the  length  of 
the  throat.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  206. 

The  spocies  wns  collected  by  Di:  LyaU-  only  in  tlie  Cascade  MonnUiiis,  on  tiin  frontiers  of  Hrit- 
ish  Columbia.  Var.  UnJifornica,  on  Chinniey  Rock,  Mendocino  Co.,  and  on  the  coast  mountains 
back  of  Santa  Cruz,  California,  Kellogri. 

100.  PSATHYROTES,  Gray. 
Head  rather  many-flowere<l,  homogamous;  the  ilowers  all  tubular  and  perfect. 
Involucre  campanulate,  of  one  or  two  series  of  nearly  ecpial  somewhat  herbaceous 
scales,  or  the  inner  more  scarious.  Receptacle  flat  or  barely  convex,  naked.  Corol- 
las narrow,  with  proper  tube  usually'  very  short,  5-toothed  ;  the  teeth  short  and 
obtuse,  externally  glandular  or  viscid-bearded.  Anthers  minutely  sagittate-auricled 
at  base.  Style-branches  obtuse  or  somewhat  truncate,  destitute  of  any  distinct 
appendage.  Akenes  turbinate  or  oblong  with  narrow  base,  villoiis  or  hirsute. 
Pajipus  of  copious  and  uneiiual  rather  rigid  (naked  or  merely  scabrous)  capillary 
bristles,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  generally  rusty  or  ])rownish.  — Low  and  more  or 
less  glandular  or  viscid-pubescent  herbs,  of  heavy  or  balsamic  odor  (mostly  of  the 
interior  desert  region) ;  with  alternate  leaves,  and  rather  small  or  middle  sized  heads 
of  light  yellow  or  yellowish  flowers.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  100,  t.  13,  (^  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  363,  &  ix.  206. 

§  1.  Verj/  Into  or  prost7'ate  aixf  (lifTusehf  much  hravrhed  annnah  :  Icntvs  rounded  and 
toothed  or  anr/led,  on  fon;/  petioles  :  heada  sdiort-pctialrd  in  (he  forks,  no^/dinf/ 
after  flowering :  akenes  turbinate,  very  villous :  bristles  of  the  pappus  rigid 
and  almost  in  a  single  series. 

1.  P.  annua,  Gray,  1.  c.  Scurfy-pubescent  or  mealy-hoary  :  leaver  coarsely  an- 
gulate-toothed,  the  lower  rounded  or  reniform  and  the  upper  dilated-cuneAte  :  corol- 
las yellowish.  —  Bulbostylis  (Psnthi/rotes)  annua,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  179. 

In  saline  desert  soil,  Mono  Lake  (Brewer),  western  part  of  Nevada  {Torrej/,  Watson),  and  prob- 
ably Arizona  (not  New  Mexico)  ;  first  collected  by  Dr.  Gambcl.  A  span  high  :  leaves  about 
half  nn  inch  lonjr  and  broad  :  heads  3  or  4  lines  high.  The  herbage  nnich  resembles  some  species 
of  Atriplex  of  the  Oin'nne  section.  Style-braiwhes  of  this  and  the  following  capitollnte-truncftto 
with  a  slight  penioillation,  of  the  Senecionoid  or  Hclenioid  type. 

2.  P.  ramosissima,  Gray,  1.  c.  Resembles  the  foregoing,  but  truly  woolly  : 
leaves  crenately  few-toothed  :  corollas  bright  yellow  :  akenes  sliortturbinate.  — 
Tetradymia  {Polydymia)  ramosissima,  Torr.   in  En)ory  Rep.    1848,    145. 

Gravelly  hills  of  the  southeastern  borders  of  the  State,  near  Fort  Mohave  (Cooper)  :  and  in 
Arizona  on  the  Gila,  Emory,  Fremont,  Thurber,  Parr;/. 

§  2.  Erect,  rigid,  and  seemingly  rather  woody  at  base:  hairs  srssilr  ami  filiform  : 
akenes  oblong  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  less  rigid.  —  Peuckphvllum,  (iray. 

3.  P.  Schottii,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  with  ascending  branches, 
leafy  to  the  solitary  erect  head,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  1)ut  somewhat  glutinous  : 


41  (J  (;0.\IIH)SI'1\K.  Seiitciii. 

leaves  vif^iil,  almost  uc.fini.->(^  Imt  pointless,  iinprcssed-pinictate:  lioatl  l()-lG-tloweri;(l, 
fully  Imiriin  inch  lonj^ ;  .siiilcs  of  the  involucro  about  lli  in  a  Bingle  wries,  with  tips 
rdsiiiiililin^'  tho  ItiuvcH,  and  tho  thinner  hase  Konanvhal^  dilated :  akenes  (oi'  rutlit-r 
ovaries)  ohh)ng.  —  J'cKCCp/ii/lluin  kScIloUH^  <^ii"ay,  Hot.  iMex.  Hound.  7-1. 

Cdloiiiilo  hottDUi  la  Sdiioiii  (Muxicti),  Sckntt,  Fol>.  H,  18r)f).  A  llowcilrsa  Hiu'ciiiimi  .(illrclotl 
hy  Dr.  Nowbony  on  tlio  "('nlonulo  of  ("aliroriiia,  Jaimiiry  If),"  laay  lio  tliia  ;  iml  is  iiioir.  ^'liili- 
noua,  ami  is  iierhaps  a  Bhjdovia  or  Aplopappus.  Leaves  m\.  inch  or  less  in  length,  punclalc  in 
the  manner  ol'  Aplopapjius  unci  of  many  Eupaloriacecc.  The  flowers  wcie  said  to  be  yellow,  but 
they  seem  to  have  been  only  yellowish.  The  style- branches  are  like  those  of  Luina,  or  more 
obtuse,   and  wholly  destitute  ol"  any  ainmndago  or  tip. 

101.   SENECIO,  Linn.        Groundsel. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  pistillate  rays,  or  occasionally  homogamous  by  tho  want 
of  the  rays ;  the  llowers  all  fertile.  JScales  of  the  involucre  herbaceous,  mostly 
narrow,  equal  in  a  single  series,  or  calyculato  with  a  few  short  scales  at  the  base. 
ltecei)tacle  Hat  or  merely  convex,  naki-d.  l)isk-corollas  usually  narrow,  5-toothed 
or  5-lobed.  Style-api)endages  of  the  disk-liowers  mostly  capitate-truncate,  tho  apex 
nnnutely  tufted  or  hispid,  rarely  with  a  little  cusp.  Akenes  terete  or  somewhat 
angled,  usually  5-  10-ribbed.  Pappus  of  very  numerous  and  mostly  white  line  and 
soft  capillary  and  merely  scabrous  bristles.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants ;  with  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  usually  coryndjoso  or  solitary  heads  of  yellow  llowers  (at  least  in  all 
the  American  species)  :  akenes  commonly  glabrous,  or  beset  with  some  short  hairs 
or  papillae,  Avhich  become  turgid  when  wetted,  open  at  the  apex,  and  emit  one  or 
two  uncoiling  spiral  threads. 

This  is  counted  as  the  largest  genus  of  Phfeuogamous  plants  (of  little  under  1,000  species),  and 
is  very  widely  spread  over  the  world,  tho  species  of  each  great  region  for  the  most  part  peculiar. 
Hut  North  America  is  by  no  means  rich  in  species,  the  central  regions,  however,  more  so  than 
either  tho  Atlantic  States  or  tho  racilic  slope. 

S.  CiNKiiAiiiA,  DO.,  of  the  Meditorrumian  ie>j;ioii,  a  (ionimon  ho\iflO-itlaiit  (known  in  cultiva- 
tion as  the  /)iisti/  j)/i//ri;  iVom  its  whiti-niiMM),  is  in  K(^llogg  and  Harford  8  distributed  (M>llcctU)n, 
said  to  have  beeii  gathered  on  the  shore  of  the  IJtiy  of  San  Francisco,  near  Alameda.  It  is  doubt- 
less a  waif  from  cultivation. 

S. '/  KLOCClFEKUs,  DC,  is  Malacothvix  saxatilis. 

*    Root  annual:  rays  none  or  minute:  tveeds  introduced  frorn  Europe  into  tvaste  or 
cultivated  grounds. 

1.  S.  vulgaris,  Linn.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  branching,  leafy  to  tho  top  : 
leaves  clasping  at  base,  pinnatifid  ;  the  oblong  lobes  and  the  spaces  between  them 
sharply  toothed:  scales  at  the  base  of  tho  involucre  conspicuous  and  blackish- 
tipped  :  rays   none. 

Near  San  Francisco,  &c. :  the  common  Groundsel  of  Europe. 

2.  S.  sylvatiCUS,  I.inn.  More  slender  :  leaves  less  clasping  and  with  narrower 
lobes  :  heads  smaller :  scales  at  the  base  of  tho  involucre  f(;w,  minute,  Jiot  bluckisli  : 
rays  jn-osent  but  minute,  hardly  longer  than  tho  disk-llowors. 

Introduced  from  Europe:  San  Lula  Ubiapo  (brewer),  ami  San  Diego,  Coo})cr.  Maro  Isiand, 
Orccnc. 

*  *    Root  annual :  rays  conspicuous  :  indigenous  species. 

3.  S.  Califomicus,  DC.  A  foot  or  two  high,  with  slender  rather  simple  stem, 
glabrous  or  with  some  scattered  hairs:  leaves  lanceolate,  linear,  or  the  lowest  oblong, 
varying  from  sparsely  denticulate  to  pinnatifid  ;  the  cauline  with  mostly  clasping 
base;  their  lobes  oblong  or  broadly  linear:  heads  corymbose:  rays  elongated: 
akenes  canescent.  —  aS".  Coronopus,  Nutt.,  a  form  of  this  with  the  leaves  decidy  or 
oven  doubly  pinnatifid. 


Snircio.  COMPOS  IT/K.  411 

Low  grounds,  coinmon  fVoni  Saiitii  Ikrbaia  to  Sun  Oicgo,  and  in  nil  lliu  sonllicin  |)iiii  of  the 
State.     Heads  barely  or  less  than  hull  an  inch  in  length. 

*   *   *     Hoot  perenniaL 

-I-  Leaves  or  the  lobes  of  ^innately  parted  leaves  all  linear  and  entire:  stems  often 

more  or  less  woody  at  base. 

4.  S.  Douglasii,  DC.  White  with  cottony  wool,  or  becoming  nearly  glabrous  : 
stems  in  tufts,  2  to  G  or  7  feet  high,  the  lower  portion  or  base  persistent  and  even 
elirubby,  leiify  to  tho  top  :  loaves  linear,  entire  and  acute  (2  to  4  inches  long  and 
less  than  2  lines  wide),  or  pinnately  parted  into  3  to  U  similar  lob  s  :  heads  corym- 
bose or  sometimes  nearly  solitary  terminating  tho  branches,  rather  large  (half  to  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  long)  :  involucre  calyculate  with  loose  slender  Hubulato  bracts, 
some  of  them  little  shorter  than  the  acute  or  acuminate  proper  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre :  rays  elongated  :  akenes  minutely  canescent. 

Gravelly  or  rocky  banks  of  streams,  kc,  from  Ijako  Co.  southward  through  the  State,  and  into 
Arizona  and  Nevaila.  ,S'.  lomjiJolms,  Benth.,  of  Mexico,  to  which  belongs  S.  filifoluis,  S.  sparti- 
oidr.i,  and  probably  S.  Itidde/lu,  Torr.  k  Gi-ay,  with  mostly  smaller  heads,  more  herbaceous 
involucre,  and  shorter  and  few  calyculate  bracts,  represents  this  in  and  ea.stward  of  tho  Hocky 
Mountain-s,  and  apparently  passes  into  it.  ^S^.  Rrrjiomnnlanii.x,  D(J.  Prodr.  vi.  429,  is  probably 
another  synonym,  and  the  "Ileal  dclMonto"  of  IlaMiko  is  Jfontcrey,  California. 

-t-  -«-  Leaves  broader,  all  or  some  of  them  pinnately  parted  or  pinnate:  rays  numerous 
or  several  and  conspicuous  :  akenes  r/lahrous. 

5.  S.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Early  glabrous  :  stem  slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more 
high  from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock,  sparsely  leaved  :  nidical  and  lower  caulino 
leaves  potioled  and  pinnately  divided,  tliin  and  nu'inbranaceous  ;  leaflets  3  to  7, 
roundish  or  cuneato,  incisely  and  obtusely  lobed,  tho  terminal  leaflet  larger  and 
sometimes  slightly  cordate,  the  lower  on  the  radical  leaves  often  small  or  minute 
and  entire,  on  the  cauline  leaves  stipule-like  :  heads  few  or  snveml  and  corym- 
bose :  involucre  nearly  destitute  of  bracts  at  tho  base  :  rays  4  to  G.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  362. 

Sandstone  bluffs,  Mendocino  Co.,  Bolander.     Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon,  Harford  and  Dunn. 

6.  S.  eurycephalus,  Torr.  <^  Gray.  Floccose- woolly  or  early  glabrous  :  stem 
rather  stout,  2  feet  or  more  high  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided,  somewiiat 
lyrato;  lobes  or  leaflets  7  to  15,  cuneato  and  acutely  incised  or  cleft,  or  ii\  tho  upper 
loaves  becoming  linear :  heads  mostly  numerous  iu  an  ample  corymb  and  large  : 
involucre  broadly  carapauulato,  with  very  few  and  inconspicuous  calyculate  bracts  : 
rays  10  to  12,  elongated.  —  PI.  Fendl.  109. 

Low  grounds,  from  Sonoma  Co.  and  the  Sacramento,  along  the  Contra  Costa  Range,  kc.  A 
very  laige  and  coarse-leaved  form  (var.  major,  (Jray,  in  Parif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  Ill)  in  Calaveras  Co., 
near  Murphy's,  Bujdow.  A  variable  species,  both  in  foliage  and  the  .size  of  the  heads.  These, 
in  the  larger,  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long  and  fully  half  an  inch  broad,  and  bearing  rnys  Imlf  an 
inch  in  length  :  in  specimens  from  Monte  Diablo,  in  Kellogg  and  Harford's  collection,  of  only 
about  half  that  size,  not  larger  than  those  of  S.  aureus. 

7.  S.  aureus,  T.inn.  Very  loosely  floccose-wooUy  when  young,  soon  naked,  or 
oven  glal)rous  from  tho  lir,st,  a  foot  or  two  high,  or  alpine  forms  .<;inaller  :  radical 
leaves  or  somo  of  them  entire  or  merely  serrate,  from  round-cordate  to  oblong  or 
spatulate,  slender-petioled  ;  the  others  mostly  lyrately  pinnatifid  or  lyrate,  or  only 
incisely  toothed  ;  upper  sessile  or  partly  clasping,  spatvdato  or  lanceolate  :  heads 
few  or  numerous,  corymbose  (3  to  5  lines  high)  :  involucre  scarcely  calyculate  :  ray.s 
8  to  12,  occasionally  wanting.  —  An  exceedingly  variable  species;  the  typic4\l  form 
with  thinnish  and  soon  glabrous  leaves,  tin;  nidical  ones  cordate  or  roundish  and 
toothed,  and  the  lowest  cauline  apt  to  be  lynte. 

Var.  multilobatUS,  Gray  (or  S.  multilobatus,  Torr.  i^':  Gray,  V\.  Fendl.,  and  S. 
Fendleri,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  in  part),  if  perennial,  is  a  form  with  thicki.sh 
loaves,  nearly  all  lyrately  or  otherwise  pinnately  parted,  and  the  bonds  numerous. 


412  COMPOSITE':.  .'Seneci;. 

Var.  Balsamitas,  Torr.  &  (iray,  has  thinner  leaves,  even  llie  radical  ones  lan- 
ceolate or  elun^Mteil-oblung,  tlie  cauline  pinnately-parted. 

Var.  borealis,  Torr.  t^  <^'niy,  is  a  low  i'orni,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  soon 
glabrous,  with  thick  and  lirni  small  leaves ;  the  radical  obovato  or  spatulate  anil 
merely  toothed,  8(tiiiu(.iiiii'S  only  ut  the  apex;  caidiue  ones  usually  lew  :  heads  one 
or  two,  or  several.     Alpine  I'orms  of  this  pass  into  the  next  species. 

Moist  or  wet  ground,  chielly  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  the  ordinary  form  from  near  Moiuit  Dana 
(Brewer),  thence  eastwaril  and  northward  to  the  Atlantic.  The  var.  multilobatus  hardly  in  (Jali- 
Ibrnia  (as  the  original  is  lioni  Nevada  or  Utah,  and  t'ouUer's  iilant  very  likely  is  of  the  foregoing 
K[iccies),  but  occur.s  aa  near  a.s  the  rah-lHo  Mouiituins  in  Nevada.  Vur.  BahcuiiiUt  luu)  heen 
collected  no  nearer  than  Oregon.  Var.  borealis  at  (.'arson,  Suuunit,  &.C.,  and  an  alpine  form 
connecting  it  with  8.  canua  from  high  [loaks,  Mount  Dana,  &c.  The  most  polymorphous  species 
of  the  genus. 

■»--»--{-  Leaves  lanceolate  or  broader,  entire,  serrate,  or  rarely  some  of  them  laciniate  : 

akenes  glabrous. 

++  Low,  small-leaved  :  heads  few  or  solitary. 

8.  S.  canus.  Hook.  A  span  or  two  high,  white  with  a  dense  close  wool  which 
is  mostly  permanent  :  leaves  entire  or  rarely  few-toothed ;  the  radical  and  lowest 
oblong,  oval,  or  spatulate  (an  inch  or  less  in  length  and  with  rather  slender  peti- 
oles) ;  the  upper  occasionally  sinuate-pinnatilid  :  heads  few  :  involucre  nearly  naked 
at  base:  rays  8  to  12,  oblong,  yellow,  occasionally  wanting.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  333, 
t.  116. 

Highest  portions  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Mount  Dana  to  Silver  Mountain,  &c.,  at  9,000  to 
12,000  feet  {Brewer,  Bolandcr) ;  also  on  the  Hiunboldt  and  Rocky  Mountains,  and  thence  far 
northward.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  the  Sierra  apparently  passing  into  an  alpine  state  of  S.  aureus. 
Heads  4  to  6  lines  liigh  :  rays  3  or  4  lines  long. 

9.  S.  Fremontii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  span  or  two  in  height,  diffusely  much 
bi-anched  from  the  root,  glabrous,  leafy  :  leaves  thickish  and  rather  succulent,  an 
inch  long  or  less,  from  rountl-obovate  to  spatulate,  obtusely  and  irregularly  toothed, 
tapering  into  a  narrow-cuneato  base  or  short  winged  petiole:  heads  on  short  and 
bracted  peduncles  terminating  1  ho  stems  or  ehort  branches  :  involucre  sparingly 
calyculate  at  base:  rays  8  to  \'l,  yellow. —  Fl.  ii.  445;  Gray  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1863,  67;  Eaton  in  Eot.  King  Exp.  192. 

On  Lassen's  Peak,  Leitimun.  A  rather  small  form.  A  species  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  before 
found  as  far  west  as  those  of  Utah. 

10.  S.  Greenei,  Gray.  Less  than  a  foot  high,  lightly  clothed  with  loose  cob- 
webby wool  when  young,  inclined  to  be  glabrous  with  ago  :  leaves  chielly  radical, 
oval  or  round i.sh  and  mostly  Avith  a  cuneatt^  base,  coarsely  crenato-serrate  (an  inch  or 
more  in  length)  rather  long  pctioled;  the  cauline  smaller  and  nearly  sessile,  sometimes 
reduced  to  subulate  bracts  :  heads  mostly  solitary,  sometimes  3,  large  :  involucre 
(half  an  inch  or  more  long)  campanulate,  wholly  naked  at  base :  rays  9  to  14,  oblong- 
linear,  deep  orange  or  llame  color;  disk-corollas  also  orange  at  the  tips:  style- 
branches  bristly-fringed  ro\ind  the  base  of  the  obtusely  conical  tip,  which  is  pointed 
with  a  central  cusp.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  75. 

Woods  near  the  Geysers,  Napa  Co.,  E.  L.  Orceiw.  Rays  fully  half  an  inch  long.  Akenes 
glabrous.     A  showy  bi)ccios. 

++  ++  Taller,  afoot  or  two,  sometimes  a  yard  or  m,ore  high,  naked  at  summit,  the  upper 
leaves  decreasing  to  bracts,  commonly  with  loose  woolliness  when  young,  but  green 
and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  with  age. 

=  Heads  pretty  large  and  broad  ;  the  cavijxinulate  or  hemispherical  involucre  ^  to  Q 
lines  long,  loosely  calyculate  with  some  slender-subulate  bracts. 

11.  S.  Clarkianus,  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous,  apparently  from  the  first:  stem 
strict,  3  or  4  feet  high,  striate-angled,  leafy  almost  to  the  top,  bearing  several  or 


Senccio.  COMPOSITE.  4  ]  p, 

nuiiiorous  corymbose  lieads :  caulino  leaves  lanceolate,  elongated  (4  to  8  inches  long), 
taj)ering  to  both  ends  and  the  lower  into  jietiolcs,  laciniately  (h-ntute  or  even  pin- 
natilid  into  narrow  and  acute  salient  teeth  or  lobes:  bracts  snl)tending  tlio  involucre 
almost  filiform,  some  of  tliem  nearly  e<iualliiig  tlio  numerous  and  narrow  acute  i)ropcr 
scales  :  rays  10  to  15,  elongated.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  302. 

Mariposa  Co.,  in  the  natural  meadow  at  Clark's  Ranch  (named  for  the  proprietor,  Galen  Clark, 
E.sq.,  Commissioner  of  the  Mnrijwsa  Crove  nnd  Voscmite  Valley),  Bolnndcr.  Heads  from  half  to 
two  thinls  of  an  ini'h  long.  Teeth  or  lolics  of  thn  leaves  liorizi>iitiil,  sometimes  half  an  inch  long 
and  Huhiilnte-lnnceolMto,  Homet.imcs  very  short.     K(«n  Co.,  It  Hinirk. 

12.  S.  Mendocinensis,  (Jray,  1.  c.  lieset  or  clothed  witli  some  loose  wool 
when  young,  almost  glabrous  witli  age  :  stem  stout,  2  or  3  feet  liigii,  striate,  naked 
at  summit,  bearing  several  corymbose  heads  :  leaves  somewhat  succulent,  repand- 
toothed  or  denticulate ;  the  radical  and  lower  caulino  varying  from  oval  to  lanceo- 
late (3  to  5  inches  long),  mostly  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  the  upper  much 
smaller,  narrowly  lanceolate  and  sessile,  and  above  reduced  to  subulate  bracts  : 
calyculate  bracts  of  the  involucre  slender-subulate,  rather  copious,  little  shorter  than 
the  numerous  lanceolate  very  acuminate  proper  scales:  rays  12  to  If),  oblong,  rather 
sliort :  akenes  prismatic. 

Near  the  coast  of  Mendocino  and  Humboldt  Counties,  Bolamh'r,  Ifarford.  Also  collected 
in  Oregon  by  Kel/o/jif.  Heads  two  thirds  of  an  inch  or  moie  in  length,  broad  and  very  many- 
flowered,  with  thickened  turbinate  base  or  sununit  of  peduncle,  which  is  doubtless  fleshy  in  the 
manner  of  the  allied  S.  integer rimus.  .\kcnes  prismatic  and  strongly  striate-angleil,  nearly  3 
lines  long.  It  is  this  species  rather  than  .S'.  luifr.ns  that  is  to  be  compared  with  the  East  Asian 
forms  of  aS'.  pra/enais  (var.  polyccphnlun,  Kegel  ;  S.  Picrotii,  Miipiel,  fee),  which  have  heads  of 
about  the  same  size,  but  the  involucre  not  calyculate. 

S.  iNrKor.iilMMUs,  Nnit.,  of  the  mountnins  of  IMnh,  Coloniilc,  nnd  Wyoniing,  jierhnpR  also  in 
Nevada,  is  less  tail,  barely  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  entire  or  linely  glanihilar-deniiculatc  leaves, 
and  smaller  heads  similarly  llcshy-thickcned  at  base.  The  scales  of  the  involucre  are  broader 
and  rather  obtuse,  and  the  calyculate  bracts  much  fewer  nnd  mostly  short  :  akenes  more 
stiiate. 

=  =  Heads  smiillcr  nnd  mirron'er :  invnbirre  not  over  3  or  sometimes  4  lines  long, 
ohsicurehj  and  sparimjli/  cah/eidnte. 

13.  S.  lugens,  liichards.  Clothed  with  a  thin  and  loosp  lloccose  wool  wIhmi 
young,  eaily  or  later  glabrate,  somc^times  appearing  as  if  wholly  glabrous:  stem  from 
a  foot  or  less  to  2  or  rarely  3  feet  high,  ])earing  several  or  numerous  closely  corym- 
bose heads  :  radical  and  lower  leaves  obovate-oblong  and  oblanceolate  or  rarely 
ovate,  glandular-denticulate,  rarely  more  toothed  (2  to  5  imihes  long),  tapering  into 
short  margined  petioles ;  the  upper  cauline  mostly  rcdiuted  to  lanceolate  or  subu- 
late bracts  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  barely  acute  or  obtusish,  their 
tips  almost  always  blackish  :  rays  6  to  12,  linear-oblong,  conspicuous  (rarely  want- 
ing) :  akenes  angl.-d.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  332,  t.  114. 

Var.  exaltatUS.  Taller  or  more  robust  :  leaves  repandly  or  some  of  the  \ipper 
oven  laciniately  toothed;  the  radical  slender-petiolcd.  —  A',  e.raltafus  <t  .V.  rordatus, 
Nutt. 

Low  grounds,  not  rare  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  the  altitude  of  8,000  to  10,000  feet ;  eastward  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  northward  to  Arctic  Amenca.  Var.  ej-a/lnhis,  at  t^isco,  Cahto,  kc,  and 
in  Oregon.  Involucie  3  or  at  most  4  lines  high,  from  cylindraceous  to  campanulnte.  Rays  4  or 
5  lines  long.  The  typical  S.  hiijens  is  green  or  early  glabrous,  rather  narrow-leaved,  and  the 
upper  or  even  almost  all  the  cauline  leaves  much  reduced  in  size,  so  that  the  stem,  which  seldom 
exceeds  a  foot  or  two  in  height,  is  often  naked  for  most  of  its  lengtli.  The  var.  ej-rjllnhts  (as 
understood  from  Nuttall's  character  rather  than  from  some  specimens  named  liy  him)  is  a  coarser 
form,  wholly  of  the  I'acilic  side,  with  leaves  inclined  to  be  lootlied  or  even  hicininte.  the  rndi<'al 
rather  long-petioled  :  indeed,  with  the  rays  and  involucre  of  this  species  along  with  the  foliage  of 
the  next. 

Var.  Foi, rostra.  Gray  (S.  hignis,  vnr.  cxftltatu.i,  Eaton,  in  Hot.  King  Ex]).),  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains in  Colorado  and  Utali,  but  not  yet  met  with  in  California,  is  hoary  with  the  white  wool  up^ 
to  the  flowering  state,  and  the  stem  conspicuously  leafy  iilmost  to  the  top. 


414  COMPOSlTyE.  Seiiecio. 

14.  S.  aronicoides,  ])C.  Loosely  and  BOinuwliat  hirsiitely  woolly  wlieu  youn^', 
glubroua  when  oUl  :  bU;m  atoul,  a  foot  to  u  yiiid  high,  hearing  numerous  small  heads 
in  dense  compound  eymose  eluslers  :  leaves  oblong,  varying  to  ovate  or  lanceolate 
(3  to  5  inches  long),  irregularly  and  oi'ten  coai-sely  toothed,  or  the  lower  cavUine 
sometimes  laciniate-pinnatilid,  th(!  uppermost  voduced  to  bracts:  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre lanceolate,  acunnnate,  not  black-tipped :  rays  none,  or  occasionally  one  or  two 
short  ones:  dislc-ilowers  10  to  20.  —  *b'.  exalUUus  var.  unijiosculosus,  (iray  in  Tacir. 
R  Kep.  iv.  111. 

Low  groumls,  CDiinnoii  about  tlie  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  the  Geysers,  &c.  A  dwarf  and  nearly 
entire-leaved  variety,  arounil  Lassen's  I'eak,  Lemmoa.     Involucre  3  lines  long. 

15.  S.  hydrophilus,  Nutt.  Very  glabrous  apparently  from  the  first,  pale  or 
even  glaucous  :  stem  stout,  2  to  4  feet  high,  many-leaved  and  bearing  numerous 
paniculate-covynd)ose  small  heads  :  leaves  thickish,  entire  or  occasionally  denticulate 
or  repand,  mostly  lanceolate,  with  broad  and  strong  midrib ;  the  lower  5  to  9  inches 
long  and  tapering  into  a  stout  petiole ;  the  upper  successively  shorter  and  sessile  : 
scales  of  the  narrow  involucre  obhjiig-liuear,  rather  obtuse,  mostly  brownish-tipped  : 
mys  2  to  6  and  linear,  or  sometimes  wanting  :  disk-llowers  8  to  20.  — Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  ii.  440. 

Wet  grounds,  Lake  ("o.  and  Siuista  Co.  (Brewer)  ;  salt  niarsli  at  Vullejo  (Orecnc)  ;  in  the  Siena 
at  Mono  I'ass  {Ilolaiuirr)  ;  near  Carson  (.liidcrsiin)  ;  and  tiienee  to  the  lioeky  Mountains.  A 
lieculiur  aiieeies.     Invohiero  3  lines  long,  in  speeiniens  from  Valiejo  4  lines  lung  and  ray  less. 

++  -I-+  ++  l\dl,  2  to  5  feet  high,  equably  leafy  to  the  top,  glabrous  throughout  or  marly 
so,  not  woolly  ivheu  young  :  involucre  cylindraceous,  subtended  by  a  few  loose  and 
nearly  setaceous  bracts  :  akenes  glabr'ous. 

16.  S.  Andinus,  Nutt.  Stems  extremely  leafy,  often  branching:  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  linear-lanceolate  (or  the  lower  oblong),  tapering  to  both  ends,  either 
sharply  and  closely  denticulate  or  entire  ;  the  cauline  nearly  sessife  :  heads  small, 
very  luimerou.s,  corymbose-paniculate  :  rays  G  to  8. 

Near  Carson  Cily,  Nevada  (An,lrrso„\  and  llierefore  prulmlilv  within  Ike  linuts  of  tlir  Stair  : 
not  lure  nortliwanl  and  cnslward  lo  llie  Kocky  Aluunlains,  along  streains.  IKmuIh  varialile  in 
size  and  in  nund)er  of  llie  llowers,  from  1  to  0  lines  high. 

1 7.  S.  triangularis.  Hook.  Stems  mostly  simple  :  leaves  all  but  the  ujiper- 
mo.st  petioletl  and  deltoid  or  triangular-lanceolate,  or  even  hastate,  acuminate, 
thickly  dentate  (either  coarsely  or  sometimes  finely)  with  sharp  salient  teeth  :  heads 
rather  numerous,  ccnyndiose  :  rays  G  to  12.  —  Hook.  FI.  ii.  332,  i.  115. 

Low  or  wooded  moist  j,Mounds  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Mariposa  drove,  &e.  (Jlrewcr,  Bolundcr), 
Donncr  Lake  (7'(*/;v;//),  Sierra  Valley  (/.(.;/(//((';/)  ;  through  Nevada  lo  the  Koeky  Mountains,  and 
north  to  British  Cohunhia.      Heads  varying  from  4  to  7  lines  high. 

102.  ARNICA,  Linn. 
Head  niany-Howerod,  with  pistillate  rays,  or  sometimes  homogamous  by  the 
absence  of  the  ray.s  ;  tlie  llowers  all  fertile.  Involucre  usually  broadly  campanulate, 
naked  at  base  ;  the  scales  thin-lierbaceous,  lanceolate  or  linear,  equal,  in  one  or  two 
series,  lleceptaclo  Hat,  naked.  Rays  (dongated  :  disk-corollas  with  distinct  and 
usiudly  elongated  tube  and  I'unuelhniu  or  cylindraceous  5-lobed  limb.  Style-ap[)end- 
ages  obtuse,  pubescenL  Akenes  linear,  r)-an-l(nl  or  5-10-ribbed,  somewhat  hirsute 
or  nearly  glabrous.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  rather  rigid  strongly  scabrous  or 
barbellate  capillary  bristles.  —  Pereiniial  herbs;  with  mostly  simple  stems  from 
cnicping  root.stocks,  bearing  solitary  or  few  usually  long-i)eduucled  and  rather  large 
heads  of  yellow  llowers  ;  the  leaves  oppositt^  (!)  or  in  omi  or  two  Californian  species 
occasionally  alternate,  sint|)h',  entire  or  merely  lootheil. 


Arnica.  COMrOSITyK  .     4-15 

A  genus  of  few  spcdcs,  of  difnrult  (lisnrimination.  One,  tlic  ofTicinnl  yirnka  monlann,  is 
ppciiliar  to  Europe  ;  nnotlicr,  found  in  higli  northern  regions  all  round  tlic  world,  l)ut  sparingly  in 
lin rope,  extends  southward  along  the  mountains  of  the  western  part  of  our  continent  as  far  as 
(California;  the  others  are  indigenous  to  similar  regions  in  this  country,  excejit  that  one  is  con- 
fined to  the  somewhat  Southern  Atlantic  States. 

*   liadical  and  Imrer  caiiline  leaves  cordate  or  truncate  at  bajie  and  longpetioled. 
+-  Some  or  most  of  the  leaves  alternate :  heads  several  in  a  naked  jmnicle,  rayless. 

1.  A.  parviflora,  Gray.  A  foot  or  so  in  lieiglit :  leaves  mainly  at  or  near  the 
base  of  the  sloiuler  stem,  deltoid-laiiccolato  or  ovate-lanceolate,  seldom  cordate  at 
base,  unc(|ually  dentate  ;  the  upper  ones  small ;  all  petiolcd  and  commonly  alter- 
nate :  heads  small  (only  half  an  inch  long)  :  akenes  not  j)ubescent  but  minutely 
glandular. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  363. 

Chaparral,  Humboldt  Co.,  Bolandcr.  Leaves  an  inch  or  two  long,  on  petioles  of  at  least  ecjual 
length. 

2.  A.  discoidea,  Benth.  About  two  feet  high,  stouter  and  more  hairy  :  leaves 
(ivnte  or  oblong,  coarHcJy  and  irregularly  ilentntt^,  eitlier  c.ordaln  or  truncate  or  nirely 
Romcwliivt  cuiioato  at  base  ;  tlin  upper  HUiall  and  sossile,  oIltMi  allernate  :  Jieads  7  to 
\)  liiit\s  long:  involucre  villous  and  glandular:  akenes  sparsely  i)ube3ccnt,  beconiing 
glabrate,  not  glandular.  —  PI.  llartw.  319. 

In  woods,  not  rare  from  Monterey  northward.  Lower  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  on  petioles  of 
equal  length. 

-f-  -f-  Leaves  all  opposite  :  heads  solitary  or  few,  usually  luitli.  lonr)  rays. 

3.  A.  cordifolia,  Hook.  A  foot  or  two  (or  in  alpine  forms  a  span  or  so)  higli, 
sparsely  more  or  less  hairy  :  lower  leaves  ovate  or  roundish  an<l  deeply  cordate, 
mostly  coarsely  toothed,  connuoidy  only  2  pairs  on  the  stem  ;  the  upper  i)air  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  small,  and  often  narrowed  at  base  :  head  an  inch  long  :  akenes  hirsute  : 
rays  usually  about  12  and  an  inch  long,  rarely  Avanting. 

Sierra  Nevada,  near  Sierra  Valley  (Lermnnn)  and  Carson  {Anderson)  ;  thence  east  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  northward  through  Oregon.  Mt.  Hamilton  in  the  Contra  Costa  Range,  J^rciwr; 
a  rayless  form  ;  the  same  collected  also  in  Sierra  Valley  by  Lcm.nwn,  along  with  an  ordinary 
form. 

Ki   «   Nadicnl  leaves  rounded  or  sonietiihat  cordate  at  hnse  and  slender-petioled;    the 
cavline  mostly  closely  sessile  hi/  a  broad  hnse. 

4.  A.  latifolla,  Bongard.  A  foot  or  so  bigli,  sparsely  pul)oscont  or  almost 
glabrous,  bearing  solitary  or  few  heads  :  caulii\o  leaves  2  to  4  pairs,  ovate  or  deltoid- 
ovate,  sharply  and  usually  coarsely  serrate,  all  alike,  or  the  uppermost  smaller  and 
narrower  :  head  half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long  :  akenes  slightly  pubescent  or 
at  length  glabrous.  — A.  Memiesii,  Hook.  Fl.  t.  111. 

Sierra  Nevada,  from  Nevada  C^.  {Lcmmon,  Greene)  ;  thence  north  through  Oregon  to  Alaska, 
and  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

*   *  *   Radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  never  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  but  often 
tapei'ing  into  petioles,  the  lomer most  pairs  of  j^etioles  commonly  sheathing  at  ba.se. 

These  species  are  exceedingly  difficult,  ami  apparently  pass  into  each  otlier  throughout  the  whole 
series.  The  akenes  vary  too  greatly  in  the  character  and  amount  or  absence  of  the  pubescence  to 
furnish  distinctions. 

5.  A.  mollis,  Hook.  A  foot  or  two  high,  somewhat  liairy  wit.li  either  soft  or 
slightly  harsh  pubescence,  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  solitary  or  3  rather  large  broad 
heads  :  loaves  thin,  oblong  or  the  upp(>r  ajid  closely  sessile  ones  oviite-lanceolato  with 
a  broad  base,  mostly  serrate  or  dentiodate  :  rays  pretty  large,  deep  yellow  :  iiapj)us 
so  densely  and  strongly  barbellate  as  to  be  almost  plumose. 

Vosemite  Valley  or  near  it,  and  near  Mount  Dana  (Hirim)  :  UDrlh  ti>  Briti-^h  Colnmbin  and 
eastward  to  Lake  Supeiioi',  the  White   Monntnins  of  New    Ihinipshin-.  kr.      l,i;ivcs  '.\  ti>  .1  imhrs 


410     .  COMPOSIT/K  Ant  ;<•<,. 

long,  an  incli  or  so  wide  ;  the  caiiline  2  to  4  pail's.     Podiiiicles  2  or  3  inches-long.     An  ambigu- 
ous and  reduced  alpiiio  form  in  the  high  ranges  east  of  the  Yoscmite  Valley,  Brewer. 

6.  A.  Chamissonis,  Loss.  Dillurs  from  tlie  last  in  its  narrower  (couimonly 
oblong-lanceulate)  acuiuiiiate  or  acute  leaves,  all  but  the  upiienuost  with  tapering 
base,  the  cauline  4  or  b  pairs  ;  and  the  pappus  barl)i'.llate  with  hno  and  rather  sparse 
ilenticulations  as  in  most  ol"  the  species.  —  DC  Prodr.  vi.  317. 

On  the  Truckee  h'ivcr  in  Neviuhi  (iiccdidiiig  to  15ot.  King  Kxp.),  Ihereforo  doulitlcss  also  in 
California,  as  it  is  a  species  of  wooded  disliicts:  thence  nurlhward  to  Ahiska,  &c.  'I'lic  jihinls 
of  the  llocky  Alountaiiis,  &(;.,  referred  to  liiis  in  the  Flora  ol  Noith  America,  and  later,  mainly 
belong  to  tiie  next. 

7.  A.  foliosa,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  two  high,  commonly  strict,  from  running  root- 
stocks,  tomcntose-pubescent,  leafy  to  the  to|),  bearing  3  to  7  coryml)o.s(;  rather 
small  and  shortisli-peiluncled  lieads  :  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  callous-denticidate, 
and  with  about  5  paralhd  nerves  or  ribs  :  rays  rather  short,  usually  pale,  yidhtw.  — 
Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  I'hil.  JSoc.  n.  ser.  vii.  407,  excl.  var.  nana.  A.  C/uunissonis, 
Torr.  &  Gray,  1"'!.,  in  part.     A.  inonUaia,  Hook.,  in  i)art. 

Var.  incana,  Gray.    White  with  lloccose  dense  wool,  which  is  deciduous  with  age. 

Wet  meadows,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Kern  Co.  {llulhruck)  to  Oregon  ;  extending  east- 
ward to  lliu  llocky  Moiiulaius  and  Saskatdiewan.  In  California  more  commonly  tlie  var.  incana  : 
l;aku  Talioo  {Jlrciocr)  :  Lako  Waalioo  (Torrey)  :  Sionu  Valley,  "in  deep  water,"  JMandtr. 
Leaves  from  2  or  a  to  5  or  ti  inchiis  long,  from  4  lines  to  an  inch  in  width,  mostly  obtu.se  ;  tlio 
upper  closely  sessile,  the  lower  with  tapering  bases  or  petioles  clasping  at  the  insertion.  Involu- 
cre half  an  incli  high,  somewhat  viscid-glandular  under  the  deciduous  pubescence,  as  is  the  herb- 
age generally,  not  at  all  hirsute  or  hispid.  Hays  4  or  5  lines  long.  Akenes  minutely  hairy  or 
glandular,  or  nearly  glabrous.  The  white-woolly  form  is  very  strikuig  ;  but  it  passes  insensibly 
into  Nuttall's  A.  foliosa  ;  of  which  A.  lonyi/olia,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.,  may  be  also  a  form. 

8.  A.  alpina,  ^lurr.,  Lajstad.  A  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  more  or  less 
hirsute-pubescent,  bearing  stilitary  or  sometimes  3  long-peduncled  mostly  large 
heads  :  leaves  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate ;  the  cauline  in  one  tu  3  pairs,  lanceo- 
late or  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  small ;  radical  ones  spatulate,  oblong,  or 
oval,  about  3-n(U'ved  :  rays  large,  deep  yellow.  —  A.  anf/uiftifolui,  Vahl  in  Fl.  Dan. 
t.  1524;  'J'orr.  &  Ciray,  1.  c.     A.fuhjcns  it  A.  jdantaffinea,  Pursli. 

In  the  Sieri-a  Nevada  (in  meadows  of  Sieira  Valley,  Lemmon,  &c.) ;  thence  north waid  through 
Oregon  to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  plains  of  the  Missouri  ;  also 
Greenland  and  high  northern  Eurojwj  and  Asia.  Exceedingly  variable.  The  Californian  specimens 
are  large  and  rather  broad-h-aved  Ibrms.  Kays  three  cpiarters  of  an  inch  long.  J.  alpina  is  the 
moreai)jiropriate  mmu',  and  is  conceded  to  lie  the  older  ;  but  wc  cannot  find  it  in  "iMurr.  Sy.sl. 
Veg.  1774,"  as  cited  by  Erics. 

103.  RAILLARDELLA,  Cray. 

Head  several  -  many-flowered,  homogamous  ;  the  ilowers  all  fertile,  involucre 
cylindraceous,  naked  at  base  ;  the  scales  7  to  14  in  a  single  series,  linear,  equal, 
lightly  united  into  a  tube  or  cup  to  or  above  the  middle.  Receptacle  flat  or  barely 
convex,  naked.  Corollas  like  tho.se  of  the  disk  in  Arnica.  Style-branches  elongated, 
hirsute,  and  produced  beyond  the  long  stigmatic  lines  into  an  acuminate  tip. 
Akenes  linear,  llattish,  striate-nerved,  hirsute.  Pa})pus  a  single  series  of  (20  to  25) 
rather  stout  and  rigid  strongly  ciliate-plumose  bristles,  about  the  length  of  the  corolla, 
bright  white.  —  Acaulescent  herbs  (of  the  Sierra  Nevada)  ;  with  stout  creeping 
rootstocks,  bearing  tufts  of  linear  or  oblanceolato  entire  radical  leaves,  and  a  eim])le 
naked  viscid-glandular  .scai)e,  terminated  by  a  rather  large  head  of  yellow  flowers.  — 
Eenth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  442.  liniUanHa,  Sect,  lia'dlardella,  (^ray,  Pruc.  Am. 
Acad.  vi.  550. 

Tiiis  interesting  genus,  along  with  the  Hawaiian  llaUhirdla,  seems  rather  to  belong  to  the 
Jlckiiiuidca-,  next  to  Dubjutin  ;  but  tlio  technical  characters  would  cause  it  to  be  looked  for  here. 


Ciiicus.  COMPOS  I 'IVK.  417 

wlipro  Bcntham  hns  placed  these  genera,  althougli  tlie  bristles  of  the  pappus  arc  somewhat  too 
stout  and  flattish. 

1.  R.  scaposa,  Gray.  Somewhat  liirsuto  as  well  as  glandular  :  scape  a  span  to 
a  foot  high,  sometimes  with  a  leaf  or  two  towards  the  base  :  involucre  20  -  30-flow- 
ered  (an  inch  or  less  long). 

Sierra  Nevada,  in  the  Yoseiiiitc  and  Mono  districts,  at  tlic  elevation  of  8,000  to  10,000  feet, 
Brewer,  Bolander,  Gray. 

2.  R.  argentea,  Oray.  Leaves  shorter,  only  one  or  twoniiclu's  long,  silvery- 
silky  :  sc.apii  one  to  four  inches  high:  involucre  narrower,  7  -  in-lloworcil  (Inilf  nn 
inch  or  more  long). 

Higher  Sierra  Nevada,  at  8,000  to  11, 000  feet ;  Mount  Dana  to  Sonora  Pass  {Brewer,  Bolaiider), 
above  Dojuier  Lake  {E.  L.  Greene),  and  on  Lassen's  Peak,  Lcmmon. 

Tribe  IX.     CYNAROIDEvE. 

Tlie  only  Californian  representatives  of  the  tribe  are  Thistles,  of  well-known 
appearance,  and  a  Centaurea  or  two,  of  the  ^lediterranean  region,  sparingly  natural- 
ized in  fields  and  around  harbors.     Even  Burdocks  are  nnknown. 

Cynaua  Scoia-mus,  Linn.,  the  Artichoke  of  the  Old  World,  —  remarkable  for  the  tliick  fleshi- 
ness of  the  receptacle  and  scales  of  the  involucre,  which  are  edible,  —  is  occasionally  spontaneous, 
jirobably  escaped  from  cultivation. 

104.   CNICUS,  Linn.         TumrLK. 

Head  many-llowered  ;  the  llowers  all  perfect  and  fertile,  with  tubular  corollas 
deeply  (often  more  or  less  unequally)  5-cleft  into  narrow  lobes.  Involucre  globular, 
ovoid,  or  at  maturity  sometimes  campanulatc  ;  the  mostly  narrow  .scales  imbricated 
in  many  series,  more  commonly  tipped  with  a  spine  or  cu.spidate  point.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  fleshy,  densely  clothed  with  bristles.  Filaments  commonly  papillose- 
liairy,  distinct  :  anthers  sagittate  at  base,  the  auricles  frequently  extended  into  tails. 
Style  fdiform,  sometimes  thickened  or  with  a  pubescejit  ring  or  node  at  the  base  of 
the  miinitoly  puberulont  atigmatic  ])oriion  ;  wliicli  in  our  sptvicH  is  almost  always 
slender,  consisting  of  two  fdiform  branches  which  are  more  or  less  firmly  united  by 
their  inner  faces  up  nearly  or  quite  to  the  tip.  Akenes  glabrous  and  smooth,  thick- 
Avallcil,  obovate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed,  attached  by  their  very  base. 
Pappus  of  copious  and  rather  rigid  long  and  plumo.sc  bristles  in  a  single  scries,  con- 
nected at  the  very  ba.so  into  a  ring,  so  that  they  remain  united  after  detaching. 
Kut  rarely  the  bristles  of  some  of  the  outermost  flowers  are  slightly  or  not  at  all 
plumose.  —  Stout  herbs,  more  commonly  biennials,  with  alternate  and  usually 
prickly  leaves,  and  large  or  middle-sized  beads;  the  flowers  purple,  red,  pale  yellow, 
or  white.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  4G8  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  39. 
Cirsium,  Tourn.,  DC.  Prodr.,  &c. 

A  large  genus,  widely  dis))erscd  over  the  northern  hemisphere,  most  numerous  in  the  Old 
"World.  It  seems  necessary  to  ftdlow  Hentham  in  restoring  the  I^iiuirean  name  of  Cnicu-i,  includ- 
ing, however,  a  good  deal  more  tiinn  the  Cirsium  of  Cassini,  De  ("andolle,  kc  Two  Enropenu 
Huocics,  whii'h  are  common  niid  lronbh>Home  in  tlie  Alhintic  Stiites,  srM'm  nol  1o  Iiavo  rencliiMJ 
('nllfonila,  viz.  — 

V.  I.ANCKOI, ATI'S,  the  conunon  Fidil  Thistle,  whidi  is  well  miiiknl  l.y  {]w  l.-nves  being  decur- 
ront  on  tlio  .stem,  and  t.Iieir  upper  surface  very  hiusli  or  nhnost  jnickly. 

C.  AUVENSis,  the  Panada  Thistle  (l)nt  not  indigenous  to  ("anndn),  wilh  numerous  small  henda 
whii'li  incline  to  be  ditecions. 


418  COMPOSIT-K.  Cnuus. 

§  1.  Scales  of  the  uiooiucre  oppressed  and  closely  imbricated  {except  in  the  last 
s/iecies) ;  the  outer  scales  successive.li/  shorter,  not  appenduijed  nor  mart/itied, 
ti/tped  with  a  mostlt/  sprtadimj  prickit  or  point ;  (he  innermost  rarely  ivith  a 
small  scarious  tip. 

*  Low  sjircifit,  with  simple  stein  and  (jrtcu  or  (jrccnish  le.aves,  <tt  least  ivhen  old,  id- 
thouyh  more  or  less  cobwebby  when  youny :  heads  proportionally  larye :  aiither-tips 
sharp-pointed. 

1.  C.  Drummondii,  var.  acaulescens,  (.hay,  1.  c.  The  larger  fonns  of  tlit; 
species  (wliich  occur  in  the  IJocky  JMoiiuLaiiis,  ami  I'roiu  Oregon  to  Saskatchowaii  aiul 
the  Arctic  region)  have  a  stem  iVoni  a  span  to  a  foot  or  even  3  or  4  feet  high,  ami 
large  heads:  the  variety,  which  reaches  California,  has  the  more  or  less  smaller  heads 
sessile  or  almost  so  in  the  centre  of  the  tuft  of  radical  leaves ;  these  lightly  woolly 
when  young,  at  least  beneath,  lanceolate,  not  deeply  pinnatihd,  with  short  and 
broad-margined  petiole  :  scales  of  the  involucre  thin  and  proportionally  large  ;  the 
outer  ovate-lanceolate  passing  into  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  weak  and  short  or 
slender  prickle  :  corollas  mostly  reddish  purple  ;  the  lobtis  shorter  than  the  throat. 
—  Cirsium  acaule,  var.  Americanuvi,  (Jray  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863. 

Open  ground  along  tlic  Sierra  Nevada,  chielly  on  the  eastcin  side.  Corollas  an  inch  or  move  in 
lunglli.  'flio  heads  wliun  .several  in  a  close  cluster  aio  smaller  and  nanower,  when  .single  ocea- 
.sioinilly  '2  inches  long. 

±  C.  quercotoruiu,  (Imy.  J.ightly  woolly  when  young,  iiud  bomewhat  hairy  : 
stem  a  foot  or  less  high,  occasionally  branching,  leafy:  leaves  rather  rigid,  pinnately 
or  sometimes  even  almost  bii)innately  parted,  more  prickly  :  heads  large  and  broad 
(about  two  inches  higli)  :  scales  of  the  involucre  very  numerous,  closely  apjjressed, 
all  but  the  imier  ones  iirm-coriaceous,  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  and  rather 
abruptly  tipped  with  a  short  rigid  cusj)  or  jirickle  :  corollas  apparently  puiple,  fo\ir 
of  the  lobes  much  higher  united,  the  other  longer  than  the  throat.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  40. 

Hills  at  Oakland  and  ilsewiiere  near  San  Knuuasco,  Jlolandiu;  Kclhxjii.  In  Holamlci's  si.eeimen.s 
tlie  heads  are  naked-iiedmieled  ;  the  outer  .scales  very  rigid,  with  thinnish  and  erose-ciliolalo 
margins,  the  outermost  very  short  and  almost  ovate,  all  merely  mucronate  or  (fusi)idate-tini)ed. 
Dr.  Kellof,'f,''s  speeimeiis,  pi'oliably  from  le.ss  exposed  ground,  have  less  rigid  loliaf'e,  and  iuvohicie- 
seales  more  like  those  ot  U.  Jhumiiwndii,  less  abruptly  tipped  with  a  short  rigid  prickle. 

*  *    Taller  species,  u'ith  jiermanently  and  densely  white-woolly  leaves,  at  least  under- 

neath, sometimes  becominy  yreeii  and  naled  above. 

+-  Involucre  ylobular,  of  Jirm  or  thick-coriaceous  closely  appresstd  scales,  tippied  wUh 

an  abrujit  spreadiny  prickle :  jlowers  purple,  sometimes  cream-color  or  white. 

3.  C.  Breweri,  Cray,  1.  c.  Tall  (4  to  10  feet  high),  branching,  white- woolly  : 
leaves  elongated  and  ])innati{id  :  heads  numerous  and  panicled,  rather  small  (an 
inch  or  kss  long)  :  involucre  at  first  cobwebby  ;  the  outer  scales  short  and  bioadish, 
the  back  marked  with  a  greenish  or  ])urplish  thickenetl  and  somewhat  glutinous  or 
glanduhir  spot  at  the  blunt  tip,  which  bears  a  weak  prickle  :  lobes  of  the  corolla 
shorter  than  the  throat :  anther-tips  almost  obtuse. 

In  a  canon  near  San  .Tuan,  Monterey  Co.  (Brewer)  :  and  in  swamps  and  moist  grounds  of 
Strawberry  Valley  near  Mt.  Shasta  (Brewer),  also  in  Mendocino  and  liumboklt  Counties  (Bulan- 
der,  KelUxjii  and  Jfur/oril)  :  near  Car.son  City,  Nevada,  .Indcrson.  The  tall  growth  and  tlio 
deltoid  almost  blunt  tip  to  the  anther-appendages  mark  this  si)ecies. 

4.  C.  undulatus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Iiather  low  (a  foot  or  two  liigh),  white-woolly  : 
leaves  rarely  bticoming  naked  above  :  heads  solitary  or  few  (from  1  to  2  inches 
long)  :  involucre  nearly  as  in  the  last  or  .sooner  naked,  with  or  without  the  viscid 
or  greeiush  spot  or  cievated  line  at  the  tip  :  lobes  of  the  'corolla  as  long  as  the 
throat:  anther-ti])s  very  sharp-pointed.  —  Cirsium  undulatum  (Spreng.),  C.  Douy- 
lasii  (DC),  an<l  C.  hreuifolium,  Null. 


Cnicus.  COM  POSI  TyE.  419 

Var,  ochrocentrus,  Gray.  Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  and  exceedingly  armed 
with  slender  yellowish  prickles:  scales  of  the  involucre  broader  and  flatter,  destitute 
of  glutinous  spot  or  ridge,  and  armed  with  a  long  and  rigid  prickle.  —  Cirsixim 
ochrocentrum,  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  110. 

Open  grounds,  from  tlie  upper  Mississippi  and  from  Texas  to  the  coast  of  Oregon,  from  wliicli 
the  ordinary  form  probably  extends  into  the  northern  i)art  of  California.  Var.  ochrocaUrus,  a 
mostly  southern  variety  nflecting  arid  districts,  generally  very  distinct  in  character,  reaches  the 
Hiorra  Ncwadii  at  Silver  Mountain,  wlioro  it  was  collected  by  Prof.  Jimvcr. 

•k-  4-  Involucre  narrower,  hemming  cam paunlate  or  ci/llnt/rareoiin ;  tin  nca lea  fewer  and 
less  closely  imbricated,  thinner  and  chartac.eons,  (/raduall//  longer,  more  tapering 
into  the  j^rickle  or  prickly  point  :  floivers  carmine  or  purple-red  :  antlier-tips  merely 
acute. 

5.  C.  Arizonicus,  Gray,  1.  c.  White-woolly,  leafy  to  the  top,  2  to  4  feet  high, 
branching  and  bearing  several  short-peduncled  or  sessile  heads  :  leaves  lanceolate, 
pectinately  toothed  or  ])innatilid,  slender-s])iny  :  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate- 
oblong,  the  next  lanceolate  and  rather  abruptly  narroweil  into  a  prickly-tipped 
acumination  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  throat :  stigmatic  tip 
of  the  style  short. 

Common  in  Arizona  and  S.  Utah  ;  most  likely  inhabiting  the  southeastern  borders  of  our  Sbite. 
Heads  1^  to  2  inches  long,  apparently  oblong  or  cylindra(;eous  before  exiiansion,  the  involucre 
becoming  campanulate.  "Flowers  bright  carmine"  or  "bright  red-purple."  Filaments  spar- 
ingly hairy  or  sometimes  almost  glabrous.  Anther- tips  remarkably  blunt.  Stigmatic  summit 
of  the  style  only  half  a  line  or  in  age  a  line  long  alwve  the  manifest  node,  much  shorter  than  in 
any  other  of  our  indigenous  North  American  species. 

6.  C.  Andersonii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Blonder,  2  or  3  f(^ot  high,  sparsely  ](>uved,  the 
white  wool  ratiicr  cobwebby  and  deciduous:  leaves  mostly  pinnatilid  and  moder- 
ately prickly-toothed  :  heads  nakod-peduncled  :  scales  of  the  campanulate  involucre 
less  unequal  and  in  fewer  series  than  in  any  of  the  foregoing,  somewhat  loo.se ;  tho 
outer  rather  narrowly  lanceolate  and  the  succeeding  more  subulate,  gradually  taper- 
ing into  a  short  prickly  point ;  the  innermost  very  long  and  slender  :  lobes  of  the 
corolla  not  longer  than  the  throat. 

Sierra  Nevada,  from  Tulare  Co.  to  Carson  City  and  Donner  Lake,  Ander.ion,  Torrcy,  Bo- 
Inndcr.  Head  2  inches  long.  Flowers  crimson-red.  Tips  of  the  appendnges  of  the  anthers  trian 
gular,  either  acute  or  acutish.  Stigmatic  tip  to  the  stylo  filiform  and  moderately  elongated  ; 
node  obsolete. 

§  2.  Scales  of  the  involucre  of  almost  equal  or  moderately  vnrqnal  length,  nil  hut  the 
innermost  tapering  gradually  into  a  long  marginless  and  mostly  greenish  and 
spreading  or  ascending  usually  spiny-tipped  acumination. 

*  Heads  large  (mostly  2  inches  high)  :  flotvers  crimson :  involucre  densely  long-icnolly 
when  young ;  the  scales  tapering  gradually  from  a.  short  coriaceous  oppressed  ba.ie 
into  long  and  slender  but  rigid  spreading  spinescent  tips. 

7.  C.  OCCidentalis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Very  wliito  witli  long  and  dense  won),  2  to  T) 
ftiet  high,  stout  :  leaves  lanceolate  and  tho  lowest  oblong,  siiuiato-piiuiatiliil  or  the 
upper  merely  toothed,  rather  weak-prickly,  the  upper  surface  often  bocoming  naked 
with  age:  involucre  globose;  its  scales  with  very  long  and  slender  rigid  mostly 
subulate  or  almost  needle-shaped  and  merely  prickly-pointed  tips,  the  lowermost 
nsually  widely  spreading  :  corollas  bright  crim.son  or  purple-red,  regularly  deleft ; 
the  lobes  one  and  a  half  to  twice  the  length  of  the  throat  :  tips  of  the  anther-append- 
ages triangular-acuminate.  —  Cardans  orridenfalis,  Nutt.  I.e.,  with  orronenua  char- 
acter.     Cirsivm  Cov/teri,  (\ ray,  J'l.  "Wright,  ii.  110;  J'latou  in  Mot.  King  I'Ap.  11)5. 

Open  grounds,  not  rnre  apparently  throughout  the  State,  and  witliin  the  iKirders  of  Nevada. 
A  striking  species,  with  its  white  cottony  wool,  and  inigo  and  brond  licids  of  biiglit  red  flowci-s. 
Heads  2  inches  high,  or  sometimes  considerably  less.  Sciijcs  of  the  invobn-ie  an  inch  and  a  lialf 
or  less  in  length,   mostly  letaining  the  dense  and   long  cobweblty  wodl.      I'Mnwrrs  mi  incli  and  a 


^20  COMTOSITJ-;.  Cjiirns. 

liair  long  in  the  larger  heads.  Stignuitic  tip  of  the  style  naked  and  ratiier  short.  This  jiioves  to 
Ijc  Nuttall's  Cardiiua  occidental  in,  and  this  specitic  name  may  well  be  used  in  the  changes  u( 
nomenclature  rendered  necessary  by  the  adoption  ol"  the  generic  name  Onicus.  As  in  several 
species  ol'  the  genus,  some  of  the  outermost  pa[)pus  wants  the  plumes,  but  in  the  rest  it  is  as  con- 
spicuous and  the  bristles  as  stout  and  numerous  as  in  most  Thistles. 

*  *  Heads  smaller  (not  over  an  inch  and  a  half  high)  :  Jiowers  ivhite,  a'eam-colur,  or  in 
one  species  pxirple  :  herbage  and  involucre  less  densely  white-woolly,  or  naked  with  age. 

+-  Scales  (if  the  involucre  ratlier  rigid,  with  broadish  appiressed  coriaceous  base,  taper- 
ing into  pungenllg  spiny-pointed  tips;  the  outer  somewhat  shorter  and  spreading. 

8.  C.  Andrewsii,  (imy,  1.  c.  At  leatj,th  green,  tlu>  thin  and  loose  cobwebliy 
wool  boiug  ilucidiioua,  uppurontly  tiill  ami  panieulutuly  branched  :  cauline  leaves 
lanceulute  uuil  luciiiiate-iiiuniitilid  :  involucre  very  cobwebby:  lubes  of  tlie  equally- 
clel't  (apparently  wliito  or  whitish)  curolla  about  twice  the  length  of  the  tliroat  : 
anther-tips  triangulur-ucutc. 

Founded  on  a  single  sjjecinien,  collected  by  Dr.  Aiulrcws,  probably  not  far  from  San  Francisco 
or  Sacramento  ;  dittering  from  the  following  in  the  lengtli  of  the  corolla-lobes  (3  or  4  lines) 
compared  with  the  throat  (1^  to  2  lines)  ;  the  whole  corolla  luirdly  an  inch  long. 

y.  C.  Californicus,  (Jray,  1.  c.  Kather  loosely  white-woolly,  at  least  when 
young,  2  to  5  leet  high  :  leaves  either  sinnatuly  or  deeply  pinnatilid  ;  involucre 
more  or  less  cobwebby,  or  at  length  almost  nuked  :  lobes  of  the  white  or  cream- 
colored  corolla  shorter  (the  four  jnore  united  often  nuich  short(;r)  than  the  tiiroat. 
—  Cirsiurit  Calij'ornicuin,  Gray  in  Pacif.  li.  IJep.  iv.  112. 

Dry  ojien  ground,  from  the  Stanislaus  River  {Biijclow)  to  Santa  Clara  Co.  (Brewer),  and  near 
San  Diego  {Cuupr/r,  Cleveland)  :  apparently  in  other  parts  of  the  State  and  the  borders  of  Nevada, 
in  varying  forms. 

+-  +-  Scales  of  the  involucre  thinner  and  less  rigid,  looser  and  more  sle)ider  from  the 
base  ;  the  outer  only  tveakly  prickly-pointed. 

10.  C.  edulis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Loosely  coljwebby  when  young,  soon  green  :  stem  .'i 
to  8  feet  high,  rathcir  sucxulent  and  tender,  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  rather  few 
more  or  less  paniclud  or  clustered  heads  :  leaves  thin,  mostly  only  sinuate-pinnatiiid 
and  obtuse  :  involucre  very  uobwobby  when  y(jang,  mostly  innocuous  :  corolla  pur- 
ple (perhaps  sometimes  whitish),  slender,  ecjually  or  somewhat  unequally  5-cleft ;  the 
lobes  becoming  nearly  filiform  with  a  thickened  ti|»,  considerably  shorter  than  the 
throat.  —  Cirsium  edule,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Wet  or  shady  jihiccs,  especially  in  IJcdwoods,  from  San  Francisco  Hay  northward  thruugli 
Oregon  to  Ihiti.sh  Columbia.  The  stems,  stripped  of  iiurU  and  leaves,  are  said  to  Ik^  ciilrn  niw 
by  the  Oregon  Indians  ;  whentre  the  name  of  the  species. 

11.  C.  remotifolius,  Gray,  1.  c.  Tall  (3  to  8  feet  high),  sparsely-leave<l, 
especially  tt)wurds  the  naked  ])anicle,  scarcely  or  lightly  woolly,  except  the  under 
side  of  the  leaves,  which  also  is  commonly  white  but  sometimes  naked  with  age  : 
leaves  mostly  pinnately  parted  into  lanceolate  or  linear  prickly-tip])ed  and  spinulose- 
edged  divisions  :  involucre  lightly  col)webby  when  young,  at  length  nearly  naked  ; 
its  scales  all  slender  and  thinnish,  linear-attenuate  and  mostly  equal  in  length, 
loosely  ascending,  slightly  and  weakly  prickly-])ointe(l  :  corolla  yellowish-white; 
three  or  four  of  the  l<dies  uniteil  higjier  up,  shorter  than  the  throat.  Carduus 
remotifolius,  llook.      Cirsium  rcmotifoliiim,  DC      C.  stenolepidum,  Mvitt.  I.  c. 

Low  grounils  along  streams,  in  Oregon,  and  south  to  Humboldt  Co.,  California,  Kclluycj  and 
Harfurd.     A  well-marked  species,  although  the  name  is  not  always  ai)propriate. 

§  3.   Scales  of  the  globular  involucre,  or  most  of  them,  with  a  dilated  and  erosely  lacer- 
ate or  cut-fringed  scarious  appendage.      (Echinais,  Cass.,  DC.) 

12.  C.  carlinoides,  Schraidc,  var.  Americanus,  (iray.  A  foot  or  two  high, 
branching:  leaves  sinuately  or  sometimes  dtteply   pinnatilid,  more  or  less  prickly, 


Cnihruira.  COMI'OSIT-R  421 

wliitn  IxMicaUi  witl\  ii  rloso  coal  of  col.loiiy  wool  :  liciids  solilmv  (tif  iiirc|y  cluslcicd) 
at  l,lio  smuinit  of  tho  hmiiclics,  at  lirst  iioddiii;^'  (ulxmt  an  iiK^li  liigli):  Hcali^s  of  tlio 
involucro  iioarly  glabrous  (or  slightly  woolly  when  young,  but  wholly  (Institute  of 
jointed  hairs),  most  of  them  terminated  by  a  consjiicuous  and  pectinately  lacerate 
ovate  or  lanceolate  searious  spreading  appendage,  tipped  with  a  short  ])rickle  or 
cusp  :  corolla  une(pially  cleft,  the  four  more  united  lobes  considerably  shorter  than 
tho  throat  :  anther-tails  laciniate.  —  C.  ncariosum,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Marin  and  Mendocino  ("ounties,  Sanvtdx,  Bolandr.r,  Kdhgri,  &c.  Also  in  the  Rocky  Monn- 
tnins  of  Colorado.  Apparently  not  distinct  from  the  ("ancasian  and  Siberian  C  cariinoides, 
Schrank,  llort.  Monac.  t.  11  (Kchiiiais  car/inoidrs  k  E.  mdaiis,  ('ass.,  DC.  llort,  Genev.  t.  22), 
although  tlie  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  are  not  spinosely  fringed,  nor  so  prickly-pointed, 
and  somntinics  are  not  at  all  appendnged.  If  distinct,  Nuttidl's  name  of  srnriosus  could  be  used. 
His  description  seems  best  to  accord  with  JIail  and  Harbour's  No.  55!),  wliich  looks  very  mucli 
like  a  hybrid  between  C.  carlinoidcs  and  C.  rcmolifoUux. 

C.  Parryf,  Gray,  1.  c.,  of  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains,  is  anotlier  species  of  this  section 
verging  to  the  preceding. 

105.  SILYBUM,  Gicrtn.        Mii.k-Tuisti.i;. 

Head  many-llowercd,  with  Icafy-ljractcd  spinoso  involucro;  tho  lloworH  all  perfect 
and  fertile.  Filaments  smootii  and  raonadelphous.  Pajipus  of  stiff  and  almost 
chaffy  bristles  in  several  series,  not  plumose.  Leaves  blotched  with  white.  Other- 
wise as  in  common  Thistles. 

1.  S.  Marianum,  Goertn.  A  stout  annual,  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  large,  ob- 
long or  obovate,  sinuato  or  pinnatitid  and  i)rickly-mnrgin(-d,  clasping  :  lu^ad  very 
large,  solitary  :  flowers  i)ink-purple  or  red. 

San  Luis  Obispo,  on  rocky  hills,  and  probably  elsewhere  :  a  native  of  the  Mediterranean  region, 
introduced,  probably  through  cultivation. 

106.  CENTAUREA,  Linn.  Stau-Tiilstle. 
Head  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  with  tubular  and  deeply  5-cleft  corollas, 
some  of  the  marginal  ones  commonly  neutral  (and  often  with  their  corollas  en- 
larged) ;  the  others  perfect  and  fertile.  Involucro  globular ;  the  scales  tij)ped  or 
margined  with  spines  or  a  searious  appendage.  Keceptaclo  very  bristly.  Akenes 
mostly  compressed,  attached  by  one  margin  just  above  the  base.  Pappus  of  numer- 
ous rigid  or  sometimes  chaffy  naked  bristles.  —  Herbs  of  various  aspect  (300  to 
400  species),  nearly  all  of  the  Old  "World,  whence  two  have  reached  California  as 
weeds  of  cultivation  ;  both  species  destitute  of  the  "  false-rays,"  i.  e.  their  marginal 
neutral  flowers  not  enlarged  and  conspicuous. 

1.  C.  Melitensis,  Linn.  Annual,  a  foot  or  two  high,  pauiculately  branched, 
roughish-pubescent,  and  when  young  with  a  little  deciduous  wool  :  loaves  broadly 
linear;  tho  radical  pinnatifid  ;  caulii\o  barely  toothed  or  entire,  decurrent :  heads 
rather  small  :  most  of  the  scales  of  the  involucro  tipped  with  a  spine  which  is 
fringed  at  base  with  a  few  prickles  :  corollas  yellow,  not  enlarged. 

Old  fields  and  waste  grounds  ;  common  on  the  western  borders  of  the  State  :  intrcxluced  from 
Southern  Europe. 

2.  C.  SOlstitialiS,  Linn.  Annual,  loosely  whito-woolly  :  caidine  leaves  linear  : 
heads  larger  than  in  the  foregoing:  outer  scales  of  the  invobicre  with  .3  to  5  jialrante 
small  prickles  at  the  tip  ;  tho  micldle  ones  with  a  long  and  stout  spine  in  adtlition  : 
corollas  more  conspicuous,  yellow. 

Fields,  Oakland  (Bnfrtndrr),  San  Diego  {Pulmri),  and  i.i<dml>ly  rlsowhcrc  ncnr  th.'  ctHtst  :  a 
weed  of  cultivation  ;  introduced  from  Southern  Europe, 


422  CDMPOSIT.E.  Pcrezia. 

Tribe  X.     :MUT1SIACE/E. 

These  are  BUahialiJlorce,  i.  e.  liuve  thuii  norollaa  bilabiate,  one  lii)  inostly  3- 
tootlied,  the  otlier  2-lobcil  or  cleft,  the  lobes  or  lips  revolute.  As  the  flowers  am 
more  conuuoiily  all  pcrloi-t,  and  the  stylo  similar,  they  may  bo  conibiimled  with  tho 
Thistle-tribo,  in  which  tho  corolla  is  olton  more  or  less  two-lippeil  or  irregular.  But 
the  lobes  of  the  latter  become  revolute  in  the  present  tribe,  and  tho  receptacle  is 
never  clothed  with  a  coat  of  bristles.  —  Tho  tribe  is  most  laigcly  represented  iii 
South  America ;  oidy  one  genus  reiiches  Califorida. 

107.   PEREZIA,  Lugnsca. 

Head  several  -  many-Uowered  ;  tho  llowcrs  all  perfect.  Involucre  turbinate  or 
campanulate  ;  its  scales  imbricated,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  mostly  chartaceous.  Recep- 
tacle Hat  and  naked.  Corolla  with  slender  tube  and  bilabiate  limb ;  the  outer  lip 
mostly  longer  and  3-toothed ;  the  inner  2-toothed  or  2-cleft.  Anthers  Avith  long 
naked  tails  at  base,  and  a  lanceolate  terminal  appendage.  Akenes  elongated-oblong, 
terete  or  slightly  angled,  often  obscui'ely  narrowed  at  apex,  commonly  glandular. 
Pappus  of  coj»ious  scabrous  capillary  bristles.  —  Herbs ;  with  alternate  and  mostly 
rigid  leaves,  and  solitary  or  usually  paniculate  heads  of  {)urple  or  white  tlowers.  — 
Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  &  PI.  Wright. ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  500. 

A  genus  of  40  or  50  species,  South  American  and  Mexican,  and  a  few  within  the  borders  of  tho 
United  States. 

1.  P.  microcephala,  Gray,  1.  c  Two  or  three  feet  high,  branched  and  glan- 
dular-puberulent  above,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  thin,  oblong  and  the  upper  ovate, 
all  cordate-clasping,  with  tlie  sinus  shallow,  minutely  glandular-scabrous,  coarsely 
reticulate-veiny,  closely  .spinulose-deiiticulate :  heads  copious,  corymbose  at  tho 
summit  of  tlii(paiii(;iilal,(!  itrauclies  :  seiiles  of  the  involucre  all  abruptly  very  acute, 
l)uberulejit-glaiidular ;  tiio  innermost  a  little  shorter  than  the  10  to  15  rose-puri>lo 
Howers.  —  Acourtia  microcephala,  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  66. 

Near  Monterey  (Douglas),  Santa  Barbaia  (Torrei/),  and  San  Diego  Co.,  7>.  Cleveland,  Palmer. 
Involucre  3  or  4  or  at  lengtli  f)  lines  hi^'li  :  pappus  at  maturity  lialf  an  incli  long.  In  tlie  siieci- 
mcns  of  Douglas,  described  by  De  Candolle,  the  iiowers  are  immature. 

2.  P.  Arizonica,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  almost  glabrous  :  leaves  more 
deeply  cordatcly  or  sayittately  clasping :  heads  fewer  and  rather  smaller,  in 
cymose  corymbs  :  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse,  pubescent  on  the  edges,  otherwise 
glabrous  and  not  glandular;  the  innermost  only  half  the  length  of  the  8  to  12 
white  or  llesh-colored  flowers. — R  microcephala,  Gray  in  coll.  Parry,  Is'o.  141, 
Am.  Nat.  ix.  273. 

Arizona,  Dr.  Palmer.  S.  Utah,  Dr.  Parry.  Probably  also  No.  293  of  California  collection. 
Coulter.     Palmer's  plant  is  said  to  exhale  "an  agreeable  aroma." 

Tride  XI.     CICHORIACE/K 

Completely  marked  by  the  ligulate  and  perfect  flowers  throughout  the  head  :  the 

ligules  almost  always  5-toothed  at  the  apex.     Herbs,  with  a  bitter  milky  juice. 

Lett\ice,  Endive  (a  variety  of  tho  Cichory),  and  Salsify  {Trac/opogon  porrifoUus,  which  is  apt  to 
run  wild  around  cultivated  grounds),  are  the  common  cultivated  esculent  plants  of  the  tribe,  all 
of  the  Old  World.  The  tribe  consists  of  oO  or  60  genera,  even  as  consolidated  by  Bentham  in  the 
new  Genera  Plantarum,  and  is  fairly  well  represented  in  California.  It  is  so  strictly  natural  that 
it  is  ditlicult  to  divide  it  into  well-hmited  natural  subtribes  or  into  genera. 


Microseris.  (^ONrrOSIT.K  '  42^} 

108.  PHALACROSERIS,  Omy. 
Head  rather  many-flowoiod.  Involucre  campainilato,  of  12  to  IG  equal  lanceolate 
and  somewhat  herhaceous  scales,  in  one  or  two  scries,  their  barely  united  bases 
becoming  somewhat  dilated  and  concave  in  fruit,  occasionally  a  loose  and  linear 
subtending  bractlet.  Ileceptacle  convex,  naked.  Ligules  linear,  rather  short, 
Akcnes  short-oblong,  becoming  slightly  incurved,  obscurely  4  -  ^-angled  or  nerved, 
truncate  at  both  ends,  smooth  and  even,  destitute  of  pai)pus.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  P.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Perennial,  glabrous  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  oblan- 
ceolate,  entire,  in  a  tuft  from  the  short  and  thickish  dark-colored  rootstock  :  scapes 
perfectly  simple  and  naked,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  flowers  orange-yellow.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  3G4  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  507. 

Wet  meaflows  (Westfall's,  &c.)  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  alt.  7,000  to  8,000  feet,  .south  of  the 
Yosemite  Valley,  Bolnnder,  Torrcij,  A.  Gray.  Head  not  nodding  before  exmnsion  ;  involucre 
barely  half  an  inch  high.     Flowers  open  in  sunshine. 

100.  MIOROSERIS,  Don. 
Head  several  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindraceous  or  campanulate  ;  the 
thin-herbaceous  or  membranaceous  scales  from  linear-lanceolate  to  ovate,  either  regu- 
larly imbricated  or  mainly  in  a  double  series,  the  outer  short  and  calyculate.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  naked.  Corollas  mostly  with  a  hairy  tube.  Akenes  terete  or  rarely 
somewhat  angled,  8-10-  (sometimes  12-14)  ribbed,  truncate  at  the  apex,  occa- 
sionally narrowed  above  into  a  sort  of  neck  or  beak,  furnished  with  a  basal  callosity 
which  is  more  or  less  hollowed  at  the  insertion  ;  the  outermost  frequently  pubes- 
cent. Pappus  of  few  or  several  (mostly  5  to  10,  .sometimes  12  to  24)  awn-bearing, 
chaffy  scales,  or  slender  awns  or  bristles  with  more  or  less  paleaceous  dilated  base, 
either  naked  or  sometimes  plumose,  rarely  by  abortion  wanting.  —  Annuals,  bien- 
nials, or  some  perhaps  perennials,  glabrous  or  slightly  furfumceoii.s-pnberulent,  with 
chiefly  radical  and  often  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating 
scapes  or  long  peduncles,  commonly  nodding  before  expansion.  — Don  in  Phil.  Mag. 
xi.  388  (1832);  Gray,  Proe.  Am.  Acad.  i.\.  207.  JM/nnfin,  (Jolla  (1835).  Lrp{. 
donema,  Fischer  I'k  Meyer  (1835).  Fichtna,  Sdiultz  in  Linna-n  (1835).  Cn(at\  DC. 
(1838);  Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  121.  Phi/llopappun,  Walp.  in  Uimxxi  (1840). 
Urojyappus  &  Scorzonella,  Nutt.  (1840).  Min-oseris  &  ScorzoneUa,  Benth.  k  Hook. 
Gen.  PI.  ii.  506,  533. 

A  genus  of  sixteen  species,  all  Western  North  American,  cxcpj)tiiig  two  in  the  soutlicrn  hemi- 
sphere (one  in  Chili  and  one  in  New  Zealand  and  Australia).  De  Candollc's  name  of  Cnlni.i,  under 
which  our  species  have  become  familiar,  has  to  give  way  to  the  much  older  and  less  happily 
chosen  one  of  J/icmwri's,  to  include  also  Srorznnd/n,  contrary  to  Mr.  Hentham's  opinion.  The 
hollowed  callus  at  the  insertion  of  the  akenn  is  about  the  same  in  all,  and  the  imbrication  of  the 
involucre  passes  by  degrees  into  the  simpler  calyculate  mode.  Tlic  fusiform  roots  of  the  so-called 
perennial  8{)ecies  seem  to  be  only  biennial. 

§  1.  Fappm  plumose  and  white:  akenes  slender,  terete,  not  nttenwrte  either  towards 
apex  or  base :  stems  more  or  less  branching,  from  a  fusiform  {probably  bien- 
nial) simple  or  fascicled  root.  —  Ptilqphora,  Gray. 

1.  M.  nutans,  Gray.  iSIendor,  a  foot  or  m  high,  inoRtly  nt  length  loosely 
branched  :  leaves  entire  or  laciniato-pinnatilid  into  linear  lolio.s,  varying  from  lili- 
forni-Hnear  to  spatulate,  or  the  radical  even  oval  :  heads  8-  20-fl()wered,  on  .slender 
peduncles:  involucre  cylindraceous,  of  8  to  10  linoar-lanceolatn  gradually  acumi- 
nate principal  scales  and  a  few  short  and  lonsp  ralycnlato  ones  :  pnjipus  of  12  to  20 


424  COMPOSIT.'E.  Mlcruseris. 

oblong  small  scales  tipped  with  a  several  times  longer  whito  and  soft  pliwnoso  awn. 
—  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  208.  Scurzondla  nutans  (deyer),  Hook,  iu  jAiiul. 
Jour.  l5ot.  vi.  lin.'J.  I'ti/o/ihora  nutans,  (Jray,  Tl.  lu-niU.  113.  t'alais  [I'tilophora) 
nutans,  (iray  in  Pacil".  K.  Kup.  iv.  112.  Utepkauomeria  inteiniedia,  Kellogg  in  I'roc. 
Calif.  Acad.  V.  :5U. 

Low  or  moist  f^iouiiils,  throughout  the  Siorrii  Noviuhi,  iVoiu  Mariposa  Co.  north  to  Washington 
Territory  and  thence  east  to  Montana.  Heads  in  flower  halt  an  inch  high,  narrow  ;  the  golden- 
yellow  flowers  open  through  tlie  day.  Akenes  3  lines  and  pappus  about  4  lines  long.  The  root  is 
said  to  be  eaten  raw  by  the  Indians. 

2.  M.  major,  var.  laciniata,  (^ray,  1.  c.  Mostly  stouter  and  more  branched 
from  tin;  base,  aiul  i]\v.  leaves  in  this  variety  generally  pinnately  parted  into  slender 
linear  divisions  :  invcdiune  of  lanceolate  and  more  acuminate  scales,  which  are  im- 
bricated in  three  lengths,  the  outermost  shortest:  bristles  of  the  pappus  not  (piito  so 
plumose  as  in  M.  nutans.  —  Calais  {Ptilophora)  major,  var.  laciniata,  dray,  V\. 
Fendl.  113.      C.  gracililoba,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  48. 

Long  Valley,  Mendocino  Co.  {Kcllucjij),  and  Idaho,  on  Clear  Water,  Spalding. 

§  2.  Pappus  of  5  ^0  10  ve7-i/  long-awned  scales,  either  almost  plumose  or  naked:  akenes 
not  attenuate  towards  the  apex  and  hardly  totvards  the  base :  involucre  reyn- 
larlij  imbricated,  the  outer  scales  (jradually  shorter :  stems  simjjle  or  mostl// 
branching  :  root  fusiform  and  probably  biennial.  —  Scoit/oNKM-.v,  (hay. 
[Scorzondla,  Mutt.,  iienth.     C(dais  §  ISconondla,  (iray.) 

*  Akenes  slender,  as  in  the  first  section  :  awns  or  bristles  of  the  pappus  barbellate 

or  almost  plumose,  rusty-colored. 

3.  M.  sylvatica.  Gray,  1.  c.  Stem  a  foot  or  so  high,  rather  stout,  commonly 
simple  and  scapedike,  rarely  leafy  to  the  middle  :  leaves  laciniate-pinnatitid  or 
toothed  :  head  many-flowered  :  involucre  campanulate  ;  the  scales  all  acuminate, 
the  outer  from  an  ovate  or  ovatedanceolate  base  :  ligules  rather  long  :  scales  of  the 
pappus  0  to  10  (mostly  10),  oblongdanceolate,  considerably  shorter  than  the  slender 
awn. — Scorzondla  sylvatica,  l>enth.  I'l.  llaitw.  320.  Calais  [A nacalais)  sylvatica, 
Gray  in  Tacir.  M  K'ep.  iv.  113. 

Var.  Stillmani,  Gray,  1.  c  Dilfers  in  the  narrower  scales  of  the  involucre, 
which  are  lanceolate  and  gradually  tapering  from  the  base,  and  the  awns  of  tin; 
pappus  (sometimes  at  least)  less  strongly  barbellate. 

In  woods  or  low  grounds,  on  tlie  Sacramento  and  its  tributaries,  Hnrlwcy,  Bitfclmo,  &c.  The 
var.  collected  by  Slillnuin,  Suitiuc/s,  and  on  Mark  West  Creek  by  Bix/clow.  Peduncle  or  scape 
G  to  12  inches  long.  Head  an  inch  high.  Akenes  (seen  in  the  mature  state  only  in  the  variety) 
3  lines  long,  glabrous  or  minutely  scabrous. 

*  *   Akenes  mostly  shorter  (terete,  or  in  one  species  soinetimes  more  or  less  i-b-anylcd) : 

awns  of  tlie  pappus  only  denticulate  or  scabrous. 
+-  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  long-acuminate :  pappus  of  8  or  10  short  and  small 
entire  scales  tipped  ivith  a  very  long  capillary  awn :  stems  tnore  or  less  branching 
and  leafy  below  :  ligules  elongated. 

4.  M.  laciniata.  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high,  commonly  stout  :  leaves 
from  narrowly  to  very  broadly  lanceolate  in  outline  (4  to  16  inches  long),  commonly 
laciniate-]unnatitid  and  the  lobes  long  and  slender  :  heads  large  :  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre all  broad,  the  outer  ovate  and  abru[)tly  acuminate  :  scales  of  the  pajipus 
ovate  or  ovatedanceolate,  only  a  third  or  fourth  the  length  of  the  (sometimes  jiris- 
mati<-)  akene.  —  I/ymenonenia  ?  laciniatum,  llook.  V\.  i.  301.  Scorzonella  lacini- 
ata, Nutt.  in  Tmns.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  .ser.  vii.  426.  Calais  (Scorzonella)  laciniata, 
Gray  in  Pacif.  K.  Pep.  1.  c.  —  Passes  into 

Var.  procera.  Gray,  1.  c.  Stem  stouter  and  more  leafy,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate  or  oblong  (1  to  2^  inches  wide),  merely  denticulate,  occasionally 
laciniate  :  scales  of  the  pappus  mostly  rather  narrower  or  more  tapering  into  the 


3nrrosens.  COMPOSIT.R.  ^25 

awn,  occasionally  almost  obsoioto.  —  Hrjmenoimna  ?  ulaucnm,  Hook.,  seems  to  bo  a 
small  form  of  this.     Calais  glanca,  var.  procera,  (}ray,  Pioc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  364. 

fiH^l3/V?,r'>r"""''"  '"  ^'''«°"  towards  the  coast :  Ukiah  (A'cfhgr,)  ;  with  laci,.iate.pinnati- 
fid  leaves  but  with  narrower  papi.us-scales.  Tlie  var.  procera,  on  hills,  Sonoma  Co.  to  Mcii.iocino 
Co  &c.  {Bolamlrr  lorrcy,  KcU.hj,,)  and  to  Klamath  Co.,  Oregon,  Cronkhilc.  Pe<lunclrs  often 
a  loot  long.  Head  three  miaiteis  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  esi)ecially  in  the  variety,  which  ha.s 
It  broad  in  proportion,  and  the  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  fiom  3  to  5  lines  wide.  Corollas 
bright  sulphur-yellow.     Akenes  2  to  nearly  2^  lines  long  when  mature. 

T).  M.  leptosepala,  (Jray,  1.  o.  Mostly  in.M-n  elonder  than  thn  ])reco(linir  • 
leaves  siinil.u'ly  oithov  entire  or  laciniate-i.iiinatiii.l  :  head  smaller:  scales  of  the 
involncro  all  lanceolate  (or  the  outermost  ovate-lanceolate)  and  f^Tadually  acuminate- 
pappus-scales  about  one  lifth  of  the  leiif^th  of  the  more  slender  akene.  —  ScorzoneUa 
lepUmpala,  Nutt.,  1.  c.  (]ahm  liolnn.deri,  (Jray,  I'roc.  Am.  Ac;id.  vii  3G/)  C 
laaniata,  Gray,  1.  c.  viii.  302,  coll.  Hall,  No.  313. 

SwampsIMcndocino  and  Iluniboldt  Counties  (Bnlandcr,  Kdloc,,,):  .also  in  Oregon.  Involucre 
fiaU  an  inch  or  innrc;  high,  narrower  than  in  tlio  la.st,  as  well  as  thJ  scales  n,-irrow  and  more  taper- 
ing ;  but  the  outermost  are  .sometimes  rather  broad.  ' 

+-  -f-  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  rather  obtuse  :  pappus  of  5  two-chft  scales,  tvith  a 
jn-oportionally  shorter  axon  in  the  sinus  :  acaulescent :  liijules  short. 

6.  M.  Parryi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Scapes  a  si)an  or  two  high,  simple  :  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  laciniate-pinnatiHd  or  entire  :  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  oblon",  in 
about  3  series  :  awns  of  the  pappus  rather  strongly  denticulate,  e.xtending  to  only 
twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  2-cleft  scale.  —  Calais  Parryi,  Gray  in  Pacif  K 
Rep.  iv.  122,  ik  Bot.  Mex.  JJo.nid.  104. 

Nenr  San  Diego  Pnm/.  ITend  barely  linlf  an  incli  liigh.  Akenes  not  formed  in  tlio  sppcimen 
1  he  species  was  referred  to  the  Cahca/ais  section  on  account  of  the  pappus  ;  but  the  involncro 
reters  it  to  Scorzoiiella. 

§  3.  Pappm  of  IS  (or  rarely  fewer)  scales  or  awns,  not  plumose  nor  harhellate,  sordid: 
akenes  taperinr/  more  or  less  from  below  the  truncate  ape.r  to  the  base:  involucre 
of  mostly  equal  principal  scales  and  a  few  short  calyculate  ones  at  base :  an- 
nnals,  acaulescent,  with  simple  scapes  and  small  or  viediocre  heads.  Proper 
scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  and  leaves  either  laciniate-pinnatifid  or  entire, 
in  all  the  species.  —  Eucalais.     {Calais  §  Eucalais,  DC.) 

*  Awns  of  the  pappus  slender,  naked  and  fragile,  and  with  the  scale  at  base  nearly 
obsolete,  sometivies  deciduous  or  tvanting. 

7.  M.  aphantocarpha,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high,  rather  slender :  head 
half  an  inch  high,  many-flowen;d  :  lignles  short  :  capillary  awns  of  the  pappus 
barely  scabrous,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  iho.akcm.  — Calais  aphantocarpha.  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  552. 

Var.  teneUa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  a  span  liigh,  with  smaller  and  fewer-flowered 
heads  :  akenes  inclining  to  clavate,  the  summit  being  mostly  a  little  contacted  • 
awns  of  the  pappus  2  to  5,  with  a  distinct  chafly-diiated  bai^e,  deciduous  or  very 
fragile,  sometimes  apparently  wanting.  —  (7rt/aja  (Aphanocalais)  teneUa,  Gray  in 
Pacif.  \i.  Rep.  iv.  114,  t.  17. 

Hills  of  the  Contra  Costa  Range  near  Monto  Diablo  (Hrcwcr),  and  in  the  same  part  of  the  State 
5J|t»me/.9  The  var.  tcvella,  Napa  Valley,  in  grassy  places  {Bignlmo),  and  on  the  Sacramento, 
I'llcfi.  Akenes  scabrous  on  the  strong  ribs,  tapering  towards  the  base,  and  the  summit  also  slightly 
contracted,  but  with  no  neck  :  the  outermost  pubesrent,  fully  2  lines  long  in  the  larger  form 
The  variety  is  most  probably  only  a  depauperate  form  of  t)io  larger. 

*   *  Scales  of  the  pappus  consplcnouH, 
+■  From  oblongdanceolate  to  oblong-ovate  and  acute,  more  or  less  tapering  into  the  awn. 

8.  M.  Bigelovii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Scapes  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves 
generally  pinnatcly  parted  into  numen)U3  divisions  :  calyculate  scales  of  the  invo- 


,(2(;  COMI'OSIT.K.  .}ficn>seris. 

lucre  mtlier  luunevous  and  uf  two  leiij,'tli3 :  ukenes  short  aiul  nut  at  all  narrowed  at 
the  suniiait :  scalt-s  of  the  pappus  naked  or  }ninutely  scabrous  externally,  varying' 
from  ovaLe-lancoolato  to  oblung-lunceolate,  and  tailoring  gradually  into  a  blenilor 
longer  awn.  —  Cdlain  Jii(/etoi>u,  (Iray  in  Pucif.  II.  Kep.  iv.  113,  t.  17.  0.  Doiig- 
l((ail,  (iray,  I.  e.  I'c  Hot.  Mu.\.  Hound.  Kit,  lutt  uf  DC. 

Moist  iiliic»'8,  (ioiniiiDU  ospcciiilly  about  tlie  Hay  of  San  Frnucisco.  llciul  half  an  inch  liigh. 
Akenus  '2  or  at  niotst  2^  lines  long,  rather  turbinate  :  pajjpus  3  to  5  lines  long. 

9.  M.  Douglasii,  Oray,  1.  c.  Between  the  last  and  the  next :  akenes  more 
slender,  fusit'orui,  tapering  toward  the  summit  almost  as  much  as  toward  the  base  : 
scales  of  the  pappus  silky-villous  externally,  of  firmer  texture,  ovate-oblong  and  more 
or  less  tapering  into  a  rather  stout  long  awn.  —  Calais  DoiKjlasii,  DC.  Prodr.  vii. 
85  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  liot.  Ueechey,  361. 

California,  probably  near  Monterey,  Douglas.  As  yet  known  only  from  his  s^ieciinens.  Akenes 
3  to  3.^  lines  long,  in  shape  most  like  thos(!  of  the  seetion  Calocalais.  Pappus  including  the  awn 
fully  5  lines  long  ;  its  st:alcs  resembling  those  of  the  next  s|iecies  in  texture,  but  narrower  and 
acute  :  the  akene.s  very  dilfcrent  from  those  of  the  next  or  of  the  preceding  si)ceie8.  Hut  the 
plant  is  too  little  known. 

4-  +-  Pappus-sades  orbicular  or  vtrij  broadly  ovate,  and  obtuse  or  retuse  at  the  apex, 
abruptly  awned :  akenes  thick;  slightly  or  not  at  all  constricted  under  the  broad 
apex. 

10.  M.  cyclocai'pha,  Cray,  1.  c.  Like  laigor  forma  of  ^f.  Biyehvii:  awns  of 
the  pappus  slender,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  ample  and  (in  the  typical  form) 
mostly  glabrous  and  smooth  scales.  —  Calais  cyclocarpha.  Gray  in  Pacif.  K.  Pep.  iv. 
115,  t.  18. 

Var.  eriocarpha,  Cray,  1.  c.  Awns  of  the  pappus  rather  shorter,  and  its 
scales  consi)icuously  silky-villous  externally.  —  C.  eriocarpha.  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vi.  552. 

Giussy  plains  and  hillsides,  Napa  Valley  (Bifjelow),  and  Humboldt  Co.  {Kellogg) ;  the  latter 
showing  a  few  long  loose  hairs  on  the  back  of  the  papi)us-scales,  which  suggest  the  union  of  tho 
var.  criocnrpha  :  this  collected  at  Nipoma  {Brewer)  and  on  Monte  Diablo,  Bloomer.  The  larger 
heads  three  (piarters  of  an  inch  high.  Akenes  2\  to  3  lines  long  ;  and  the  pai)pus-scales  some- 
times nearly  2  lines  in  length,  sligiiliy  erose-denticulate  at  the  broad  summit,  more  or  less  invo- 
lute when  dry. 

11.  M.  platycarpha,  Gray,  1.  c.  Resembles  the  jireceding  :  awns  of  the  pap- 
pus only  about  one  third  of  the  length  of  the  broail  round  scale  :  young  akenes  not 
contracted  under  the  smnmit.  — Calais  platycarpha,  Gray,  1.  c. 

San  Luis  liey,  on  clay  hills,  Ptirnj.  Known  only  in  a  single  specimen,  without  full-grown 
akenes.     Scales  of  the  pajipus  nearly  smooth,  almost  3  lines  long  and  fully  2  lines  broad. 

§  i.  Pappus  not  plumose,  of  5  or  rarely  more  atoned  chaffy  scales :  akenes  long  and 
slender,  fusi/orm,  tapering  gradually  upivards  into  a  narrow  neck  or  even 
beak :  involucre  cylindraceous  or  campanulate,  of  lanceolate  scales,  the  few 
exte)-ior  ones  unequal  and  less  distinctly  calyculate  :  stem  very  short,  branching 
and  leafy  at  the  base,  and  sending  up  simple  scape-like  peduncles :  corollas 
very  short,  apparently  transiently  expanded,  at  evening  or  morning  (I).  — 
Calocalais,  Cray.     {Calais  §  Calocalais,  DC.) 

*  Scales  of  the  papjms  only  5,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  abruptly  awned  from  a  notch 
caused  by  the  early  sj>litting  of  the  apex  of  the  scale  :  leaves  linear,  mostly  narrow, 
either  laciniate-pnnnatifid  or  entire:  root  annual,  slender. 

12.  M.  Lindleyi,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  two  high  :  pappus  rusty-brownish  ;  its 
scales  about  the  length  of  the  beakless  but  somewhat  contracted  akene,  scabrous- 
puberulent  externally,  oblong-lanceolate,  their  midrib  continued  beyond  the  (at  first 
.shallow)  notch  into  a  rather  stout  scabrous  awn  of  nearly  its  own  length.  —  Calais 
Lindleyi,  DC,  1.  c. 


Slephanomerid.  COMPOSIT/K.  427 

ApparcTitly  not  uncomnion  tlirongli  the  western  jmrt  of  tlm  Stsito,  down  to  Sun  l)inp;o  (Cleve- 
land) ;  mixed  with  the  next  in  collections,  and  generally  confounded  with  it. 

13.  M.  linearifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  H[vAn  or  two  liigli,  oitlun'  slciidcr  or  the  long 
scape-like  i)e(luiicle  thickening  vipwanls  :  leaves  wluai  young  Ronictinics  lightly 
pubescent  or  villous-ciliate  :  pappus  bright  white  ;  its  scales  etpialling  or  shorter 
than  the  more  or  less  beaked  akcne,  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  bearing  a  very  slender 
sliort  awn  from  the  deep  notch.  —  Calais  linearifolia,  DC.  1.  c,  cxcl.  syn.  Uro- 
pappns  linearifolim  Sc  U.  (jramlifiorus,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Plains  and  low  grounds,  conunon,  extending  eastward  to  Nevada  nUd  New  Mexico.  Varying 
much  in  size  and  in  the  number  of  flowers  in  the  head  :  this  from  half  an  inch  (in  depauiwrato 
plants)  to  fully  an  inch  long.  Akenes  4  or  5  lines  long,  slender,  some  of  them  merely  uuich 
tapering  upwards,  some  very  distinctly  beaked.  Delicate  awn  of  the  pappus  from  one  fourth  to 
less  than  half  the  length  of  the  silvery-white  scale. 

14.  M,  macrochceta,  (Iray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  so  high  :  pappus  probably  white  ; 
its  scales  oblong,  much  shorter  than  the  beaked  akeno  and  the  very  slender  awn 
which  rises  from  a  deep  notch.  —  Calais  macrocha;ta,  <.!my,  PI.  Fendl.  112,  it 
IVif.  K.   Rop.  iv.   113. 

Near  San  Francisco,  Bi'jclow.  Known  only  from  Higelow's  inunnturo  appcimons,  and  from  tlio 
original  ones  collected  on  the  northeastern  borders  of  Oregon  by  Mr.  Spnldiuij :  also  a  poor 
specimen  ticketed  by  Nuttall  "  Uropappus  grand,iJIorus,  8an  Diego,"  given  by  him  to  Mr. 
Durand. 

*   *  Scales  of  the  pappus  20  to  24,  slender  and  awn-like,  tapering  r/radnalli/  into  a 
true  aivn  :  root  apparently  perennial,  or  perhaps  biennial. 

15.  M.  troximoides,  Gray.  Nearly  acauloscont :  leavon  narrowly  linear,  entire, 
tliickish:  scapo  about  a  foot  high:  j)appus  white,  longor  than  thn  akoiie,  which  \^ 
fusiform,  smooth,  gradually  tapering  toward  the  summit,  but  not  beaked.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  ix.  211. 

California,  No.  600  of  Kellogg  and  Harford's  distribution  :  probably  from  Humboldt  Co.  A 
remarkable  plant,  between  Microscri.t  and  Troximon.  Also  in  Maho  {Spaldivg)  and  Montana. 
Head  in  fruit  an  inch  long,  narrow  :  corollas  not  seen.  Akenes  4  lines  long.  Pappus  two  or 
more  series  of  awn-shaped  scales,  a  quarter  of  a  line  wide  at  base  aiul  to  the  middle,  thence 
tapering  into  the  merely  scabrous  rather  rigid  aAvn. 

110.  STEPHANOMERIA,  Nutt. 
Head  3-12-flowered.  Tnvolucro  cylindrical  or  rarely  campanulato,  of  a  scries  of 
linear  equal  scales  and  some  short  calyculate  ones  nt  base,  rarely  with  some  inter- 
mediate ones  so  as  to  be  morq  or  less  imbricate.  Receptacle  Hat,  naked  (in  one 
anomalous  species  alveolate).  Akenes  oblong  or  short-linear,  mostly  columnar  and 
strongly  5-ribbed  or  angled,  glabrous,  often  rugose,  truncate  at  both  ends,  the  broad 
base  hollowed  at  the  insertion,  the  apex  rarely  somewhat  narrowed  into  a  neck. 
Pappus  white,  a  single  series  of  (5  to  25)  more  or  less  rigid  bristles,  which  are  plu- 
mose for  their  wliolo  length  or  at  the  upper  part,  occasionally  8on\ewhat  chaffy-dilated 
at  base.  —  Pnnicnlately  branching  and  usually  slender  glabrous  herbs  (all  W.  North 
American) ;  with  narrow  leaves  (the  upper  diminished  to  scales  or  bracts),  and 
small  heads  of  pink  or  flesh-colored  flowers,  open  in  the  early  morning.  —  Nutt.  in 
Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c.  ;  "Renth.  «k  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  533,  pxcl.  Ixafiiifnipiin. 

§  1.  Heads  small:  pappim  of  5  to  15  riqid-  hrintles  irith  more  or  lr.1,0  srah-like 
dilated  base,  or  even  scale  like  throurfhovt,  plumose  towards  the  xummit.  — 
Hemiptiuum,  Gray.     [IlemiptHiiim,  Gray  in  Rot.  Mex.  P>ound.  105.) 

1.  S.  Schottii,  Gray.  Resembles  the  next,  and  with  similar  5 -flowered  heads: 
pappus  of  5  or  6  linear-lanceolate  and  blunt  rigid  scales  or  srarionsly  margined  awns, 


428  CUMPOSIT.E.  Sttphaiwmeiia. 

which  are  ratlier  shorter  than  the  minutely  scabrous  akenes,  naked  below,  and 
sparingly  baibellate-pluniose  towards  tlie  summit.  —  Ilemiptilium  Schottii,  Gray, 
in  Bot.  Mex.  i>ound.  105. 

Oil  the  Gila,  Schott,  tlicreloie  beyond  tlie  limits  ol"  Califoinia,  but  likely  to  occur  on  the 
ColoiHilo. 

2.  S.  pentachaeta,  Kutun.  A  loot  high,  probably  annual,  excessively  brancheil, 
paniculate  :  lower  leaves  linear  and  sometimes  runciiiate-toothed  ;  upper  reduced  to 
minute  scale  like  bracts  :  heails  3  or  4  lines  long,  5-rtowered  :  involucre  of  about  5 
principal  scales  :  akenes  oblongdinear,  columnar,  truncate  at  both  ends,  slightly 
narrowed  only  at  ba.se,  rugosci-tuliercled  betweiai  the  angles  :  pappus  ol"  T)  slender 
rigid  bristles,  loiigca-  than  the  akene,  sparingly  ])ectinate  at  the  somewhat  dilated 
base,  thence  nakeil  to  the  middli',,  above  rather  copiously  jilumose.  —  ]>ot.  King 
Exp.  I'J'J,  t.  20. 

Tnickee  anil  Humboldt  Valleys,  Nevada  {JFatson):  piolmbly  reaching  the  borders  of  the  State. 
Perhaps  a  form  of  the  next,  with  a  diminished  number  of  bristles  to  the  pap^ms. 

3.  S.  exigua,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  two  high,  paniculattdy  and  difTusely  much 
branchetl  liuui  an  amiual  ruot  :  radical  and  lower  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, runcinate-pinnatihd  or  toothed  ;  the  ujiper  slender  and  mostly  entire  exce|)t  at 
the  partly  clasiiing  base  ;  tho.se  of  the  branchlets  reduced  to  minute  and  obtu.se 
bracts  :  heads  3  to  5  lines  long,  3- U-Uoweretl  :  akenes  and  jtappus  as -in  the  preced- 
ing, but  the  latter  of  more  numerous  bristles,  "usually  3  from  each  angle  of  the 
akene,  and  with  their  slightly  dilated  bases  commonly  united."  —  Eaton,  1.  c.  1U8, 
t.  20,  fig.  6,  7.     Jlemipiilium  Bi(jelovii,  Gray,  1.  c. 

Near  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper),  to  Sierra  Co.  (Lemmun),  and  Carson  City  {Anderson,  &c.)  ;  thence 
through  Nevada  and  New  ilexico  to  the  borders  of  Texas. 

§  2.  Heads  mostli/  small:  bristles  of  the  pappus  \2  to  25,  slender  and  plumose 
throuff/iout :  receplade  completely  naked.  —  SriiPHANOMEiiiA  proper. 

*  Involucre  narrow,  []-H- flowered,  most  commonly  6-Jiowered,  its  outer  scales  all 
short  and  catyculatc. :  branches  striate,  slender  and  naked;  their  leaves  vsnally 
reduced  to  small  bracts :  tower  leaves  linear  ;  the  radical  ones  yenerally  runcinate- 
pinnatijid. 

4.  S.  paniculata,  Nutt.  Stem  erect  from  an  annual  root,  1|  to  3  feet  high, 
with  rather  simple  ascending  virgate  branches,  along  which  the  short-pedicelled 
heads  are  commonly  racemose-panicled  :  involucre  3  or  4  lines  long  :  akenes  mure 
or  less  rugose  or  tubercidate  between  the  narrow  ribs.  —  Eaton,  1.  c.  iig.  5.  S.  vir- 
(jata,  T>eiith.  ]>ot.  Suljih.  32. 

Hills  and  plains  (  common  through  the  State  and  in  Nevada.  There  are  two  forms  as  to  the 
akenes;  one  shorter  and  thicker,  with  narrowed  base,  and  usually  strong  and  numerous  rugosities 
between  the  distant  ribs,  as  figured  by  Prof.  Eaton  in  the  Botany  of  King's  exploration  :  this  is 
S.  vircjata,  Benth.,  and  is  the  common  Californian  form,  with  the  heads  disposed  to  be  si)icate- 
racemose  along  the  rather  rigid  virgate  (sometimes  .somewhat  pubescent)  branches.  The  other 
form  has  narrower  akenes,  like  those  of  S.  cxiyua,  with  slight  distinct  tubercles  in  place  of  the 
strong  rugosities  ;  and  the  heads  are  more  panicled.  Ai)parently  these  characters  do  not  always 
coincide  or  hold  out.   ' 

5.  S.  minor,  Nutt.  Low  :  stems  paniculately  and  loosely  much  branched  from 
a  perennial  root,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  ;  tlio  slender  and  somewhat  rush  like 
branches  terminated  by  the  heads  :  involucre  4  to  G  lines  long  :  akenes  with  broad 
and  strong  (at  length  minutely  scabrous)  ribs  having  narrow  grooves  between, 
columnar  or  slightly  narrowed  at  the  summit.  —  aS".  7ninor,  heterophylla,  tk  rnncinata, 
Nutt.  1.  c.  Prcnanthes  (!)  tenuifolia,  Torr.  Lyi/odesmia  minor,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  205, 
t.  103.     Jamesia.  paucljhra,  Nees  in  Neu-wied,  Trav. 

Dry  jdains,  along  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Bolanda;  Torrey)  to  Oivgon  and  to 
the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  A  New  Mexican  form  of  the  .species  has  narrower, 
almost  smooth,  and  more  tapering  akenes. 


linjln  exii  11  id.  (_<0  M  I'os  I T  /!<: 


42!) 


a  MViuo,;r_^i,A,  Eaton,  1.  c  t.  20,  of  Nortliwoston.  Utali,  is  a  more  simpler  i.nr.nnial  species, 
with  aiiialldr  3-iloweml  heads  ;  ami  l>-^>v.3, 

a.  TiiuiinKUI,  (Imy,  PI  Thurb.,  a  larRer-flowere.!  annual  or  biennial  of  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico.      Iheso  are  the  only  recognized  species,  besides  those  here  described. 

*  «  Involucre  broader,  about  1 0-floivered,  and  with  some  outer  locales  of  intermediate 
length  :  stem,s  leafy  to  the  top  ;  the  short  peduncles  mostly  naked. 
6.  S.  lactucina,  Gray.  .Stoms  a  span  or  two  lii^Mi  from  a  perennial  root 
cnryinhosely  l)ranclH!<l  :  loaves  linear  or  hmceolatc,  nuicinatcdenlienlato  or  entire' 
elongated  :  mvolncm  half  an  in.-h  long,  of  C,  to  'J  inner  scales,  a  few  looser  calyeu- 
late  ones,  and  one  or  two  of  intermediate  length  and  diameter  :  akenes  oblong- 
linear,  terete,  very  smooth,  the  ribs  slender.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  552.  " 


^  Wooded  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  about  5,000  and  6,000  feet,  in  and  near  the  Marii>osa 
se-iuoia  grove  {Brewer  Bo/andr.r)  ;  also  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  at  McCumbers  (Acw- 
>ernj),  and  pine  woods  of  Mount  Shasta,  Brewer.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  2  to  4  lines  wide 
['lowers  delicate  rose-color. 


more 


Se 

b. 

Flowers  delicate  rose-color. 

§  3.  Heads  larger,   about    \2-fl,owpred :   scales    of  the    campanulate    involucre 

numerous   and  imbricated  in  about   3  series,    the  outer  successiveli/   shorter: 

receptacle  alveolate,  and  the  margins  of  the  alveoli  fimbriolate-hirsute  :  bristles  of 

the  pappus  15  to  20,  short  plumose  for  their  whole  length.  —  Alloseris,  Gray. 

7.  S.  Cichoriacea,  Gray.     Minutely  toraentose-puberulent  when  younc^,  ri^id  • 

stem  2  leet  or  more   high,   leafy  below,  and  with  virgate  branches  naked  above  • 

leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  runcinately  toothed,  the  teeth  rigid  :  heads  somewhat 

mcemoso  or  panicled,   short-peduncled  :  scales  of  the  involucre   rather   loose  and 

rigid,  lancoolato  :  young  nkoiios  short  and  smooth  :  pappus  sordid  or  dull  wliite.  — 

Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  552. 

Near  Fort  Tejon,  Dr.  Horn  Leaves  4  or  5  inches  long  (the  lower  unknown),  not  unlike  those 
of  Cichory,  but  rigid  Involucre  fully  half  an  inch  high.  Corollas  probably  roso-color.  An 
ambiguous  i.lant,  both  on  account  of  the  involucre,  to  which,  however,  the  prece.ling  species 
Iliiil  Ime  ""    ''"P^"'''"^  ""  account  of  the  alveolate  receptacle,  the  short-plumose  pappus,  and  its 

Cn^TADEM'.iA  WiiEP.r,r,ni,  Oray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  218,  discovered  in  Southern  Nevada 
on  the  borders  of  Arizona,  has  been  recently  detected  in  N.  W.  Nevada,  by  I^mnwn  and  Cnsr  so 
near  the  border  of  the  State  that  it  may  bo  expected  within.  The  plant  has  the  a.speut  of  a  Sir- 
phnnomcria,  or  of  a  Lygodcsmia ,-  but  tiio  akones  of  the  live  (hnvc-rs  nin  severally  imrtly  enclosed 
in  the  cannato  base  of  the  subtending  scales  of  tlio  iiivolu.'re,  and  the  papi.us  consists  of  f,vo 
ngid  awnlike  naked  scales,  having  a  few  shorter  bristles  adiiatc  to  their  base,  3  to  5  on  each  side 
The  root  is  perennial. 

111.  RAFINESQUIA,  Nutt. 
Head  many-  (15-30-)  flowered.  Involucre  conical-cylindraceous,  of  7  to  15 
equal  linear  acuminate  principal  scales,  and  a  few  loose  and  shorter  calyculato  ones. 
Recej)tacle  naked,  flat.  Akenes  terete,  slender,  obscurely  5-ribl)ed  or  angled  (nearly 
smootli  and  glabrous,  or  the  outermost  pubescent),  gradually  atteiniated  into  a  slen- 
der beak;  the  broad  base  hollowed  at  the  insertion,  but  destitute  of  a  distinct  callo.s- 
ity.  Pappus  white  or  whitish,  of  10  to  15  capillary  bristles  which  ai-e  .soniy  long- 
plumo.se  from  the  ba.so  to  below  the  tip.  —  Leafy-stemmed  and  branching  glabrous 
annuals  ;  with  pinnatifid  leaves  partly  clasping  at  base,  and  rnther  lar^e  heads 
terminating  the  paniculate  branches;  corollas  white  or  flpsh-color.  —  Nutt.  in  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  429  ;  (imy,  PI.  "Wright,  ii.  103. 

A  well-marked  genus  (although  joined  to  Slephannm/'ria  by  nenthaniX  "f  two  known  8i>ecics, 
both  Californian,  and  one  exclusively  so.  The  akenes  are  excavated  at  tlip  brnnd  insertion  in  the 
manner  of  Scorzonera  and  Aficroserii,  but  wholly  want  the  callous  ai)p(>n(inge.  In  fho  fint  siiociea 
the  flowers  are  only  transiently  expanded  according  to  Nnttall,  and  the  appeai-nnoe  of  all  the 
specimens  conforms  to  this.     Hut  Dr.  Holamlnr  h.is  loun<l  th.in  o|)eii  during  tlie  whole  ilny. 


4:>U  CUMroSlT-K.  Itujintsnuia. 

1.  R.  Californica,  Null.  Eatlior  stout  niul  nnicli  branching,  2  or  3  Ibet  hiyh : 
lower  leaves  pretty  large,  oblong  ;  upper  gradually  reduced  to  small  bracts  :  invo- 
lucre becoming  thick  at  base  and  more  or  less  conical ;  its  rather  numerous  calycu- 
late  scales  subulate  anil  spreading  ;  the  j)roper  scales  1  2  to  15  :  ligules  short,  white  : 
akenes  tapering  into  a  very  slender  beak  us  long  as  the  body  :  pappus  dull  white, 
the  bristles  line  and  sol't. — Torr.  iiot.  ]\lex.  Eound.  10(i,  t.  34. 

Thickets  and  slmdy  groumls,  from  Sail  Francisco  Bay  to  Sun  Diego  ;  aoiiietiiucs  in  grain-tielils 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  :  llowering  in  spring.     Heads  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  high. 

2.  R.  Neo-Mexicana,  (J ray.  About  a  foot  high,  more  simple  :  leaves  laiiceo- 
lato  :  head  narrower,  15-  18-ilovvered  :  proper  scjiles  of  the  involucre  7  or  8,  the 
calyculato  ones  short  and  rather  few  :  ligules  rather  large  and  conspicuous,  llesh- 
color  or  nearly  whitt; :  uktsnes  tapering  graduidly  into  a  lirnior  beak  which  is  mostly 
shorter  than  the  body  :  pappus  bright  white,  of  10  or  12  more  rigid  and  uruchnoiil- 
plumose  bristles.  — 1*1.  Wright,  ii.  103. 

Sand-liills  near  Fort  Moliave  {Cooper)  ;  thence  through  S.  Utali  {Mrs.  Thompson,  dipt.  Bishop) 
to  tlie  Rio  Grande  near  El  Taso,  C.  IVright.  Head  an  inch  long,  exclusive  of  tlie  corollas,  which 
are  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long. 

112.   HYPOCHiERIS,  Linn. 

Head   several  -  many-llowered.       Involucre   oblong  or  campanuluto  :    the   scak'S 

imbricated,  lanceolate,  appressed,  the  outer  ones  successively  shorter,     lieceptacle 

flat,  furnished  with  thin  and  narrow  scarious  chaft"  subtending  the  flowers.     Akenes 

glabrous  or  merely  scabrous,  10-ribbed,  oblong  or  fusiform,  at  least  the  inner  ones 

tapering  upwards  commonly  into  a  beak.     Pappus  a  series  of  flne  plumose  bristles, 

and  often  with  some  shorter  and  outer  naked  bristles.  —  Herbs  with  either  leafy  or 

naked  stems,   bearing  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbose  long-peduncled  heads  of 

yellow  lloW(irs;  the  leaves  toothed  or  pinnatilid. —  Henth.  tt  llook.  (Jen.  ii.  519. 

A  rather  largo  gduiis  of  tlie  mountains  and  temiierato  regions  of  tlio  Old  World  and  of  Soutii 
America  (now  made  to  include  Achijrophonis,  Adansou)  ;  none  indigenous  to  Nortii  Amerim, 
hut  the  following  is  simriiigly  naturalized  in  California,  as  it  is  in  various  other  parts  of  the 
world. 

1.  H.  glabra,  Linn.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  from  an  annual  root, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  all  or  mostly  in  a  radical  tuft,  oblong-spatulate 
or  oblanceolate,  ol)tuse,  coarsely  sinuate-toothed  :  scape  commonly  branched  :  outer- 
most akenes  truncate  at  the  summit,  the  others  tapering  into  a  limg  and  slender 
beak  :  pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  which  are  intricately  plumose  below  but  nearly 
naked  toward  tlu;  apex,  and  of  some  line  and  shorter  naked  outer  bristles. 

In  fields,  near  S;iii  Francisco  and  Santa  Cruz  {Kef/oij;/,  Anderson);  doubtless  introduced  from 
Euro])e.      Ileatls  a  little  over  half  an  inch  in  length. 

113.  ANISOCOMA,  Torr.  k  (bay. 
Head  rather  many-llowercil.  Involucre  cylindraceous,  imbricated  ;  the  s(;ales  all 
obtuse,  thin-herbaceous,  with  broad  whitish-scarious  margins  ;  the  inner  broadly 
linear  and  equal  ;  the  others  comparatively  short  and  broad,  oval,  or  the  outermost 
nearly  orbicular.  Receptacle  flat,  furnished  with'  long  and  bristleform  chalf  sub- 
tending the  flower.s.  Ligules  conspicuous.  Akenes  linear-turbinate,  terete,  10-nerved, 
silky-jnibescent,  attenuate  to  a  sharp  point  at  base,  the  truncate  summit  crowned 
with  a  narrow  cu[)  like  border  or  ring.  Pappus  very  white,  of  10  or  more  rathcir 
rigid  bristles ;  the  about  5  longer  ones  (equalling  the  involucre)  long-])lumose  above 


Coiycoscris.  coMrusrjvK.  43  [ 

the  middle ;  the  others  much  shorter  ami  less  plumose  or  often  quite  naked. —  A 
single  species. 

1.  A.  acaule,  Torr.  &  Cray.  A  low,  but  showy,  stemless  winter-annual,  gla- 
brous at  maturity,  altliougli  when  young  with  sojno  whito-woollinci.ss,  which  fringes 
the  edges  of  the  short  and  ro8idat(;-tuftod  runciiiate  radi(;al  leaves  :  scapc.s  a  span  or 
less  high,  naked  :  head  propoitionally  large  (an  inch  or  more  long):  corollas  yellow. 
—  Torr.  (^  (iray  in  Jour.  Boat.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  Ill,  t.  13  ;  Eaton  in  JJot.  King 
Kxp.  197.  PtfroHtcphnnua  runciiiatHS,  Kellogg  in  Troc.  ('alif.  Acad.  iii.  20,  lig.  4, 
bailly  characteri/(Ml. 

Dry  itlaiiis  and  IiIIIh,  fioiii  Fort  Tcjoii  to  tlio  Colnrndo,  ninl  (Voiii  Sinria  Vulloy  through  Western 
Novnda.  First  t-ollectod  liy  Frtmnnl.  No  <loid)t  tliiH  is  Dr.  Kcllogg'a  ricroslcpluiniis,  but  it  haa 
no  sucli  akcties  as  are  described  and  rudely  depicted. 

114.  GLYPTOPLEURA,  D.  C.  Eaton. 
Head  8-18-flowercd.  Involucre  cylindraccous,  of  7  to  12  lanceolate  thindierba- 
ceous  and  somewhat  scarious-margined  equal  scales,  wdiich  are  united  at  base  into  a 
cup  and  unchanged  in  fruit,  subtended  by  a  few  loose  calyculate  scales  or  foliaceous 
bracts.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes  narrowly  oblong,  mostly  slightly  incurved, 
terete,  not  contracted  at  base  nor  hollowed  at  the  insertion,  with  5  thick  and 
rounded  ribs  or  angles,  which  are  obscurely  rugose,  but  on  their  sides  elegantly  can- 
cellate-sculptured,  so  as  to  present  a  row  of  pores  in  the  narrow  intervals  ;  above  a 
cup-shaped  shoulder  surrounds  the  base  of  a  short  and  thick  Cribbed  beak  or  neck, 
which  is  dilated  at  the  apex  into  a  pappus-bearing  disk  and  hollow,  at  least  at  the 
top.  Pappus  bright  white,  caducous,  of  very  numerous  and  equal  fine  and  hardly 
scabrous  capillary  bristles  in  several  series ;  the  outermost  falling  separately,  the 
inner  slightly  cohering  in  a  ring  at  ba.se.  —  Small  and  depressed  winter-annuals  or 
biennials  (of  the  iiiterior  desert),  glabrous,  many-stemmed,  forming  flat  tufts  oidy 
an  inch  or  two  high ;  the  stems  or  simple  branches  terminated  by  sessile  rather 
largo  heads  of  roso-purplo  or  white  flowers ;  the  heaves  runcinnto  and  mostly  with 
margined  jielioles,  tliickisli.  —  Eaton,  IJot.  King  Kxp.  207,  I.  20;  llenth.  t^  Hook. 
Gen.  ri.  ii.  523  ;  Gray,  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  209. 

1.  G.  marginata,  Eaton,  1.  c.  ^Margins  of  the  short  and  crowded  lobes  and 
teeth  of  the  leaves,  or  the  whole  of  the  obtuse  teeth,  Mdiito-scarious  ;  the  uppermost 
and  the  subtending  spatidate  bracts  (which  mostly  equal  the  1  Ti  - 1 8-flowerod  heads) 
pectinately  scarious-fringed  :  rays  (always  1)  small  :  akenes  minutely  cinereous,  the 
beak  rather  deeply  cupped. 

Truckee  Pass  of  the  Virginia  Mountains  and  elsewhere  on  the  western  borders  of  Nevada 
{Wnison,  Lemmon) ;  therefore  probably  witliin  the  line  of  tlio  State.  A  rurious  ami  most  inter- 
esting little  plant.  Heads  rather  over  half  on  inch  long,  bnrdiy  lising  above  tlie  rndtcnl  leaves  : 
involucre  of  about  12  scales.     Akene  2  lines  long,  besides  its  beak  of  fully  half  a  line  in  length. 

G.  SETULOSA,  Gray,  of  Utah  (Palmar),  has  fewer  flowers  and  scales,  larger  rays  (a)>jmrently 
white  turning  to  pink),  and  smaller  subtending  bracts  much  sboittrr  tlian  tbe  narrow  bead  ;  tliesc 
and  the  leaves  want  the  scarious  margins  and  slender  fringes,  which  are  represented,  however,  by 
a  slight  callous  edge  and  a  few  bristles  on  the  lobes  ;  the  akene.s  arc  quite  glabmus,  and  their 
beak  tubular  to  tbe  base. 

115.  OALYOOSBRIS,  Gn.y. 
Head  nmny-flowoml.     Involucre  double,  viz.  of  one  or  two  series  of  ('(pial  lanco- 
ojato  })rincipal  scales,  and  sf^veral  short  and  Iooho  calyculate  outer  ones,  all  scnriou-s- 
margined.      Ivecojdacle  flat :    a  persistent  cajjilhiry  bristle  suhteniling  onv\\  flower 


41)2  CD.Ml'OSIT.K.  Calycuseris. 

and  equalling  the  ukenes  in  length.  Ligules  elongated.  Akencs  soniowliut  fii.si- 
form,  5- lO-ribbed,  tapering  into  a  beiik,  the  apex  of  which  is  crowned  with  a 
scarious  persistent  cup  denticulate  at  the  margin.  Proper  pappus  of  numerous  fine 
and  capillary  white  bristles,  which  are  united  at  the  base  and  separate  in  a  ring.  — 
Low  glal)rous  annuals  (New  Mexican  and  Californian),  branching  from  the  base, 
and  bearing  middle-sized  pedunculate  heads  ;  the  leaves  pinnately  parted  into 
linear  divisions,  or  the  smaller  and  scattered  upper  ones  almost  entire  :  j)edunoles 
and  involucre  sparsely  beset  with  stout-stalked  tack-shaped  glands.  — 1*1.  Wright, 
ii.  104,  t.  U,  ife  r.ot.  i\[ex.  Bound.  106. 

1.  C.  Parryi,  fJray.  Flowers  yellow:  akenes  smooth,  slender,  with  5  acute  and 
intermediate  obtuse  ribs,  the  beak  slender.  —  Jiot.  Mex.  iiound.  1.  c. 

Mountains  east  of  Monterey,  Jnne,  Parr}/.  A  IVagnientury  specimen,  the  only  one  known, 
wanting  tlie  base  of  tlie  stem  and  tlie  lower  leaves. 

('.  Wmoirni,  Oiay,  1.  c,  the  other  and  Letter  known  species,  inhabits  the  eastern  part  of  New 
Mexico  :  it  has  iose-coli>n;(i  flowers,  and  stouter  akenes,  witli  thick,  very  obtuse,  tubereulate- 
roughened  ribs  and  thiekish  beak.  Dr.  Palmer  collected  specimens  in  Utah  witli  akenes  some- 
what intermediate  in  character  ;  and  Dr.  Newberry  found  others,  in  W.  New  Me.vico  (without 
fruit),  whicli  show  liardly  any  of  tlie  curious  glands. 

116.  MALACOTHRIX,  DC,  Ton-,  k  Gray. 
Head  many-Uowered.  Involucre  campanulate  or  cylindraceous  ;  the  scales  either 
loosely  imhricated,  or  mainly  ecjual,  and  calyculate  with  a  few  short  ones  at  base, 
lioceptacle  flat,  naked,  or  sometimes  with  delicate  and  fragile  or  deciduous  capillary 
bristles  interpo-sed  between  the  Uowers.  Akenes  short,  oblong  or  columnar,  glabrous, 
terete  and  8- 15-striate-ribbed,  or  4-5-angled  by  the  stronger  or  primary  ribs, 
little  if  at  all  contracted  at  base ;  the  broad  truncate  apex  furnished  with  a  crown- 
like entire  or  denticulate  border  or  sharj)  edge,  sometimes  evidently  re[)resenting 
an  outer  pappus:  the  ordinary  pappus  bright  white,  consisting  of  a  single  series  of 
soft  and  scabrous  or  toward  the  base  minutely  barbellato  cai>illary  bristles,  which 
are  caducous  more  or  less  in  a  ring,  and  commonly  of  a  few  (1  to  8)  outer  and 
stronger  as  well  as  smoother  more  ])t!rsistent  bristles  :  in  an  anomalous  species,  all 
the  pappus  is  wanting.  —  Herbs  (peculiar  to  the  western  parts  of  North  America) ; 
with  soniewhat  lealy  or  scape-like  and  mostly  branching  stems,  middle-sized  or 
small  pedunculate  heads,  commonly  nodding  before  expansion,  and  pinnatilid 
or  occasionally  entire  leaves. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Y\,  ii.  485  ;  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  113; 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  518  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  213.  Leptoseri.s, 
Leucoseris,  iK:   Mahtcovitris,  Nutt. 

§  1.  Invalitcre  of  numerous  hroad  and  blunt  silver i/scarious  scales,  with  only  a  (jreen 
midrib  or  centre,  re(/ul(rrli/  imbricated  in  scoeral  .series,  the  outer  successively 
shorter  and  rounder :  receptacle  beset  with  slender  jjersistent  bristles :  corollas 
white  or  at  first  cream-color,  chanyiay  to  pink  or  purple  in  dnjinij  or  fadiny. 

1.  M.  Coulteri,  Gray.  Annual,  a  foot  or  two  high,  glabrous  and  somewhat 
glaucous,  rather  leafy  :  leaves  laciniate-i)innatiiid  or  toothed  ;  tlie  radical  and  lower 
cauline  oblong  or  spatulate,  sessile  ;  upper  auriculate-clasping  and  ovate-lanceolate, 
gradually  reduced  to  bracts  :  heads  terminating  the  loose  branches  :  akenes  acutely 
about  15-ribbed  and  4-5-angled,  the  sunuuit  more  or  less  denticulate  by  the 
projection  of  the  ribs  :  one  or  two  stouter  bristles  of  the  i)appus  nearly  persistent. 
--P1.  Fendl.  11.3. 


jUnlac.olhvLc.  ('OA[?O.SIT.K.  ^oo 

First  c^llootod  by  CouUcv,  prol.nl.Iv  in  tlio  soutl.crn  pnit  of  tl.o  Slnto.  Sitmonvos  Pnss  (AV„> 
t'-'n-'  A-v'rT?;  Hiver  and  San  Lnis  OMspo,  77r..r,-.  Apparently  on  tl,.>  S.rran.onto  or  San 
Joaquin  /i<c/i,  Kellogg  Involucre  over  l.alC  un  inrh  in  dianiftcr,  not  unlike  tl.at  of  a  Xcranllu- 
mum.     Structure  m  other  respects  wholly  that  of  Malacothrix. 

§  2.   Involucre  of  narrow  and  acute  or  acuminate  scales,  slightl;/  if  at  all  scarious,  in 

2  or 'i  series.     (Pappus  present.) — Malacothrix  pro])er. 

*  Annuals:  fioivers  light  yellow,  often  turning  purple.     (Leptoseris,  Nutt.) 

+-  Head  large,  solifari/,  terminating  mostly  simple  naked  scapes. 

2.  M.  Californica,  DC.     Loosely  long-woolly  whoii  young,  sometiintvs  nearly 

glabrous  M'lth  age  :  leaves  mostly  all  in  a  radical  tuft,  laciniately  i)innately  parted 

into  very  narrowly  linear  divisions  :  scapes  ascending,  a  sjjan  to  a  foot  high  :  scales 

of  the  broad  involucre  linear-subulate,  loosely  imbricated:  akenes  narrow" minutely 

and  obtusely  striate-ribbed  (aoutish  and  with  a  minute  callus  at  the  base)  :  outer 

])ai)pus  of  2  persistent  bristles,  between  the  bases  of  which  arc  several  very  minute 

pointed  tentli.  "^ 

Var,  glabrata,  l-.aton  in  Dot.  King  Exp.,  201,  is  a  form  apparently  destitute  of 
wool,  even  when  young. 

Open  grounds,  rather  common  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego,  n>id  east  to  the 
borders  of  Nevada  and  S.  Utah,  wliere  the  smooth  variety  was  collected  hy  Anderson,  IFatson 
Jarrij,  &c  Head  as  large  as  that  of  a  Dandelion,  on  a  scape  wliicli  is  usually  naked  to  the  base' 
rarely  with  a  leaf  or  two,  and  with  a  tendency  to  bear  lateral  heads. 

+-  +-  Heads  smaller  and  paniculate  on  branching  stems  or  .scapes:  involucre  of  equal 

scales  and  a  feto  short  calyculate  ones  at  base. 

+-^  Pappus  with  one  or  more  somewhat  persistent  stouter  and  naked  bristles. 

3.  M.  Torreyi,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  rather  leafy,  nearly 
glabrous  :  branches  and  e.'^pecially  the  peduncles  more  or  lo.=!S  beset  with  some  gland- 
tipped  bristles  :  heads  rather  large  :  involucre  campanulate  and  many-liowered  : 
akenes  linear-oblong,  very  strongly  ribbed  ;  the  5  principal  ribs  almost  \ving-like, 
the  pair  in  each  interval  much  less  i)rominent :  outer  jiapims  of  4  to  8  (usually  b) 
stout  persistent  bristles,  between  the  thickish  bases  of  which  arc  minute  teeth. 
—  J'roc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  213.  M.  sonchoides,  Torr.  in  Stansbury  TJcj).  31)2;  Gray, 
ri.  Wright,  ii.  105,  in  part;  Katon  in  Jiot.  King  Kxj).  201,  not  "of  Torr.  Sc  (j'ray. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  the  borders  of  the  State;  {Aiiflrr><ov,  U'n/snn,  T^mmnn)  • 
thence  east  to  Salt  Lake  and  the  southern  part  of  Utjih.  Involucre  sometimes  half  an  inch  hich' 
generally  smaller.  °  ' 

4.  M.  Xanti,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  glabrous  or  slightly  woolly  when  young  • 
stem  scape-like  and  loosely  panicled,  a  foot  or  more  higli  :  Ip.avos  mostly  radical, 
runcinate-pinnatifid,  thin;  the  cauline  ones  small  and  with  aluumt  filiform  lobes  1 
heads  small  :  involucre  cylindraccous,  rather  few-flowered  :  akenes  linear-oblon<', 
obtusely  15-ribbed,  with  5  ribs  moderately  stronger,  the  cup-liko  apex  obtusely  6- 
toothed  :  outer  pappus  of  3  to  5  very  slender  and  partly  persistent  bristles.  — 
M.  parmjlora  (?),  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  163,  not  of  Benth. 

Cape  San  Lucas,  Lower  California  {Xnntus).     It  may  occur  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

5.  M.  Cleveland!,  Gray.  Slender,  glabrous  :  stem  mther  naked,  loosely  pan- 
icled, a  foot  or  more  high,  bearing  numerous  heads:  leaves  thin,  all  linear,  spar- 
ingly laciniate-pinnatifid  :  involucre  campanulate,  mther  many-llowered  ;  the 'scales 
green  with  brownish  or  jiurplish  tips  :  young  akenes  cylindraceoiis,  ecpiably  and 
lightly  striatn-nerved  :  outer  i)iippus  of  one  slout  bristli'  "an<l  a  crown  of  many  con- 
spicuous thin  and  white  teeth;  soft  bristhvs  of  (he  inner  pappus  disposed  to  fall 
separately.  —  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  ined. 

Near  San  Diego,  D.  Clnrhmd.  Also  Ouadnlnpe  Island,  Lower  (".ilifoi  nin,  /);•.  /s.  Vnlmrr. 
Leaves  a  line  or  two  wide,  even  the  radical  ones  seldom  over  2  ..r  :5  lines  broad,  IVoni  1  to  3  inches 


4^4  COMruSlT.E.  Muluiulhru: 

• 
long.     InvoUicro  biirely  4  lines  high.     Thu  cousiucuoiia  inuiiy-toolhed  crown  to  the  akeiic  ia  hero 
oviJontly  i)ai)i)us,  umi  of  Iho  suries  to  which  tho  stout  bristle  belongs. 

M.  FKNDi.iiai,  Oray,  PI.  Wright,,  of  New  Mexico,  is  known  by  its  rather  large  heads,  and 
dark-colored  cylindical  and  enually  15-ribbed  akenes,  with  the  cup-like  upex  entire,  and  a  sinylo 
iicrsistent  bristle  ;  in  asjicct  it  resembles  M.  Torrcyi. 

+-I-  +->■  All  the  bristles  of  the.  pappus  deciduous  in  a  riiuj :  the  border  of  the  akene  naked 
or  increli/  denticulate. 

6.  M.  obtusa,  Beuth.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  ghiLruus,  except 
some  woollineab  wlieu  young  :  stems  h>osely  paniculutely  branched,  scape-like  or 
few-leaveel  below  :  leaves  runcinate-pinnatilid,  their  lobes  and  teeth  obtuse  and 
rounded  :  heails  small  :  involucre  n.irrow-campanulate  (3  or  4  lines  long,  contain- 
ing ratlier  numerous  or  sometimes  lew  llowers)  :  akenes  obovate-oblong,  obtusely 
Jingled  by  the  5  stronger  ribs,  the  small  intermediate  ribs  either  obscure  or  evident, 
tiie  slightly  narrowed  apex  with  a  narrow  entire  border. — M.  obtusa  &■  M.  parvi- 
Jlora,  IJenth.  1*1.  llartw.  3lil,  the  latter  apparently  no  more  than  a  slender  and 
small-Uowered  form. 

Open  ground,  rather  common  from  Monterey  to  Humboldt  Co.,  and  Sierra  Valley.  In  this 
species  the  capillary  bristles  of  the  receptacle  are  often  manifest,  and  alwut  twice  the  length  of  the 
akenes,  but  fragile  or  ilcf.iduous  ;  sumetimes  only  traces  of  them  are  to  lie  found. 

7.  M.  sonchoides,  Torr.  &  (!iay.  A  sjian  high,  dilliisely  sprcMuling,  nearly 
glabrous,  sltuiter  ;  radical  leaves  runcinate-i)inuaUlid  with  tt^eth  or  lobes  somewhat 
spiniiloso-i)ointetl :  heads  larger  :  akenes  linear-prismatic,  live  of  the  15  ribs  being 
stronger  than  the  rest;  the  summit  hardly  contracted,  bearing  a  crown-like  minutely 
15-denticulate  white  boi'der.  —  M.  obtusa,  Eaton,  Bot.  King  Exp.  202,  in  part. 
Leptoseris  sonchoides,  IS'utt.  in  Trans.  Am.   Phil.   Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.   438. 

N.  W.  Nevada,  Lemmon,  1875.  Utah  to  Nebraska.  The  most  eastern  species;  but  now  de- 
tected so  near  to  California  that  it  probably  will  be  found  within  it. 

*   *     Perennials  or  sometimes   probably  biennials,  with  a  firm  or  somewhat  wood;/ 

base:  no  outer  pappus  of  bristles.     (Malacomeris  &.  Leuroseris,  Nutt.) 

+-  Flowers  yellow  :  plant  white-woolly. 

8.  M.  incaiia,  Ton:  &  Gray.  Low,  white  with  cottony  wool  :  leaves  mostly 
crovviled  on  a  (biennial '{)  crown  or  on  short  stout  .stems,  pinnatilid  :  llowering  stems 
scape-like,  a  few  inches  high,  bearing  one  or  two  rather  large  heads.  —  Malacomeris 
incana,  Nutt.  1  c. 

San  Diego,  on  an  island  in  the  bay.  Collected  only  by  Nuttall,  whoso  specimens  are 
imperfect. 

4-  +-  Flowers  white  {chanyinf/  to  rose-color  ?)  :  stems  leafy,  paniculately  branched,  a 
foot  or  two  hi<jh,  apparently  from  a  j^trennial  root. 

9.  M.  saxatilis,  Torr.  Sc  Gray.  Minutely  and  lightly  tomentose,  or  nearly 
glabrous :  leaves  lanceolate  or  tlie  lower  somewhat  spatulate,  or  those  of  the  branches 
liiuiar,  entire,  laciniate-toothed,  or  sparingly  pinnatilid  :  involucre  campaimlatc;  or 
hemispherical,  about  half  an  inch  high ;  the  short  calyculate  scales  numerous  and 
passing  into  loose  subulate  bracts:  akenes  linear-oblojig,  lO-ribbed,  crowned  willi 
an  obvious  10-denticulate  border.  —  Gmy,  1.  c.  M.  saxatilis  &  M.  commutata,  Tcur. 
&  Gray.  Lencoseris  saxatilis  ^^  L.  Callfornica,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Ilieracinni  l  Califor- 
nicuin,  DC.    Senecio  flocciferus,  DC. 

On  the  coast  at  Santa  Barbara  and  southward.  Seems  to  pass  into  the  next,  unless  the  akenes 
fm'nlsh  a  character. 

10.  M.  tenuifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  with  slender  panicu- 
late peduncles:  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  the  upper  filiform,  mostly  pinnately  parted 
into  few  divisions  :  akenes  obovate  and  with  an  obscure  nearly  entire  border. -- 
Lencoseris  tenuifolia,   Nutt.  1.  c! 


fh-epis.  COM  PosriMo.  435 

Santa  Barbara  {NxUtall),  and  in  the  southern  part  of  tlic  Statn  (Coitlkr),  to  the  valley  of  tlic 
Gila,  Schott.  There  are  no  pei-sistent  bristles  to  the  pappus,  as  is  wrongly  stated  in  the  Botany 
of  the  Mexican  Boundary. 

§  3.   Pappus  wholly  tvantinff  :   otherwise  as  in  Malacothrix  proper  :  flowers  white 
and  purple.  —  Anathrix,  Gray. 

11.  M.  platyphylla,  Gray,  1.  c.  Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  somewhat 
glaucous  :  leaves  ail  radical,  dilated-cuneilbrm  and  nearly  sessile,  almost  truncate, 
acutely  and  uno(iually  dentate  or  denticulate  :  scape  naked,  a  i"oot  or  two  liigli, 
loosely  corymbose  at  Llio  summit  and  l)earing  numerous  small  heads  :  involucre  of 
oblong  eijual  scales  and  a  few  very  short  calyculato  ones. 

Gravelly  soil  near  Fort  Mohave,  Dr.  Coo])cr.  Involucre  campanulato,  aboiit  3  lines  higli  : 
ligulcs  of  nearly  twice  that  length.  Leaves  2  or  3  inciics  long,  thin,  veiny.  The  fruit  is  as  yet 
unknown. 

117.  CREPIS,  Linn. 
Head  several  -  many  flowered.  Involucre  cylindraceous  or  campanulate,  usually 
double  ;  viz.  the  priucij)al  scales  equal,  with  some  short  calyculate  ones  at  base, 
rarely  more  imbricated,  in  fruit  often  becoming  carinato  or  boat-shaped  towards  the 
base  by  the  thickening  and  induration  of  the  midrib.  Ecceptacle  flat,  naked,  some- 
times alveolate.  Akenes  oblong,  linear,  or  fusiform,  nearly  terete  or  obtusely 
angled,  10  -  20-ribbed,  generally  somewhat  contracted  at  base  and  more  tapering  at 
summit,  sometimes  even  beaked.  Pappus  simple,  of  copious  and  white  capillary 
merely  scabrous  bristles,  which  are  either  persistent  or  singly  deciduous. — Herbs, 
of  various  habit  and  wide  distribution  (mainly  of  the  northern  temperate  regions 
of  the  Old  World),  commonly  with  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers. — Torr.  <k 
(Jray,  Fl.  ii.  487;  Eenth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  511. 

*  Minutel;/  ciiiereons-tomeutose :  stems  clustered  from  a  perenvial  mot  :  leaves  lacini- 
atehj  pinnatifid  into  narrow  lobes  or  teeth:  involucre  of  equal  linear  principal  scales 
and  a  few  short  cali/culate  ones:  akenes  fusiform,  not  beaked,  smooth,  lO-striate- 
rihbed,  as  long  as  the  pappus. 

1.  C.  occidentalis,  Nutt.  Dwarf  or  stout :  stem  a  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high, 
few-leavoil,  bearing  few  heads,  mostly  on  thickish  peduncles  :  leaves  runcinatoly  pin- 
natifid or  pinnately  i)arted,  broadly  lanceolate  in  outline,  with  the  ape.x  acute  or 
rarely  prolonged:  involucre  12  -  30-flo\vered,  furfuraoeous-tomento.se,  occasionally 
beset  with  scattered  and  brownish  bristles;  the  princijjal  scales  8  to  15:  akenes 
with  tapering  summit,  striate  with  10  even  and  strong  narrow  ribs.  —  Psilochenia 
occidentalis,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  437. 

Var.  Nevadensis,  Kellogg,  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  50,  is  a  dwarf  form,  Avith 
finely  somewhat  twice  pinnately  parted  leaves  ;  and  var.  subacanlis,  Kellogg,  is  a 
much-reduced  state  of  the  same. 

Var.  COStata,  dwarf  or  stout,  with  many-flowered  heads,  has  the  akenes  very 
strongly  ribbed,  sometimes  hardly  narrowed  at  the  summit,  sometimes  conspiruously 
narrowed. 

Var.  crinita,  from  "Washington  Territory,  is  shaggy  with  long  brownish  or 
yellowish  hairs  on  the  peduncles  and  involucre  ;  the  bristly  hair.s  in  somewhat 
similar  Californian  specimens  glandular. 

Pry  hillH,  from  Mendocino  Co.  and  flMoughout  iiorthcnstern  portions  of  the  Siorni  Nevada  to 
Washington  Territory,  Montaiui,  and  Colonido.  The  vur.  AVrdr/ivi.t/.v  occurs  at  Sunnnit,  Nevada 
Co.,  &c.  A  form  of  var.  cnstnta,  Sierra  Co.,  Lrvuiiov.  The  glandular  st.ife  of  var.  crinita,  Sicim 
and  Plumas  Co.,  Lcmmon,  Mri*.  I'ldsifer  Avirs.  The  foliage,  heads,  and  akcucs  of  this  s|>ccipa 
are  not  a  little  variable.  Nnttali  etiuld  have  seen  no  well-formed  fruit,  for  he  describes  the 
akencH  as  not  striate. 


4^j(j  COMi'USlT.E,  CVe/^is. 

2.  C.  acuminata,  Nutt.  Less  tomentose  :  stum  slender,  1  to  3  feet  hiyli, 
beuiing  an  o\)imi  cyme  ul"  iiumeroua  and  slonder-ped uncled  narrow  heads  :  leaves 
riincinately  pinuutilid  into  lanceolate  or  linear  lobes  below,  and  the  a[)ex  prolonged 
into  an  entire  tail-like  acuiuination:  involucre  5-  15-llowered,  eitlier  tonientulose 
or  glabrous,  nurrow-cylimlrical,  5  to  7  lines  high;  the  principal  scales  5  to  H:  akencs 
10-striate,  with  a  tapering  aununit.  — Torr.  in  Stansbury  Jiep.  Iil)2,  t.  8  (the  akene 
too  tapering  at  summit).  C.  ocddentalis,  var.  gracilis,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  'lO'i, 
slender  forms. 

Dry  ground,  from  near  (^lear  Lake  {Neivberry,  Torrey,  &c.)  and  Yosemite  and  Siena  Valleys 
(Bolunder,  &e.),  to  Oregon  and  Iho  Rocky  Mountains.  Akoues  generally  rather  longer  tlmn 
the  i)a[)i)U3. 

«  *  Glabrous  or  slij/htlt/  hair//:  stems  or  viostlif  naked  scapes  and  a  crotvu  of  radical 
leaves  from  a  solitari/  and  titick  probably  bieit,nial  root,  beariiKj  a  few  lomj-peduncled 
heads. 

3.  C.  glauca,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous,  except  a  slight  pubescence  on  the  young 
heads  :  leaves  all  radical,  glaucous,  oblong  or  oblauceolate,  runcinate-pinnatitid  or 
denticukite,  thickish,  hardly  petioled  :  heads  small:  involucre  15  -  20-Ho\vered,  of 
about  12  narrow  and  cipiul  scales  and  3  or  4  small  accessory  ones:  akenes  oblong, 
incurved,  slightly  narnnved  at  both  ends,  lU-ribbed,  bhorter  than  the  rather  scanty 
•  kitiiduous  |)appus.  —  Crc/iidiniu  (/laiicmn,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

I,ow  giound.s  in  nalini;  .soil,  Western  Nevada  ( /r((/«(;/i)  to  the  I'latte  :  not  yet  lound  on  the 
borilers  of  Calilornia,  luit  it  may  be  e.x|)ecte(L  Involucre  3  to  5  linea  long.  Akenes  only  2 
lines  long. 

4.  C.  Andersonii,  G»ray.  Glabrous,  or  with  some  woolly  pubescence  when  young : 
leaves  mainly  radical,  ublong-obovate  or  lanceolate,  laciniately-toothed  or  rarely  run- 
cinate-pinnatifid,  nearly  sessile  :  heads  rather  large  :  involucre  many-ilowered,  mostly 
glandular-pubescent  when  young;  the  scales  imbricated  in  about  3  series,  linear- 
lanceolate  or  oblong-linear  :  akenes  fusiform,  many-striate,  smooth,  tapering  gradu- 
ally into  a  short  but  rather  ilistinct  beak.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  553;  Exiton  in 
liot.  King  Ex[).  203. 

Low  grounds,  near  Carson  City  {Anderson),  and  a  enuleseent  form  in  uplands  (whieh  may  bo 
Crcpidiuiii  aiuhsvviis,  Nutt.).  and  Sierra  Valley  {Lciiuiwn)  :  extending  into  Nevada,  fi'atsoit. 
Heads  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long.  Akenes  a  lines  long,  including  the  beak  :  jiapims 
rather  deciduous. 

CuEPis  luiNciNATA,  Torr.  &  Gray,  is  most  like  0.  gluuca ;  but  has  a  hispidly  glandular  and 
pubescent  involueie,  narrower  akenes,  and  the  thinner  leaves  not  glaucous.  It  belongs  to  the 
Uoeky  Mountain  district,  ami  probably  does  not  approach  California. 

C.  Cooi'iCKi,  riniy,  is  the  Malacothrix  crcpoidcs,  Cray  in  Pacif.  U.  Rojt.  xii.  49,  a  snudl- flowered 
si)eeics  with  the  asiieet  of  Muhtcothriui  oUusa,  but  not  the  characters  ot  that  genus,  it  is  in  L. 
Hall's  collection  from  near  Portland,  Oregon,  and  may  perhaps  be  expectetl  m  the  northern  part 
of  California. 

■:^   *   *    Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  dwarf,  perennial :  heads  from  the  crown  avioruj  the 
radical  leaves,  or  on  scapes  hardly  exceeding  them. 

5.  C.  nana,  Kichardson.  Leaves  in  a  depressed  cluster,  rather  glaucous,  (jblong 
or  spattilate  and  lyrate  or  lyrately  toothed,  or  Bometimes  roundish  and  smidl,  the 
latiiial  divisions  being  wanting,  commonly  long-petioled  :  heads  clustered  at  the 
crown,  or  sijveral  on  a  sca[)o  or  stem  an  inch  or  two  high  :  involucre  cylindraceous, 
10  _  14-tlowered,  of  G  io  8  linear  (d)tuse  glabrous  scales,  ami  a  few  «hurt  calyculate 
ones  at  base  :  ihiwers  yellow  turning  pink  :  akenes  slender,  linear  and  obscurely 
fusiform,  not  beaked,  iinely  striate.  —  Hook,  in  Parry's  2d  Voy.  31)7,  t.  1  ;  Torr. 
&  (Jray,  1.  c. 

High  Siena  Nevada,  at  Sonora  Pass  (a  single  and  somewhat  ambiguous  specimen),  Brewer. 
Also  in  the  northern  liocky  Mountains,  extending  to  the  Arctic  coast,  an<l  in  Silieria.  The  nar- 
row heads  nearly  half  an  inch  long. 


Trorhiwu.  (^()M  rUSI'lM'!. 


437 


118.  TROXIMON,  Nult. 
Head  iiiaiiy-floworcd.  Invohicic  cainpainiliitc  or  cyliiidracoons  ;  tho  scales  mostly 
lanceolate,  imbricated  in  few  series,  tho  outer  often  loose  and  somewhat  foliaceous 
or  bract-like.  Receptacle  flat,  naked,  sometimes  fovcolate,  in  one  species  occasion- 
ally (and  abnormally)  with  a  few  chaffy  scales  among  the  llowers.  Akenes  oblong 
or  linear,  terete,  10-ribbed;  the  apex  contracted  into  somewhat  of  a  neck,  or  pro- 
longed into  a  beak  ;  the  broad  base  or  a  basilar  callus  to  a  narrower  ba.se  more  or 
less  hollowed  at  the  insertion.  Pappus  of  copious  bright  white  or  whitish  capillary 
merely  scabrous  bristles,  which  are  either  persistent  or  sepai-ately  deciduous  from 
tho  dilated  terminal  areola.  —  Acaulescent  perennials  or  annuals  ;  with  clustered 
radical  leaves,  and  simple  scapes,  bearing  solitary  large  or  middle-sized  heads  of 
yellow  or  rarely  orange  or  purplish  flowers.  —  Benth.  it  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  522. 
Macrorhynchus,  Less.,  DC,  &c.  Stylcjjjoppus,  Kymapleura,  Sc  Cryptoplexira,  Nutt. 
in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  430-433. 

A  RcuiiH  of  mwoml  simcica,  natives  of  North  Aincririi  wost  of  tlio  Mississippi  mui  two  or  tliiro 
n  South  America,  iH-ini?  now  nxlcii.lfMi,  by  Mr.  nrntliam,  to  Pinlmicc  Mmrorhwchm.  Tlio 
latter,  with  hliform  Leak  to  the  akciie,  seems  ahuiulantly  distinct  from  tho  eastern  beakless 
1.  cmpidntuvi,  whicii  onglit  to  be  regarded  a.s  the  type  of  the  genus.  IJut  T.  rjlaucum  and  T 
miraTitmcum  connect  them.     See  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  215. 

§  1.   Al-mcR  fmiform,  glabrous,  tapering  fjr  ad  nail y  into  a  short  or  rather  stout  nerved 
brnk:  pappm  persistent  and  rather  rigid:  root  perennial.  —  Notiiothoximon. 

1.  T.  glaucum,  Nutt.  AVhen  young  hirsute-pidjescent,  or  nearly  glabrous: 
leaves  varying  from  linear  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  and  with  entire  or  undulate 
margins,  rarely  laciniate-pinnatilid  :  scapes  a  si)an  to  a  foot  high  :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre all  or  all  but  the  outermost  and  shorter  ones  acuminate  :  mature  akene  taper- 
ing into  a  stout  beak  of  not  more  tiian  half  the  length  of  its  body.  —  Uot.  Mag. 
t.  34G2.      Afacrorhynchus  glancnx,  Eaton  in  Dot.  King  Exp.  204. 

Var.  taraxacifolium,  Gray.  Large  :  leaves  7  to  10  indies  long  and  some- 
times an  incli  and  a  half  wide,  from  lanceolate  to  obovate-oblong,  entire,  toothed,  or 
sometimes  pinnatifid  :  scape  a  foot  or  two  high  :  involucre  an  inch  high  ;  its  scales 
all  acute  or  acuminate.  —  T.  ta.ra.racifnl.inm,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  e. 

Var.  laciniatum,  Oray.  A  dwarf  or  small  form,  with  scapes  2  to  6  inches 
high  :  leaves  laciniately  and  runcinately  pinnatifid,  or  occasionally  entire  and  linear. 
—  Macrorhynchns  glaucns,  var.  laciniatns,  Eaton,  1.  c.  Troxivion  parvifhrmn, 
Nutt.  1.  c,  is  an  entire-leaved  form. 

Ea-stern  bordnrs  of  tho  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Carson  City  to  Sierni  VhIIcv,  in  the  alxive  two  vari- 
eties (the  var.  lacinuitum  on  Mount  Dana  and  Carson  I'ass,  at  8,000  to  11,000  feet.  Brewer,  and 
Summit,  linlnnd/ir)  ;  north  to  Oregon,  and  ea.st  to  beyond  the  Korkv  Mountains,  mostly  in  low 
grounds.  Corollas  yellow,  sometimes  turning  imrplo  in  age.  Tlie  var.  <1n,<^iicrphnhiin,  with  hairy 
n!id  larger  somewhat  foliaceous  outer  scales  to  the  involucre,  occasionally  liiw  ejmiry  Rcalcs  on  tlin 
recepiacde. 

2.  T.  aurantiacum,  Hook.  ISfore  slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  more 
glabrous  :  leaves  thinner,  inclined  to  oblanceolate  or  spatulnlc,  ofttMi  denticulate, 
sometimes  laciniate-pinnatifid  :  involucre  (H  to  9  linos  high)  mostly  of  two  series  of 
less  acute  scales,  the  outer  about  as  long  as  the  inner  and  broailer  :  mature  akenes 
tapering  into  a  slender  beak  of  nearly  or  fully  the  length  of  the  body.  —  Hook.  Fl. 
i.  300,  t.  1 04.  T.  piimiltim,  Nutt.  1.  c,  a  small  form.  MacrorhyncJiuJi  troximoidis, 
Torr.  (%  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  491. 

Meadows  or  low  grounds  :  same  range  as  the  last,  and  forms  of  tlio  two  often  confounded.  The 
only  Californian  specimens  seen  are  from  "  liear  Valley  Mejidow.s,  at  4,000  foot"  {liolnndfr  and 
KcUorjcj),  and  with  pinnatifid  leaves,  but  no  fiuit.  b'ipe  akenes  distinguish  the  specie,s  from  the 
preceding:   the  p.ippus  also  is  less  persistent.     The  coiollas  are  orange,  often  turning  to  purple. 


438 


CUMPOSIT-E. 


§  2.  Alenes  obloiuj  or  /ani/onn,  mostly  acute  or  uarroweU  at  (mst,  and  someivliat 
obliqueli/  instrlnl  hij  a  small  distinct  callus  (outermost  occasiunalii/  jmbtscent), 
i/te  apex  produced  into  a  lomj  {iLSually  very  lon(j)  and  Jlliform  or  capillary 
nerveless  leak:  pappus  fine  and  soft,  tardily  deciduous.  —  ^Iacuouiiynciius. 
(JIacrorhynchus,  I.oss.,  \)C) 

*    Root  perennial :  akcnes  either  yradually  or  abruptly  taper iny  into  the  slender  and 

Jiliforni  beak. 

3.  T.  apargioides,  Less.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  \\v^\\  from  a  long  and  ollt-n 
largo  I'ubilorm  luot,  liirsiitu  or  glabrous:  leaves  variously  pinmitilid  or  laeiiiiatc: 
scapes  slunder,  asceniling:  head  iiiiddlo,  sized  or  ratlier  suiuU :  ukenes  liiiear-fusit'irin, 
acutely  or  tlio  inner  ones  liglitly  ribbed,  nearly  e(|ualling  or  a  little  shorter  than  the 
beak. —  i.innu'a,  vi.  b()\.  liarLhausia  Lessinyii  it  Macrorhynchus  Lessinyii,  llitok. 
&  Arn.  Bot.  IJeechey,  l-t5,  3G1.  J/,  huinilis,  IJenth.  Tl.  Hartw.  320.  M.  llar- 
j'ordii,  Kellogg. 

Siiiuly  or  iiiaiHliy  groiimls  ;  coiiiiiiDn  along  the  coast,  from  Monterey  to  Oregon.  Tliia  specicH 
is  well  (lesciiiieil  in  tlie  leiuark  that  it  \i:mu\\A\sti  Apuryin.  (uUuiiiudtts  (\.  e.  Lcuntodon  aulu)nnalc), 
and  also,  in  its  smaller  form,  Kriyia  Viryinim.  Like  these  the  foliage  is  very  variable.  Involu- 
cre from  6  to  9  lines  high  ;  the  outer  scales  sometimes  more  foliaceous.  Akenes  2  lines  and  the 
beak  2  or  3  lines  long. 

4.  T.  Nuttallii,  CJi'ivy.  About  a  foot  high  :  leaves  glabrous,  varying  from  ol»- 
long-spatulate  and  laciuiate-pinnatilid  to  linear  and  entire  :  scapes  rather  stout  ami 
liead  rather  large  :  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow  :  akenes  fusiform-linear,  slender, 
llnely  and  closely  ribbed,  ecjualling  the  beak  in  length. — Proc.  Auj.  Acad.  ix.  21(). 
Stylopappus  elatus,  Nutt.  1.  c.      Macrorhynchus  elatus,  Torr.  &  dray,  1.  c. 

Meadows,  from  the  Yosemite  Valley  (Bolandcr)  to  Oregon,  Natlall,  Hall,  Ncvius,  &c.  Head 
about  an  inch  high.     Akenes  4  lines  and  the  beak  3  or  4  lines  long. 

5.  T,  grandiflorum,  Gray.  Hirsutely  pubescent  or  almost  glabrous:  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblancciolalc,  mostly  laciniato-pinnatilid,  tho  lobes  ascending  or  spread- 
ing :  scape  oim  to  2.\  feet  high  :  head  largo  {an  inch  higli)  ;  outer  scales  of  tho  in- 
volucre commonly  loose  and  foliaceous,  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  :  akenes 
short-fusiform  or  oblong,  abruptly  tapering  into  the  capillary  beak  of  several  times 
its  length.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  216.  Stylopjapjpus  grandiflorus,  Nutt.  1.  c. 
Macrorhynchus  f/randifiorus,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Var.  tenuifolium,  Gray.  ]\Iore  slemler,  and  heads  somewhat  smaller :  leaves 
pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  divisions.  —  JStylopappus  laciniatus,  var.  lonyi- 
foiius,  Nutt.  I.  c. 

Var.  laciniatum,  Gray.  More  slender  and  lieads  much  smaller  :  outer  scales  of 
the  involucre  not  dilated  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  and  variously  laciniate.  — 
Stylopappus  laciniatvs,  Nutt.  1.  c.'i 

Meadows  and  hillsides,  from  Monterey  Co.  along  the  coast  range  to  Oregon.  The  var.  teiiui- 
folium  has  been  collected  only  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory.  The  species  is  well  marked 
when  in  fruit  by  the  short  and  small  akenes  (only  2  lines  long),  with  very  long  and  capillary 
beak,  6  or  8  lines  long. 

*  *    Root  2>erennial :  akenes  abruptly  beaked  from  a  truncate  apex. 

6.  T.  retrorsum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Almost  woolly  when  young  with  soft  loose  hairs, 
or  glabrate  :  leaves  runcinately  and  deeply  pinnatilid,  tho  linear-lanceolate  lobes  ull 
turned  downwards,  the  apex  usually  prolonged  and  entire,  all  tipped  with  a  callous 
gland  :  scapes  about  a  foot  high  :  head  large  (1^  inches  long  in  fruit)  but  narrow: 
outer  scales  of  the  involucre  short  and  lanceolate,  the  inner  long  and  linear  :  akenes 
short-linear,  closely  10-ribbed,  their  callous  or  slightly  broadened  summit  very  obtuse 
or  truncate  at  maturity  ;  the  cajullary  beak  very  long.  —  Macrorhync?i}(s  retrorsus, 
Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  320  ;  Gray  in  Hot.  Wilkes  Exp.  373.  J/,  anyustifolius,  Kellogg 
in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  47,  a  small  form  of  the  species. 


Apnnjidhnn.  CONrPOSI'lMC.  .J39 

Tiioliiiniio  to  Mondocino  Counties  (//'rrr/i/v^,  liiijrlmr,  Iii)liiiiifrr),  nlso  Piscn  (AV/oj^)  ;  tlmnco 
to  tli(^  soiitlmrn  bordcia  of  Oregon  (I'ickr.rinq  nnd  Jh-nrl.riirii/tjr),  in  ojioii  iiiiic  woods,  fcc. 
UpiiiaikaMo  for  tlic  narrow  retrorsc  lohca  of  tiio  loaves,  and  tlio  nlinipt  siiintnit  to  tlio,  akrnes. 
These  are  nearly  3  lines  long,  while  the  well-formed  beak  attains  the  length  of  nearly  an  inch. 

*   *   *    Hoot  annual :  plants  moatlij  loto  and  small,  occasionally  suhcaulescent. 

7.  T.  Chilense,  (Jray,  1.  c.  More  or  less  pubescent  or  liairy  :  leaves  varying 
from  spatulato  to  linear-lanceolate,  and  from  denticulate  to  laciniato-pinnatifid  :  scapes 
Hl(>jid(M',  a  span  or  floinotiniea  nearly  a  fdot  lii^li  :  invohien^  (i  to  !)  lines  lii^li  ;  the 
scales  in  about  2  series  :  akenes  varyiuf^  from  short-obhtn^  to  fusiform  and  with 
acute  or  wing-liko  ribs,  or  the  outer  sometimes  lO-winged,  usually  one  half  or  one 
third  the  length  of  the  filiform  beak.  —  Macrorhynrhns  C'hilcnsis,  Less.  >Syn.  139  ; 
Hook.  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  vi.  256.  Af.  heterophyll as  (Nutt.)  it  M.  Californiciis,  Torr. 
I'k  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  493.  Kymaplenra  heterophylla,  Nutt.  1.  c.  ;  the  state  with  the  outer 
akenes  mostly  undulate-winged  at  maturity.  Cryptopleura  (Jalifornica,  Nutt.  1.  c.  ; 
the  occasional  and  evidently  abnormal  state,  with  some  of  the  outer  akenes  fleshy- 
thickened  and  the  ribs  obsolete. 

Open  grounds  ;  common  throughout  California  and  Oregon,  extending  through  the  interior  to 
Utah.  Flowers  deep  yellow,  expanding  but  oneo  at  midday.  A  most  variable  species,  especially 
a-s  to  the  akenes  ;  in  some  of  the  forma  agreeing  wholly  with  Chilian  specimens.  More  connnonly 
the  akenes  are  rather  shorter  and  their  beak  longer.  The  state  of  the  akenes  on  which  Nuttall 
founded  his  Cryptopleura  has  been  only  once  or  twice  met  with.  The  rugose-winged  state  is  not 
uncommon,  and  in  various  degrees,  or  affecting  merely  some  of  the  outer  akenes. 

119.  TARAXACUM,  Haller.  DANnr.i.ioN. 
Head  many-flowered.  Invohicro  obk)ng-cam])aindate,  of  thin  and  narrow  some- 
what membranaceous  scales  in  two  sots  ;  tlio  inner  equal  aiul  erect  in  a  single  series  ; 
the  outer  short  and  calyculate,  commonly  loose.  Keceptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes 
oblong  or  fusiform,  angled,  about  10-ribbed,  attenuate  at  base,  mostly  muricate  on 
the  ribs  towards  the  apex,  wdiich  lengthens  into  a  long  filiform  beak.  Pappus  of 
copious  and  white  capillary  scabrous  bristles,  nearly  persistent.  —  Acaulescent 
perennials  or  biennials  (widely  diffused  over  the  Avorld  but  mainly  northern) ;  with 
fi.stulous  naked  scapes  from  the  tuft  of  radical  leaves,  bearing  a  single  rather  large 
head  of  yellow  flowers,  open  through  tho  morning. 

1.  T.  DenB-leonis,  T)osf.  Loaves  runcinate,  the  lobes  toothed  :  outer  scales  of 
the  involucre  loose  or  redexed,  the  inner  destitute  of  a  callous  horn  at  the  tip.  — 
Leontodon  Taraxacum,  Linn. 

There  are  some  indications  of  the  Dandelion  as  an  introduced  plant  ;  but  it  is  as  yet  very  local. 
The  indigenous  state,  occuning  in  the  liocky  Mountains  and  in  Oregon, 'may  be  cxpecte<l  in  the 
mountains  northward. 

120.   APARGIDIUM,  Torr.  &  Gmy. 

Head  rather  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindraceous,  of  several  narrowly  lanceo- 
late and  one-nerved  equal  scales  nearly  in  a  single  series,  and  a  few  short  and  loose 
calyculate  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes  linear-oblong,  columnar,  glabrotis, 
not  tapering  at  either  end.  Pappus  of  copious  and  unequal  barbellat^.-denticulato 
capillary  bristles,  or  the  outer  and  smaller  ones  barely  scabrous,  all  mther  fragile, 
brownish.  —  A  einglo  species. 

1.  A.  boreale,  Torr.  &  Gray.  .Steudess  jierennial,  glabrous  :  leaves  linear  lanceo- 
late, elongated,  obscurely  and  remotely  denticidate  or  entire  :  scape  slender,  a  span 
to  a  foot  high,  bearing  a  single  middle  sizod  hoad,  nudding  bofore  opening  :  flowers 


440  CUMl'OSIT.E.  J/nruciinu. 

light  yellow.  —  Fl.  N.  Am.  ii.  474.     Apan/ia  borealis,  l>oii<;ai(l.     Ltoittodon.  horea/c, 
DC.     Microseri<i  borealis,  Sclmltz  Bip.,  ex  Herder,  liot.  kailile,  iii.  (4),  28. 

In  bogs,  Mendocino  and  llunilioldt  Counties,  Bolunder,  Kellogg.  Oiegon  to  Alaska.  Referred 
to  Leoiitodun  by  Heuthani  and  Hooker  :  but  none  of  tlie  bristles  of  tlie  i>api)us  are  either  eliafly- 
dilated  at  kise  or  plumose  ;  nor  is  there  any  true  Leontodon  indigenous  to  Anieiita,  witli  wliicli 
to  associate  it. 

121.  HIERACIUM,  Tourn.  Hawkwki;!). 
Head  many-llowcrcd,  or  soiucLimus  only  10  -  20-fio\vereil.  luvulucro  cainpaim- 
late  or  cyliiulraceous  ;  the  suilea  herbaceous  and  narrow,  the  inner  ones  equal,  the 
outer  eitiicr  i^radually  shorter  or  only  short  aud  calyeulate,  not  altered  in  age.  Iteeep- 
tticlo  Hat,  naked,  s(tiiirtiiiu's  more  or  less  liiuhrillate-tocjthed.  Akcne.s  ol)long  or 
colunnuir,  terete  or  4  -  a-angleil,  mostly  lU-ribhed  or  striate,  glabrous  und  smooth, 
the  apex  truncate.  Papi)us  of  one  or  two  series  of  capillary  rather  rigid  and  per- 
sistent but  often  fragile  scabrous  bristles,  brownish  or  sordid  in  hue.  —  l*erennial 
herbs  ;  with  merely  tootheil  or  entire  leaves,  often  coarsely  or  bristly  hairy  or  glan- 
dular ;  the  paniculate  or  rarely  solitary  heails  nutldle-sized  or  snudl  ;  corollas  yellow 
or  sometimes  white. — Torr.  &  dray,  Kl.  ii.   174. 

A  very  large  and  dillieult  genus  in  Kuro|>e,  niodcaateiy  n'|iresenl(^il  l>y  pfiuliar  s|ic(ies  in  North 
America,  and  with  a  few  andiiio  8[ie(ies  in  South  Anieriia.  'I'lie  spi:cies  of  the  westtun  side  of  the 
continent  are  peculiar,  e.\ce[>t  that  IL  Canadcn^He,  whicli  nearly  api)roaihe.s  or  passes  into  //.  «//t- 
hellatum  of  the  Old  World,  crosses  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains  into  ■Washington  Territory  and 
Oregon.     All  the  (.'alifornian  species  have  small  heads  and  a  nearly  simple  calyculate  involiu-.re. 

*  Heads  only  10-  l5-Jfowered  :  akenes  taperimj  upwards, 

1.  H.  Bolanderi,  C!ray.  Small  :  leaves  mostly  radical  in  a  tuft,  sessile,  oblong- 
spatulate,  nearly  entire,  glabrous  excei»t  for  the  long  spreading  bristles  which  fringe 
the  margin  and  at  lirst  beset  the  ujjper  surface  :  scape  slender,  a  span  high  :  slen- 
der peduncles  and  cylindrical  involucre  naked  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  corollas 
yellow  :  akeues  luUy  as  U)ug  as  the  jjuppus.  —  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  3(55. 

On  Red  Mountain,  Mi^ndocino  Co.,  Buhnukr.  Heads  2  to  4  lines,  and  involucre  4  or  5  lines 
long  ;  the  latter  of  7  to  9  [uincipal  scales  and  one  or  two  short  ones,  all  obtuse.  Akenes  terete, 
moderately  fusiform,  2  lines  long,  lightly  striate. 

*   *   Heads  20 -^-{ra  rely  10-  lb)  Jiowered  :  akenes  short,  not  tapering  upwards. 

2.  H.  Breweri,  Clray.  Low  :  stems  3  to  9  inches  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  branch- 
ing, ilensely  clothed  (at  least  bel(jw),  as  are  the  spatulate-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong 
leaves,  with  very  long  and  soft  villoits  hairs  :  heads  numerous,  paniculate-corym- 
bose, 10 -20-tiowered  :  involucre  of  linear-lanceolate  acute  scales,  somewhat  glan- 
dular-hirsute and  occasionally  shaggy  with  long  bristles  :  corollas  yellow.  —  Pro(;. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  553. 

Sierra  Nevada  in  Marijiosa  and  Tuolumne  Counties,  in  open  places,  at  from  7,000  to  11,000  feet 
of  elevation.      Involucre  about  3  lines  long  ;  the  akenes  a  lino  and  a  half. 

3.  H.  Scouleri,  Hook.  Usually  a  foot  or  two  high  and  rather  stotit  :  stem 
leafy,  bearing  loosely  panictdate  20- 40-llowered  heads,  beset,  as  also  the  mo.stly 
lanceolate  and  entire  leaves,  with  very  long  and  spreading  villoii.s-liispid  bristles, 
oftener  from  a  papillo.se  base  :  pedicels  and  involucre  glandular-hisjjid  or  sometimes 
only  glandular-puberulent :  corollas  yellow.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  298. 

Sierra  Valley  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Lerninon.  Common  near  the  coast  from  British  Columbia 
to  the  southern  part  of  Oregon,  and  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  ;  doubtless  in  all  the  adjacent 
parts  of  California. 

4.  H.  albiflorum,  Hook.  1.  c  Usually  2  feet  or  more  high  :  stem  leafy  below, 
simple  or  i)aniculately   branched  and  bearing  several  or  numerous  small  heads  on 


Li/;p(hsni  in.  CO M 1  'OS  I  TA>].  ,j  4  ] 

slcndor  glabrous  peduncles  :  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-spatulatn,  often  denticuhitc  or 
repand-tnothed,  sparsely  or  tlie  lower  thickly  beset  with  long  and  spreading  villous- 
hisi)id  bristles,  as  is  tiio  bas(»  of  tiio  stem  :  involucre  narrow,  about  2()-llowercd, 
smooth  and  glabrous  or  beset  with  some  scattered  long  bristles,  not  glandular  : 
corollas  Avhite.  — //.  argutum,  JNutt.  1.  c.  (!),  from  Sta.  IJarbara. 

Open  woods  ;  common  throngh  the  State  from  Snn  Dii-RO  Co.  nortliwani,  and  in  the  loot- 
hills  of  the  Siena  Nevada;  extending  to  Hiitisli  Columl)iii  and  eastward  to  the  Hocky  Moun- 
tains. Involucre  3  to  5  lines  long.  Akencs  a  line  and  a  half  long,  cvcidy  and  strongly  striate- 
ribbed. 

5.  H.  triste,  Willd.,  var.  gracile,  firay.  Slender,  a  span  or  two  high  :  stem 
1  -  2-leaved  or  sometimes  nearly  lealless,  bearing  few  heady,  tomentose-puberulent 
or  almost  glabrous  below  :  the  suminit  or  peduncles  and  involucre  villous  or  hirsute 
with  long  and  blackish  hairs  :  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  entire  or  denticulate,  taper- 
ing into  a  slender  petiole  :  corollas  yellow.  —  //.  gracile,  Hook.  1.  c.  ;  Fries,  Symb. 
&  Epicrisis  Ilierac. 

Var.  detonsum,  dray.  A  form  destitute  or  nearly  so  of  the  dark  soft  hairs 
even  on  the  invohicre,  or  with  scattered  and  more  bristly  and  sometimes  glandular 
ones  in  their  place  ;  the  heads  rather  smaller. 

Ebbett's  Pass,  Sierra  Nevada,  at  8,000  feet  {Brewer),  the  var.  Hrtnnsum ;  also  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  in  Oregon,  accompanied  by  and  nassing  into  the  black-headed  form  of  the  northern 
Rocky  and  Cascade  Mountains,  //.  {jracilr,  Hook.  This  in  turn  clearly  i)a3ses  into  the  Alaskan 
H.  triste.  ;  which  has  very  long  and  dense  daik  gray  hairs  to  the  heads,  shorter  stems,  and  hir- 
sute upper  leaves. 

122.  LYGODESMIA,  Don. 

Head  few-flowered.  Involucre  cylindri(;al  or  cylindraceous,  of  4  to  8  narrow 
membranaceous  scales  in  a  single  series,  with  a  fcnv  short  calyculate  ones  at  base,  or 
rarely  more  unequal  and  imbricated.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes  linear,  terete, 
5-striato  or  ribbed  (the  ribs  mostly  broad  and  low,  separated  by  narrow  grooves), 
often  tapering  at  summit,  but  not  truly  beaked,  the  callus  at  base  hollowed  at  the 
insertion.  Pappus  of  copious  barely  scabrous  capillary  bristles,  either  rather  soft  or 
rigid,  dull  white  or  sordid,  persistent.  —  Low  perennials  (rarely  annuals  or  bien- 
nials), palo  and  glabrous ;  with  slender  and  rather  rigid  either  rush-like  or  divari- 
cate striate  branches,  narrow  entire  or  laciniate-pinnatifitl  leaves,  the  ui)per  mostly 
reduced  to  subulate  scales  or  bracts,  and  small  or  middle-sized  heads  of  rose-colored 
flowers.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  530;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  217. 

A  genus  of  five  or  six  species,  natives  of  the  dry  interior  region,  except  that  one  species  inhab- 
its Texas  and  Florida  ;  in  the  flowers  and  general  aspect  resembling  St^plianoineria,  but  with  a 
simple  scabrous  pappus.  One  species  has  been  collected  just  within  the  bonlers  of  the  State  : 
another  approaches  so  nearly  that  it  may  claim  admission. 

1.  L.  juncea,  Don.  Perennial,  copiously  and  corymbosely  l)ninc.hed  from  the 
base,  about  a  foot  high,  rigid:  lower  leaves  linear-subulate,  an  inch  or  two  in  length, 
entire,  the  upper  all  reduced  to  little  scales  or  brartlets  :  heads  nHowered,  hnlf  an 
inch  long,  erect  at  the  summit  of  the  simple  brancdilets  :  liguk^s  oblong  :  i)appus 
line  and  soft. 

Unionville  Valley,  Nevada  {Watson),  thence  eastward  to  the  Missouri  River.  Involucre  of 
equal  scales  and  a  few  calyculate  ones  at  base,  as  in  all  the  species  except  the  next. 

2.  L.  spinosa,  Nutt.  Perennial,  or  possibly  bienninl,  the  root  or  crown  sur- 
mounted by  a  dense  tuft  of  wool  :  stems  divergently  and  often  tortuously  much 
branched,  rigid,  and  the  branches  spinescent :  lower  leaves  linear,  entire  or  slightly 
toothed;  upper  ones  suludate  and  on  the  branrhlets  rediieed  to  ininute  scale,««:  liends 
3-5-Howered,  small,  on  short  lateral  peduncles  or  spurs  :  involucre  of  few  unequal 


442  COMPUSITJ-:.  Lacluca. 

Kiul  imbricated  scales,  the  lowest  ovate,  the  upper  successively  longer  and  oblong- 
lanceolate  :  pappus  of  rather  rigid  light-brownish  bristles. 

Gravelly  hills,  or  in  sand,  Mono  Lake  (IJolander),  anil  through  the  western  pail  of  Nevada, 
near  the  northern  borders  of  which  it  was  first  collected  by  AiUiall. 

123.  LACTUCA,  Tourn.  LicrnicK. 
Head  few  -  niauy-llowered.  Involucre  cyliudraceous  or  sometimes  canipanulate, 
seldom  thickened  at  base;  the  scales  thinnish,  in  two  or  few  series,  the  outer  shorter. 
Receptacle  Hat,  naked.  Akenes  ilat,  I'rom  broadly  oval  to  lanceolate,  the  sides  few- 
several-ribbed,  the  apex  contracted  and  commonly  i)ii)longed  into  a  beak,  its 
summit  abruptly  dilated  into  a  disk  which  boars  the  (usually  bright  white)  coi)ioU8 
pappus  of  very  soft  and  tine  uniform  antl  merely  denticidato  capillary  bristles,  falling 
separately.  —  Leafy-stemmed  herbs,  glabrous,  or  with  some  bristly  hairs,  with  panic- 
idate  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  or  blue  flowers.  —  IJenth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii. 
524.     Lactuca  &  MuUjtdium,  Cass.,  DC,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  495,  497. 

A  large  genus  in  the  Old  World,  represented  by  a  few  species  in  North  America  ;  but  no 
genuine  Lactuca  (with  broad  and  Hat  akenes  and  long  filiform  beak)  is  known  on  the  Pacific  side 
of  the  continent.  The  only  Californian  species  being  intermediate  between  true  Lacluca  and 
MuUjcdiuiu,  it  is  the  more  expedient  to  follow  Benthani  in  suppressing  the  latter  genus. 

1.  L.  pulchella,  DC.  A  foot  or  two  high,  wholly  glabrous:  stem  commonly 
simple,  leafy,  bearing  a  loose  and  naked  panicle  of  several  or  numerous  rather  largo 
heails  :  leaves  pale,  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  either  entire,  runcinately  few- 
toothed,  or  sparingly  pinnatiiid  :  pedicels  scaly-bracteolate  :  involucre  cylindraceous, 
20-30-ilowered,  the  outer  scales  successively  shorter:  corollas  blue:  akenes  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rather  thick -edged,  several-ribbed  on  each  face,  miiuitely  scabrous,  taper- 
ing into  a  rather  long  stout  beak,  the  ui)pt^r  part  of  which  is  pale  and  less  hrm  in 
texture. — Jj,  iiite<iri folia,  Nutt.  (ien.  KSonchiis  pulrhellns,  Pursh.  A'.  SihiricuH, 
Itichardson,  not  of  Linn.     JIuli/edluia  pulcktUuvi  &  kderophyUum,  Nutt. 

Eastern  part  of  the  Siena  Nevada,  north  to  Oregon,  and  east  nearly  to  the  Mississippi.  Heads 
three  fourths  of  an  inch  long.     The  root  is  apparently  biennial  or  annual. 

L.  LEUCOPHAiA  {Sonchus  Icucophwus,  WilKl.,  and  MuUjediuin  leucophceum,  DC.)  extends  across 
the  continent  from  New  England  to  the  coast  of  Oregon,  and  may  occur  in  northern  California. 
It  is  a  tidl  and  coarse  species,  known  by  its  runcinate  leaves,  ample  panicle  of  rather  small  heads  of 
pale  blue  or  whitish  (lowers,  rusty-colored  pappus,  and  beakless  akenes  having  only  a  short  neck. 

124.  SONCHUS,  Linn.  Sow-Tiiistle. 
Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  lliishy-thickened  at  base,  ovoid,  conical,  or  cam- 
jianulate  ;  its  scales  more  or  less  imbricated,  the  outer  shorter.  Eecejitaele  flat, 
naked.  Akenes  compressed,  oval  or  oblong,  several  -  many-ribbed  or  nerved,  desti- 
tute of  a  beak  or  neck  and  of  a  dilated  pappus-bearing  disk.  Pappus  of  copious 
very  fine  and  soft  white  capillary  bristles,  most  of  them  somewhat  united  at  base  so 
as  to  be  deciduous  together,  a  few  separate  and  stronger  ones  sometimes  less  decid- 
\U)U3.  —  Leafy-stennucd  and  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  generally  of  coarse  aspect,  with 
somewhat  coryndioso  or  paniculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Probably  none  of  them 
indigenous  to  this  country,  but  the  first  and  second  species,  the  common  annual 
So^v-Thistles,  are  weeds  almost  all  over  the  world. 

1.  S.  oleraceus,  Linn.  Two  or  three  feet  high  :  leaves  runcinate-pinnatilid  or 
rarely  undivided,  beset  with  short  and  soft  spiny  teeth,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped 
base  with  acute  auricles  :  akenes  minutely  rugose-scabrous. 

Waste  grounds  around  dwellings  ;  but  no  Californian  specimens  yet  seen. 


fMiirrnlm.  l.onVAAACKA'].  ,|  .|  3 

2.  S.  asper,  Villars.  T.ikn  tlio  preceding  or  tailor  :  leaves  more  strongly  and 
rigi<lly  spiny-tcjotlied,  and  the  auricles  of  the  clasping  base  rounded  :  pedicels  more 
commonly  glandidar-bristly  :  akenes  sharp-edged,  smooth. 

Waste  places,  not  only  around  towns  but  also  far  in  the  interior. 

3.  S.  tenerrimus,  r>inn.  Slender  :  leaves  pitmately  parted,  mainly  into  linear 
or  narrowly  lanceolate  divisions,  merely  8[»inulose  dcnticnlato  along  the  margins  : 
heads  rather  few:  akenes  narrow  and  thickish,  rugose  scabrous.  —  Ton.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  ii.  500.     JS.  fenuifo/ii(s,  Ntitt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  438. 

Around  San  Diego,  Nuttall.  Doubtless  introduced  from  tho  south  of  Europe.  Apparently 
not  since  collected. 


Order  LII.     LOBELIACE^. 

Herbs,  mostly  with  milky  juice,  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  scattered  or  race- 

raose  flowers,  tho  calyx  adnato  to  the  whole  or  tho  lower  half  of  the  ovary,  and 

Rtamojia  usually  free  from  tho  corolla;  distinguished  from  Campanulacfrv  (to  Avhich 

tho  order  is  now  commonly  reduced)  by  tho  irregular  corolla  and  both  monadol- 

phous  and  (usually)  syngenesious  stamens.  — Flowers  perfect.     Limb  of  tho  calyx 

divided  down  to  the  ovary  into  5  lobes.     Corolla  inserted  just  where  the  calyx 

separates  from  the  ovary,   variously  lobcd   or  cleft ;  the   lobes  valvate  or  lightly 

imbricated  in  the  bud,  two  of  them  usually  different  from  the  others  in  size  or 

shape  and  union,  so  that  the  limb  appears  bilabiate.     Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 

lobes  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  united  into  a  tube  above  the  base  and  commonly  to 

the  top  ;  anthers  2-celled,  introrsely  dehiscent,  firmly  united  into  a  ring,  e.xcept  in 

the  anomalous  Nemacladus.     Ovary  2-celled  with  axile,  or  1-celled  with  parietal 

placentae  :  ovules  numerous,  anatropous  :  style  entire  :   stigma  commonly  2-lobed 

and  girt  with  a  ring  of  hairs.     Fruit  in  ours  a  many-seeded  capsule.     Embryo  small 

in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.     Juico  more  or  less  acrid. 

The  large  and  widely  distributed  penus  Lohrlia  (of  almnt  200  sporics)  is  strangely  absent  from 
Californiii  ami  tho  whole  Pacilio  North  Anioricnn  const;  Imt  it  is  spmiiigly  re])n'seiitcd  by  0110 
iMiiraitia,  which  diirors  in  not  having  the  tubo  of  tho  corolla  split  down  ono  (the  ni>imrcntly 
upper)  side.  —  Sco  Appendix. 

TuiBK  I.  LOBEIJE/E.  Anthers  ns  well  as  filaments  united  around  the  style.  Corolla  as  it 
were  2-lippcd,  two  of  the  lobes  smaller  and  more  separated  from  the  other  united  three, 
erect  or  divergent. 

1.  Laurentia.     Corolla  with  a  rather  long  entire  tube.     Capsule  2-vnlved  across  the  top. 

2.  Downingla.     Corolla  with  very  short  entire  tube.     Capsule  linear  and  elongated,  opening 

down  the  sides  by  one  to  three  long  fissures,  one-celled. 

TninE  II.    CYPHIE/E.     Anthers  separate,  and  filaments  jiartly  so. 

3.  Nemacladus.     Corolla  narrow  :  one  lip  of  two  almost  distinct  jK-tals,  the  other  of  three  more 

united  ones.     Capsule  2-vnlved  at  tho  top. 

1.  LAURENTIA,  Micheli. 
Calyx-tube  and  adnate  ovary  top-shaped  or  oblong  ;  the  T)  lubes  nnrmw.  Corolla 
with  tube  as  long  as  the  limb,  not  split  down  ;  its  lai-ger  nud  3-cleft  lip  widely 
spreading;  tho  smaller  of  2  moro  erect  or  diverging  divisions.  Filaments  and 
anthers  completely  united  ;  two  of  tho  latter  miinitoly  bristle-tufted  at  tho  oi)CX, 
nearly  included.  Stigma  moro  or  less  2-lobed.  Capside  2-valved  across  tho  pro- 
jerting  free  apex,  2-celled.     Seeds  oblong  or  almost   fusifnrm.  —  Low  and  dilTusc  or 


^^^  LOHKLIACI'LK.  Lunrentia. 

creeping  small  herbs,  resembling  Lobelias,  with  axillary  blue  flowers.  —  lienth.  & 
Hook.  Geu.  PI.  ii.  549. 

I.  L.  carnosula,  Ikutb.  A  glabrous  diffusely  branched  or  spreading  annual, 
somewliat  succulent,  2  to  5  inc.lios  iiigh  :  leaves  sessile,  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate, 
entire,  a  cpuuter  to  half  an  inch  long  :  peduncles  lilifonn,  even  the  lower  inu(;h 
longer  than  the  leaves,  the  upper  becoming  corymbose  or  racemose  :  lobes  of  the 
calyx  linear,  foliaceous,  alK)Ut  the  length  of  the  obconical  tube  and  fully  eipialling 
that  of  the  corolla  :  larger  lip  of  the  latter  deeply  3-cleft  into  roundish-obovate  lobes, 
bright  blue,  with  the  2-ridged  palate  yellow  or  whitish  ;  the  smaller  lip  of  2  lanceo- 
late lobes. —  Lobelia  carnosula,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  lieechey,  3G2,  where  the  undi- 
vided corolla-tube  is  unnoticed.  Porterella  camulosa  (by  nusspelling),  Torr.  in  Cat. 
ri.  Hayden  Kep.  1872,  488;  Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  viii.  177. 

Low  and  niiulJy  places,  in  Sierra  and  Indian  Valleys  (Levwiun)  ;  thence  noitheastwaid  to  Wyo- 
ming Territory.  A  pretty  little  plant,  in  asp(;ct  and  llower  resenililing  the  next  genus,  and  the 
corolla  in  vigorous  specimens  not  much  smaller  ;  known  at  once  by  the  short  and  broad  caj)sule 
opening  at  the  top.  The  late  Dr.  Torrey  dedicated  it  to  Prof.  Thomas  C.  Porter,  one  of  the 
authors  of  the  Flora  of  Colorado  Territory  ;  but  it  proves  to  belong  to  a  very  old  genus,  chiefly 
of  the  Mediterranean  region  and  Southern  Africa. 

2.  DOWNINGIA,  Torr. 

Calyx-tubo  ami  adnate  ovary  very  long  and  slender,  stalk-like,  3-8iilod,  usually 
twisted ;  its  limb  divided  down  to  the  ovary  into  5  lanceolate  or  linear  foliaceous 
lobes.  Corolla  with  a  very  short  but  entire  tube,  and  a  bilabiate  limb  ;  the  smaller 
lip  of  two  narrow  recurved  or  spreailing  divisions,  the  other  very  broad  and  3-lobed. 
Filaments  and  anthers  both  united  into  a  somewhat  curved  tube  :  two  of  the  latter 
bristle-tipped.  Capsule  very  long  and  slender,  early  becoming  1 -celled,  with  two 
parietal  tiliform  placentte,  remaining  closed  at  the  apex,  but  the  sides  dehiscent  by 
two  or  three  long  fissures.  Seeds  as  in  the  foregoing  genus.  —  Low  and  spreading 
glabrous  annuals  (of  Oregon  aiul  California,  and  a  third,  species  in  Chili),  rather 
succulent  or  tender;  Avith  sessile  and  narrow  entire  leaves,  the  upper  ones  reduced 
to  bracts,  and  axillary  sessile  ilowers  ;  the  corolla  deep  blue  with  a  white  or  yellow- 
ish centre. — Torr.  in  Pacif.  K.  Eep.  iv.  IIG;  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c.  Clintotiia, 
Hough,  not  of  Paf. 

Under  tlie  name  of  Clinliuiia  our  two  species  have  (U)nio  into  cultivation  as  ornamental  annuals, 
hut  are  riitlier  dilliriill  to  miniiige.  A  mnv  nmiie  liein^  reiiuired,  Dr.  Torruy  dedicaled  tlio  ^cuiim 
to  the  nienioiy  of  his  friend,  tliu  late  Andrew  Jackson  Downing,  of  New  York,  wiu)se  treatise 
upon  kndscaiie  ganlening  ami  other  horticultural  and  arboiicullural  writings  are  still  of  sterling 
value. 

1.  D.  elegans,  Torr.  Leaves  acute,  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  :  smaller 
lip  of  the  corolla  of  two  lancetdate  divisions,  the  broad  lip  moderately  3-lobed,  its 
centre  a  broad  white  spot.  —  Cliutonia  elegans,  Lindl.  Bot.  Beg.  t.  1241. 

Northern  part  of  (California,  and  through  Oregon.  C.  mnjmbosa,  A.  T)('.  Prodr.  vii.  347,  is  a 
stouter  and  more  leafy-stemmed  variety,  the  ovary  little  longer  than  the  subtending  leaf.  Ordi- 
narily the  slender  and  stalk-like  ovary  or  capsule  is  over  an  inch  in  length,  and  the  upper  lloral 
leaves  so  small  that  the  inllorescenco  is  like  a  raceme. 

2.  D.  pulchella,  Torr.  Very  like  the  foregoing,  but  the  leaves  mostly  nar- 
rower and  obtuse  :  the  two  diviwiijus  of  the  smaller  lip  ovute-lanceolate  or  oblouf^, 
the  larger  lip  nuich  dilated  and  deeply  3-lobed,  intensely  uzure-blue  with  a  large 
white  or  yellowish  centre.  —  Clintonia  pulchella,  Lindl.  Bot.  Beg.  t.  1909;  Sweet, 
Brit.  Fl  Card.  ser.  2,  t.  412. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento  to  Oregon  and  Nevada.  Plant  3  to  (J  inches  high,  rather  more  fleshy, 
weak.     Both  species  inhabit  moist  or  wet  places. 


iyem(icl,((ln.i.  CAMI\\NlILACI0y1<:.  .  ^^r 

3.  NEMACLADUS,  Nutt. 
Calyx  tube  short,  obconinal,  adiiate  to  tho  lower  half  of  tlie  ovary;  its  limb  parted 
into  5  unequal  lobes.  Corolla  short,  S-parted,  or  the  two  petals  forming  the  lower 
lip  often  distinct  to  the  base,  and  longer  tlian  the  tlirec  which  form  the  3-partcd  or 
3-lobed  tipper  lip.  Filaments  mona(leli)hous  above  the  middle  :  anthers  distinct, 
surrounding  the  stigma,  oval,  glabrous.  Stylo  slender,  its  apex  incurved,  a  little 
shortor  than  the  anthers  :  stigma  capitate,  2-lobod,  .subtended  by  an  obsolete  naked 
ring.  Ovary  2-cellod  :  ovules  10-  18  in  each  cell.  Capsule  about  two  thirds  hu- 
porior,  ovoid,  loculicidal  from  the  top.  Seeds  oval.  — Nutt.  in  Tnuis.  vVm.  riiil.  Soc. 
11.  ser.  viii.  254;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  108,  t.  3.5;  Gray  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc. 
xiv.  28,  where  the  relationship  to  Cr/phia  (of  S.  Africa)  is  indiwited.  —  A  single 
species. 

1 .  N.  ramosissimus,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Slender  annual,  about  a  span  high,  "lactes- 
cent," widely  and  at  length  excessively  brandling:  branches  filiform,  zigzag:  radical 
leaves  oval  and  toothed,  tufted ;  cauline  ones  all  minute,  linear  or  subulate,  sub- 
tending the  branchlets  and  the  racemose  capillary  naked  ]»eduiicles  :  flowei-s  minute 
(a  line  or  two  long)  :  corolla  flesh-color,  the  two  longer  <livisions  spatulate-oblong, 
the  three  others  rather  broader  :  seeds  oval. 

Sandy  or  gravelly  open  places  ;  comnion  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  its  foot-hills  •  thence 
east  to  New  Mexico. 

Order  LTH.    CAMPANULACE^. 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves  without  stipules,  aii<l  regular  flowers, 
having  the  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  distinct  stamens  (5  or  rarely  4)  inserted  with 
but  hardly  upon  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  lobes,  these  valvato  in  the  bud  ;  the 
fruit  a  many-seeded  2  -  5-cclled  capsule.  —  Calyx  persistent.  Stamens  earlier  than 
the  stigmas;  the  2-celled  introrse  anthers  opening  in  tiie  bud  before  the  corolla  ex- 
pands. Style  single,  its  upper  portion  be-set  with  collecting  hairs  ujion  which  the 
jiollen  is  largely  deposited ;  its  .summit  2-5-lobed  or  cleft ;  the  stigmas  being  the 
papillose  inner  face  of  these  lobes,  which  connive  until  some  time  after  the  corolla 
expands.  Ovary  2  -  5-celled  (rarely  imperfectly  so),  with  the  placentre  in  the  axis. 
Ovules  numerous,  anatropous.  Capsule  usually  opening  by  valves  or  boles  nt  or 
near  the  top.  Seeds  small,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Flowers 
commonly  showy,  more  frequently  the  corolla  blue,  and  withering  without  dropping 
off:  inflorescence  for  the  most  part  centrifugal,  the  terminal  flowers  opening  first. 

There  are  a  few  foreign  genera  witli  hnccato  fruit,  and  one  with  ronnnte  anthers.  A  rather 
fiinall  family,  mainly  of  tomperato  regions,  spniingly  icpreHPiitcd  in  North  Anioiica.  and  iw  indi- 
genous plants  almost  iihsent  lioin  South  America  (the  L'Muxmr  Iwing  linre  kept  soj)arate),  hut 
abounding  in  the  Old  World,  which  furnishes  numoious  ornnmental  species  to  the  gardens. 
Otherwise  the  order  is  without  oconoinical  importance  or  known  active  ([ualities. 
♦  Ovary  and  capsule  long  and  narrow,  or  at  least  oblong. 

1.  Githopsls.     Capsule  opening  at  the  top  liy  a  hole  left  by  the  falling  away  of  the  ba.sc  of  tlie 
style,  between  the  long  and  leafy  calyx-lobes. 

2.  Specularia.     Capsule  opening  ontlio  sides  by  2  or  3  little  valves  which  leave  small  round 
perforations. 

♦  ♦  Ovary  and  capsule  short  an<l  broad  or  globnlnr. 

3.  Heterooodon.     Thin  walls  of  the  capsule  bursting  indefinitely  between  tho  riljs.     Cnlyx- 
lobcs  very  broad. 

4.  Campanula.     Cnpsule  opening  on  the  sides  bv  .3  to  r.  ^uimII  v.iIv.w  leaving  dcfiiiito  round 
perforations.     Calyx-lobes  narrow. 


^^y  >  CAMPAMULACK.-E.  UUhupsh. 

1.   QITHOPSIS,  Nutt. 

Flowers  all  nliko.  Ctilyx  with  u  cluvtito  lU-iibbed  tube,  and  5  long  and 
imrmw  loliucooub  lobua.  Corolla  tubulur-campanulalo,  5-lobod.  Filaiuunla  ahoiL, 
dilalud  ut  tliu  baso.  Ovary  iJcoUod  :  btigniua  3.  Capsule  clavato,  ol"  lirni  tex- 
ture, strongly  ribbed,  crowned  with  the  rigid  culyxdobos  of  its  own  length  or 
longer,  opening  between  them  by  a  round  hole  left  by  the  falling  away  of  the  base 
of  the  style.  Seeds  very  numerous,  between  oblong  and  fusiform,  smooth.  —  The 
calyx  with  its  long  leafy  lobes  resembles  that  of  Lychnis  Githago,  whence  the 
generic  name.  A  single,  but  variable  species,  published  by  Nuttall  in  Trans.  Am. 
riiil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  258. 

1.  G.  specularioides,  Nutt.  Low,  annual,  an  inch  to  a  span  higli,  either 
almost  glabrous  or  mure  commonly  (the  var.  hirsuUt,  Nutt.)  the  stems  or  the  whole 
herbage  beset  with  shurt  spreading  hairs  :  leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  linear,  sessile, 
coai-sely  toothed  :  llowers  terminating  the  stem  and  few  branches,  slightly  pe- 
duncled,  erect :  coi'olla  deep  blue,  usually  witli  a  white  centre,  either  shorter  or 
moderately  longer  than  the  narrowly  linear  and  rigidly  1-nerved  (rarely  few-toothed) 
calyx-lobes ;  its  lobes  ovate  :  capsule  rigid,  either  sessile  or  tapering  graihially  into 
a  thick  and  rigid  peduncle.  G.  cah/cina,  Henth.  V\.  llartw,  321,  a  form  witii 
abort  corolla  and  long  calyxdobes.  G.  piddidUt,  yidk6,  in  Linniea,  xxxvii.  714, 
the  form  with  longer  corolla. 

Open  and  low  grounds,  common  tliiougli  tlie  western  portion  of  the  State,  extending  east  to 
the  foot-liills  and  north  to  Oregon. 

2.  SPECULARIA,  Heister. 
Flowers  all  alike,  or  in  the  American  species  dimorphous;  i.  e.  some  of  tlie  earlier 
ones  smaller  and  with  merely  rudimentary  corolla  which  never  opens,  close-fertilized 
in  the  bud ;  these  with  calyxdobes  mostly  only  3  or  4.  Later  are  llowers  with  fully 
developed  corolla,  &c.  Calyx-tube  jjrismatic  or  elongated-obconical ;  the  lobes  5, 
narrow.  Corolla  sliort  and  broad,  wheelshaped  when  fully  expanded,  5  lobed. 
Filaments  short.  Ovary  3  celled,  or  sometimes  2-celled  :  stigmas  as  many.  Capsule 
more  or  less  elongatetl,  opening  by  2  or  3  small  lateral  valves  which  leave  a  round 
or  oval  perforation,  usually  over  a  partition.  Seeds  numerous,  ovoid,  or  rounded 
and  Uattish,  smooth.  —  Annuals;  with  sessile  or  clasping  cauline  leaves,  and  terminal 
and  axillary  blue  or  puri)le  flowers.     {Dysmicodon  and  Campylocera,  Nutt.  1.  c.) 

1.  S.  biflora.  Gray.  Stems  slender:  leaves  closely  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong, 
somewhat  crenately  toothed,  the  upper  gratlually  reduced  to  lanceolate  bracts, 
which  are  at  length  shorter  than  the  {lowers  they  subtend  :  flowers  one  or  two  in 
each  axil,  nearly  sessile ;  the  lower  ones  mostly  with  a  calyx  of  3  or  4  ovate  or 
subulate  short  lobes  and  no  developed  i)etals ;  the  upper  and  later  ones  with  f) 
longer  lanceolate-subulate  calyx-loluis,  which  are  shorter  than  the  develoj)cd  corolla  : 
capsule  oblong-cylindra<;(M)us  or  obscurely  prismatic,  inconspicuously  ribbed,  the 
valvular  openings  just  below  tlie  sumiuit :  seeds  lenticular.  —  Camjxaiula  bijiora, 
Kuiz  &  Pav.  Fl.  Per.  ii.  55,  t.  200,  f  G.  0.  MonttvUleus'is,  Spreng.  '\  C.  Lado- 
vicicma,  Torr.  Dysmicodon  Cali/ornicion  iV  <mitum,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 
n.  ser.  viii.  257. 

Open  grounds,  near  towns  and  settlements  along  the  coast  :  perhaps  introduced,  both  here  and 
in  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  from  S.  America.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  simple 
or  witli  few  branches,  glabrous,  except  usually  a  line  of  minute  and  stout  bristles  turned  back- 
wards which  roughen  the  angles  of  the  stem  and  sometimes  of  the  calyx-tube,  also  on  the 
margins  and  veins  of  the  haves.      The  principal  stem-leaves  only  lialf  an  inch  long.      Fully 


Campanulu.  CAM  PANULACE^!:.  447 

developed  corolla  half  an  inch  hmnd.  Cnjisules  abont  4  lines  long.  Intermediate  in  ajipear- 
ance  between  S.  falatta,  A.  DC,  of  tlie  Old  World,  and  S.  per/olinta,  witii  wliicli  Aljili.  iJe  laii- 
doUo  and  otliei'8  have  confounded  it  ;  but  (juite  distinct  from  botli.  The  name  is  not  a  happy 
one  :  but  there  are  frequently  two  flowers  in  each  axil,  one  later  than  the  other. 

2.  B.  perfoliata,  A.  DC.  Stouter,  r  span  to  two  feet  liigli,  simple  or  with  sim- 
ple branches,  very  leafy  tliroughout,  roughish-liairy,  rarely  almost  glabrous  :  leaves 
clasping,  round-iiordato,  crenate  :  flowers  sessih^  in  the  axils,  often  clustered,  of  two 
kinds,  as  in  the  preceding  s])ecies  :  caj)sule  oblong  or  slightly  clavate ;  the  valvular 
openings  as  low  as  tho  middle. 

Open  cronnd.s,  I'lumas  Co.  {Lctmnnn)  to  Oregon,  luid  common  tluoiigh  the  Atlantic  States; 
also  in  Mexico. 

3.  HETEROCODON,  Nutt. 
Flowers  of  two  sorts  ;  the  lower  and  earlier  ones  with  merely  rudimentary  corolla 
and  fertilized  in  the  bud.  C^alyx  with  obovate  or  inversely  pyramidal  tube  much 
shorter  than  the  foliaceous  lobes ;  these  are  broadly  ovate,  sharjily  toothed,  veiny, 
3  or  4  in  the  earlier,  5  in  the  later  flowers.  Corolla  short-carapanulate,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  and  style  as  in  Campanula.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-angled,  very  thin  and 
membranaceous,  the  delicate  Avails  bursting  indefinitely  on  the  sides.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, oblong,  obscurely  triangular.  —  Nutt.  1.  c.  viii.  255.     A  single  species. 

1.  H.  rarifloruxn,  Nutt.  A  very  delicate  little  annual,  sparsely  bristly-liirsute, 
otherwise  glabrous,  with  leafy  filiform  stems  3  to  20  inches  long,  <lifTusely  branch- 
ing :  leaves  rounded  and  with  cordate  base,  partly  clasping,  acutely  and  coarsely 
many-toothed,  thin,  3  to  6  lines  wide  :  flowers  terminal  becoming  lateral,  also  axil- 
lary, solitary,  sessile  :  calyx-lobes  foliaceous,  1  to  3  lines  hmg,  rather  shorter  than 
the  well-dovoloped  pale  blue  corolla,  mostly  longer  than  tlio  capsule,  tho  sides  of 
which  give  way  vaguely  in  age,  but  not  by  hidves. 

Shlidy  and  grassy  jdaces,  from  Napa  Co.  and  Mariposa  Co.  (at  4,000  feet)  to  Oregon  :  also 
collected  in  the  mountains  of  Nevada.  Reduced  by  Hontham  and  Hooker  to  Campanula,  but 
better  kept  up. 

4.  CAMPANULA,  Tourn.  Bellflowku. 
Flowers  all  alike.  Calyx-lobes  narrow.  Corolla  campanulate  or  near  it,  5dobed 
or  5-cleft.  Stamens  5  :  filaments  dilated  at  base.  Capsule  short,  3-5-cellcd,  open- 
ing on  the  sides  or  near  the  ba.se  by  3  to  5  small  uplifted  valves  leaving  round  per- 
forations, many-seeded.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  all  of  the  northern  hemi.s])here, 
many  with  showy  flowers  ;  the  inflorescence  centrifugal  or  irregidar. 

Tho  few  Californian  (indeed  all  tho  North  American)  species  arc  bluo-flowcred,  destitute  of  any 
appendages  between  the  calyx-loljes,  and  the  stigmas  and  cells  of  the  capsule  only  three. 

*   Stem-leaves  all  linear  or  lancenlnte  and  entire. 

1.  C.  rotundifolia,  Linu.  A  span  to  a  foot  liigh,  glabrous,  slender  and  weak  : 
radical  leaves  roundish  ovate  or  heart-shaped  and  toothed,  on  slender  jietioles,  early 
withering  away  ;  stem-leaves  all  narrow  :  flowers  several  on  sleiuler  piMluncles  which 
are  iiodding  in  fruit  :  calyx-lobes  very  slender  :  corolla  campanulate  :  jiod  ojiening 
by  small  holes  or  valves  close  to  the  base. 

This,  the  common  species  round  the  northern  hemisphere,  occur!  near  the  borders  of  the  Staff- 
north  and  east,  and  doubtless  within  the  limlLs,  growuig  in  crevices  of  rocks,  in  shady  places. 
Tho  corolla  varies  from  half  an  inch  to  an  incli  in  length. 

«  *  Stem-leaves  ovate  or  oblomf-lanceolate,  toothed :  capsules  apparentlj/  not  droopin;/ 
in  fruit,  and  openinfj  by  holes  above  the  base.  Species  peculiar  to  Cali/nnna,  except 
the  f}7-st,  tvhich  e.rtendv  northivards. 


448 


EKICACE.K.  Canunuudu 


2.  C.  Scouleri,  Hook.  A  foot  or  so  high,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent :  stems 
slender,  braucinng,  spreading,  pauiculately  several-llowered  :  leaves  generally  all 
sharply  serrate  anil  ucuiniiiate,  mostly  tapering  below  into  a  petiole,  the  lower  ovate 
and  sometimes  almost  (entire,  the  upper  ovatcdanceolate,  or  the  \ippermost  nar- 
rower :  llowers  long-pedicelleil  :  calyxdobos  slender-aubulatis  a  little  sliorter  than 
the  open  oampanuhite  5-eleft  corolla,  the  lobes  of  which  are  ovate-oblong  :  style 
exserted.  —  Hook.  Fl.  t.  125. 

Indian  Valley,  Plumas  Co.  (Lemmmi)  to  Oregon  and  Britisli  Columbia.  A  broad-leaved  fonn. 
(Jorolla  4  lines  long,  clelt  to  latlier  below  the  middle,  the  bud  oblong. 

3.  C.  prenanthoides,  Durand.  A  foot  or  two  high,  roughish-pubescent  or 
glabrous  :  stems  clustered,  rather  simple,  racemosely  or  paniculately  several-llow- 
ered :  leaves  very  shar|)ly  and  mostly  coarsely  serrate,  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
acute ;  those  of  the  stem  mostly  sessile,  or  the  lower  short-petioled  :  pedicels  shorter 
than  the  flower  :  calyx-lobes  slender-subulate,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  corolla, 
the  narrowly  lanceolate  widely  «i>reailing  lobes  of  which  are  2  to  4  times  the  length 
of  the  tube  :  style  long-exserted.  —  PI.  I'ratten.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  n.  ser. 
(1855)  ii.  93;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  3GG.  6'.  JiUjiora,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif. 
Acad.  ii.  5.      C.  RoezLi,  liegel,  Animad.  PI.  Hort.  Petrop.  1872,  G. 

In  redwoods,  from  Santa  Ciuz  to  Jlendocino  Co.,  and  through  the  foot-hills  up  to  Sierra  Valley. 
Corolla  5  to  8  lines  long,  naiiow,  lylindriial  before  expansion.  Caiisulo  with  broad  and  retuac 
base  and  G  salient  ribs. 

4.  C.  linneeifolia,  (!ray,  I.  c.  Clabrous,  but  margins  of  leaves  and  angles  of 
stem  retrorsely  hispid-scabrous  :  stems  weak,  a  span  or  two  high,  simple,  or  corym- 
bose at  summit,  single-  or  few-llowered :  leaves  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse, 
crenate,  all  but  the  lowest  sessile  :  peduncle  as  long  as  the  flower  :  calyx-lobes 
broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  about  half  the  length  of  the  bell-shaped  corolla,  the  lobes 
of  which  about  ecpud  the  tube  and  are  commonly  retrorsely  hispid-ciliato  :  style 
included.  —  WalUenbe.njia  Call/ornica,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  158,  f.  4i), 
judging  from  the  ligure. 

In  swamps  at  Noyo,  Mendocino  Co.,  lialnndcr.  Leaves  4  to  i)  lines  long.  Corolla  half  an 
inch  long.     A  deHcate  and  peculiar  species. 

C.  UNIKLOUA,  Linn.,  a  very  low  one-llowered  species,  with  narrow  leaves,  extends  from  the 
arctic  regions  along  the  higiiei-  llocky  iMountains  to  Colorado,  and  to  those  of  Utah  at  11,000  feet : 
it  may  occur  on  the  higlicr  sununits  of  tlio  Sierra  Nevada. 

Order  LIV.     ERICACE^. 

AVoody  plants,  or  in  the  later  suborders  perennial  herbs,  with  symmetrical  and 
mostly  regular  flowers ;  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  lobes 
of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  with,  but  hardly  ever  upon  it ;  the  anthers  2-celled,  and 
the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore  or  chink ;  the  pollen  of  4  united  grains  (except 
in  MonotroptLf:) ;  the  ovary  with  as  many  cells  as  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  or 
calyx  ;  the  seeds  small,  and  with  small  or  miinite  embryo  in  copious  albumen. 
Corolla  genendly  gamopetalous,  sometimes  of  distinct  petals,  imbricated  or  rarely 
convolute  or  vulvatu  in  the  bud,  the  iusertion  and  that  of  the  stamona  hypogyuous, 
or  when  the  calyx  is  adnate  e})igynous,  around  an  annular  disk.  Style  single  : 
stigma  not  rarely  girt  with  a  naked  ring.  Ovary  with  as  many  cells  as  the  petals 
or  rarely  one  or  two  fewer  :  the  placentie  in  the  axis,  with  one  exception.  Ovules 
anatropous.  Leaves  simple,  commonly  alternate,  in  some  opposite,  rarely  in  whorls, 
articulated  with  the  stem,  destitute  of  stipules. 

A  large  and  important  order,  of  wide  distribution,  very  sparingly  represented  in  California, 
but  it  chinis  several  of  tlie  most  striking  slirubs.      Althuugli  generally  inert,  and  the  fruit  when 


ERICACEAE.  449 

liaccatc  esculent,  or  nt.  least  innoceiil,  yet  tlie  leaves  of  aoine  (siieli  as  IJcarberry)  arc  used  in 
medicine,  and  others  are  reputed  poisonous  to  eattie  ;  wliih;  llie  lioney  made  Irom  tlic  Wossoms 
of  Rlindodcndron  and  Azalea  has  Irom  early  times  a  bad  reputation.  Very  many  arc  prized  in 
cultivation  for  their  showy  flowers. 

Suborder  I.     VACCINIEyE. 

Corolla  and  stamons  epigynous,  i.  e.  raised  to  or  near  tlio  summit  of  tli(3  ovary, 
the  calyx-tube  being  adiiate.  Fruit  a  berry,  crowned  with  the  vestiges  of  the  calyx- 
teeth.  —  Shrubby  plants,  with  scaly  leaf-buds.  To  tliis  belong  the  Huckleberries 
of  the  Atlantic  States,  the  Blueberries,  Bilberries,  and  Cranberries,  all  of  the  genus, 

1.  Vaccinium.     Calyx  4  -  5-toothed  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary.     Stamens  8  or  10.     Berry 

many-seeded. 

Suborder  II.     ERICINEiE. 

Corolla  gamopetalous,  or  rarely  of  distinct  petals,  and  with  the  stamens  hypo- 
gynniifl,  the  calyx  being  free.  Anthers  introrso  in  the  bud.  —  Shrubby  plants  or 
Hiniill  trcM^s. 

♦  Fruit  flcflliy,  a  liorry  or  a  l)on7-llkn  dnipo  :  corolla  fi-tootlied,  dociduous. 

2.  Arbutiia.     <")vary  fi-cpllcd,  mnny-ovulod.     IWry  mntiy-sended. 

13.  Arctostaphylos.     Ovary  5-10-colled,   with  a  single  ovulo  in  each  coll.     Drupe  5-10- 
seeded  or  by  abortion  fewer. 

♦  ♦  Fruit  a  capsule  enclosed  within  a  fle.shy  calyx,  seeming  like  a  berry. 

4.  Gaultheria.     Corolla  5-toothcd  or  5-lobed.     Ovary  S-cellcd,  S-lobed. 

*  *  *  Fruit  a  naked  capsule,  the  calyx  remaining  dry  underneath.      Corolla  deciduous. 
+■  Anthers  with  points  or  awns  :  cajisulc  loculicidal. 

5.  Leucothoe.     Corolla  with  a  narrowed  5-toothed  orifice.     Leaves  petioled. 

6.  Cassiope.     Corolla  open-campanulate,  5-lobed.      Leaves  scale-like  or  Heath-like,  sessile,  im- 

bricated. 

■^+-  Anthers  destitute  of  points,  awns,  or  other  appendages  :  capsule  septicidal. 

++  C'orolla  gamopetalons  :  pedicels  subtended  by  foliaceous  or  firm-coriaceous  persistent  bracts  : 
seeds  with  a  close  coat :  leaves  evergreen. 

7.  Bryanthus.     Leaves  lleatli-like.     Corolla  without  ])ouches. 

8.  Kalmla.     Loaves  l)road.     Corolla  with  10  jioucdios  liolding  the  anthci-s. 

++  +t  ('orolla  gamopotalotia  :  pedioela  subtended  l)y  Ihin  scnrious  bracts,  forming  a  scaly  bud, 

these  deciduous  when  the  flowers  develop  :  seed-cont  loose. 
ft.  Menzlesla.     Corolla  globular-campanulate,  4-toothed.     Leaves  deciduous. 

10.  Rhododendron.    Corolla  funnclform  or  campanulate,  5-lobcd. 

++  ++  +t  Corolla  5-potalous  :  seed-coat  loose. 

11.  Ledum.     Leaves  broad.     Flowers  in  an  umbel  :  scaly  bracts  deciduous. 

SunoRDEu  TIT.     PyROLE/E. 

Corolla  of  5  (rarely  4)  distinct  jietals,  and  with  the  stamons  hypogynous,  the 
calyx  being  free.  Anthers  extmrso  in  the  bud,  the  pores  downward,  introrse  in 
the  open  flower,  the  pores  upward.  Seeds  extremely  numerous,  with  very  loose 
cellular  and  translucent  coat,  many  times  larger  than  the  nucleus.  —  Herbaceous  or 
nearly  herbaceous  and  broad-leaved  low  perennials,  one  species  leaflc'^s. 

12.  Chlmaphila.     Flowers  in  a  corymb  or  umlwl  on  a  leafy  stem.      IVtaN  widely  spreading. 

Stylo  very  short,  top-shaped  :  stigma  broad  and  orbicnlar,  ]>eUntn. 

13.  Moiieses.     Flower  solitary  on  a  scape.     Petals  widely  spreading.     Style  sti-aight  :  stigma 

5-niycd. 

14.  Pyrola.     Flowers  in  a  raceme  on  a  scape.    Petals  not  widely  spreading.    Stylo  long  :  stigtnn 

various. 


450  ERICACE.^^.  Vuccinium. 

.SuuouDKR  JV.     MONOTJiOPExE. 

Corolla  and  stainons  hypogyiious.  Pollen-gmins  simple.  Capsule  loculiciilal.  — 
Root-pax-asitic  scaly-biactud  herbs,  wholly  destitute  of  green  foliage,  rather  variuus  in 
structure,  by  sumo  of  tlie  genera  intimately  connected  with  Ericineoi  and  Pyrohis  ; 
the  last-enumerated  genera  anomalous  in  placentation,  (Order  Monotropeoi,  Eenth. 
&  Hook.  Gen.  PI.) 

*  Ovary  and  capsule  4  -  5-celled,  with  placentae  in  the  axis  adnate  to  a  thick  central  column. 
4-  Corolla  wanting. 
16.  Allotropa.    Calyx  of  5  sepals.    Anthers  extrorse  in  the  hud,  introrse  in  the  developed  flower, 
in  the  nuinnur  of  I'ljiola  :  the  colls  opening  down  to  the  middle. 

-i-+-  Corolla  gamopetalous  :  calyx  complete,  of  5  sepals  :  anthers  not  reversed. 

16.  Pterospora.     Flowers  racemose.    Corolla  globular-ovate,  the  short  lohos  recurved.     Anthers 

•2-awiibd  on  the  Itack  in  the  manner  of  many  Ericiiuie. 

17.  Barcodes.     Flowers  in  a  thick  scaly  spike.     Corolla  campanulate,  the  lobes  erect.     Anthers 

not  appendagcd. 

-i--i--j-  Corolla  4-5-petalous,  and  calyx  incomplete  or  bract-like,  both  deciduous  :  anthers  hori- 
zontal or  peltate,  opening  transversely  :  disk  8 -10-toothed. 

18.  Monotropa.     Flowers  solitary  or  racemose,  nodding,  the  fruit  upright. 

♦  ♦  Ovary  and  ciipsulo  1 -celled,  or  .spuriously  4  -  r>-cclled  by  the  meeting  of  ])arietal  plaeentaj  : 
no  central  column  :  antiiers  erect,  imappeudaged  ;  tlio  cells  opening  lengthwise  into  2  valves. 

19.  Pleuricospora.     Flowers  spicate.     Sepals  and  petals  each  4  or  5,  limbriolate-laceiate.    An- 

thers linear.     Ovary  and  capsule  1-celled,  with  4  or  5  bilamellate  placentai.     Seeds  ovoid, 
with  a  close  and  thin  shining  coat. 

20.  Newberrya.     Flowers  capitate.     Sejials  2,  bract-like.     Corolla  gamopetalous,  tubular-urn- 

shaped,   4-5-lobed.     Antiiers  oblong.     Ovary  with  4  or  5  two-parted  placentae  uniting 
more  or  less  around  the  open  centre. 

1.  VACCINIUM,  hinn.  Cuanbeuky,  Bilbeuuy,  &c. 
Corolla  epigynous,  various  in  shape.  Anthers  Avitli  the  two  cells  separate,  taper- 
ing upwards  into  a  tube  and  o])ening  by  a  hole  at  the  apex.  Style  long  :  slignm 
simple  or  more  or  less  capitate,  without  a  ring.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry  crowned 
with  the  vestiges  of  the  4  or  5  small  teeth  of  the  calyx.  —  Gray,  Chlor.  Bor.  Am. 
52,  &  Man.  Bot.  Nortliern  U.  S. 

The  species  abound  in  tlio  eastern  and  more  northern  parts  of  North  America,  but  are  few  indeed 
in  California  (none  of  the;  easlern  /Shuharii  type),  and  all  except  one  rare.  Yet  the  following  east- 
ern species  may  penliance  he  found  along  tlie  northern  borders  of  the  State  or  at  great  elevations. 

V.  OxYCOccus,  Linn.,  Snudl  Omnha-rij,  which  is  found  round  the  world  farther  north,  may 
occur  in  the  higher  northern  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  but  we  have  seen  no  specimens  from 
even  so  far  south  as  Puget  Sound. 

v.  MACROCARroN,  Ait.,  Large  Cranberry,  of  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  continent ;  said  in  Hook- 
er's Flora  to  be  "  plentiful  in  swampy  grounds  near  the  confluence  of  the  Columbia  with  the 
Pacific,  where  its  berries  are  boiled  and  eaten  by  the  natives  under  the  name  of  Soolubic/t,  Doug- 
las." Attention  is  called  to  this,  as  no  one  has  since  met  with  this  or  any  other  Cranberry  in 
Oregon. 

V.  c.EsnrosuM,  Michx.,  a  very  dwarf  sjiecics,  with  deciduous  obovate  leaves,  and  blue  berries, 
occurring  on  the  mountains  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Nevada  and  in  Oregon  and  northward,  ex- 
tending to  Labrador. 

«    Leaves  Jecldaous  :   antltera   with,  a  pair   of  Inn;/   (iwn-lilce  apptndui/es  on  the  back : 
corolla  short,  white  or  Jlesh-color. 

+-  Flowers  solitary/  in  the  axils  on  a  recurved  peduncle. 

1.  V.  pai"vifolium,  Smith.  Siirub  much  branched,  1  to  6  feet  high,  glabrous  : 
branches  and  branchlets  .sharply  angled  :  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  very  obtuse  at  both 


Arbulits.  ERICACE.K.  45] 

cmkLs,   nearly  tmtirc,  dull,  very  short-i)etiole(l,  pule  beneath  :  calyx  5-lobeil  :  corolla 
globular,  S-toothed:  stamens  10:  berries  pale  red,  insipid.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  33,  t.  128. 
l\(>(hvoo(ls,  &c.,  Mendocino  Co.,   Bolander.     Common  from  Oregon  to  Sitka.      Ix-ave.s  from  a 
third  to  n  full  inch  long. 

2.  V.  ovalifolium,  Smith.  A  more  straggling  shrub,  with  terete  branches, 
larger  and  mure  veiny  leaves,  ovoid  corolla,  and  large  edible  blue  berries.  —  Hook. 
1.  c.  t.  127. 

(-ommon  in  Oregon,  and  extending  to  l^akii  Hiiiinrior ;  coninionly  iiaHocjatfMl  with  V,  parvi- 
folium,  and  tlioroiore  probably  roaching  the  nortlioru  part  of  tlio  "Stjito  on  tiio  coast. 

3.  V.  Myrtillus,  Linn.  Low  undershrul),  glabrous,  with  Bliarply  angled  green 
branclilets  :  leav(\s  ovate  or  oval,  bright  green  and  usually  shining,  veiny,  serrate, 
very  short-petioled  :  border  of  the  calyx  almost  entire  :  corolla  between  globular 
antl  campanulate,  r)-toothed,  sometimes  4-toothed  :  stamens  10  or  8  :  berries  blue- 
black  when  ripo.  —  Our  plant  is  wholly  the 

Var.  microphyllum.  Hook.,  with  clustered  stems  only  a  span  or  less  in  height : 
leaves  from  the  sixth  to  barely  half  an  inch  long  :  flowers  only  about  2  lines  long  : 
berries  according  to  Watson  (I'ot.  King  Exp.  210)  light  red.  Ihit  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  in  Oregon  the  berries  are  dark-colored,  and  the  parts  all  larger,  yet 
not  crpialling  the  European  Bilberry  in  size  of  foliage,  fruit,  &c. 

Wet  places  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  7,000  feet  (Mariposa  Co.,  Gray),  thence  northward,  and 
eastward  at  high  elevations. 

+-  +■  Flowers  2  or  3  or  solitart/  from  a  separate  seal;/  bud,  short -pediaicled. 

4.  V.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  Low  shrub,  [glabrous  :  leaves  thinnish,  dull  and 
pale  both  .sides,  from  oval  to  obovato-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  entire,  acutish  or 
obtuse,  rather  obscurely  veiny  (half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long)  :  ilower  mostly 
solitary  :  lobes  of  calyx  and  of  the  oblong-ovate  corolla  4  :  berry  small,  2  or  3  lines 
in  diameter,  blue  with  a  bloom,  sweetish. 

Sierra  Nevada  at  6,000  or  7,000  feet,  fiom  Mariposa  to  Sicrni  Co.,  Bnlandcr,  Anderson,  Lcm- 
man,  &c.     Mountains  of  Utiih,   H'a/son. 

V.  ULlGlNOStiM,  Linn.,  the  Hilberry  of  Europe,  kc,  from  Oregon  noithward,  has  rounder 
leaves  conspicuously  reticulated  beneath,  shorter  and  broader  corolla,  and  Ijcrrics  much  larger. 

*   *    Leaves  e^iergreen  ami  coriaceous  :  parts  of  flower  in  flves  and  the  stamens   10: 
anthers  not  awned  on  the  bad: 

5.  V.  ovatum,  Pursh.  Shrub  erect,  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  numerous  spreading 
branches  and  hirsute  branchlets  :  leaves  thick,  very  smooth,  shining  above,  ovate 
varying  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  with  rigid  small  teeth,  short-petioled  : 
(lowers  crowded  in  very  short  and  numerous  axillary  aii<l  tormin.d  niccmoa  :  corolla 
campanulate,  pink  :  catyx-tc'eth  as  long  as  the  5-celled  ovary  :  berries  dark  pur|)Ie 
turning  black,  witliout  a  bloom.  —  Lindl.  l)ot.  Reg.  t.  1354.  V.  lanceolatum,  DC, 
oidy  a  narrow-leaved  form. 

Along  the  roast  range,  &<;.,  os])Ci'in]ly  in   roilwooila,  from  Monterey  to  Oipgon.      porries  edible. 

2.    ARBUTUS,  Tourn.         MAnisoSo. 

Calyx  small,  5-lobed.  Corolla  ovate,  globular,  or  urn-shaped,  .O-toothed  ;  the 
teeth  recurved.  Stamens  10,  included  :  anthers  flattened,  furnished  with  a  pair  of 
reflexed  awns  on  the  back  below  the  summit  ;  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Ovnry  raiHCMl  on  a  liypogynoiw  dlHk,  ^-colled  :  ovuIoh  nuniemuH  on  ii  (loHJiy  p]ar(<nfA 
projecting  from  the  inner  angle  of  each  coll.  Style  rather  long  :  sfignni  ohluHo. 
IJorry  with  a  rough  or  granular  nurfaco,  maturing  povoml  seedH  in  each  roll.  — 
Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  evergreen  and  eoriaceous  alternate  leave.i.  and  white  or 


^^2  EKlCACE.l!].  Arbutus. 

llesh-colored  llowerd  in  a  tcrmiiml  piuiiclo  or  cluster  of  racemes.  —  Cleiius  of  a  few 
epocius  ill  tho  warin-leuipuruto  purLioiis  of  tlio  Old  World,  auioiig  them  the  i)traw- 
htrry-tri-e,  tho  fruit  of  which  is  eatublo,  two  or  tlireo  iu  Mexico,  and  our  well-known 
Madivilo,  viz. 

1.  A.  Menziesii,  I'ursh.  A  handsome  tree,  or  southwards  a  shrub,  with  very 
hard  wood,  and  close  and  smooth  bark  turning  brownish  red  (the  older  exfoliating) : 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  either  entire  or  serrulate,  pale  beneath,  bright  green  above  : 
i-acemes  dense,  minutely  tomentose  :  corolla  almost  globular,  white  :  berries  dry, 
orange-colored  (hardly  eiitable),  with  surface  granulate.  —  Nutt.  8ylv.  iii.  42,  t.  U5. 
A.  p°octr(i,  l)o\\'^\.  in  Lindl.  lU.t.  Jicg.  t.  17.03.  A.  laurijUia,  Lindl.  Hot.  IJeg. 
XXV.  t.  07,  a  smaller  leaveil  Mexican  form. 

Along  the  coast  ranges  and  sparingly  on  tlie  loot-liills,  extending  north  to  I'uget  Sound,  and 
southea'stward  into  Mexico  and  Texas.  In  the  northern  coast  ranges  this  is  sometimes  a  mag- 
nilicent  tree,  HU  or  lt)()  Icct  iiigh,  witli  trunk  IVoni  one  to  tliree  feet  in  diameter.  Indeed,  a  tree 
in  Miirin  Co.,  iiortii  til' 'raiiial|)ais,  measured  '2;J  feet  in  eireumlVrencui  at  tho  smallest  part  of  the 
trunk  below  the  branehes,  and  some  of  the  nmin  brunches  were  2  or  3  i'eet  in  diameter.  South  of 
San  Francisco  Bay  it  is  usually  a  small  spreading  tree  or  a  large  shrub. 

3.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  Adanson.        ]\lANZANrrA. 

Flowers  liko  those  of  Arbutus  (but  occasionally  4-merous  and  8-androus),  except 
that  tho  D  to  10  cells  of  tho  ovary  ci)ntaiu  each  a  single  suspended  ovule,  and  tho 
berry-like  fruit  a  circle  of  5  to  10  separate  or  separable  bony  seed-like  stones,  or  else 
these  cohere  more  or  less,  sometimes  completely  into  a  solid  several-celled  or  by  abor- 
tion occasionally  1-celled  stone.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees;  witli  the  alternate  leaves  cori- 
aceous and  persistent  (in  all  but  an  arctic-alpine  species),  either  entire  or  with  a  few 
irregular  teeth ;  the  white  or  roso-colored  flowers  iu  terminal  often  clustered  racemes. 

Gray  in  Pacif.  11.  Eep.  iv.  116,  note;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  581.    Comaro- 

staphylis,  Zucc.      Xcrobotrys  &  Xylococcus,  Nutt.      Daphnidostaphylis,  Klotzsch. 

The  freater  i>art  of  the  S]>ecies  aie  Califonuan  (including  the  Uva-ursi,  which  extends  round 
the  woHd)  :  tiieir  discrimination  is  diliicult.  As  to  the  genera  proposed  by  Zuccarini,  Nuttall, 
and  Klotzsch,  mainly  ujion  the  concretion  of  the  .stones  ol'  the  Iruit,  this  sometiuuss  takes  jdaie 
even  in  A.  Uva-ursi,  and  is  variable  in  our  other  species.  A.  puiuj ens  and  A.  gUnau,  otherwise 
hardly  distinguishable,  diller  greatly  in  this  respect. 

§1.  Drupe  not  ivarty ;  the  flesh  at  maturity  mealy ;  the  stones  commonly  stj>urute  or 
separable,  at  least  some  of  them,  not  rarely  some  of  them  nnited  or  -1-celled 
and  1- seeded  :  bracts  Jirm  and  persistent. 
*  Ovary  and  depressed-globose  fruit  more  or  less  pubescent :  branchlets  often  hispid. 

1.  A.  Andersonii,  Gray.  Erect,  G  or  10  feet  high  :  branchlets  minutely  tomen- 
tose when  young,  hispid  with  long  and  white  bristly  hairs  :  leaves  thin-coriaceous, 
green  and  glabrous,  except  the  bristles  on  the  midrib  beneath,  lanceolate-oblong  or 
ovate-lanceolate  with  a  strongly  sagittate-cordate  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  mucro- 
nato-pointed,  mostly  .spiuulose-scrntlate  (2  or  .'5  inches  long)  :  fruiting  pediceLs  id)out 
etpialling  tho  bracts:  drupes  rtHhlish,  much  dei)ressed,  4  or  5  lines  in  diameter, 
densely  clothed  with  exceediiigly  viscid  bristles.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  811. 

In  the  mountains  behind  Santa  Cruz,  among  redwoods  (Big-trco  Grove),  Dr.  Anderson.  Fila- 
ments somewhat  hirsute.      Bark  jialer  than  in  the  Manzanilas. 

2.  A.  tomentosa,  Dougl.  Erect,  2  to  6  feet  higli,  tomentose  when  young, 
hispid  with  long  spreading  hairs  on  the  branchlets,  petioles,  &c.,  but  these  some- 
times nearly  wanting  :  leaves  thick  and  very  rigid-coriaceous,  varying  from  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  ovate  and  even  cordate,  entire,  rarely  serrulate,  often  cuspidate-mucro- 
nate,  usually  becoming  vertical  (one  or  two  inches  long)  :  flowers  in  very  short 


Arcto^taphylos.  ERICACE^.  ..^ 

Kog.  t.  1.9    ;  Hook.  H.  n.  t.  i;U),  ct-  Hot.  Ma^^  t.  .'5220.    A.  conllfoUa,  \L\\   1   c 

I    ng  long  bnstly  l.airs  on  the  branches  :  leaves  oval  (iialf  to  two  thinls  of  an   inch 

I  long  ,   rounded    at    both   ends,   someti.nes   obscurely   cordato,    very   sh<,rt-,.e  io  ej 

mostly  entire    thick  and  rigid,  bright  gre.u,  the  upper  sur  ace  sLn  n'^racS 

-trr!v::"S  vi^.^lJr'''"^  ^"=^"  '-  I-^^-^-  ovary  n.inute,y^to.eZ: 

«   *   Ovarif  glahrom  :  no  hispid  hairs  on  the  branches  and  petioles. 
4.  A  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.     Prostrate,  trailing  or  somewhat  creeping  almost  cla- 
brous:  leaves  spatulate  or  oblong-obovate,  obt.^e  or  retuse  :  flowe^rs  ii  smaU  and 
short  racemose  clusters  :  lilaments  bearded  :  fruit  red. 

Doubtless  in  the  State  on  the  borders  of  Oregon  and  northern  Nevada  ;  thence  not  rare  north 

Inoi  ^{  P^"^^^^'  ^"i<^;  ^''T^>  '^^^'"'*''.  tufted,  minutely  iomentoso-pubescent  : 
loaves  obovate-oval  or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  or  son,o  ..f  them  more  or  less  mucro- 
nate-tipped,  pale  :  flowers  as  in  the  preceding  but  smaller  :  lilaments  siurincdy 
bcanlcd  or  nearly  naked.  -A.  pumila  c^-  A.  acuta,  iXutt.  1.  c.     y;rr»/.,„V/,.i, „/,,?//. 


ttvdsof  Linch  lon|  '  ""^  ^'""'  '^''  '"''  ""^^  ''"'•"""^  *"^'^-     I^e<'^ves  from  half  to  two 

6.    A.  pungens,  HBK.      Erect  or  at  Ingli  elevations   procumbent,  min.itelv 
cinorcous-tomentoso   when   young,  or  glabrous :   smooth    close  bark  brownish-red 
(mahogany-color) :  leaves  commojdy  becoming  vortical  bv  a  twist  of  the  distinct  or 
pretty  long  petiole,  very  rigid,  often  glaucous  or  pale,  entire  or  occasionally  dentic- 
ulate wi  h  a  few  sharp  teeth,  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  oval,  most  of  them 
pungently  mucronate-acuminate  or  cuspidate  :    flowers   crowded   in  very  short  ra- 
cemes, on  short  glabrous  pedicels:  filaments  strongly  ciliate  bearde^^ 
turning  dull  red.  -  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  iii.  t.  2r)9  ;  Torr.  in  En.ory  Kep.  t.  7 
Arbntas  pungens,   Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  144.     Andromeda  (?)  venuhsa    DC 
Prodr.  yn.   607.     Ardostaphi/los  Hoolrri,  Don.      A.  nla^ca,    Watson,   Bot.  'xing 
Exp    210.     Aerohotrj/s  venvlosus,  Nutt.  I.  c.  ;   Benth.  VI  llartw.  321.     Daphnido- 
staphi/hs  pnnr/ens  i^  J).  Jlookeri,  Klotzsch. 

Dry  and  barren  ridges  cverywhoro,  Iwth  on  the  coast  and  at  great  olovnt ions,  oxtondinc  north 
into  Oregon,  cast  to  tjtnh  and  New  Mexi-o,  and  south  into  Afexi.-o.  This,  the  com  on  7an\ 
zanrtn,  ,s  exceedingly  variable  indu.ling.  as  it  must,  the  S,nnJI  M.mmuta,  Nh  h  at  Toleva- 
tons  is  procnmbcnt,  rising  only  a  few  inches  in  height,  and  larger  forms,  with  erect  s  ems  tor- 
ihmeterThn:;^'-;.'^"?.'"  ^'^'l^  ""'  ''''  ^^  J"   height  ;  the  short  trunk  sometimes  a  Sotin 

a  rSierrn     im  '  1^^  "^l"'''"^  "?"  ^'^   ^'■"""'  •,     '^""^'    "''  *'"^'"'    ^'''^'''  ^^P^-^i^Hy  i"  tl'e  foot-hills 

a  nv  1  A.  \  T"''''''  ""'""'-^  °:  '1'."*".  «''^'""'"'-  '^"''  "■'♦'•  '"•""•'  '".-I  larger:  pale  or  glaurou., 
and  ova  or  ovato  leaves,  commonly  deslitul..  ,.f  the  i.ung.-nt  tip.  a.o  ns.mllv  referred  to  ,1 
g^nuca,  but  that  ,s  distinguished  by  its  remarkable  fruit,  '^^rhe  fruits  of  the  plesent  species  ar^ 
not  larger  than  t_hose  of  ./.  tonwv/osa,  oidy  4  lines  in  diameter,  tlie  nulh-ts  onlv  a  line  or  two  in 
(liametcr,  separable,  or  one  or  two  jmirs  cohering,  tlie  pntameu  of  less  thi.kness  than  the  cavity 
Ihe  specific  name,  pun^jcns,  is  seldom  appropriate  for  the  Californian  plant.  "'''-  •■•■"•  •-  --'-- 
by  Indians  and  bears. 


The  fruit  is  eaten 


^j,^^  ElUCACEJ^].  Ardostaphijlus. 

§  2.    Drupe  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  a  solid  tvoody  or  boni/  l-5-celltd  and  I  -  5- 
seeded  stoue  in  a  thin  pulp.  —  Xyi.ococcus.      {X i/hcoccus,  Null.) 

7.  A.  glauca,  Limll.  Erect,  8  to  20  feet  liigh.  mucli  bvaiiGhed  (iVom  a  trunk 
sometiiues  a  iout  in  iliameter  at  tlio  base),  completely  glabrous,  glaucous  :  leaves 
ri"itl,  varying  I'runi  oblong  to  rounil-ovato  anil  slightly  conlate,  vertical  by  a  twist 
uHhe  petiole,  with  or  without  a  small  mucronate  tij) :  racemes  panicled  :  bracts,  &.C., 
as  in  the  precetling  :  pedicels  slender  and  minutely  hirsute-glandular :  lilaments 
somewhat  ciliatc  at  base  :  fruit  red,  large ;  the  5-celled  stone  half  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. —  LiniU.  liot.  lieg.,  a  brief  character  in  a  note  under  t.  17131. 

Dry  hills,  IVoiu  Monterey  (Douglas)  to  San  Diego  {Cleveland,  kc).  Thhi  Great-berried  Manza- 
nita  is  hiuilly  to  Ihj  distiiiguislied  in  llower  tVoni  tlio  liirge  and  ghtnci'sent  form  of  the  preceding, 
except  hy  tlio  glaniluhir  ii.mH<i1s.  Miit  tliu  fruit  is  far  larger,  oftener  three  fourths  of  an  \\u\\  in 
diameter;  tlie  nutlets  coniplctcly  consolidated  into  ii  globose  woody  stone,  of  great  thickness  and 
solidity  ;  the  hve  cells  all  towards  the  centre,  each  with  a  fertile  seed.  While  very  like  the  pre- 
ceding in  asi)ect,  it  is  associated  willi  the  next  by  the  fruit. 

8.  A.  bicolor,  Gray.  Erect,  3  or  4  feet  high,  leafy  only  at  the  end  of  the 
branches  :  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  thinnish-coriaceous,  entire,  pinnately  veined, 
soon  glabrous  abovo  anil  shining,  whitish-tomentoso  beneath,  as  also  the  branchlets 
and  the  ovate  chartaceuus  bracts  of  the  short  spicato  raceme  :  calyx  of  5  nearly  dis- 
tinct round-ovate  ind)ricateil  se[»als,  somewhat  colored  :  corolla  urceolate,  rose-color 
or  tinged  with  red  :  lilaments  scarcely  dilated  at  base  :  style  long  :  stigma  capitate. 
—  Xylococcu.s  bicolor,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  I'hil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  258. 

"  Near  Monterey,"  Nultull.  Near  San  Diego,  Dr.  Cooper,  D.  Cleveland.  Flowers  in  March 
and  April.  Leaves  an  inch  or  two  long.  Scaly  spike  or  dense  raceme  barely  an  inch  long.  Fruit 
the  size  of  a  pea,  yellow  turning  red,  the  solid  stone  maturing  4  or  5  seeds,  or  by  abortion  only 
one. 

§  3.   Drupe  ivith  a  granulate  or  ivarty  surface,  as  in  Arbutus;  the  cells  cohering  into 
a  several-celled  stone.  —  Comauostai'IIYLIS.      (Comarostaphylis,  Zucc.) 

9.  A.  polifolia,  llliK.  Erect,  f)  to  8  feet  high,  glabrous  :  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, cuspidate,  pale  beneath  :  raceme  elongated  ;  the  lower  bracts  foliaceous,  the 
upper  becoming  siibidate  and  shorter  than  the  slender  bracteolate  pedicels  :  calyx- 
lobes  triangular :  corolla  reddish  :  fruit  dark  purple,  minutely  warty,  its  stone 
5.celled.  —  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  iii.  277,  t.  258;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  108. 

Below  San  Diego,  near  the  boundary,  and  in  Mexico.     Leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  willow-like. 

4.   GAULTHERIA,  binn.        Winticimuikkn.     Sai.ai.. 

Calyx  5-clert,  geniTally  colored  like  the  corolla.  Corolla  urceolate  or  camimim- 
late,  5-toothed  or  5-li)bed.  Stamens  10,  included  :  anther-cells  oi)ening  by  a  hole  at 
the  apex,  each  usually  2-awned  or  2-pointed.  Capsule  5-celled,  5-lobed,  depressed 
and  umbilicate,  many-seeded,  enclosed  at  maturity  in  the  calyx,  which  enlarges  and 
becomes  fleshy  after  the  corolla  falls,  and  imitates  a  globular  berry  :  this  is  eatable 
and  aromatic-ilavored.  Shrubby  or  almost  herbaceous  plants  ;  with  broad  evergreen 
leaves,  and  white  or  sometimes  rose-colored  flowers,  mostly  axillary  or  in  axillary 
racemes,  from  scaly  bmls. 

A  rather  wide-spread  gcnu.s,  mostly  American  and  Asiatic,  non((  F-uroyiean,  of  temperate  regions 
or  on  mountains.  The  original  species,  confmeil  to  Atlantic  North  America,  is  the  well-known 
Aromatic  IV InUrgrcen,  G.  piociimbens. 

1.  G.  Myrsinites,  Hook.  Very  low,  spreading  over  the  ground  in  tufts  :  the 
slender  stems  and  branches  decidedly  woody  :  leaves  ovate  or  rotund  (half  to  an 
inch  long),  the  margins  beset  with  minute  more  or  less  bristle-pointed  teeth  :  flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  on  short  3  -  4  bracteolate  pedicels  :  corolla  rather 


Camope.  ERICACE^.  455 

campanulate  and  5-lobe(l  :  filaments  slender  and  smooth  :  anthers  naked,  obscurely 
•4-pointed.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  35,  t.  12!). 

In  forests,  near  the  northern  borders  of  llie  State  {Dr.  Ncwbcrnj) ;  without  much  douht  also 
within  its  limits,  thence  tlirough  Oregon  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Tlie /rMi<  scarlet,  aromatic, 
said  to  bo  delicious. 

2.  Gr.  Shallon,  Pursh.  Shrubby  stems  spreading  or  ascending  a  foot  or  two  in 
height:  leaves  ovate  or  slightly  cordate,  acuminate  (2  to  4  inches  long),  finely  serrate 
(the  tooth  when  young  bristlo-tipped),  sinning  :  ilowoi-s  in  terminal  and  axillary 
commonly  jmnicled  or  compound  glaiidular-viHcid  raonmeH  :  bructH  scaly  :  j)odicel8 
recurved  and  1  -  2-bractcolato  below  tlio  middle:  corolla  ovate,  tlio  narrow  oiilico 
H-toothod  :  filaments  broad  :  anthers  with  a  pair  of  awn-liko  ai)[)endag03  on  tho 
summit  of  each  cell  :  fruit  purple,  becoming  black.  — Pursh,  PI.  284,  t.  12;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  2843  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Pteg.  t.  1411. 

In  redwoods,  &c.,  from  the  Bay  of  Monterey  to  Oregon  and  northward.  Fruit  a  much-esteemed 
article  of  food  of  the  Oregon  Indians,  called  by  them  Hhal/.mi  according  to  Lewis  and  Clark,  or  at 
present  Salal. 

5.  LEUCOTHOE,  Don. 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  separate  sepals,  more  or  less  imbricated  in  the  bud,  or  very 

early  open,  not  enlarging  or  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit.     Corolla  cylindraceous  or 

ovate,  "with  contracted  mouth  and  5  short  spreading  teeth.     Stamens  10  :  filaments 

subulate  :  anthers  naked,  or  the  cells   1  -  2-pointed  or  awned  at  the  apex,  which 

opens  by  a  large  pore.     Capsule  depressed,  more  or  less  5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculi- 

cididly  /)-valved,  many-soodod.  —  Shrubs;   with  poliolod  and  commonly  serrulate 

veiny  loaves,  racomoso  inlloresccnco,  and  abundance  of  white  flowers  ;  tho  bracts  and 

bractlets  mostly  scalo-like ;  and  tho  flowers  articulated  with  tho  pedicel,  or  this  with 

tho  rhachia.  —  Gray,  Man.  Bot.  293. 

Genus  still  somewhat  uncertain  in  extent ;  the  original  species  in  tho  Atlantic  United  States  ; 
the  recently-discovered  Californian  one  a  true  Lcucothoe,  altiiough  differing  in  some  particulars. 

1.  L.  Davisice,  Torr.  Evergreen  shrub,  3  to  5  feet  high,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves 
bright  green,  coriaceous,  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  obscurely  spinulose-serrulate 
(an  inch  or  two  long) :  racemes  slender,  erect,  terminal  and  from  the  upper  axils, 
forming  a  cluster :  flowers  pendulous  :  bracts  and  bractlets  at  tho  base  of  the 
recurved  pedicels  short  and  scarious,  ovate  or  roundish  :  sepals  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 
whitish  :  anther-cells  distinct  to  the  middle,  2-pointed  at  tho  apex.  —  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  400. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada;  near  Eureka,  Nevada  Co.,  discovered  by  Miss  N.  J.  Davis.  Plumas  Co., 
Mrs.  Pulsifcr  Anus,  Lemmon.  A  beautiful  shrub  :  flowers  abundant  :  corolla  3  lines  long.  Fniit 
unknown. 

6.   CASSIOPE,  Don. 

Calyx  of  4  or  5  membranaceous  ovato  sepals,  imbricated  in  tho  bud,  persistent, 
bractless.  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  4 -5-lobed.  Stamens  8  or  10,  included  : 
filaments  subulate  :  anthers  short,  fixed  near  their  apex,  furnished  with  a  pair 
of  recurved  awns  at  tho  insertion  ;  the  turgid  ovoid  cells  opening  by  a  largo  ter- 
minal pore.  Style  tapering  upwards.  Capsule  globular,  4  -  5-celled,  loculicidally 
4-5-valved  ;  the  valves  soon  2-cleft ;  the  largo  placontnc  pendulous.  Seeds  numer- 
ous with  a  doflo  coat.  —  Smidl  arctic  or  alpino  snU'rutoscoiit  ovorgrnens,  willi  tho 
crowded  or  imbricated  foli.ago  and  aspect  of  Heaths  or  Club-Mosses;  the  white  or 
rose-colored  flowers  solitary  and  nodding  on  tho  apex  of  slender  and  erect  naked 
peduncles  ;  these  suiTOunded  by  scaly  bracts  at  their  base. 


,j^5G  ERIC  ACE  Ji.  Cassiope. 

A  peculiar  genus  of  ten  species,  of  the  northern  frigid  regions,  extending  southward  only  along 
high  niountains,  mainly  Aniurican  and  Asiatic,  two  reaching  high  northern  Europe,  live  North. 
Auieiican. 

1.  C.  Mertensiana,  Don.  Bmnclu^a  ascending,  in  tufts,  G  to  12  inches  liigli, 
coverutl  tliruiigliuiit  wil.li  tliu  UiiiveM,  wliieli  imi  upin'osseil  und  closely  inibrieiitcil  iii 
I'uur  ranks,  liiiek,  sinuotli,  not  over  '2  liin-s  long,  ovatu-ohlong,  keulud  on  the  buck  : 
peduncles  lateral:  corulla  niodeiiitely  5-lobed  :  style  rather  slender.  —  Andromeda 
Altrtensiana,  liongard,  Veg.  yiteh.  t.  5.      A.  cupressiiia,  lluuk.  Fl.  ii.  38. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevaihi,  at  or  above  10,000  feet,  from  Mount  Dana  to  I^assen's  Teak  {Bremer, 
liolandcr,  4tc.)  ;  thenco  to  Alaska.     Corolla  3  lines  high  and  4  broad. 

C.  TErKAGONA,  Don,  which  reaches  Oregon  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  very  similar,  except 
that  there  is  a  deep  groove  down  tho  back  of  tlio  leaf,  and  the  {lower  is  rather  smaller. 

7.  BEYANTHUS,  Steller,  Gray.     (Incl.  Phyllodoce,  Salisb.) 

Calyx  of  5  or  rarely  4  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  campanulate  and 
more  or  less  deei)ly  lobed,  or  ovate,  and  I)arely  5-touthod  ;  tho  lobes  or  teeth  widely 
spreading  or  recurved.  .Stamens  10  or  8  (rarely  fewer)  :  filaments  filiform  :  antheis 
opening  by  terminal  oblique  chinks.  Style  slender:  stigma  5  -  4-lobed,  or  nearly 
entire.  Capsule  globidar,  septicidally  5  -  4-valved  from  the  summit.  —  Dwarf  ever- 
greens ;  ■with  woody  stems  thickly  beset  with  linear  obtuse  Heath-like  leaves  ;  tho 
llowers  in  a  short  raceme  or  umbel-like  clubter  from  the  summit  of  shoots  of  the  pre- 
ceding year,  each  pedicel  from  the  axil  of  a  firm  foliaceous  bract.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  307. 

Consists  of  several  arctic-aljiino  species.  Dr.  Maximowicz,  perhaps  with  sufficient  reason, 
•would  retain  thyllodoce  und  BriKvnthus,  notwithstanding  our  li.  llrewcri,  on  account  of  tho 
•1-nicrous  llowers,  deeply  parted  condla,  and  naked  exserted  common  peduncle  of  B.  Gmelini. 
ikil  lliu  new  Caliiornian  species  dillera  about  oa  much  from  tho  true  r/tijlloduccs  as  from  tho 
original  Bri/iuUhiin,  agreeing  with  tho  latlur  conspicuously  in  its  deeply  dolt  corolla  and  long- 
exserted  stamens. 

On  the  other  hand,  I?iiitham  nnd  Hooker's  flenera  riantarum  proposes  to  solve  the  didlculty 
by  cutting  the  knot,  and  the  series,  in  the  middle,  referring  to  Brijanthus  all  the  sjjecies  with 
open-campanulatc  corolla,  and  only  these  :  under  tliis  view  both  of  the  species  known  in  California 
would  l)elong  to  Bri/aiU/nin,  - -lo  ui\  internii:<liate  section,  which  may  lie  named  PAitAimYANriUJS  : 
corolla  open-campunulale,  more  or  less  ii-cleft  or  lobed  :  no  common  peduncle. 

1.  B.  BreTveri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Stems  rigid,  ascending,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  : 
leaves  snioutli  ur  nearly  so  (3  tu  7  lines  long),  narrowly  linear,  obtuse  ;  the  margins 
strongly  revolnte  :  llowers  at  lirst  as  if  umbellate,  at  length  rather  racemose  :  foli- 
aceous bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate  :  pedicels  glamlular,  soon  longer  than  the  flowers  : 
sepals  glabrous  :  corolla  rose-jjurple,  almost  saucer-shaped,  5-cleft  fully  to  the  mid- 
dle :  stamens  (7  to  10)  and  style  much  exserted. 

High  and  rocky  summits  in  tho  Sierra  Nevada,  at  10,000  feet  und  upwards,  from  Mariposa  to 
Sierra  C^o.,  Brewer,  Turrcy,  Bolander,  &c.     The  handsomest  species  of  the  genus. 

2.  B.  empetriformis,  (^ray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  so  in  height,  more  branched  than 
tho  precetling  :  umhcilatc  llowtns  much  smaller  :  corulla  (liardly  over  2  lincis  long) 
rose-color,  campanulate;  its  lobes  nnich  shorter  than  the  tube:  stamens  iiududed  : 
style  sometimes  exserted.  —  Mciiziesia  einpdri/ormis,  Smith;  (Jraham  in  Hot.  Mug. 
t.  3176.     il/.  Unihdini,  Hook.  i"l.  ii.  40.     I'hi/Uoduce  empdi-i/onnia,  iJun. 

Rocks  on  Mount  Shasta,  at  8,000  feet  and  higher,  Brewer.  Also  high  northward  and  in  the 
Rocky  Alountains. 

8.  KALMIA,  Linn.        American  Laurel. 
Calyx  of  5  ne<irly  distinct  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.     ('orolla  wheel-shaped  or 
saucer-shaped,  with  5  short  lobes,  and  beneath  these  10  small  pouches,  in  which  the 


Rhododendron.  ERICACEAE.  457 

anthers  are  severally  lodged.     Stamens  10:  filaments  filiform:  anthers  opening  hy 

a  terminal  hole  or  cliink.     Stylo  slender  :   stigma  depressed.      Capsule  globular, 

septicidally  r)-valvod  :  the  placenta)  pendulous.    Seeds  slender.  —  Evergreen  shrubs  ; 

with  entire  coriaceous  leaves,  either  opposite  or  alternate,  and  showy  llowers  mostly 

in  an  umbel  or  corymb ;  the  pedicels  subtended  by  coriaceous  ami  persistent  bracts. 

Tlifi  Kalmiag  arc  all  American  and  of  tho  eastern  side  of  the  continent,  excciiting  tlic  following, 
which  ranges  northward  from  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  and  southward  on  high  mountains. 

1.  K.  glauca,  Linn.  Shrub  spreading,  from  a  span  to  2  feet  high,  veiy  glabrous, 
with  Hat  ascending  branches :  leavbs  opposite  or  sometiiues  whorled  in  threes, 
nearly  sessile,  narrowly  oblong  or  appearing  linear  when  the  margins  are  revolute, 
white  and  glaucous  beneath  :  corymb  terminal,  of  several  or  few  flowers,  tho  lower 
bracts  resembling  the  leaves  :  pedicels  filiform  :  corolla  lilac  or  chocolate-purple, 
half  an  inch  in  diameter.  — Ait.  Kew.  ii.  t.  8  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  177. 

Siena  Nevada  ;  on  Mount  Dana,  at  and  above  11,000  feet,  in  marshy  places,  Breioer.  Also 
Webber  Peak,  Lcmmon.  Only  tho  var.  microphi/lla,  Hook.,  i.  c.  a  dcpaunerato  state,  rising 
littlo  above  tho  ground.  Mr.  Wntson  found  it  on  similar  liigi»  nioiuitains  \n  Nevada.  It  extends 
to  the  .lubarctic  regions,  and  south  to  lat,  41°  in  tho  Atlantic  States. 

9.  MENZIESIA,  Smith. 
Calyx  small  or  minute,  mostly  4-parted  or  toothed,  glandular-ciliate.  Corolla 
from  globular-urnshaped  to  campanulate,  obtusely  lobcd.  Stamens  mostly  8, 
included  :  filaments  flat  :  anthers  rather  short,  naked  :  tho  cells  opening  at  top  by 
an  obli(iue  poro  or  chink.  Style  slender  :  stigma  ca[)itate-truncate.  Capsule  glob- 
ular or  ovoid,  mostly  4cellcd  and  4-valved,  septicidal.  Seeds  numerous,  scobiform 
(like  fine  sawdust),  the  coat  being  very  loose.  —  Deciduous-leaved  shrubs  (unequally 
divided  between  Japan  and  N.  America)  ;  the  foliage  resembling  that  of  Azaleas ; 
the  small  flowers  in  terminal  umbels  (sometimes  becoming  lateral),  developed  simul- 
taneously with  the  leaves,  from  separate  scaly  buds  ;  their  thin-scarious  scales  or 
bracts  early  deciduous. 

1.  M.  ferruginea,  Smith.  Loosely  branched  shrub,  2  to  5  feet  high  :  loaves 
disposed  to  be  crowdetl  at  the  end  of  tho  branches,  thin,  short-petioled,  oblong- 
obovate,  entire,  acute  and  with  a  callous  gland-like  mucronato  tip,  more  or  less  hir- 
sute with  rusty  hairs  and  some  chaffy  bri.stles,  especially  on  tho  midrib  and  margins  ; 
branchlets  and  pedicels  also  glandular  :  corolla  purplish  or  greenish,  short-campanu- 
lato  with  at  first  tho  mouth  contracted.  —  Ic.  Ined.  t.  36. 

Woods  of  Oregon  and  northward  :  doubtless  in  the  northwestern  part  of  California,  but  not  yet 
seen  :  extends  eastwanl  nearly  to  the  Upper  Great  i.akes,  and  a  variety  of  it  inhabits  the  Allegha- 
nies.     The  only  American  species.     Japan  has  several. 

10.   RHODODENDRON,  binn.,  including  Azam: a. 

Calyx  very  small  in  our  species.  Corolla  large,  varying  from  funnelform  to  cam- 
panulate, 5-lobed,  often  slightly  irregular.  Stamens  5  to  10  :  filaments  filiform, 
commonly  declined  :  anthers  short,  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore  or  chink. 
Style  long,  commoidy  declined  or  incurved  :  stigma  truncate  or  capitate.  Capsule 
woody,  septicidally  G-valved  from  tho  summit.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  small, 
scobiform,  i,  e.  with  a  loose  cbafl'-like  coat.  —  Ornamental  shrubs  ;  with  alternate  and 
entire  leaves,  usually  crowded  on  the  flowering  branches  ;  the  showy  flowers  in 
terminal  umbels  or  corymbs  from  ample  scaly  buds,  the  thin  sc^ales  or  bracts  decidu- 


^gg  EK1CACE.E.  lihododendron. 

ous  when  the  flowers  develop.  —  Maximowicz,  lihodod.  Asiic  Or.   13;   Lenth.  & 

Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  599. 

Ilhododaidrons  aiul  Azaleas,  although  dillerent  enough  as  to  our  common  species,  arc  quite  un- 
(listinguialiable  wlien  tlio  whole  are  t^ikon  into  view. 

U.  Ai.niKi.out'M,  Hook.,  (.1"  tlio  \\oo.l.s  of  Oregon  and  northwanl,  which  niay  occur  within  tlie 
liniita  of  the  SUite',  ia  a  aiiecies  with  hitoial  llowora  and  10  stamens,  but  deciduous  leaves. 

§  1.   Flowers  from  a  lanje  and  special  scaly  terminal  bud:  stamens  10  :  leaves  coria- 
ceous and  evergreen.  —  Kuhiiodouenduon,  Maxim. 

1.  R.  Californicum,  Hook.  Shrub  3  to  8  feet  liigh,  glabrous  :  leaves  oblong, 
with  a  bhoit  acute  point,  bright  green  above,  pale  beneath  :  umbel  many-llowered  : 
calyx  minute,  slightly  S-lobed  :  corolla  rose  i)urple,  broadly  campanulato  ;  the  broad 
lobes  undulate,  upper  ones  ycllowibh  and  spotted  within  :  stamens  shorter  tium  the 
corolla  :  lilaments  incurved  at  the  apex  :  ovary  silky-hairy  :  capside  oblong.  —  liot. 
Mag.  t.  4863. 

Forests  of  tlie  northern  part  of  the  State  (Mendocino  Co.,  &c.)  extending  to  Oregon  {E.  Hall). 
Shrub  3  to  8  feet  higii,  resembling  R.  Calaicbicnsc  of  the  Alleghanies,  hut  with  more  showy 
flowers  of  about  the  same  size.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long  :  corolla  2  inches  or  more  in  diameter. 
This  solitary  Californian  true  Rhododendron  or  Rose  Bay  is  well  deserving  of  cultivation. 

§  2.  Flowers  from  a  large  and  sjiecial  scaly  terminal  bud,  close  belotv  tvhich  are 
separate  leaf  buds  from  which  the  shoots  of  the  season  proceed :  stamens  com- 
monly 5  and  exserted :  leaves  deciduous.  —  Azalea,  Planchon,  (fee.  {Azalea, 
Linn.,  mainly.) 

2.  R.  occidentale,  Gray.  Shrub  2  to  G  feet  high,  with  shoots  glabrous  or 
minutely  pubescent  when  young,  not  bristly  :  leaves  obovate-oblong,  sometimes 
approaching  lanceolate,  bright-green  and  shining  above,  minutely  pubescent, 
glabrate,  the  margins  minutely  hispid-ciliate  :  scales  of  the  llower-bud  somewhat 
canescent :  flowers  api)earing  after  the  leaves  :  sepals  distinct,  oblong  or  oval,  con- 
spicuous :  corolla  miimtely  viscid-pubescent  outsido,  white,  with  the  upper  \o\w  yel- 
low inside;  the  narrow  fiinnelform  tube  equalling  the  deeply  R-cleft  slightly  irreg- 
ular limb  ;  the  lobi:s  ovate  :  stamens  and  style  much  ex.serted,  nunlemtely  curvoil  : 
capsule  oblong. — Azalea  occidentalis,  Torr.  &i  (!ray,  Tacif.  It.  Ivep.  iv.  110;  Hook. 
Bot.  ]\[ag.  t.  5005  ;  Torr.  liot.  Wilkes  Exj).  381.  A.  calendulacea,  var.,  ]]i-nth. 
PI,  Hartw.  321.      lihododendron  calendulaceum,  Hook,  (fe  Arn.  Dot.  Beechey,  3G2. 

In  wooded  distric^ts  along  streams,  almost  throughout  the  State,  extending  to  the  mountains 
east  of  San  Die^o,  but  conunon  northward.  Leaves  1^  to  4  inches  long,  becoming  of  a  rather 
firm  texture.  Mowers  2^  to  '6  inches  long,  fragrant.  This  charming  Californian  Azalea,  the 
great  ornament  of  the  wooilcd  districts,  belongs  rather  to  the  group  of  the  eastern  R.  viscosuni, 
than  to  that  of  R.  ailcndulaccum,  the  lloweis  ajipearing  in  siunmer  or  late  s}iring,  after  the  leaves 
have  developed.  The  bright  green  foliage  makes  a  fine  setting  for  the  large  ami  copious  white  or 
sometimes  slightly  rosy  llowers,  variegated  by  a  pale  yellow  band.  The  fragrance  is  unlike  that 
of  the  eastern  species,  and  not  so  dclicidus. 

11.  LEDUM,  Linn.  Labradou  Tea. 
"■  Calyx  small,  5-cleft.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  and  spreading  oval  or  oblong  petals. 
Stamens  4  to  10  ;  fdaments  liliform  :  cells  of  the  anthers  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Stylo  liliform,  persistent.  Capsule  oval  or  oblong,  septicidally  5-valved  from  the 
base  upwards  :  placentic  pendulous.  Seeds  slender,  with  a  loose  coat.  —  Low  and 
more  or  less  evergreen  shrubs ;  with  broad  alternate  entire  leaves,  their  margins  dis- 
posed to  be  revolute,  and  the  lower  surface  either  resinous-dotted  or  rusty-woolly  ; 
the  flowers  small  and  white  in  a  terminal  umbel-like  corymb,  which  is  developed 
from  a  large  scaly  bud,  its  thin  scales  or  bracts  deciduous  when  the  flowers  are 
developed. 


Mnnese^f.  ERICACEyI5.  459 

li.  rAi-uarnE,  I.iiin.,  wliioli  ginws  lomul  tlin  world  fur  iiorUi,  nml  \,.  i,AliKni,iirM,  Ait.,  wliicli 
extends  from  Newloundland  to  Oregon  (the  only  other  species),  nro  not  met  with  in  California, 
wliich  has  a  peculiar  species,  viz. 

1.  L.  glandulosum,  Niitt.  Shrub  2  to  G  feet  liigh,  erect,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  pale  and  dotted  with  resinous  scaly  dots  beneath,  and 
when  young  somewhat  resinous  above,  slender-petioled  :  corymbs  terminal  and 
sometimes  axillary,  often  compound  :  stamens  4  to  10  :  capside  oval.  —  'JVans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  270  (subgon.  Ledodoidrov) ;  Watson,  J5ot.  King  Exp.  211. 

Mendocino  Co.,  along  the  coast  range,  to  Oregon,  and  tlirougli  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  and  above 
4,000  feet :  also  in  the  Nevada  and  Rocky  Mountains.  I/cavcs  an  inch  or  two  long,  tiio  margins 
little  or  not  at  all  revolute,  the  lower  surface  destitute  of  tiio  wool  of  the  other  species.  Flowers 
resembling  those  of  L.  latifolinm. 

12.  CHIMAPHILA,  Pursh.  Pipsi.ssrwa. 
Corolla  of  5  rotately  spreading  orbicular  and  concave  petals.  Stamens  10  :  fila- 
ments enlarged  and  hairy  in  the  middle  :  anthers  extrorso  in  the  bud,  introrse  in 
the  flower,  opening  by  a  round  hole  at  the  tapering  summit  of  each  cell.  Stylo  very 
.short,  inversely  conical,  nearly  immersed  in  the  depressed  umbilicato  summit  of  tho 
ovary  :  stigma  broad,  orbicular,  its  border  somewhat  R-crenato.  Capsule  doprcs.sod- 
globose,  6-lobc(l,  5-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent  from  tho  apex  downwards,  tho 
edges  of  the  valves  glabrous.  —  Low,  nearly  herbaceous,  evergreen  perennials:  with 
long  underground  shoots,  ascending  stems  bearing  thick  and  smooth  shining  shar])ly 
serrulate  leaves  in  irregular  whorls  or  pairs,  or  scattered,  and  a  terminal  naked 
peduncle  supporting  a  few  fragrant  flowers  in  a  corymb  or  umbel,  tracts  scaly. 
Petals  white  or  flesh-color,  waxy  :  anthers  violet  or  purple. 

A  small  North  American  genus,  extending  into  Mexico,  the  commonest  species  also  in  Europe 
an<l  Japan  :  in  the  latter  also  a  peculiar  species  very  like  one  of  ours.  All  grow  in  dry  wooas, 
especially  on  hillsides  and  in  the  shade  of  coniferous  trees. 

1.  C.  Uiubellata,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  branching  :  leaves  oblanceolate 
or  wedge-shaped,  entire  towards  the  tapering  base,  bright  green,  not  spotted  :  pe- 
duncle 4-7-flowered:  bracts  narrow,  deciduous:  filaments  hairy  on  the  margins 
only.  —  Barton,  Veg.  ]\Iat.  Med.  t.  1.  G.  conjmbosa,  Pursh.  Pyrola  umbellata, 
Linn. ;  Bigel.  Med.  Jiot.  t.  21. 

This,  the  common  Pipsisscwa  or  Prince's  Pine  of  tho  Eastern  States,  Oregon,  &c.,  also  found 
both  on  the  eastern  and  western  sides  of  the  Old  World  and  in  Mexico,  appears  to  be  rare  in 
California  and  only  in  the  north.  Mount  Shasta  (^?-e?«cr) ;  Mendocino  Co.  {Bolander);  Sierra 
Valley,  Lemmon. 

2.  C.  Menziesii,  Spreng.  A  span  high,  sparingly  branched  :  leaves  varying 
from  ovate  to  oblong- lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  small  {h  to  1^  inches  long), 
purplish  beneath,  sometimes  variegated  with  white  above  :  peduncle  1  -  3-flowered  : 
bracts  ovate  or  roundi.sh  :  fdamonts  villous  on  tho  dilated  middle  portion.  —  Hook. 
Fl.  ii.  49,  t.  1.^8.     Pi/rola  Menziesii,  Don. 

Pino  woods,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  from  Mendocino  Co.  northward,  through  Oregon. 
Most  resembles  tho  eastern  C.  maculata  and  the  recently  discovered  C.  Jojjonica. 

13.  MONESES,  Snlisb. 
Corolla  as  in  C//fnm/)A?7a.  Stamens  10:  filaments  not  enlarged  in  the  middle, 
subirlate,  naked  :  anthers  as  in  Chimaphila,  but  tho  cells  contracted  into  a  distinct 
short  tube  at  tho  extremity.  Style  cxserted,  straight :  stigma  large,  peltate,  and 
with  5  short  radiating  lobes.  Capsule  as  in  Chimaphila.  Parts  of  the  flower  occa- 
sionally in  fours  instead  of  fives.  --  A  single  specips  known,  viz. 


^gQ  ERICA  CE^.  Moneses. 

1  M.  uniflora,  Gmy.  A  small  and  low  perennial,  with  a  cluster  of  round  or 
obovate  "shuit-pctiolod  (•.renul.ao  loavos,  and  a  scape  li  to  4  inches  high,  tcnuuiatcd 
Ly  a  handsuiue  white  or  lK:sh-culored  llowcr  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  — 
I'l/roia  uiiijlont,  Linn,      Moneses  (jmndijUmi,  Salisb. 

In  coKl  bogH  roiui.l  tlw  ik.iIIi.tii  lioiiiisplioro  ;  iIouMIohs  witliiii  tho  limits  of  tlio  Stuto  ul  liigli 
olovutioiis,  us  it  otxuib  iioiili  ami  cjibl  of  ihciii. 

14.   PYROLA,  Touni.         WiNTHUoiiKiiN. 

Corolla  of  5  concave  and  more  or  less  converging  petals.  Stamens  10  :  hlaments 
ascending  or  straight,  subulate,  naked  :  anthers  as  in  the  preceding  genera,  either 
witli  or  without  a  tubular  prolongation  of  the  extremity  of  the  cells,  which  open  by 
a  round  hole.  Style  generally  long  :  stigma  5dobed  or  5-rayod.  Capsule  depressed- 
globose,  5dobed,  5-celleil,  loculiciilally  5-valvetl  from  the  base  upward  :  edges  of  the 
valves  commonly  cobwebby  when  opening.  —  Low  and  smooth  perennial  herbs; 
with  running  subterranean  shoots,  broad  and  petioled  leaves  close  to  the  ground, 
and  a  more  or  less  scaly  bracted  scape  bearing  a  simple  raceme  of  white,  greenish,  or 
rose-colored  nodding  lluwers. 

The  "eiius,  ami  sevuml  of  tho  12  to  14  species,  cxteiul  round  the  world  in  tho  cooler  parts  of 
tho  noilhcni  teiniicrato  zone.  Sonio  divide  it  into  three  genera,  but  on  characters  of  small 
account. 

§  L   Corolla  and  stamens  regular:  petals  ivith  two  tubercles  at   base  inside:   style 
straight :   stigma  large,  depressed,  at    length  obtusely  5-lobed. 

1.  P.  secunda,  Linn.  Leaves  clustered  or  somewhat  scattered  on  ascending 
shoots,  thin,  ovate,  serrulate,  on  naked  petioles  :  scape  3  to  5  inches  high,  bearing 
several  or  numerous  Uowers  in  a  close  one-sided  raceme  :  petals  oval-oblong,  green- 
ish-white, not  at  all  spreading,  shorter  than  tho  slender  style  :  anthers  blunt. 

Wotids  in  the  higlier  Sii-im  Nevada,  at  Donner  Pass,  &c.  ;  thenco  northward  anil  cast  ward 
round  tho  workl. 

§  2.  Corolla  somewhat  irregularly  spreading:  staviens  more  or  less  declined  and 
curved  toivards  the  upper  side  of  the  Jiower  :  style  long,  turned  downivard  and 
more  or  less  curved :  stigma  narrower  than  the  apex  of  the  style,  surrounded 
by  a  ring  or  collar,  from  which  the  5  lubes  {more  or  less  concreted  into  one, 
and  at  first  almost  included)  at  length  conspicuously  project. 

2.  P.  rotundifolia,  Linn.  Leaves  coriaceous,  shining  above,  orbicular,  varying 
to  ovate,  round-obovate,  or  round-re ni form,  on  .slender  naked  petioles  :  scape  with 
the  loosely  many-llowered  raceme  6  to  H  inches  high,  scaly-bracted  :  bracts  lanceo- 
late or  ovatedanceolate  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  mostly  lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate 
and  about  half  the  length  of  the  broadly  obovate  (white,  greenish-white,  or  rose-pur- 
ple) petals  :  cells  of  the  anther  slightly  contract(^d  into  an  obscure  neck  uniler  the 
orilice.  —  The  Caliibrnian  specimens  as  yet  seen  all  belong  to  the 

Var.  bracteata,  Cray.  A  large  form  :  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  often  serrulate: 
scape  a  foot  or  more  high,  usually  con.s[»icuously  but  remotely  scaly-l»racled  :  anthers 
prominently  niucroiiate  at  base.  —  J\  bracteata,  Hook.  /'.  elata,  }i\\ll.  Thdaia 
bracteata,  Alefeld  in  Linuiea,  xxviii.  57. 

In  coniferous  woods,  Mendocino  to  Sierra  Co.,  and  nortli  to  British  Columbia.  The  var. 
uliijinosa.  Gray,  common  on  tlie  northern  borders  of  tlie  Atlantic  States,  occurs  on  tlic  niountaiiis 
in  Nevada,  anil  a  form  near  it  at  Caison  City.  It  has  smaller  pink  ilowers  with  red-purple 
anthers,  and  shorter  triangular- ovate  calyx-lobes. 

3.  P.  picta.  Smith.  Leaves  thick,  coriaceous,  pale  (at  least  beneath,  sometimes 
purplish),  and  above  commonly  variegated  or  blotched  with  white,  ovate  varying  to 
obovate  and  oblong-spatidate  or  lanceolate-oblong,  on  short  or  else  margined  petioles  : 


Pterospora.  ERICACEAE.  ^61 

scape  witli  the  mostly  short  raceme  4  to  8  inclies  high  :  bracts  small :  lobes  of  the 
calyx  ovate,  short,  not  half  the  length  of  the  roundish  greenish-white  petals  :  cells 
of  the  anther  contracted  into  a  neck  or  short  tubular  prolongation  below  the  orifice. 
—  P.  (lentata,  Smith,  a  form  with  the  narrower  leaves  more  or  less  serrate.  Thdaia 
spatulata,  Alefcld,  1.  c. 

Open  wooda,  from  tho  Mariposa  firovo  along  tlio  Sierra,  and  from  Mendocino  Co.  to  British 
Columbia.  Leaves  an  inch  or  two  Ions,  in  the  nariower  forms  tapering  into  the  petiole,  which  is 
from  a  (piarter  to  a  full  inch  in  length.  Rootstocks  erect,  branching,  rigid.  Peculiar  to  the 
I'acific  side  of  tho  continent. 

4.  P.  chlorantha,  Swartz.  Leaves  coriaceous,  not  shining,  orbicular  or  ap])roach- 
ing  it,  often  retuso,  small,  commonly  much  shorter  than  the  petiole  :  scape  and  few- 
flowered  raceme  4  to  8  inches  high  :  bracts  inconspicuous  :  lobes  of  the  calyx 
broadly  ovate  or  roundish,  very  short,  appressed  to  the  base  of  the  oval-obovate 
white  and  little-spreading  petals  :  cells  of  the  anther  distinctly  contracted  below  the 
orilice  into  a  short  tube. 

Hills  near  Downievillo,  Yuba  River,  Biqelnui,  according  to  Torrry.  Apjmrently  rare  on  tho 
Pncific  sido  of  tiio  coiitin(Mit  ;  connnon  northward  on  tlin  Atlanlic  Hido,  and  aJHo  in  nortlicrn 
i'iiu'opc.     litmvcs  half  nil  inch  (o  an  inch,  Hoinetlincs  ovoii  an  inch  and  a  half  long. 

5.  P.  aphylla,  Smith.  Scapes  leafless,  7  to  12  inches  high  from  a  long  and 
deep  scaly-bractiMl  and  doubtless  parasitic  rootstock  :  raceme  loosely  many-flowered  : 
lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute,  very  much  shorter  than  tlie  obovate  Avhite  petals  : 
cells  of  the  anther  contracted  into  a  short  tube  below  tlie  orilice.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii. 
48,  t.  137. 

Fir  woods,  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  San  Diego  Co.  to  Shasta  Co.  and  to  Riitish  Colum- 
bia. Scajic  reddish.  Flowers  about  as  large  as  those  of  P.  rotuvdi/olia :  sutures  of  the  capsule 
not  cobwebby  in  dehiscence.  A  peculiarly  interesting  plant,  on  account  of  its  living  the  parasitic 
life  of  the  Monotropcce. 

15.  ALLOTROPA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Calyx  of  5  roundish  sepals,  persistent.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  10,  glabrous  : 
anthers  short,  2-lobed,  extrorse  in  the  bud,  soon  becoming  introrsely  pendulous  on 
tho  slender  filament  ;  the  cells  opening  by  a  chink  reaching  to  near  the  middle. 
Ovary  globose,  C-collod  :  stylo  at  first  very  short,  at  lengh  longer :  stigma  largo, 
l)eltnto-cfipiiato.  Soods  vory  nuinnrous  on  tho  thick  pliicontio  in  tho  axis,  linonr 
with  a  small  central  nucleus.  —  (Hot.  Wilkes  Exp.  385,  1874.)  Cray  in  Pacif.  11. 
Rep.  vi.  81,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  3G8.  —  Single  ai)ocios. 

1.  A.  virgata,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  A  reddish  or  whitish  herb,  a  span  to  a  foot 
high,  glabrous,  rather  fleshy,  with  a  thicker  base,  beset  with  ovate-oblong  or  lanceo- 
late scales,  continued  into  a  virgate  many-flowered  spike  :  flowers  crowded,  very 
short-pedicelled,  2-bracteolate,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  ;  the  upper  ones  about 
equalled  by  the  bracts :  sepals  shorter  than  tho  fdiform  filaments,  whitish. 

Mendocino  Co.,  near  Bear  Harbor  {Bnlnndcr,  Krllngij),  generally  under  Qiicrcus  daisijlora ; 
Sierra  Co.,  Jycmmun.     Thence  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  Washington  Territory. 

16.  PTEROSPORA,  Nntt.  riM:niiors. 
Calyx  deeply  .^-parted,  short,  persistent.  Corolla  withoring-per-sistcnt,  globular- 
ovate,  with  contracted  mouth  ;  tho  ,5  very  .short  lobes  recurved,  almost  convolute  in 
tho  bud.  Stamens  10,  included:  filaments  subulate:  anihers  short,  crert  in  tho 
bud  (or  just  before  anthesis  horiwnital) ;  each  coll  bearing  a  deflexed  awn  on  tho 
back  near  tho  base,  ojieiiing  lengthwise.  Style  short  :  stigma  r)lobed.  Capsule 
depressed-globular,  5-lobed  ;  the  thin  valves  persistent  by  the  cohesion  of  the  i)arti- 


462  ERICACEAE.  Ptcrunpuru. 

tious  witli  the  centml  axis,  from  which  the  i)luccntu3  are  pcnduious.  Seeds  very 
numerous,  ovoul,  with  a  tliin  nearly  ch)se  coat,  ajjicuhite  at  base,  and  at  apex,  bewar- 
ing a  broad  hyaline  and  reticulated  wing-liko  appendage,  many  times  larger  than 
the  seed  itself.  —  Nutt.  Con.  i.  38G  ;  Liudl.  Collect,  t.  5.  —  Single  species. 

1.  P.  andromedea,  Kutt.  A  stout,  purplish-brown  or  chestnut-colored  and 
clammy-pubescent  herb,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  the  lanceolate  scales  or  bracts  small, 
crowded  at  the  base,  scattered  above  :  raceme  long,  virgate,  niany-flowered  ;  the 
spreading  and  recurveil  [ledicels  slender,  as  long  as  the  linear  scarious  bracts  : 
corolla  white,  a  c^uarter  of  an  inch  long,  somewhat  viscid :  capsule  a  third  of  an  inch 
in  diameter. 

In  dry  soil,  under  pines  or  otlier  eouiferous  trees  and  oaks,  from  Monterey  northward,  extend- 
ing to  British  Columbia  and  through  the  Northern  Atlantic  States. 

17.   SABCODES,  Torr.        Snow-Plant. 

Calyx  of  5  oblong  erect  sepals,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  persistent.  Corolla 
cylindraceous-campaimlate,  moderately  5-lobed,  the  lobes  little  spreading,  persistent. 
Stamens  10,  included,  glabrous  :  lilaments  slender :  anthers  linear-oblong,  attached 
by  the  outside  a  little  above  the  base,  not  appendagetl,  the  2  cells  united  through- 
out and  with  a  very  narrow  connectivo,  openiug  by  the  whole  obliquely  truncate 
apex.  Ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled  :  stylo  columnar  :  stigma  capitate,  slightly  5-lobed. 
Capsule  fleshy  ;  the  thick  placentie  adnate  to  the  axis  for  their  Avhole  length.  Seeds 
very  numerous,  oval ;  the  coat  cellular-reticulated,  but  closely  fitted  to  the  nucleus, 
except  a  conical  protuberance  at  the  apex.  —  Torr.  PI.  Fremont,  in  Smithsonian 
Contrib.  17,  t.  10. 

1.  S.  sanguinea,  Torr.  1.  c.  A  stout  fleshy  herb,  a  spau  or  two  in  height,  of  a 
bright  red  color,  luore  or  less  glandular-pubescent,  thickly  clothed,  at  least  iip  tt)  thn 
raceme,  with  firm  fleshy  scales;  the  lower  ones  ovate  and  closely  imbricated,  the 
npper  gradually  more  scattered,  narrower,  and  passing  into  the  linear  bracts,  which 
mostly  excued  the  llowcns,  thuir  mar^^ins  gland td;ir-c,iliatu  :  i)iidicels  erect,  at  kuist 
the  upper  ones  short  :  corolla  half  an  inch  long,  rather  fleshy,  glabrous. 

In  coniferous  forests,  esjieiaiilly  tliuso  of  Sequoia  and  Abies,  tlirough  the  Sierra  Nevada  from 
4,000  to  y,000  feel,  sliooliu','  ft)ith  and  flowering  as  soon  as  tlie  snow  melts  away. 

18.   MONOTROPA,  l.iun.        Indian  1'iimc.     IMnk-S.m-. 

Calyx  of  2  to  5  lanceolate  often  loose  and  dissimilar  bract-like  scales,  deciduous. 
Corolla  of  4  or  5  erect  spatulate  or  oblong  scale-like  petals,  which  are  gibbous  or 
saccate  at  base,  tardily  deciduous.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  :  filaments 
filiform-subulate  :  anthers  more  or  less  reniform,  transverse  upon  the  apex  of  the 
filament;  the  cells  more  (U-  less  confluent  into  one,  opening  across  the  top.  Style 
columnar,  tubular,  more  or  less  dilated  at  the  a[)ox  into  the  ilisk-liko  or  somewhat 
funnelform  obscurely  -1  -  5-crenate  stigma.  Disk  confluent  with  the  base  of  thu 
ovary,  bearing  8  or  10  deilexed  teeth.  Capsule  ovoid,  4 -5-celled:  the  thick  pla- 
centaj  covered  with  innumerable  minute  loose-coated  seeds.  —  Low  fleshy-scaly  herbs, 
white  or  reddish,  turning  brownish  ;  the  clustered  and  loosely  scaly  stems  rising 
from  a  ball  of  matted  fibrous  roots ;  the  flowering  summit  at  first  nodding,  becom- 
ing erect  in  age.  —  Two  or  three  species,  of  two  well-marked  subgenera,  by  many 
i-eceived  as  genera ;  but  the  differences  are  rather  unimportant. 


Neivberrrja.  ERICACEAE. 


46^ 


§  1.    FUnvers  solitary,  terminal:  anthers  opening  equally  by  2  chinks. 
1.  M.  uniflora,  Linn.     Plant  whito  (rarely  rosc-colnr),  inodorous,  a  span  luch 
glabrous  :  calyx  represented  by  2  to  4  bracts  or  sepals,  the  uppermost  larger :  petals 
5  and  stamens  10  (rarely  more)  :  stigma  naked. 
n,inW  T^  "^"""Jf  ■  A?f  ^t-    IT'l  '"  California  ;  but  occurs  in  Oregon,  though  perhaps  less  com- 

§  2.  /'Vo?/w«  flfww/  in  a  npike  or  clone  raceme,  with  mnrr.  rerpdnr  sepah,  and  the 
petals  more  saccate  at  base,  the  terminal  Jlower  mosth/  with  5  petals  and  10 
stamens ;  the  others  respectively  \  and  8  {or  rarely  fewer) :  anthers  more  reni- 
form  ;  the  cells  completely  conjlnent  into  one,  which  opens  by  2  unequal  valves, 
one  broad  and  spreading,  the  other  remaining  erect  and  contracted:  margin 
of  the  sttgma  glandular  or  hairy.  —  Hypopitys.     {Ilypopitys,  Dill.) 
2.  M    fimbriata,  Gray.     Near  a  foot  high,  glabrous,  except  a  minute  pubes- 
cence ot  tiie  spike-hke  raceme  :  the  obovate-cuneate  bracts  and  the  spatulate  sepals 
ero^ely  or  laciniately  fimbriate  :  some  flowers  with  only  3  petals  and  6  stamens  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  G29. 

California.'"''*^'""'  ^"^"^'^^  Mountains.  Oregon,  E.  Hall.      It  may  be  expected  in  Northern 

Toul'<UhZ''^Ju%  Vl"";'  "'■  ^-T  ^"^  "'■  "''"■  '■''^^*^^"  "f  t''^^'  tJ'«  ^=""^"^0"  Pine-sap,  extending 
round  the  world  in  the  temperate  zone,  occurs  in  the  northern  part  of  Oregon.  It  is  pubescent 
or  rarely  glabrous,  and  the  scales  and  bracts  nearly  entire.  puoescent 

19.  PLEURICOSPORA,  Gray. 
Caiy.x  of  4  or  5  oblong-lancoolato  scalo-liko  sopuls,  with  laciniately  fnubriato  mar- 
gins. Corolla  of  as  many  nearly  similar  oblong  i)otals,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Stamens  8  or  10,  glabrous,  included:  anthers  linear,  orocfc  upon  tlio  apox  of  the 
fdiform  flattish  filament  and  hardly  wi.ler  than  it,  apiculate  at  the  retuse  apex  ; 
the  cells  united  throughout,  opening  lengthwise  from  the  base  to  the  apex.  Ovary 
ovate,  tapering  into  a  style  of  about  its  own  length  which  bears  a  depressed-capitate 
stigma,  one-celled,  with  4  or  5  bilamellato  parietal  placentip,  which  are  ovuliforous 
throughout.  Capsule  lleshyl  Seeds  obovato,  with  firm  mther  polished  coat  closely 
htted  to  the  nucleus. -Plants  light  brown  or  whitish,  with  the  aspect  of  ^fono. 
tropa,  sect.  Hypopitys,  but  stouter;  the  stem  crowded  or  at  first  imbricated  with 
the  scales  ;  flowers  in  a  close  erect  spike.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  369. 

1.  P  fimbriolata,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  more  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  • 
scales  of  the  stem  ovate-lanceolate,  the  lower  with  erose  edges,  the  upper  and  bracts 
with  scarious  whitish  and  fimbriate  margins. 

In  the  Mariposa  Grove,  Bolandtr.     There  ai'e  indications  of  a  Mexicaji  species. 

20.  NEWBERRYA,  Torr. 
Calyx  of  2  scale-like  sepals,  resembling  bractlets.  Corolla  oblong,  somewhat 
urceolato,  4  -  5-lobed,  withering-persistent ;  the  lobes  spreading,  ovate,  hairy  inside. 
Stamens  8  or  10,  somewhat  included  :  filamonts  filiform,  above  the  middle  bearded 
with  long  Iwiirfl :  anthers  obl.u.g,  ornot ;  1,1m  cells  opening  lei.gl.liwi^o.  from  top  to 
bottom,  into  two  une.pial  valves.  Ovary  ovate:  stylo  elongated,  hairy  above: 
Bhgma  depressed-capitate,  entire,  umbilicate  and  pervious  :  placentic  4,  each  2-parted, 
the  two  broad  plates  covered  with  ovules  on  both  sides,  and  their  edges  meeting  or 


4(j4  LENNUxVCE.li;.  Ntwierrya. 

coliei'ing,  leaving  a  central  cell  (if  correctly  understood).     Inlloresceuce  capitate.  — 
A  binglo  ini[)i'rrcctly  kiunvn  apucies. 

1.  N.  COngesta,  'I'urr.  (ilal)n)us,  browniah  :  simple  stems  a  span  liigli,  clothed 
with  hti'si'ly  iiiiltrii'ulcd  t»val  or  ohh)Mg  and  ohacurely  oroso  Bcaksa  ;  the  upii(«rmust 
running  largo  lirarla  to  the  cupitato-crowilud  llowers.  —  Ana.  Lye.  Kuw  York,  viii. 
55  ;  lienth.  &  llook.  (Jisn.  PI.  ii.  GOG.  Ileinitomes  com/entum,  Gray  in  Pacif.  ]{. 
Kep.  vi.  81,  t.  12  :  descrii)tion  and  liguro  faulty,  and  name  inapplicable,  therefore 
changed. 

Soutliern  part  of  Oregon,  upper  part  of  Des  Chutes  Valley,  Newherri/.  Near  California,  and 
probably  occurring  within  its  limits.     It  is  very  desirable  to  rediscover  this  little-kaowu  phmt. 

OiiDEii  LV.    LENNOACE^. 

Root-parasitic  fleshy  herbs,  scaly,  destitute  of  green  herbage,  with  the  aspect  of 
Muuutropem  and  Orobaiichacett,  but  nearer  the  former ;  remarkable  for  having  the 
])arts  of  the  llower  almost  always  more  tlian  five  and  the  cells  of  the  ovary  at  least 
doubled,  these  onc-ovuleil,  the  stamens  adnato  \\\)  to  the  very  throat  of  the  tubular 
corolla  (anthers  on  very  slu)rt  lilaments,  2-celled  and  opening  lengtiiwise),  ami  the 
fruit  drupaceous.  —  Comprises  three  genera  and  not  more  than  four  species,  of 
Mexico  and  California. — Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  New  York,  viii.  51;  Solms-Laubach  in 
Abhandl.  Nat.  Halle,  xi.,  &  DC.  Proth-.  xvii.  37  ;  lienth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  621. 

1 .  Pholisma.  Flowers  spicato.  Sepals  and  short  lobes  of  the  corolla  6,  rarely  5  :  stamens  aa 
many  in  a  siii;,'li)  series. 

2.  Ammobroma.  Flowers  covering  the  upper  surface  of  a  dilated  concave  receptacle.  Sepals 
about  10,  lililorm  and  plumose.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  and  stamens  6  to  10. 

Lknnoa,  Llav.  k  Lex.  (Corollnphyllum.,  II BK.),  has  the  parts  of  tlie  flower  in  eight,  and  the 
stamens  in  two  series  below  the  throat  of  the  curved  corolla. 

1.   PHOLISMA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  of  G  (or  rarely  5)  linear  se2)aLs,  shorter  than  tiie  corolla,  naked.  Corolla 
tubular,  obscurely  fiinnelform,  withering-persistent;  the  lobes  as  many  as  the  sei)al3, 
short  and  broad,  undulate  and  plaited-imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  as 
the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  borne  in  the  throat  in  a  single 
rank.  Ovary  and  drii[)aceous  ('})  fruit  12  -  20-celled,  depressed-globose.  Style 
long  :  stigma  G-  10-crenate-lobed.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  P.  arenarium,  Nutt.  Brownish  fleshy  herb,  of  simple  sterns,  a  span  high, 
puberulent,  thick,  clothed  with  small  erect  scales  :  spike  at  first  capitate,  at  length 
oblong,  dense  :  llowers  sessile,  rather  longer  than  the  linear  bracts  (about  4  lines 
long),  purplish.— Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  G2G. 

Sandy  soil  and  at  the  base  of  hills,  near  Monterey  and  San  Diego,  Dougliis,  Nultall,  &c.  Paia- 
sitic  on  the  roots  of  oaks? 

2.  AMMOBROMA,  Torr. 
Calyx  of  mostly  10  lililorm  ijlumo.so-hairy  sepals,  ecpialling  the  usually  G-lobed 
corolla ;  this  and  the  stamens  and  pistil  nearly  as  in  Pholisma. 

1.  A.  Sonorae,  Torr.  lioot  of  thick  tortuous  fibres  :  stems  simple,  elongated, 
beset  with  lanceolate  acute  mostly  api)ressed  scales,  the  summit  dilated  into  a  fun- 
nelform  receptacle,  with  recurved  or  sju'eading  margins  ;  the  whole  cavity  densely 
lined  with  .short-pedicelled  llowers  :  corolla  about  4  lines  long  :  ovary  about  20-celled. 
—  Ann.  Lye.  New  York,  viii.  51,  t.  1. 


Statice.  PLUMBAGINACE^.  465 

Siindliills  of  the  desert  Iwnleiing  tlio  licad  of  tlio.  (Julf  of  California,  nroiind  Adair  Hay,  in  the 
Mexican  State  of  Sonora  ;  "very  abundant  in  the  liills,  tlie  wliolc  jilant  except  the  top  buried  in 
the  sand,  apparently  attached  to  some  other  root  or  substance,"  Co/.  A.  li.  (iraij.  Eaten  by  the 
Papago  Indians,  after  roasting  oi-  drying  in  the  sun  ;  the  fresh  plant  "  when  cooked  luscious, 
resembling  the  sweet  potato  in  taste,  only  more  delicate,"  according  to  the  discoverer.  The 
locality  is  uot  far  below  the  borders  of  the  State. 

Ordkr  LVI.     PLUMBAGINACEJS. 

Chiefly  maritime  liorbs,  witli  the  base  of  tlio  alternate  leaves  clasping  the  stem  at 
tlieir  insertion,  regular  flowers  with  tlie  parts  in  live  throughout,  the  stamens  oppo- 
site the  petals,  and  the  ovary  one-celled  with  a  solitary  ovule  rising  from  its  base. 
Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  tubular  or  funnelform,  5-plaited,  5-toothed,  pei-sistent. 
Corolla  hypogynous ;  in  Plumbago  gamopctalous  and  salverform  ;  in  our  genera 
.5-petalous,  with  long  claws  barely  united  into  a  ring  at  base,  commonly  convolute 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals,  adnato  to  their  base  :  anthers  2-celled, 
intronso,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  ^-angled  at  summit,  containing  an  anatropous 
ovule  lianging  from  the  apex  of  a  long  funiculus  which  rises  from  the  base  of  the 
single  cell  :  styles  5,  distinct  or  united  into  one.  Fruit  utricular  or  akene-like,  in 
the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx.  Seed  with  a  straight  embryo  in  mealy  albumen. 
Cotyledons  flat :  radicle  short.  —  Leaves  mostly  entire  :  stipules  none. 

A  small  and  unimi)ortnnt  order,  of  no  active  qualities  except  tlint  the  roots  are  astringent  ; 
chiefly  indigenous  to  the  Old  Worhl  ;  the  genus  Plumbago,  of  warm  climntoH,  with  ganiopctnlous 
corolla,  furnishing  some  ornamental  species  for  cultivation,  is  partly  slirubby  :  the  native  North 
American  species  are  merely  one  Thrift,  and  one  Mnrsh-Roscviarif. 

1.  Armeria.     Flowers  in  a  globose  head,  on  a  simple  scape. 

2.  Statice.     Flowers  panicuTntc  or  corymbose  on  a  branching  stem  or  scape. 

1.  ARMERIA,  Willd.  Thrift. 
Flowers  in  a  single  globose  head  (composed  of  numerous  glomerate  spikclets  each 
subtended  by  a  scarious  bract),  which  is  raised  on  a  scape.  Calyx  scarious,  funnel- 
form.  Corolla  of  5  nearly  distinct  long-clawod  petals,  each  with  a  stamen  attaclied 
to  its  base.  Styles  5,  filiform,  united  only  at  the  very  base,  delicately  plumose 
below,  stigmatose  above  along  the  inner  side.  Utricle  at  Icngtli  bursting  irregularly 
at  base.  Steraless  perennials ;  with  narrow  linear  persistent  leaves  in  close  tufts, 
the  naked  scape  with  a  reversed  sheath  under  the  head  :  flowers  rose-color. 

1.  A.  vulgaris,  Willd.  Leaves  flat,  1 -nerved:  bracts  very  obtuse,  the  outer- 
most often  mucronate  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  abrui)tly  mucronato-pointcd. — Statice 
Armeria,  Linn. 

On  hills  and  beaclies,  along  tlio  roast  :  a  tall  form,  with  scapes  a  foot  or  two  higli,  and  rather 
rigid  leaves  (//.  nndinn,  var.  Califnrnica,  Boissier  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  fi82),  apparently  most  like  a 
Chilian  form  of  a  widely  diffused  and  considerably  variable  species,  connuon  in  the  Old  "World  ; 
by  some  carefully  discriminated  into  several  species. 

2.   STATICE,  Linn.,  Willd.         M.\ni^ii-Rn.sRMAKV. 
Flowers  in  small  spikes  or  clusters  crowded  at  tlie  oxtromities  of  a  branching 
scape;  their  structure  nearly  as  in  Armeria.       Styles  glabrous,  distinct:  introrse 
stigmas  shorter,  sometimes  terminal.    TTtride  indehiscent.  —  Leaves  commonly  with 
a  broad  coriaceous  blade  tapering  below  into  a  petiole. 


46G 


FltlMLil-ACE-K. 


1.  S.  Limonium,  T.inn.  Rootstock  thick,  very  astringent:  leaves  obuvate- 
ohlong,  tlucki-sli,  Ikbhy  curiaceous,  pale,  tapering  into  a  petiole  :  scape  a  I'uot  ov  two 
high,°mucli-branclieil,  cuiymbt)se-panicled,  bearing  the  numerous  2  -  3-llo\vcrea 
spTkeiets  on  one  sitle  of  its  divisions  :  outer  bract  ovate,  herbaceous  on  the  back, 
much  smaller  tiian  the  broadly  scarious  innermost  bract:  calyx-tube  more  or  less 
hairy  on  the  angles. 

Salt  marshes  on  the  coast  ;  the  var.  Califounica  (i\  Califomica,  Boiss.  in  DC),  with  denser 
and  more  coiymbose  iullorescence  than  the  Atlantic  coast  plant  (var.  Caroliniaiia),  but  closely 
resembling  the  H.  Livionium  of  Europe. 

OuDEii  LVn.     PRIMULACE^. 

Herbs,  Avith  perfect  legular  llowers,  well  marked  by  having  the  Btamcns  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them,  inserted  on  its  tube  (only  in  Glaux 
the  corolla  is  wanting  and  the  stamens  on  the  calyx  alternate  with  its  lobes),  a 
single  entire  style  and  stigma,  a  one-celled  ovary,  with  the  ovules  borne  on  a  free 
central  placenta,  and  a  capsular  fruit.  Calyx  4-8-cleft,  commonly  5-clcft,  hypogy- 
nous,  except  in  Samolus.  Anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovules  several  or 
numerous,  on  a  globular  central  placenta,  —  amphitropous  (except  in  Ilottoula,  which 
we  have  not).  Embryo  small,  in  ileshy  or  horny  albumen.  —  Leaves  simple,  mainly 
entire  :  stipules  none. 

An  order  of  about  20  genera  and  twelve  times  that  number  of  species,  widely  distributed  over 
the  world,  but  mainly  in  the  temperate  and  frijrid  portions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  of  no 
marked  active  properties  and  small  economical  importance,  except  to  the  florist  ;    not  largely 
American,  and  very  scanty  in  California,  where  only  Dodccalheon  is  conspicuous. 
♦  No  sterile  filaments  :  calyx  wholly  free  from  the  ovary. 

+-  Flowers  umbellate  or  sometimes  solitary,  on  a  naked  scape  :  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

1.  Dodecatheon.     Corolla  5-purted  ;    its  divisions  rclloxod.      Shimens  projecting  ;    lilamcnls 

nionadclpliouH,  shorter  than  the  connivont  saj^attulo  or  lanceolate  anthers. 

2.  Primula.     Corolla  salverform,  or  funnelform  with  a  Hat  limb,  the  tube  rather  long.     An- 

tliers  obtuse,  included.  „.,.,.,,  i-       *u 

3.  Androsace.     C"orolla  short-salverform  or  funnelform,  small,  with  tube  hardly  exceeding  the 

limb.     Antliers  obtuse,  included. 
+-  +-  Flowers  axillary  on  leafy  stems  :  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  or  none  in  No.  7. 

4.  Trientnlis.     Corolla  7- (iVO-)  I'arlcd  rotate.     Capsule  opening  lengthwise. 

5.  Anagallia.     Corolla  n-imrlcd,  hmgcr  than  tlio  calyx,  rotate.     Capsule  ciicumscissile. 
(5.   Centunculus.     Corolla  •! -5-clelt,  shorter  than  the  caly.x.     Capsule  cucumscissilo. 

7.  Glaux.     Corolla  none.     Calyx  colored.     Capsule  opening  at  the  top  by  valves. 

*  Sterile  filaments  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  :  calyx-tube  partly  adnate. 

8.  Samolus.       Corolla    caiapanulato,    5-clcft  ;     the    lobes    imbricated    in    the    bud.       Flowers 

racemose. 
Lysimacmia.  It  is  remarkable  that  no  species  of  this  rather  large  genus  is  known  in 
California.  But  L.  ciliata  occurs  in  Oregon,  and  may  reach  the  northern  part  of  the  btate. 
It  belongs  to  a  section  (Sh-ironnma)  which  has  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  uivolute  severally  around 
the  stamens.  The  genus  is  most  like  Trlcnlalis,  but  the  parts  of  the  llowcr  live,  and  the  stems 
eipiably  leafy  throughout. 

1.   DODECATHEON,  Linn. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  the  divisions  rellexed  in  ilower,  afterwards  erect  over  the 
capsule.  Corolla  with  extremely  short  tube,  a  dilated  and  thickened  throat,  and 
an  abruptly  rellexed  5-i)arted  limb  ;  its  divisions  long  and  narrow,  entire.  Stamens 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla  :  lilaments  .short,  monadelphous  (but  separable 


IhHJfCitlhrau,  I'RIMUI.ACK.K  40 


abovo  ill  age)  :  authors  huiceolute  or  linear  (yellow  or  violet),  introrae,  more  or  less 
connivont  around  the  filifonn  exserted  style.  Stigma  small.  Capsule  ovoid  or  ob- 
long, splitting  from  the  apex  into  5  or  more  teeth  or  valves  :  placenta  columnar, 
many  seeded.  —  Perennial  smooth  herbs,  acaulescent ;  with  a  tuft  of  membranaceous 
leaves,  and  below  fibrous  roots  springing  from  a  short  erect  crown,  sending  up  a 
naked  simple  scape,  which  is  terminated  by  an  umbel  of  few  or  many  (rarely  even 
solitary)  handsome  llowci's:  these  at  lirst  gracefully  pendulous  on  the  recurved  sum- 
mit of  the  pedicels  :  after  llowering  the  pedicels  are  erect.  Involucre  of  a  few 
slender  bracts.  Corolla  purple,  pink,  or  sometimes  white.  The  Howers  occasionally 
vary  with  all  their  parts  in  fours. 

1.  D.  A^eadia,  Linn.  Leaves  varying  from  obovate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or 
more  or  less  toothed:  scape  3  to  15  inches  high:  umbel  2  -  20-llowcred.  —  So  far 
as  we  can  make  out,  only  one  species  occurs,  which  extends  across  the  continent, 
and  on  the  Pacilic  side  tlirough  fully  40  degrees  of  latitude  (viz.  from  Guadalupe 
Island,  Lower  California,  to  those  within  Bohring  Straits),  varying  imiu(!usely  and 
inextricably.  The  Pacific  forms  (which  usually  have  rather  shorter  or  blunter 
anthers  tliau  the  Atlantic)  may,  as  to  their  leading  features,  bo  mainly  but  loosely 
arranged  under  the  following  varieties. 

Var.  brevifolium :  common  through  the  wanner  ])arts  of  tlie  State:  leaves 
round-obovato  or  spatulate,  one  half  to  an  incli  and  a  half  long,  sbort-pctioled,  tliick- 
ish  :  scape  a  span  to  near  a  foot  high,  few  -  manyllowfired  :  capsule  ovoid,  hardly 
exceeding  the  minutely  glandular  calyx.  —  D.  eUipticnm,  Nutt.  ex  Durand,  PI. 
Pratt,  in  Jour.  Acad.  Pliilad.  n.  ser.  ii.  95.  D.  intcgri folium,  lientli.  PI.  llartw. 
322,  not  of  Michx. 

Var.  lancifolium:  common  in  wet  mountain  meadows,  llowering  in  summer: 
leaves  oblanceolate  or  lanceolate-s{)atulate,  3  to  10  inclies  long  (including  the  short 
margined  petiole),  quite  entire,  mucronate  :  pedicels  and  culyx  commonly  minutely 
glandular ;  the  lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate  lob;\s  of  the  latter  nearly  equalling 
the  short-ovoid  capsule.  — D.  Jajf'raifi  of  the  gardens. 

Var.  alpinum:  a  diminutive  state  of  the  foregoing,  on  the  higher  mountains, 
at  9,500  to  12,000  feet :  the  narrow  loaves  an  inch  or  two,  the  1  -  3-nowcre(l  scape 
2  to  4  inchoa  high  :  pedicels  and  calyx  quite  glabrous. 

Var.  macrocarpum :  a  mostly  largo  and  stout  form,  from  yVlaska  soutlnvard  : 
spatulate  or  oblanceolate  leaves  5  to  10  inches  long  (including  the  petiole)  :  scapes 
often  a  foot  high,  several  -  many-flowered  :  capsule  oblong  or  almost  fusiform  (half  to 
three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  length),  about  twice  the  length  of  the  narrow  calyx- 
lobes.  —  A  form  which  may  be  referred  hero,  with  laciniatcly-tootlied  spatulate 
loaves,  was  collected  on  the  mountains  of  Ventura  Co.,  Bremer. 

Var.  frigidum,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5871,  k  S.  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  :  in- 
cludes various  forms,  ranging  from  the  high  Sierra  northward  to  the  islands  within 
Behring  Straits  :  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  very  obtuse,  mostly  entire,  with  either 
short  or  slender  petiole:  scape  a  span  or  more  high,  few -several-flowered  :  calyx- 
lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  varying  from  broadly  to  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than 
the  oblong  (or  sometimes  ovoid  ?)  cajisule.  —  D.  frigidum,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  ;  Seem. 
Bot.  Herald,  t.  9. 

Var.  latilobum:  leaves  thin,  oval,  undulate-toothed,  1  to  2^  inches  long,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  into  a  petiole  of  nearly  twice  the  length  :  scape  a  span  to  a  foot 
high,  1  -flovoral-flowenvl  ;  calyx-lolx^s  ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  ni)t  longer  than  the 
tube,,  about  half  the  length  of  the  narrowly  oblong  capsule.  —  I).  }fe.a(lia,  var.  fri- 
gidum, Watson,  1.  c,  in  jiart.  (Kast  side  of  Cascade  ^Its.,  AVa-shington  Territory, 
Ljfall.    Wahsatch  Mts.,  Utah,  Watson.) 

Stations  niul  gcogmphicnl  rnii^c  siifTioipiitlv  sin'ciliiMl  above. 


468 


PRIMULACE.E.  Primula. 


2.  PRIMULA,  Liiin.        Puimuose. 

Cttlyx  5-cleft.  Corulla  cominuiily  salvorfurm,  enlarging  nioro  or  less  just  aLovo 
tlio  insortiun  ol"  tlio  alann'iia  ;  tliu  lijnb  5-partoil ;  lobes  ubuvato,  or  oliconlalu.  Stamens 
incliuleil,  tlibtinct.  SLiguia  cai)itato,  iloi)ru»bed.  Capbulo  ovoiil,  5-valvud  at  summit, 
the  valves  again  usually  li-clel't.  Seeds  very  numerous  on  the  largo  central  placenta. 
—  Perennial  herbs  ;  with  clustered  leaves  at  the  root  or  rootstock,  and  simple 
scapes  bearing  solitary  or  usually  an  umbel  of  several  handsome  flowers. 

Primroses,  Cowslips,  and  Auriculas  of  the  gardens  are  Old  World  representatives  of  this  genus. 
In  California  only  one  indigenous  species  has  been  detected,  but  that  is  a  new  and  charming 
accession  to  the  genus,  viz., 

1.  P.  Buffrutescens,  Gray.  Glabrous:  leaves  thick  and  rather  coriaceous, 
cuneatespalulate,  coarsely  toothed  at  the  apex,  jjcrsistent  and  crowded  on  lirm  and 
rather  Ueshy-ligneous  creeping  and  densely  matted  rootstocks  :  scape  3  -  7-flowered  : 
involucre  of  a  few  short  and  subulate  bracts  :  calyx  campanulate,  minutely  glan- 
dular-puberulent,  deeply  5-cleft  :  corolla  deep  maroon-purple  with  a  yellowish  eye  ; 
its  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  but  hardly  longer  than  the  obovate-emarginate  or 
obcordate  lobes.  —  Proc.  A)n.  Acad.  vii.  371. 

On  exposed  rocks  of  tho  Sierra  Nevmln,  at  tlio  elevation  of  9,000  to  11,000  feet  ;  above  the 
Yo.seniilo  Valley,  Uruhjcs  {who  fir.st  drscoveri'd  it),  Muir,  ic.  Silver  Mountain,  iiMUctr,  Mt. 
Stanford,  Bolamhr,  Kdltnjij.  Tho  thick  nnilted  rootstocks  liU  the  crevices  of  rocks,  and  are 
more  creeping  than  in  any  other  species.  Leaves  an  inch  long,  or  rather  more.  Scape  3  or  4 
inches  high.     Corolla  fully  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

3.  ANDROSACE,  Tourn. 
Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  short-salver-shaped  or  almost  rotate  ;  the  tube  shorter  than 
the  calyx;  throat  commonly  constricted;  the  small  limb  5-parted.  Stamens  and 
short  style  included.  Capsule  5-valved,  few  -  many-seeded.  —  Very  small  or  deli- 
cate herbs ;  with  clustered  leaves,  and  small  umbellate  or  sometimes  solitary  flowers, 
usually  on  a  scape  :  corolla  white  or  nearly  so. 

Jfainly  an  aljiino  or  .sub.ilpino  f^'cnns,  chiefly  of  tho  Old  World  ;  no  species  yet  detected  in  Cali- 
fornia or  on  its  immediate  borders  ;  but  the  two  following  may  be  expected  at  the  north. 

A.  SEiTENTRioNALi.s,  I.iiiu. :  a  barely  pulierulcnt  annual  or  biennial,  with  an  open  tuft  of 
lanceolate  or  oblong  radicul  haves,  fntni  which  are  sent  up  numerous  liliform  scapes,  an  inch  to  a 
spaa  high,  bearing"i  loose  umbel  of  .several  flowers,  on  lonj,'  lilifoini  pedicels  :  caly.K-lobcs  ovate- 
Kubulato,  green,  ennalling  tlic  very  small  corolla.  — Mountains  of  Nevada  and  northward  to  tho 
arctic  regions,  and  in  the  Old  World. 

A.  Fii.lFouMis,  Eetz,  is  similar,  but  glabrous,  with  broader  leaves,  and  ovate  and  bluntish 
more  membranaceous  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  tho  corolla  ;  this,  as  in  the  preceding,  only  a  line  or 
so  in  diameter.  —  Occurs  in  the  mountains  of  the  southwestern  part  of  Oregon,  as  well  as  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  ;  also  Northern  Asia. 

4.  TRIENTALIS,  Liim.  Star-floweu. 
Calyx  and  wheel-shaped  corolla  7-parted,  sometiraes  G  -  9-parted,  widely  spread- 
ing from  tho  very  base.  Filaments  slender,  spreading,  united  in  a  ring  at  the  base  : 
anthers  oblong,  revolnto  after  discharging  tho  ludlon.  Style  liliform  :  stignm  small. 
Cap.sule  at  length  splitting  into  5  valves,  few-seeded.  —  Low  and  glabrous  perenidals  ; 
with  filiform  tuberiferous  rootstocks,  sending  up  simple  stems,  which  bear  alternate 
scales  or  sometimes  small  leaves  below,  and  a  whorl  of  fully  developed  leaves  at 
the  summit,  in  their  axils  slender  peduncles  supporting  a  star-shaped  white  flower. 

The  Atlantic  States  have  a  peculiar  species,  T.  Americana,  Pursh,  with  long  lanceolate  leaves 
tapering  to  both  ends,  and  grailually  acuminate  divisions  to  the  corolla.  The  Pacihc  States  have 
only  forms  of  the  Old  World  species. 


Glaux.  PRIMULACE^:.  469 

1.  T.  Europaea,  Linn.,  var.  latifolia,  Torr.  Stems  4  to  8  inches  high,  spring- 
ing from  ii  well-l'urtned  little  tuber,  ikmuI}'  leafless  :  leaves  4  to  G,  uhovate  (jr  oblong- 
oval  :  corolla  often  tinged  with  purple  ;  its  divisions  oblong  and  al)ruptly  sharp- 
pointed. —  T.  latifolia,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  121. 

Woods,  chiody  along  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Monterey  north  to  Oregon,  &c.  Mature  leaves  in 
the  Calil'ornian  plant  olten  4  inches  long. 

Var.  ARCTICA  {T.  arctiai.,  Fischer),  which  has  very  much  smaller  and  obtuser  leaves,  more  or 
less  scattered  along  tlie  stem,  occurs  in  Oregon  and  northward. 

5.  ANAGALLIS,  Tourn.        riMrr.iiNEi,. 

Calyx  and  rotate  corolla  .'J-parted  ;  the  divisions  of  the  latter  broad.  Filaments 
slender,  bearded  :  anthers  ovate.  Style  slender :  stigma  small.  Capsule  globose, 
opening  by  a  transverse  line  round  the  middle,  the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid.  Seeds 
numerous,  immersed  in  the  globular  placenta.  —  Spreading  or  prostrate  herbs  ;  with 
mostly  opposite  or  vphorled  leaves,  disposed  along  the  whole  length  of  the  stems  and 
branches,  and  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  Naturalized  along  both  coasts,  but  not 
indigenous  to  North  America. 

1.  A.  arvensis,  Linn.  Annual  :  leaves  ovate,  sessile,  shorter  than  the  pedun- 
cles, commonly  opposite,  sometimes  in  threes  :  flowers  opening  only  in  sunshine, 
scarlet  or  purple,  sometimes  blue  or  white  :  petals  obtuse,  fringed  with  minute  teeth 
or  stalked  glands. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds  near  the  coast :  introduced  from  Europe. 
6.  CENTUNCULUS,  Linn. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted ;  the  lobes  narrow.  Corolla  very  small,  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
4  -  5-cleft ;  the  tube  globular ;  the  lobes  acute.  Filaments  short :  anthers  cordate- 
ovate.  Capsule  as  in  Anagallis.  Seeds  minute.  —  Small  and  low  annuals,  with 
mostly  sessile  entire  leaves,  and  minute  flowers  in  the  axils  :  the  inconspicuous 
corolla  white. 

L  C.  minimus,  Linn.  An  inch  to  a  span  high,  simple  or  diffusely  branched, 
glabrous  :  leaves  alternate,  obovate,  2  or  3  lines  long,  narrowed  at  base  :  flowers 
almost  sessile,  the  parts  in  fours  ;  calyx-lobes  slender-subulate.  —  C.  lanceolatus, 
Michx.  Fl.  i.  93. 

Low  grounds  :  not  yet  seen  in  the  State  ;  but  occurs  in  Oregon,  and  in  South  America,  as  well 
as  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  in  Europe. 

7.  GLAUX,  Linn.  Sea-Milkwoht. 
Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft  ;  the  lobes  ovate  and  petal-like.  Corolla  wanting. 
Stamens  5,  borne  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Filaments 
rather  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  anthers  conlato-ovato.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  capi- 
tate. Capsule  globular,  5-valved,  few-seeded.  —  A  single  species,  nearly  confined  to 
saline  soil. 

1.  Q-.  m,aritim.a,  Linn.  Low  glabrous  and  rather  glaucous  perennial,  with  long 
and  slender  rootstocks  and  roots  :  branching  stems  3  to  9  inches  long,  leafy  to  the 
top  :  leaves  opposite  or  occasionally  alternate,  fleshy,  oblong,  varying  cither  to 
linear  or  to  ovate,  half  an  inch  or  less  long,  minutely  dotted:  flowers  axillary, 
almost  sessile,  white  or  purjilish. 

On  the  Roa-slioro,  and  in  more  or  Iphs  sjilino  soil  in  the  interior.  Occurs  also  on  the  Atlantic 
coast,  and  all  round  the  northern  liemisphcre. 


470  STYKACACEyE.  Samolus. 

8.   SAMOLUS,  Linn.         Bkookvvked. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  its  base  coherent  with  tlio  lower  part  of  the  ovary.  Corolla 
campaiuilate,  5-cleft :  a  slender  tuotli  answering  to  a  sterile  lilament  borne  at  eacli 
sinus.  True  stamens  5,  short  and  included,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  conjlla. 
Capsule  globular,  5-valved  at  the  summit,  many-seeded.  —  Glabrous  low  herbs ; 
M'ith  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  wliito  llowers  in  loose  racemes.  Most  of  the 
several  sjjecies  are  of  the  southern  hemisphere  ;  one  is  cosmopolitan,  viz., 

1.  S.  Valerandi,  I. inn.,  var.  Americanus,  (Jray.  Stems  branching  and 
spreading,  t)  U>  la  inchrs  long,  slender,  leai'y  :  leaves  obovato  :  racemes  often  pan- 
icled  :  brads  none  at  the  base  of  the  slender  pedicels,  but  minute  bractlets  on  tliem 
near  the  middle  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

Along  brooks,  &c.,  scarce  in  CaHluraia,  but  found  aortli  of  it,  and  as  far  south  as  the  moun- 
tains beliinil  San  Diugo. 

Order  LVIII.     STYRACACEiE. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  no  stipules,  regular  perfect  flowers, 
a  calyx  adherent  at  least  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  stamens  mostly  at  least  twice 
the  number  of  the  petals  or  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  more  or  less  united  with  each 
other  and  to  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  the  seeds  few,  with  a  slender  embryo  in  fleshy 
or  horny  albumen.  —  A  single  species  of  the  typical  genus,  and  that  rare,  represents 
this  liimily  (of  seven  genera  and  over  200  species)  on  the  Pacific  side  of  N.  America. 

1.   STYRAX,  Tourn.        Stohax. 

Calyx  persistent,  truncate,  campanulato,  the  border  merely  denticulate  or  irregu- 
/arly  toothed,  in  the  N.  Amoricau  si)ecjies  cohoront  ut  its  base  with  that  of  the  3-celled 
many-ovuled  ovary.  Corolla  of  5  or  sometimes  4  to  8  soft-downy  petals,  which  are 
united  at  base  into  a  very  short  tube,  deciduous.  Stamens  10  :  filaments  flat, 
monadelphous  at  base  ijito  a  short  tube  which  is  coherent  with  the  base  of  the 
corolla:  anthers  linear,  2-celled,  fixed  by  the  base,  introrse;  the  cells  opening 
lengthwise.  Style  filiform.  Fruit  globular,  its  base  girt  by  the  persistent  calyx, 
at  first  rather  fleshy,  at  maturity  dry,  commonly  splitting  into  3  valves,  1 -celled, 
filled  with  a  single  large  globular  seed,  which  resembles  a  small  nut ;  the  seed-coat 
being  thick  and  crvistaceous.  Embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the  fleshy  albumen  : 
cotyledons  broad  and  flat:  radicle  slender. — An  Asiatic  and  American  genus,  warm- 
temperate  or  tropical,  with  scurfy  or  stellate-downy  herbage,  and  mostly  handsome 
flowers. 

1.  S.  Californica,  Torr.  Shrub  5  to  8  feet  high:  leaves  ovate  or  oval  (1  to 
2\  inches  long),  obtu.so  at  both  ends,  entin^,  miiuitely  stellately  pubescent,  at  least 
when  young,  and  even  hoary  beneath:  llowers  few  in  a  cluster  or  coryjubose  raceme, 
on  a  short  terminal  ])eduncle  :  pedicels  clubshaped  :  divisions  of  the  white  .soft- 
downy  corolla  5  to  8,  sjjatulate-lanceolate  (half  an  inch  or  more  in  length),  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud  :  filaments  monadelphous  nearly  to  the  middle  :  bony  seed  half  an 
inch  in  diameter.  —  Smithsonian  Contrib.  vi.  4,  &  Pacif.  K.  Kep.  iv.  118. 

Foot-hills,  from  Calaveras  Co.  to  the  Upper  Sacramento,  first  collected  by  Fremont.  A  hand- 
some species,  with  flowers  much  larger  than  in  any  of  those  of  the  Atlantic  States,  except  the 
Texan  S.  plaUini/nfin,  Engelm. 


Menodora.  OLEACEifl.  471 

Order  LIX.    OLEACE^. 

Trees  or  slmibs,  rarely  herbaceous  or  nearly  so;  with  mostly  opposite  leaves,  with- 
out stipules ;  the  flowers  hypogynous  and  diandrous,  rarely  triandrous,  while  the 
parts  of  tlie  regular  calyx  and  corolla  aie  four  or  more,  but  one  or  both  of  these 
are  sometimes  wanting,  or  the  petals  distinct,  or  rarely  reduced  to  two. — Anthei-s 
2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  the  cells  alternate  with  the  stamens, 
mostly  only  a  {)air  of  ovules  in  each :  stylo  ono  or  none  :  stigma  usually  2-lobcd. 
Fruit  various.     Embryo  straight  and  large,  mostly  in  albumen. 

_  A  family  of  about  20  genera  and  nearly  300  species,  of  wide  distribution,  sparingly  represented 
in  Noitli  America,  especially  so  in  California,  being  represented  only  by  a  couple  of  Ashes,  and 
by  Menodora  (of  tlie  Jessamine-tribe)  on  the  southeastern  border. 

Olea  EiJRor^A,  Linn.,  the  OHvc-lrcr,—ih(i  type  of  the  order,  — with  complete  flowers  and  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla  valvato  in  the  l)ud,  was  early  introduced  from  Europe,  by  the  Missionaries, 
and  its  fruit  is  still  an  important  product  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  for  olives  and  oil. 

HEsrEnKL.T;A  PALMKni,  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  incd.,  is  a  tree,  of  a  new  genus,  with  distinct 
spatulate  petals  and  evidently  drupaceous  fruit,  recoutly  discovered  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer  oil  Guada- 
lupe Island,  bower  California. 

Menodora.  Flowers  perfect.  Corolla  eampnnnlate  or  funnel  form.  Capsule  2-partcd,  mom- 
bianaccouH.     Almost  horbacoous  ;  leaves  often  alternato. 

Fraxinua.  Flowers  polygamoug  or  direoious.  Petals  2  to  4  or  none.  Fruit  a  ono-socdcd 
samara.     Irees  :  leaves  opposite,  pinnate. 

1.  MENODORA,  Ilumb.  &  Bonpb 
Calyx  with  a  short  and  turbinate  tube,  and  5  to  14  narrow  lobes  from  its  trun- 
cate border.  Corolla  campanulate,  funnelform  or  almost  rotate,  mostly  5dobed ; 
the  lobes  imbricated  in- the  bud.  Stamens  2,  sometimes  3,  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla:  anthers  oblong  or  luiear.  Style  slender:  stigma  obtuse  or  somewhat 
2-lobed.  Capsule  didymous,  mostly  2-parted,  membranaceous  at  maturity,  circum- 
scissile,  the  upper  part  of  each  lobe  falling  as  a  lid,  leaving  the  scarious  membrana- 
ceous base.  Seeds  2  (or  rarely  fewer)  in  each  cell,  ascending,  large,  and  with  a 
fleshy  or  when  dry  a  spongy  outer  coat,  destitute  of  albumen.  —  Low  and  under- 
shrubby  or  nearly  horbacoous  plants ;  Avjth  sessile  loaves,  not  rarely  alternate,  and 
terminal  mostly  somewhat  cymose  flowers,  which  are  rather  showy.  —  Gray  in  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xiv.  41.     Bolivaria,  Cham.  &  Schlecht. 

A  genus  allied  to  Jasminum,  of  a  dozen  or  more  species,  most  of  them  on  the  U.  S  and  Jlexi- 
can  frontiers,  one  in  extra-tropical  South  America,  one  in  South  Africa.  Two  species  reach  our 
borders.  '^ 

1.  M.  spinescens,  Gray.  Shrubby,  two  to  four  feet  high,  with  rigid  and 
divaricate  spinescont  branches,  obscurely  puberulent  :  leaves  reduced  to  minute  and 
mostly  alternate  scales,  or  small,  spatulato-linear,  and  fascicled  on  the  short  flowering 
branchlets  :  flowers  short-peduncled  or  nearly  sessile  in  tlie  fascicles  of  loaves  :  lobes 
of  the  deeply  parted  calyx  5  or  rarely  6,  a  little  shorter  than  the  funnelform  li"ht 
yellow  corolla  :  fllaments  shorter  than  the  anthers  :  divisions  of  the  capsule  almost 
distinct,  divaricate,  obovoid.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  388. 

Providence  Mountains,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State,  T>r.  Cooprr.  Also  S.  E.  Nevada, 
I>r.  Anderson.  Apparently  for  the  most  part  leafless  ;  the  leaves  in  the  flowering  branchlets  a 
Jiiio  or  two  long,  (.'orolla  3  linos  long,  its  lobos  a  lino  long.  Carpels  3  lines  long,  very  tartlily 
cirfuniHcissuo.  o  i  c^       j  j 

2.  M.  scoparia,  Engclm.  ]\Iss.  Shrubby  at  base,  2  or  3  foet  high,  paniculatcly 
branched,  glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  of  the  herbaceous  flowering 
shoots  very  commonly  alternate,  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  ;  the  uppermost  reduced 


472  APOCYNACE.E.  Fraxinus. 

to  small  subulate  Lmcts  ;  the  lower  oblong  or  obovate  and  short-petioled  :  calyx- 
lobes  f)  or  G  (rarely  with  intermediate  ones,  making  8  to  10),  about  the  length  of 
the  tube  of  the  almost  rotate  yellow  corolla  :  divisions  of  tlie  capsulu  globose.  — 
J/,  scubra,  vur.  (jlabrtsctiDi,  (iray  in  Watson,  Cat.  PI.  Wheeler,  15. 

SoiitliuiiHlorii  liDitliMN  of  tlid  Siiilti,  lh\  Cooper,  Jh;  I'ulvier.  Arizona,  Dr.  I'uhner,  Or.  Smarf, 
Lieut.  U'licdcr.  Sitltillo,  Mt\\i(:(),  (//•<•//;/ ;  on  wlioso  spoolinons  Dr.  Eiigeliiiiiiin  iiuUcatcd  llio 
species.  It  proWiibly  passes  into  M.  scubra,  Gray,  of  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  und  Colorado.  Lobes 
of  the  corolla  3  or  4  lines  long,  exceeding  the  tube. 

2.  PRAXINUS,  Tourn.  Ash. 
Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious.  Calyx  small  and  i-cleft,  or  merely  toothed,  or 
obsolete.  Petals  of  4  or  sometimes  only  '1  petals,  either  distinct  or  united  at  Ihuso. 
Stamens  2,  rarely  3  or  4,  hypogynous  :  anthers  proportionally  large.  Ovary  2-celled  ; 
a  pair  of  anatropous  ovules  pendulous  from  near  the  summit  of  each  cell.  Fruit  a 
samara,  winged  from  the  summit,  usually  only  1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Embryo  with 
flat  cotyledons,  in  fleshy  albumen.  — Trees  ;  with  tough  and  straight-grained  wood, 
petioled  and  pinnate  opposite  leaves,  and  numerous  small  flowers  in  crowded  pani- 
cles, developed  with  ov  before  the  leaves,  from  separate  buds. 

A  genus  of  about  20  spccues,  of  the  norlliern  temperate  zone  ;  rei)resented  in  California  by  two 
species  ;  one  of  llieni  of  the  Ornus  or  potaliferous  section. 

1.  F.  dipetala,  Hook.  &l  Arn.  Small  tree,  glabrous:  leaflets  5  to  9,  or  rarely 
3,  oval  or  oblong,  serrate,  mostly  petiululate,  when  old  rather  coriaceous,  an  inch  or 
two  long  :  panicles  effuse  :  calyx  usually  4-toothed,  sometimes  almost  entire  :  petals 
only  2,  obovate-oblong  with  a  short  claw,  white,  2  lines  long,  equalling  the  linear 
anthers  :  fruit  narrowly  spatulate-oblong,  mostly  retuse,  an  inch  long,  and  the  base 
merely  sharp-edged  ;  or  in  one  form  almost  obovate,  wing-margined  to  the  base  and 
nuich  shorter.  —  Bot.  JJeechey,  362,  t.  87;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  167,  var.  (1) 
trifoliolata.     Chionanthus  fraxmifolius,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  v.  18. 

Not  uncommon  through  the  western  part  of  the  State. 

2.  F.  Oregana,  Nutt.  A  fine  tree  :  leaves  tomentose,  or  becoming  naked  when 
old  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  from  oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  2  to  4  inches 
long  :  male  panicles  dense,  with  oblong  anthers ;  fertile  panicles  ample  :  flowers  all 
with  a  minute  calyx  and  no  petals  :  fruit  marginless  at  base,  gradually  margined 
upwards  and  produced  into  an  obhmceolato  or  si»atulate  retuse  wing,  the  whole  1  to 
1^  inches  long.  —  N.  Am.  Sylv.  iii.  f)'.),  t.  99.  F.  pubesceas,  var..  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  61. 
F.  grand'ifolia,  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  33. 

In  ravines  and  along  streams,  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Fresno  Co.,  and  from  the  vicinity  of 
San  Francisco  northward  to  Oregon,  Avhere  it  is  common  and  forms  a  large  timber-tree.  In  foliage 
it  resembles  the  Black  Ash,  but  the  wood  is  light  colored  and  much  like  that  of  the  White  Ash  of 
the  Atlantic  States,  is  used  for  the  same  purposes,  and  appears  to  be  equally  valuable,  ft  is  known 
as  Oreyon  Ash. 

Order  LX.     APOCYNACE^. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  (ours)  herbs,  with  acrid  milky  juice,  opposite  entire  leaves, 
destitute  of  stipules,  regular  flowers  with  all  the  parts  in  five,  except  that  there  are 
only  2  carpels,  and  these  usually  distinct  as  to  the  ovary,  Avhile  the  styles  or  stig- 
mas are  united  :  stamens  borne  on  the  corolla  alternate  Avith  its  lobes,  which  are 
convolute  and  sometimes  also  twisted  in  the  bud  :  the  anthers  disposed  to  cohere 
with  the  stigma  :  and  the  pollen  of  the  ordinary  powdery  grains.  Calyx  free,  or  in 
Apocynum  adnate  to  the  very  base  of  the  ovaries.    Seeds  anatropous  or  aniphitropous, 


Cydadenia.  APOCYNACE.^].  4-^3 

often   bearing  a  tuft  of  down  (a  coma).     Einbryo  large  and  straight,  in  sparing 

albumen. 

A  large  family  in  the  warmer  regions,  sparingly  represented  in  tlie  temperate  zones,  only  two 
small  genera  reaching  California,  one  of  them  peeuliar  to  it. 

1.  Apocynum.  Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  campanuhite  corolla:  little  .scales  of  the  latter 
opposite  the  lolics.      (jlhinds  of  disk  5. 

2.  Cycladenia.  Stamens  on  the  tnl)e  of  the  short-funnelform  corolla,  which  bears  minute 
appendages  alternate  with  the  lobes.      Disk  a  ring  or  onj). 

1.  APOCYNUM,  Toiirn.         DodiiANK.     Ini.ian  IIk.mp. 

Calyx  5-partc(l ;  its  short  tube  coherent  by  the  disk  with  the  base  of  the  oviirios. 
Corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft,  toward  the  base  bearing  a  triangular  scalo-Iike  appen- 
dage opposite  each  lobe.  Stamens  borne  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  very 
short :  anthers  of  firm  texture,  sagittate,  conniving  around  the  solid  stigma,  to  a 
ring  of  which  the  broad  summit  of  the  connective  adheres.  Proper  style  none. 
Ovaries  2,  ovoid,  in  fruit  forming  a  pair  of  long  nnd  slender  follicles,  (jlands  5 
around  the  base  of  the  ovaries.  Seeds  numerous,  bearing  a  long  tuft  of  silky  down. 
—  Perennial  herbs  (N.  American,  and  one  in  the  Old  World) ;  with  branching 
stems,  an  extremely  tough  fibrous  bark  (used  by  the  Indians  for  cordage),  mucro- 
nate-tipped  leaves,  and  small  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary 
small  cymes  :  flowering  in  summer. 

1.  A.  andrOBsemifolium,  Linn.  Erect,  with  divergent  branches,  glabrous,  in 
one  form  soft-tomentoso,  at  least  when  young  :  leaves  ovate  or  roundisli,  an  inch  or 
two  long,  abruptly  and  sotaceously  callous-niucronate,  conspicuously  petioled:  cymes 
open  :  corolla  open-campanulato ;  its  lobes  recurved ;  its  tube  much  exceeding  the 
calyx.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  280  ;  Bigclow,  I\Ied.  Bot.  t.  36. 

AVooded  districts,  Sierra  Nevada  to  Mt.  Sliasta  ;  thence  north  to  British  Columbia  and  east 
to  the  Atlantic. 

2.  A.  cannabinum,  Linn.  Erect  or  ascending,  with  less  spreading  branches, 
a  foot  to  a  yard  high:  leaves  oblong,  sessile  or  almost  so,  2  to  4  inches  long:  flowers 
smaller  and^  in  closer  cymoa  :  corolla  narrower  and  witli  barely  spreading  lobos, 
groonisli-whito  J  the  tubo  not  longer  than  tlio  calyx. 

Along  streams,  from  the  southern  borders  of  the  State  and  from  near  San  Francisco  to  Oregon, 
Nevada,  &c.,  and  east  to  the  Atlantic.  Tfiis  is  tho  species  generally  used  as  Indwn  Hemp ;  its 
bark  yields  a  fine  and  very  tough  bast-fibre.  It  is  apparently  rather  rare  in  Californi.^  although 
occurring  through  a  wide  range. 

2.  CYCLADENIA,  Renth. 
Calyx  5-parted,  hypogynous,  naked  ;  the  lobes  narrow  lanceolate  or  linear. 
Corolla  short-funnelform,  with  5  roundish  lobes;  the  proper  tube  short,  pubescent 
at  the  throat,  where  is  a  minute  callous  appendage  alternate  with  each  lobe  above 
the  insertion  of  the  stamens.  Glandular  disk  an  entire  shallow  cup  surrounding  the 
base  of  tho  ovaries.  Filaments  inserted  on  the  tube,  short :  anthers  sagittate,  both 
tip  and  basal  lobes  slender-cuspidate  ;  otherwise  as  Apon/num.  Style  long  and 
filiform  :  a  conspicuous  r)-lobed  membranous  ring  under  the  cai)itato  5-anglcd  and 
truncate  stigma.  Folliclpa  laneoolato,  smooth,  many-seodod.  8oe<lfl  ovate,  narrowed 
nt  tlio  apox,  Avhioh  bears  a  long  and  copious  luft  of  down.  —  Depressed  perennial 
horbfl  (peculiar  to  California) ;  with  fleshy  branching  rootstocks,  low  and  simple  or 
sparingly  branched  stems  bearing  2  to  4  pairs  <.f  loaves  ;    these  ample,  thickish, 


474  ASCLEPIADACE^E.  Cydadtuia. 

ovato,  several-ribbed  from  or  near  the  base  ami  with  a  stronger  midrib,  the  base 
contracted  into  a  conspicuous  margined  ])etiole  :  peduncles  terminal,  becoming 
lateral,  scapo-liko,  c.ymosely  or  corymbosoly  fuw-llowered  j  the  bracts  alternate : 
pedicels  iilil'oriii,  much  t\visi(Hl  after  ilowering  :  corolla  rose-color  or  puiplu.  —  PI. 
llartw.  'i'1'1,  k  (^uM.  ri.  ii.  7l'8. 

1.  C.  humilis,  Dtnth.  1.  c.  Glabrous  throughout  and  green,  or  with  minute 
hoarinuss  wliun  young  :  leaves  ovato  or  sometimes  obovate,  thickish,  1  to  3  inches 
long. 

"  Mountains  of  the  Sacramento"  (Ifarlweg),  of  Sliasta  Co.  (Brewer),  and  of  PUimas  Co.,  Le7n- 
mon,  &.C.  Corolla  three  I'ourtlis  and  the  lol)c.>i  ono  fourth  of  an  inch  in  length,  in.sertod  on  a  thin 
Ihit  disk  at  the  bottom  of  the  cal}  \,  surrounding  the  nearly  entire  saucer-shaped  nectary  which 
characterizes  the  genus. 

2.  C.  tomentosa,  Ciray.  Tomentose-hirsute  throughout :  leaves  ovate  and  ob- 
long-ovate (l!  or  S  iueliiis  long,   besides  the  petiole)  :  calyx  hirsute. 

Plumas  Cu.,  lietween  lily  Meadows  and  Indian  Valley,  with  the  preceding  (of  which  it  may  be 
only  a  variety),  Lciiiihuh. 

Ouni:u  LXI.    ASCLEPIADACE^. 

Ilorba  (as  to  tomperate  regions),  with  milky  Juice,  no  stipules,  and  regidar  llowors 

with  the  parts  in  live,  except  that  there  are  two  carpels  with  distinct  ovaries,  but  a 

common  stigma ;  the  stamens  surrounding  and  attached  to  this  j  the  pollen  in  solid 

masses,  in  ours  all  the  pollen  of  each  anther-cell  in  one  waxy  mass.     Leaves  entire, 

generally  opposite,  sometimes  wliorled,  rarely  alternate.     Calyx  and  corolla  in  ours 

almost  valvate.     Flowers  usuall}'-  in  simple  umbels.     Fruit  a  pair  of  follicles.     Seeds 

almost  always  with  a  coma  of  silky  down. 

A  largo  order,  nearly  related  only  to  the  preceding,  from  which  the  peculiarities  of  tlio 
stamens,  mentioned  above,  readily  distinguish  it,  widely  distributed  over  the  temperate  and 
warmer  parts  of  the  world,  but  very  scanty  in  Europe,  and  feebly  represented  on  the  Pacific  side 
of  North  America.  The  sensible  propeitics  nearly  tbose  of  Apocynucea:,  the  juice  more  or  less 
acrid  and  containing  caoutchouc,  and  the  inner  bark  (especially  in  Asclcpia.s)  abounding  with 
very  tough  bast-libre. 

*   Erect  herbs  :  a  hooded  appendage  (nectary)  behind  each  anther. 

1.  Aaclepias.    An  incurved  horn  or  projecting  crest  from  the  cavity  of  each  hooded  appendage. 

2.  Goni pilocarpus.     Ko  horn  to  the  api)endage3. 

»  ♦   Twining  herbs. 

3.  Sarcostemma.     Crown  a  ring  in  the  tluoat  of  the  rotate  corolla  :  pollen -mas.ses  vertical. 

4.  Lachuostoma.     Crown  as  in  ^st^cyws.-  pollen -nuisses  horizontal,     ^ac  Apjjendix. 

1.  ASCLEPIAS,  Linn.        Milkweed.     Silkweed. 

Calyx  and  corolla  both  deeply  5-parted ;  the  divisions  small  and  reflexed.  Fila- 
ments inserted  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla,  monadelphons,  short,  often  very- 
short,  crowned  behind  each  anther  with  a  conspicuous  hood-liko  ap[)endage,  from 
the  cavity  of  which  rises  a  subulate  and  \isnally  falcate  horn  :  anthers  conniving 
around  and  adherent  to  the  solid  stigma,  their  thiu  and  broad  scarious  tips  inllexed 
over  its  truncate  summit,  the  wing-like  cartilaginous  edges  meeting  and  more  or 
less  projecting  between  the  hoods  :  wax-like  pollen-mass  of  each  cell  pear-shaped, 
tapering  above  into  a  stalk  by  which  it  is  suspended,  along  with  a  pollen-mass  from 
an  adjacent  anther,  to  a  black  gland  affixed  to  the  upper  edge  of  the  stigma  alter- 


Asclrpins.  ASCLEPIADACE^..  475 

nate  with  tho  anthers;  the  10  polloii-magges,  tlicreforn,  hanging  in  pairs  from  the 
fivo  glands,  oxtricatod  from  tlio  colls  only  by  tho  agoncy  of  insects,  being  carried 
away  along  with  the  glands  (generally  by  their  legs).  Ovaries  with  short  styles, 
the  tips  of  which  readily  separate  from  the  massive  common  stigma  (to  tho  under 
side  of  which  the  pollen-tubes  are  directed).  Follicles  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Seeds 
numerous,  flat,  downwardly  injbricated  all  over  the  large  and  soon  detached  pla- 
centa ;  tho  upper  end  with  a  long  tuft  of  down  (coma).  Embryo  large,  with  broad 
flat  cotyledons  in  thin  albumen.  —  Perennial  (American)  herbs;  with  copious  milky 
juice  and  tough  bark,  and  numerous  flowers  in  umbels,  the  peduncle  generally 
between  the  opposite  leaves:  involucre  a  whorl  of  small  usually  subulate  bracts. 
Flowering  in  summer.  (Comparatively  few  species  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
very  few  west  of  tho  Sierra  Nevada.) 

*  Hoods  erect,  broadening  npimrd,  twice  the  length  of  the  stamens  and  stigma,  the 

horn  short  from  near  its  summit. 

1.  A.  subulata,  Decaisne  (?).  Glabrous,  pale  or  glaucous  :  branches  rigid  and 
rush-like,  leafless,  or  with  a  few  terete  subulate  or  filiform  leaves  above  :  umbels  race- 
mose, short-peduncled :  pedicels  and  ovate  sepals  cinereous-pubescent  when  young: 
lobes  of  the  greenish-white  corolla  oblong-ovate,  a  third  of  an  inch  long  :  hoods  a 
little  elevated  on  the  column  of  united  filaments,  purplish,  3  or  4  lines  long,  undu- 
late and  somewhat  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  crested'  through  the  middle,  the  crest 
terminating  near  tho  summit  in  a  short  and  subulate  nearly  included  horn  :  folli- 
cles lancM'oliito,  smooth. — •Torr.  Hot.  Mex.  Hound.  10 1. 

Below  San  Dirj^o  nlong  tlio  Lower  Cnlifoniian  boundary  lino,  P(rrrjf,  CIrrrJnnd.  '  I^avinos  on 
tho  lower  lUo  Colorado,  Scliolf,  Cooper,  Pahnr.r,  Tho  iiodimi'ios  aio  not  rollrxrd  :  otlicrwiso  tlio 
apociniens  accord  with  Decaisno's  brief  cliaractcr,  taken  from  a  plant  in  I'avon's  collection. 

*  *  Hoods  spj'eading,  tapering  upward,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  stamens  and 

stigma,  the  horn  projecting  from  near  its  base. 

2.  A.  speciosa,  Torr.  Soft-tomentnse,  or  smoother  when  old:  stem  stout,  2  to 
4  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  almost  sessile, 
acute  or  pointed,  4  to  6  inches  long  :  ])eduncle  longer  than  the  numerous  woolly 
pedicels  :  flowers  dull  reddish-purple  :  hoods  longer  tiian  the  corolla,  abruptly  con- 
tracted above  the  short  involute  base  or  body  into  the  long  and  nearly  flat  lanceo- 
late portion  :  column  of  filaments  hardly  any  :  follicles  ovate-acuminate,  densely  soft- 
spiny  and  woolly.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii.  218.  A.  Donqlasii,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  53, 
t.  142,  h  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4413. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Yosemite  Valley,  Bolander,  to  Pluinaa  Co.,  Mrs.  Pu.hifer  Amrji,  &c.) : 
common  through  Oregon,  and  eastward  to  tho  plains  east  of  ^the  Rocky  Mountains.  Hoods  at 
length  half  an  inch  long.  Tods  4  inches  long,  resembling  those*  of  >4.  Cornnii,  tho  common  Milk- 
wood  of  tiio  Atlantic  Stntos. 

*  *  *  Hoods  erect  or  ascending,  not  exceeding  the  stamens  and  stigma, 

+-  Ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  comparativelg  small ;  the  exserted  horn  rising  from  below  its 
middle  :  flotvers  small  and  numerous  :  leaves  narrow. 

3.  A.  fascicularis,  Decaisne.  Glabrous,  slender,  3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  in 
whorls  of  3  to  5,  or  the  lower  and  uppermost  opiiosite,  sometimes  also  with  fas- 
cicles in  tho  axils,  linear  and  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  jjotinleil  (2  to  5  inrhes  long, 
1  to  6  lines  wide)  :  peduncles  slender,  ofton  in  wiiorls  :  pedicels  and  calyx  com- 
monly puberulent  :  flfiwers  white  or  whitish  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong  (2  lines 
long)  :  column  of  filaments  half  as  long  as  the  anthers  :  horns  longer  than  the 
hood,  subnlato,  and  conspicuously  inc\irvod  over  thf  summit  of  the  stigma  :  follicles 


476  ASCLEPIADACEJi].  Aadepius. 

slender-fusiforiu,  smooth. — DC.  Prodr.  viii.  569;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.   282. 
A.  macropliylla,  Nutt.  PI.  Gtunb.  180. 

Hillsides,  &c.,  throughout  the  State,  e.vteuding  noithvvard  and  eastward  into  Oregon  uud  Nevada. 

+-  4-  1  foods  broad  and  veutricose  or  saccate,  truncate  or  notched  at  the  broad  .^nmiiiil, 
viokI/i/  iitrliidiinj  t/ic  a/roju/li/  incKrvcd-unciiiate  horn,  which  rises  from  near  the  snm- 
viit :  leaves  broad  and  /)ru/)ortiuii(dli/  lan/e  :  Jiowers  rather  large  :  corolla  greenish- 
or  yellowish-ivhite :  the  hoods  usually  Jlesh-colored. 

++  Glabrous  thromjhout,  low :  leaves  3  or  4  pairs :  hoods  saccate,  open  only  at  top. 

4.  A.  cryptoceras,  S.  Wutson.  Stems  decumbent,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  sim- 
ple :  Iciivos  (i[)p(jailc,  liroadly  ovato  or  orbicular,  an  inch  or  two  long,  very  short 
petiolcd  :  unibch  nearly  sessile,  Icnv-lluwured  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong-ovate, 
nearly  half  an  inch  long  :  saccate  huuda  sessile  (a  quarter  of  an  inch  long),  2-clei't  at 
the  suniinit,  each  lobe  anteriorly  abruptly  subulate-pointed,  the  slender  sickle-shaped 
horn  included.  —  But.  King  Exp.  283,  t.  28.  Acerates  latifolia,  Torr.  in  Fremont 
Kep.  317. 

Mountains  near  Humboldt  Lake,  Nevada,  Watscm.  May  therefore  be  expected  on  the  eastern 
borders  ol'  California.     Extends  to  Utah  and  Idaho,  Nuttall,  Fremont. 

++  ++  White-woolly,  even  to  the  outside  of  the  corolla  in  bud,  but  the  ivool  sometimes 
deciduous  with  age,  leafy :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong-ovate,  about  3  lines,  and  the 
hoods  2  lines  long,  the  latter  open  down  the  inner  side :  ovaries  glabrous,  but  the 
young  follicles  tomentose. 

5.  A.  vestita,  Hook.  &  Am.  Stem  a  span  to  2  feet  high,  stout,  simple  ;  leaves, 
opposite,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  almost  sessile  (3  to  6  inches  long),  all 
but  the  lower  gradually  acuminate,  the  base  of  the  upper  often  cordate  :  umbels 
almost  sessile,  luany-llowered  :  hoods  slightly  raised  on  the  short  lilanumt-sheath, 
obli(piely  truncate,  so  as  to  bo  broadly  rliond)ic  when  outspread  and  the  lateral 
angles  acutc^  a  bntadiy  triangular  or  vomer-.sha|»ed  ascending  croat  rather  than  horn 
attached  to  nearly  tlie  whole  length  of  tlio  liood  and  not  exceeding  it. —  Uot. 
Jkechey,  3(53  (not  Hook.  Mot.  Mag.  t.  410(1);  Engelm.  in  Am.  Nat.  ix.  349. 
A.  eriocarpa,  Torr.   in  Pacif.  It.  Jtep.   iv.    128,  not  of  Benth. 

From  near  San  Francisco  and  Monterey  to  tlie  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  In  one  or  two 
of  the  hoods  the  crest  or  horn  has  been  found  nearly  wanting.  Follicles  ovate,  minutely  tomen- 
tose-pubescent. 

6.  A.  eriocarpa,  Benth.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  often  sharply  angled :  leaves 
not  rarely  3  or  4  in  a  whorl,  and  the  upper  occasionally  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate 
or  oblong,  acute  (4  to  7  inches  long)  :  peduncles  of  the  many-Howered  umbels  an 
inch  or  two  long,  ecpialling  or  exceeding  the  pedicels  :  hoods  rather  conspicuously 
elevated,  broader  tiiuu  high,  ventricose,  the  ti'uncate  upper  portion  emarginato  at  the 
back,  much  e.vtendcd  inward  horizontally,  and  enclosing  the  horizontally  [)ruduced 
vomer-shaiHid  cre.st  rather  than  horn.  —  PI.  llartw.  323  ;  Engelm.  1.  c. 

Dry  hills,  from  Monterey  (Ifartweij)  to  Owen's  Valley  (Dr.  Horn),  and  behind  San  Diego, 
Cleveland,  Painter.  Flowers  commonly  larger  than  in  the  foregoing  :  the  horizontal  ciest  twice 
longer  than  high,  conformed  in  shape  to  the  \ipper  part  of  the  hood,  which  merely  encloses  it. 

7.  A.  leucophylla,  Engelm.  Stem  2  to  4  f(!et  higli :  leaves  as  in  A.  vestita, 
but  closely  sessile:  peduucles  of  the  many-llowered  umbels  longer  than  the  pedicels, 
as  in  A.  eriocarpa  :  hoods  erect,  much  narrower,  oblong  (or  when  outspread  obovate) 
with  rounded  entire  summit ;  the  falcate  or  claw-shaped  horn  attached  below  the 
middle,  ascending  and  incurving  over  the  stigma,  longer  than  the  hood.  —  Am. 
Nat.  ix.  349. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State  ;  Frovidence  Mountains  (Dr.  Cooper)  and  southward  {Dr. 
Palmer) ;  thence  to  S.  Utah,  Parry.  Woolliness  fine  and  white,  but  deciduous,  as  in  A.  vestita. 
Dr.  Palmer's  specimens  are  green  and  glabrate.     Corolla  greenish  ;  the  hoods  yellowish. 


Sarcostemma.  ASCLEPIADACE/E. 


477 


2.  GOMPHOCARPUS,  R.  Biowii. 

No  horn  to  the  hoods  of  tho  stamens  :  otherwise  as  Asdepias ;  equally  diverse  in 
the  form  of  the  hoods,  &,c.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  753. 

Acerafes,  Ell,  ami  ^m»;<^W^  Nutt.,  are  regarded  as  sections  of  this  genus,  which  represents 
Mcl^-ptas  in  the  Old  World,  mainly  m  Africa.  Jf  the  few  Nortli  American  species  only  were  con- 
cerned, they  were  better  reunited  to  Asdepias.     Our  first  section  is  peculiar. 

§  1.  Ilonds  saccate,  pointless,   more  or  less  depending,   loiver  tlnvi  the  anthers,   open 
wholly  or  partly  doion  the  hack,  as  if  2-valved.  —  Schizonotus,  Gray. 

1 .  G.  tomentOSUS,  Gray.  White-toraentose,  even  to  the  outside  of  tho  greenish- 
whito  urpuridish  corolla,  closely  resembling  J sc/cy^ms  vestita :  stem  2  or  3  leet  high, 
acutely  angled  :  leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  oblong,  acutely  acuminate  (about  4  inches 
long)  :  umbels  nearly  sessile,  rather  few-flowered  :  filament-sheath  manifest  under 
the  crown  ;  the  hoods  almost  orbicular  in  outline,  laterally  compressed,  centrally 
attached,  reaching  to  near  the  middle  of  the  anthers,  2-valved  fully  half-way  round, 
i.  e.  from  the  upper  edge  of  the  insertion  to  the  middle  of  the  hack.  —  Acerates 
tomcvfosn,  Torr.  lint.  ]\I(>x.  Hound.  IGO,  t.  44. 

Var.  Xanti,  Gray.  Hoods  nioro  (lei)('n(ling,  rather  longer  than  broad,  open  two 
thirds  down  the  back. 

Dry  liills,  from  behind  San  Diego  nortliward  (Parr!/,  Thurbcr,  Filch,  Pcckhnm),  and  on  the 
north  side  ol  Monte  Diablo  {Brcicrr,  Bolandcr):  the  variety  near  Fort  Tejon  {Xnnlus)  and  Oiai 
{leckhim)  ■  and  some  of  the  specimens  from  Monte  Diablo  approach  it.  Sepals  linear-lanceolate. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong-ovate,  about  4  lines  long.  Hoods  '2^  or  3  lines  long  :  summit  of  the 
filament-sheath  obtusely  callous-toothed  between  the  hoods  on  each  side  of  the  salient-angled  base 
of  tho  wings  of  the  anthcra  :  anther-tips  very  large  and  broad.  ° 

2.  G.  purpurascens,  Gra^'.  Canescently  puberulent  :  stems  ascending,  a  span 
to  a  foot  iiigh  :  leaves  ovate  and  more  or  less  cordate,  obtuse,  thickish  (an  inch  or 
two  long),  short-petioled  :  flowers  small,  numerous  in  a  compact  umbel  :  peduncle 
longer  than  the  pedicels  :  lobes  of  the  red-purple  corolla  oblong  :  hoods  white,  oval, 
Avholly  below  the  short  greenish  anthers,  adnate  by  their  whole  length  to  nearly  the 
Avhole  length  of  the  filament-sheath,  dorsally  2-valved  from  top  to  bottom.  —  Proc 
Am.  Acad.  x.  76. 

Lake  Co  ,  on  the  exposed  summit  of  a  mountain  near  the  Ooysers,  E.  L.  Greene.  Lobes  of  the 
corolla  fully  2  linos  and  hoods  ono  lino  long.  Wings  of  tho  anthora  lunato,  not  truncate  and 
angled  at  imso. 

§  2.  Hoods  cucullate,  erect,  open  down  the  front,  somewhat  snrpassin<;  the  anthers. 

3.  G.  cordifolius,  Benth.  Green  and  glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate 
or  ovate  lanceolate  with  cordate-clasping  base,  mostly  acute,  opposite,  rarely  in  threes, 
2  to  5  inches  long  :  umbels  loosely  many-flowered  :  pedicels  long  and  filiform  ': 
calyx  hairy  ;  its  lobes  lanceolate  :  corolla  dark  red-purple  ;  the  lobes  oval  :  filament^ 
sheath  short  :  hoods  purplish,  thin,  oblong,  with  obliquely  truncate  and  acute-an<tled 
summit,  attached  at  and  near  the  base,  the  fissure  down  the  front  narrow  :  follfcles 
ovate-lanceolate,  smooth  and  n^ahvom.  —  Acerates  cordifolia,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw  323 
A.  atropurpurea,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  G5.  Asdepias  ecornntnm,  Kellocrcr, 
1.  c.  55.  ^'^ 

Common  in  the  Valloy  of  the  Sacrnmcnto  and  through  tho  foot-hills,  up  to  Indian  Valley  and 
^Z  }=    r  H  ,7  "?'■'''  .•"!•'"■  ''''";^  "''  "r  **'  2  inches  in  longth  :  pedicHs  an  inch  or  loss  long. 

LVn  l?fl,    1°  T    Y       ""■  ^  ,'"'•  1-  "'!•''  ,''""''"  2  '"'"''  '""K  •  ^  i-'ii'-  "'•  li-.<'ar-subulate  teeth  alter- 
nate with  the  hoods,  one  each  side  of  the  salient  angulate-truiu-ate  base  of  the  anther-wings. 

3.  SARCOSTEMMA,  W.  I!mwn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  deojily  5-cleft,  an  entire  or  crenato  ring  forming 
a  crown   in   its   throat.     Short  sheath   or  ring  of  monadclphous  filaments  bearing 


478 


GENTIAN  ACE^i).  ijurcusltmma. 


behind  each  anther  a  lleshy  and  Ihittish  appendage.  Anthers,  fruit,  »fec.,  nearly  as 
Asdejnas.  —  Twining  licrbs  ur  partly  shrubby  plants)  (of  the  warm  regions) ;  with 
opposite  leaves  and  umbellate  llowers. 

1.  S.  heterophyllum,  Engclm.  Tuberulent  or  almost  glabrous  :  twining  stems 
liliform  :  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  some  of  them  cordate  oi' 
hastate  at  base,  a  lew  tapering  into  the  petiole  :  umbels  several-llowered,  long- 
peduncled  :  corolla  dull  purple  or  whitish,  almost  5-parted  ;  the  lobes  ovate,  with 
scariouswhite  more  or  less  ciliate  margins,  cinereous-pubescent  outside,  nearly 
smooth  within,  thrice  the  length  of  the  linear-lanceolate  hairy  calyx-lobes  :  api)en- 
da<'es  of  the  stamnns  ro\indish,  rather  longer  than  the  anthers  :  follicles  lanceolate 
and  slender-pointed,  pubcrulent.  —  Torr.  in  I'acif.  li.  Ke]).  y.  3G3,  &  IJot.  Mt^x. 
Jiound.  Mil. 

Var.  hirtellum.  lOrect,  but  inclined  to  twine,  two  feet  high,  slender,  minutely 
but  densely  pubescent  all  over  with  short  siyeading  hairs  :  leaves  all  linear  and 
tapering  at  base  :  llowers  one  half  smaller,   "  whitish-yellow,  fragrant." 

Climbing  over  bushes  in  the  southern  ])art  of  the  State,  Parry,  Cooper,  Cleveland.  Extends 
into  Mexico  and  Texas.  Corolla  about  halt'  an  inch  in  diameter,  except  iu  the  variety.  The  lat- 
ter near  Fort  ilohave,  Dr.  Cooper. 

OuDER  LXII.    GENTIANACE^. 

Glabrous  herbs,  with  colorless  and  bitter  juice,  ejitiro  opposite  and  sessile  leaves 
(except  in  Menyanthes  and  sometimes  in  Sivertia),  no  stipules,  perfect  and  regular 
llowers,  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them, 
inserted  on  the  tube,  the  anthers  free  from  the  stigma ;  ovary  one-celled  with  two 
parietal  placental,  becoming  a  septicidal  capsule ;  style  one  or  none ;  the  stigmas 
commonly  two ;  seeds  luimerous  and  sometimes  innumerable,  rarely  few  ;  and  the 
end)ryo  small  or  minute  in  copious  albumen.  Calyx  ])ersistent.  Corolla  nu)stly 
convolute  in  the  bud,  rarely  valvate  with  the  edges  turned  inward,  usually  Avither- 
ing-persistent.     Seeds  anatro[)ous  or  amphitropous.  —  An  order  of  about  40  genera. 

SuitoKOicu  I.     GENTIANE/K 

Lobes  of  the  (withering-persistent)  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.  Seeds  some- 
times covering  the  whoK)  walls  t)f  the  capsule,  the  coat  usually  thin.  Leaves  opi)o- 
site  or  whorled  (or  alternate  in  Swertla),  entire ;  the  cauline  sessile. 

Tl\e  following  genera,  not  yet  known  to  occur  within  or  very  near  the  borders  of  California,  may 
be  expected  in  the  northernmost  jjarts  of  the  State  : 

Pi.KuaoovNE  (uoTATA,  Orisel)ach),  like  an  annual  Gentian,  but  with  rotate  corolla. 

Halenia  (deflicxa,  (hisebach),  known  by  the  spurs,  one  under  each  lobe  of  the  corolla. 

SwKUTiA  (I'KUHNNis,  Liun.),  most  like  one  of  the  smaller  species  of  Frasera;  the  leaves  alter- 
nate !  or  only  the  upper  ones  opposite. 

Kustoma,  a  genus  with  showy  sky-blue  flowers,  and  a  tllil'orni  style,  belongs  lo  the  region  east 
of  llio  southern  l>orders  of  the  State.  — See  Ajipciidix. 

1.  Erythraea.     Corolla  salverform,   red.     Anthers  s])irally  twisted  after  shedding  the  pollen. 

Style  .sliinder,  at  length  deciduous.     Calyx  5-partcd. 

2.  Microcala.     Corolla  shoit-salveiform,  yellow.     Anthers  short,  not  twisting.      Style  iu  ours 

])eisi.stent :  calyx  merely  4-to()thed. 

3.  Gentiaua.     Corolla  from  campanulate  or  funnelform  to  salverform.     Style  none  or  hardly 

any  :  stigmas  2,  thin  and  Hat,  persistent.     Seeds  very  numerous  and  small. 

4.  Frasera.     Corolla  rotate,  4-partcd,  each  lobe  bearing  one  or  two  fringed  glands  in  the  form 

of  bhallow  iiits.     Style  di.^tinct,  persistent  :  stigma  small,  entire  or  2-lobed.      Seeds  few 
or  several,  large. 


Krythruia.  GENTIANACE.E.  479 

SuBoiiDER  II.     MENYANTHE/E. 

Lobes  of  the  corolla  induplicate  in  the  hud.  Seeds  rather  few  and  with  a  thick 
hard  and  close  coat.  Aquatic  or  bog  plants,  with  alternate  leaves,  sometimes  of  3 
leaflets  ;  the  petioles  sheathing  at  base.  —  Represented  only  by 

5.  Menyanthes.    Corolla  deciduous,  5-clcft ;  tlic  lobes  within  white-bearded  :  (lowers  racemose. 
1.  ERYTHR^A,  Pers.        Canciialaoua. 

Calyx  5-partcd,  or  occasionally  4-partod  ;  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  withering-persistent  on  the  capsule ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  slender :  anthers  oblong  or  linear, 
twisting  spirally  (in  2  to  4  turns)  after  shedding  the  pollen.  Stylo  filiform,  at 
length  deciduous  :  stigmas,  in  ours  wedge-shaped  or  fan-shaped,  before  expansion 
commonly  appearing  as  if  united  and  compressed-capitate.  Capsule  from  oblong- 
ovate  to  lanceolate-cylindraceous  ;  the  sutures  little  or  considerably  introflexed. 
Seeds  very  numerous,  globular  or  oblong,  with  a  close  reticulatc-pittcd  ooat.  — 
Eow  herbs  (both  of  the  Old  and  Now  World,  in  warm-teniporato  regions),  mainly 
annuals;  with  bitter  roots,  cymose  inflorescence,  and  usually  pink  or  rose-red  flowers 
(whence  the  generic  name). 

Like  the  Gentians,  these  plants  are  bitter  tonics  ;  and,  in  California  as  well  as  in  Chili,  are  in 
medicinal  repute,  under  the  name  of  C'ancJialngua.  Dr.  Enf^clmann  points  out  a  character  in 
the  stigmas,  i.  e.  tliat  in  the  European  species,  excepting  tlio  peculiar  K  maritima,  tliey  are 
broadly  ovnto  or  with  rounded  smnmit,  white  in  the  American  they  are  either  cuiieato  or  flabclli- 
form,  the  summit  truncate,  or  in  E.  Qkilams  emarginate. 

E  (GYUANnnA)  cninoNioiDKS  (not  of  Torr.)  and  E.  sprciosa  {G,,rmidra,  Griscbach,  and 
Jienth.  IJot  Sulph.  t.  45)— large-flowered  si)ecics,  which  liardly  dilier  except  in  the  shorter 
hlaments  of  the  latter  — are  Mexican  only,  and  are  sectionally  distinguished  by  havincr  the 
apparently  pale  and  broad  corolla-lobes  rather  longer  than  the  tube  at  the  time  of  opening  and 
the  capsule  oval.     In  all  the  following  the  capsule  is  from  elongated-oblong  to  fusiform. 

*  Corolla  large;   its  limb  at  first  almost  as  long  as  the  tube :  seeds  globular:  iyi- 

fiorescence  corymboselj/  cymose :  peduncles  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

1.  E.  venusta,  Grny.  A  span  to  u  foot  liigh,  simple  nnd  cymoaoly  sovoral- 
flowcivd  at  summit,  or  corynibosi^ly  brancliod :  leaves  from  nvat.o  to  oblong-lancoo- 
lato,  rather  obtuse  (half  to  near  an  inch  long) :  calyx-lobes  very  narrow  dow^ii  to  tlio 
base:  corolla  deep  and  bright  pink  with  a  yellow  centre;  the  lobes  oval  and  obtuse, 
beconiing  oblong,  4  to  6  lines  in  length  :  filaments  rather  longer  than  the  oblong- 
hnear  anthers.  —  ^,  chimninidrs,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  r.nund.  150,  t  42  excl  svn 
E.  tricnniha,  Durand  in  Tncif  II.  Hep.  v.  t.  9,  not  Griscb.  ' 
.^^.TZlS'Jrt  "V  t!»%^°"t''7;"  P-'^'-t  of  the  state,  and  extending  (mostly  in  a  smaller  form) 
tm^t  ^rZt  ■  ""■'  ^'•'  ."':.  *'  "^"^  ^'^^^  ^''^^-  '^^'^  "•-'"^'^  K'^'^"  '"  ^-""Iter's  collec- 
spcciet  of  ^J^^,T'  '"  "°''  '''"'""^  '"'■  ''"'•  ""  ''"'"l-^°"'-t  -^"'l  '^""  "f  tl'«  I'ugost-noworod 

*  *  Corolla  with  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube:  seeds  oblong:  inflorescence  cymose- 
clMsered  ;  the  crowded  fiowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  forh,  and  the  lateral  ones 
with  a  2Mir  of  bracts  under  the  calyx :  stigmas  small. 

2.  R  trichantha,  Grisebach.  A  span  or  less  high,  fastigiately  branched  :  loaves 
Jrom  broadly  oblong  and  obtuse  t(^  lanceolate  and  acute  ((>  to  12  linos  Ion")  •  lobes 
ol  the  roHo-HMl  con.Ihi  lancoolulo,  fully  l,„lf  M,„  Inngll,  of  the  tube  at  1,1.0" timo  of 
expansion  (3  or  4  linos  long),  becoming  narrow  ami  by  involution  nouminato  with 
ago:  calyx-lobes  liliform-triquotrous  :  anthers  linear.  — Gent.  14(),  it  DC  Prodr.  ix 
60,  excl.  var.  angusti/olia. 

Common  near  the  coast  from  Lake  Co.  and  the  Valley  of  the  Lower  Sacramento  to  Monterey. 


480  GENTIANACE^.  Knjthru^a. 

3.  E.  floribunda,  Deiitli.  More  slouJur  and  inllorescence  more  open  :  lobes 
of  tho  liyliL  rDsu-culorcil  corullii  oblong,  becoming  lanceolate  in  age,  liartlly  2  lines 
long,  only  a  third  or  one  Iburtli  tho  length  of  the  tube  :  anthers  oblong  :  calyx- 
lobes  more  subidato  and  less  carinate  than  in  the  preceding.  —  PI.  llartw.  322. 

Viilluy  of  lliu  iiacraimintti,  Jlaiiwcij.  AImo,  in  ii  dwarf  uaU  fcwcr-lloworod  form,  Sinrni  Vulloy, 
Lciiiinoii. 

*   *   *   Corolla-lobes  (\h  to  3  lines  long)  much  shorten'  than  the  tube:  seeds  ylobvlar: 
anthers  oblony  :  Jloivers  sparsely  paniculate  or  solitary,  peduncled. 

4.  E.  Muhlenbergii,  (Jrisebach.  Two  inches  to  a  span  high,  simple  or  branched 
from  the  base:  leaves  mostly  oblung,  obtuse,  and  about  half  an  inch  lung:  peiluncles 
mostly  shorter  (sometimes  much  shorter)  than  the  llowers  :  lobes  of  the  ruse-red 
corolla  oval,  very  obtuse,  becoming  oblong  (often  3  lines  in  length).  —  A\  Muhlen- 
beryii,  Grisebach,  1.  c.  as  to  Caliiuruiau  plant  unly  ;  Eenth.  PI.  Hartw.  322. 

Hills,  Monterey  to  Sau  Francisco  Hay,  not  uncommon.  The  Pennsylvanian  plant,  on  which 
Grisebach  mainly  loumled  liis  E.  M aklcnbcnjii,  is  E.  rainosissima,  introduced  horn  Europe  ;  hut 
the  name  may  be  kept  uji  for  the  L'alifornian  species,  although  meaningless,  as  Muhlenberg  had 
nothing  to  do  with  it. 

5.  E.  Douglasii,  Gray.  IMostly  slender,  from  2  to  12  inches  high,  loosely 
paniculate  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  and  acute,  or  the  lower  ones  nar- 
rowly oblong  (from  half  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  length)  :  peduncles  long 
and  lilil'orm,  commonly  strict  and  tlie  earlier  or  central  ones  an  inch  long  or 
more:  lobes  of  the  pink  corolla  oblong  (l)arely  2  lines  in  length):  seeds  globular, 
hardly  a  cpiarter  of  a  line  long.  —  Cicendia  exaltata  (wrongly  characterized),  Grise- 
bach in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  CD,  t.  157,  A.  Erythrcea  NuttaUii,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp. 
276,  in  part. 

Along  the  eastern  borders  of  tho  State  from  Fort  Mohave  northward,  and  sparingly  on  the 
western  :  also  in  Oregon,  Idaho,  and  Noithern  Utah.  Neither  of  Nuttall's  unpublished  names 
{E.  tenella  for  a  dwarf  state,  and  E.  elala  for  a  taller  one)  seems  aj)propriate  :  so  we  have  imposed 
the  name  of  tho  first  collector,  DoikjIus. 

E.  NiiTTAi.i.il,  "Watson  (Hot.  King  Kxp.  276,  t.  29  mainly),  is  distinguished  from  E.  Douiihisii 
by  the  acutish  lobiis  of  tho  commonly  larger  corolla,  and  the  oblong  seeds,  which  are  fewer  and 
much  larger,  a  third  of  a  line  long.  It  occurs  in  Nevada,  as  near  as  Ruby  Valley,  and  in  adjacent 
parts  of  Idaho  and  Utah,  Nuttidl,  H.  Eiii/clmann.  Although  two  of  the  three  of  Nuttall's  un- 
published names,  cited  liy  AVatson  under  E.  NutUdlii,  belong  to  the  plant  now  distinguished  as 
E.  Douglasii,  yet  Mr.  Watson's  figure  and  description  relate  mostly  to  tho  species  for  whicii  the 
name  is  here  retained. 

2.  MICROCALA,  Link. 
Calyx  l-toothcd,  4-8ribbed.  Corolla  shortsalverform,  withering  persistent  on 
tlio  ovoid  capsule,  Stamens  short,  inserted  in  the  throat  :  anthers  round-cordate. 
Style  liliform,  in  ours  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous  :  stigma  peltate-dilated,  at 
length  separating  or  separable  into  2  broad  plates.  Seeds,  &c.,  as  Erythrcea.  — 
Little  annuals,  one  in  the  Old  World,  and  one  or  two  in  South  America,  whence 
the  following  may  have  reached  California. 

1.  M.  quadrangulariS,  Grisebach.  An  inch  or  two  high,  filiform,  simple  and 
one-llowercd,  or  briinclicd  at  basi;,  with  one  to  three  ]);iirs  of  minute  oval  or  oblung 
leaves  i)clow  :  peduncle  strict  and  naked,  tjuadraiigular  :  calyx  short,  strongly  qmid- 
rangular,  and  as  it  were  truncate  at  bottom  and  tup,  at  least  when  in  fruit ;  the 
teeth  distant  and  very  short  :  corolla  sall'ron-yellow,  barely  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx,  open  only  in  briglit  sunshine,  closing  in  the  afternoon.  —  DC.  Prudr.  ix.  03  ; 
Prugel  in  Fl.  Bras.  vi.  213,  t.  58,  f.  3.  Exacum  quadranyulare,  Willd.  E.  injla- 
ium,  Hook.  &,  Am.      Cicendia  quadranyularis,  (-Jrisebach,  (ieut.  157. 

Hillsides  and  moist  meadows  about  8an  Francisco,  Martinez,  and  Vallejo,  where  it  may  readily 
have  been  introduced  ;  but  also  on  the  coast  near  Mendocino  {Bolaiider),  under  Finus  coiUorla  ; 
so  that  it  may  be  imligfuous. 


(frnli.n,,,.  ( J  KNTI  A  N  AC'K  J-).  481 

3.   GENTIANA,  I.iun.        Okntian. 

Calyx  4  -  5-cleft  or  toothed.  Corolla  4  -  5-lobed,  funnclforin,  campanulate,  or 
sometimes  salverform,  often  with  plaited  and  toothed  folds  in  the  sinuses,  withering- 
persistent.  Stamens  included  :  anthers  sometimes  cohering  in  a  ring  or  tube. 
Style  none  or  A'ery  short  :  stigmas  2,  thin  and  flat,  persistent.  Capsule  septicidal. 
Seeds  very  numerous  and  small,  sometimes  lining  the  whole  wall  of  the  capsule  ; 
the  coat  usually  but  not  always  loose.  —  Herbs;  with  bitter  roots,  opposite  loaves, 
and  terminal  or  clustered  flowers,  usually  showy,  appearing  in  summer  or  nutumii. 

Tho  typicnl  and  tlio  largest  goniis  of  llio  family,  coinnilsliig  150  Hpocios,  widely  <listrlliuloil  over 
the  cooler  regions  of  the  world,  moderately  represented  in  Oregon  anil  the  Hoeky  Mountains,  aa 
well  as  in  the  Atlantic  .States  ;  but  few  reach  Calironiia,  and  those  are  scarce  and  confined  to  the 
Sierra  Nevada  or  to  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

§  1.   No  plaited  folds  in  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla:  anthers  versatile:  root  in  ours 
annual,  or  rarely  biennial.  —  Gentian ella. 

*  Flowers  small :  corolla  nearly  salvershaped,  crowned  with  afrinr/e  of  bristles  on  the 

base  of  the  lobes  within. 

1.  Gr.  Amarella,  Linn.,  var.  acuta,  Engelm.  From  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  in 
height,  slender,  simple  or  paniculately  branching  :  leaves  thin  ;  the  larger  an  inch 
long  and  oblongdanceolate ;  the  lowest  obovato  or  spatulate;  uppermost  ovatedan- 
ceolate  :  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters,  or  rarely  solitary,  forming  a  narrow 
panicle  :  corolla  light  blue,  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long ;  its  5  short  lobes  from 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  becoming  acute.  —  G.  acuta,  Michx.,  &c. 

In  the  Siena  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward,  at  5,000  feet  and  over  ;  tlience  far  north- 
ward and  eastward,  running  into  various  fomis. 

*  *  Flowers  large  for  the  size  of  the  plant ;  the  parts  usually  in  fours  :  corolla  desti- 
tute of  fringe  across  the  base  of  the  lobes,  but  their  edges  sometimes  fringed :  a  row 
of  glands  between  the  bases  of  the  f  laments  :  capsule  stipitate. 

2.  Gr.  simplex,  C! ray.  Stem  2  to  10  inches  high  from  a  small  ami  slender 
annual  root,  simple,  bearing  2  to  4  pairs  of  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  leaves  (4  to  9 
linos  long)  and  a  single  slcndor-pedunculatn  llower :  corolla  blue,  1  to  1^  inches 
long  ;  the  oblong-spatulato  lobes  entire  or  erose-toothed,  or  mrely  with  a  few  bristly 
teeth  low  down  on  the  sides  :  seeds  smooth  but  longitudinally  stiiato,  narrow,  wing- 
less when  mature,  but  somewhat  cellular-appendaged  at  each  end.  —  Pacif.  \i.  Rep. 
V.  87,  t.  16.  11         o  F 

Higher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  wet  groiuid,  from  Placer  Co.  at  8,000  feet  (Brctocr),  above 
Sununit  (E.  L.  Greene),  and  Siei  la  Co.  (Lcnwwii)  to  Klamath  bake  in  Orcgoji,  Newberry,  lietween 
G.  harhellata,  Engelm.,  of  the  Colorado  liooky  Mountains  (which  is  ])crennial),  and  depauperate 
forms  of  tlio  next ;  but  tlio  seeds  very  different,  wlien  mature  not  wiuf;od,  however,  as  represented 
in  tlio  figure  above  cited  :  tliey  are  lanceolate  in  outline,  the  nueleus  coarsely  striate,  produced 
into  a  tliickish  cellular  base,  and  at  the  other  end  into  a  more  subulate  empty  tip. 

3.  G.  serrata.  Gunner.  Stem  3  to  18  inches  high  from  a  slender  annual  root, 
simple  or  the  larger  plants  branched  from  the  base,  bearing  iow  or  several  pairs  of 
lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  all  narrow  at  base  or  the  lowest  oblanceolate,  and  termi- 
nated by  a  long  and  naked  one-flowered  peduncle  :  corolla  light  blue,  mostly  an 
inch  and  a  half  long;  the  oblong  or  spatulate-obovate  h.bos  commonly  erosely 
toothed  around  the  summit  and  often  fringed  down  the  sides  :  seeils  oval,  wingless, 
the  close  coat  rough  with  minute  ])rojecting  scales.  — (Fl.  Dan.  t.  317)  Fl.  Norveg. 
101,  t.  2,  lig.  3-5  (17GG);  Fries,  Summ.  Scand.  190.  G.  detonsa,  IJottb.  Act. 
llafn.  X.  254,  t.  1,  llg.  3  ;  Grisebnch,  Gent,  k  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  04,  Sec.  G.  brachy- 
petala,  Bungo,  Consp.  Gent.  225,  t.  11,  fig.  3. 

Var.  holopetala,  Gray.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  rather  bmail  and  short,  entire  or 
obscurely  erose-denticiilato  round  the  summit :  seeds  a.s  in  the  fringed  form. 


482 


GENTIANACEit:. 


Wot  giouml,  in  tlio  hij^hor  regions  of  Uio  Siena  Ncvmlti :  Soda  Springs  of  tlie  Tuohunnt".,  at 
8,600  feet  (a  l)ygi"y  f"""'.  ""'y  '^  to  5  iuche.s  liigli,  witli  leaves  merely  4  or  5  lines  long  ami  eiowded 
towards  the  base),  to  Mariposa  t'o.  above  the  Vosemite  (mueh  linger,  a  sjmn  lii^di  ur  more),  Ho- 
luiuli.r.  Both  of  the  variety,  which  accords  with  tiio  Scandinavian  [ilaut,  exeejit  m  the  cntireiiess 
of  tho  corolla  lobes,  which  also  occurs  in  Kuropcan  apeciuiens.  The  larger  form,  (}.  iktonm,  var. 
barbula,  Fruelich  ami  liiisebacli,  which  is  common  eastward  of  the  Uocky  Mountains,  whero  it  too 
closely  iii)[aoaches  (/.  crinilu  (tiie  common  Fringed  Uentiau  of  tho  Atlantic  States),  is  unknown  in 
California  and  Oregon.  It  is  singular  that,  while  only  entire  petals  are  known  of  this  species  in 
California,  the  O.  sinqAcx,  described  with  entire  petals,  has  them  sparingly  fringed  in  most  of  the 
specimens  now  known. 

§  2.   Flailed  folds  ut  the  sinuses  of  the  short/unnel/orm  or  cam2)amilate   blobed 
[in  ours  blue  or  bluish)  corolla:    anthtrs  erect  and  fixed:  root  perennial.— 

rNEUMUNANTHl!;. 

*   Plaits  extended  between  the  lobes  into  conspicuous  cleft  or  lacerate  appendui/es. 

+-  Loiv,  zvith  decumbent  one-Jloivered  stems  :  leaves  ivitk  cons/ncuonslt/  connate-sheathiu;/ 
base,  the  upjjtnnost  becoininy  bracts  to  the  Jlower. 

4.  G.  Newberryi,  (Jray.  Dwarf  (2  to  4  iuclies  high) :  flowering  stem.s  1  to  4, 
ascending  IVoni  around  a  short  central  axis  Avhich  bears  a  rosette  of  obovate  or 
spatulato  leaves,  of  abotit  an  inch  in  length  :  cauline  leaves  2  to  4  ])airs  (half  an 
inch  long) ;  tlie  lowest  obovate,  tho  uppermost  oblanceolule  :  calyx-lubes  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  tho  tube:  corolla  broadly  fiinnelforni  (over  an  inch 
long),  ))alo  blue,  within  white,  and  grecnish-dotteil  ;  its  lobes  ovate,  niucioiiate, 
longer  than  the  slender-subulate  tips  of  the  2-cleft  or  laciniato  interposetl  appen- 
dages :  seeds  oval,  broadly  winged.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  84.  G.cali/cosa{i},  Gray  in 
Pacif.  It.  Kep.  vi.  8G,  not  of  Grisebach. 

Sierra  Nevada,  at  5,000  to  8,000  feet;  Crater  Pass  in  Oregon,  lat.  ii'  (Newberry),  Lassen's 
Peiik  {Brewer),  and  Mariposa  Co.  south  of  tho  Yosemito,  Bolander.  Somewhat  related  to  0. 
frigida,  which  inhabils  tho  alpine  region  of  tho  Ilocky  ilountaina. 

5.  G.  setigera,  (iray.  Stems  stout,  but  dilFusely  spreading  from  a  thick  caudex, 
a  foot  or  less  long,  ])oaring  7  to  10  jmirs  of  thick  very  obtuse  leaves  :  lower  leaves 
round-oval ;  upper  obhtng ;  two  uppermost  i)airs  involucrate  around  the  ilower  (all 
an  inch  long,  or  the  lower  shorter)  :  calyx-hjbes  oval,  about  the  length  of  the  tube  : 
corolla  oblong-canipanulate,  apparently  with  dull  i)uri)lish  tube  and  the  ovate  lolies 
blue  :  appendages  in  the  sinuses  snndl  and  short,  but  extended  into  2  or  3  capillary 
bristles  whicli  almost  eipial  the  lobes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Aead.  xi.  84. 

Red  Mountain,  Mendocino  Co.,  in  damp  soil,  Bohindcr.  Corolla  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
rather  broad  ;  the  lobes  nearly  half  an  inch  long.  Sheaths  of  the  leaves  mostly  a  (puuter  uf  an 
inch  long.     Forming  secils  orbimilar  and  winged. 

■H  +■   Mostly   erect  and  taller,    1  -  sever al-Jlowered,   leafy  :   leaves  not  conspicuously 
connate-sheathim/  at  base,  except  the  lotver  pairs. 

6.  G.  calycosa,  Grisebach.  A  span  to  a  foot  in  height :  leaves  ovate  (an  inch 
to  lialf  au  inch  long) ;  tho  lower  decreasing  in  size,  the  one  or  two  uppermost  pairs 
involucrate  around  the  one  to  three  sessile  flowers  :  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, equalling  or  rather  shorter  than  the  short  tube  :  corolla  oblong-campanulate, 
blue  (over  an  inch  long)  ;  appendages  in  tho  sinuses  laciniate,  shorter  than  the 
broadly  ovate  lobes:  bi'.cds  lanci^olate,  wingless. -•■  (u'ut.  21i2,  i^  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  OH, 
t.  14G. 

Sierra  Nevada  at  8,800  fi:et  in  Placer  Co.  {Brewer);  Calaveras  Co.,  near  Murjjhy's  {Lcmmm) ; 
also  collected  at  .some  unknown  station  by  Brid</C3.  Occurs  in  the  northern  Kocky  Mountains 
and  those  of  the  interior  of  Oregon.      Harely  2  or  3  llowers  from  the  axils. 

G.  Pakkyi,  Engelm.,  of  the  Colorado  Ilocky  Mountain.s,  collected  by  lyatsun  in  the  northeast- 
ern part  of  Nevada,  dilfers  principally  in  the  iimch  smaller  culyx-lobes,  and  the  leaves  are  some- 
times narrower. 

7.  G.  ailinis,  Grisebach.  A  foot  or  two  or  sometimes  only  a  span  high  :  leaves 
from  ovate-obloug  to  linear-lanceolate  (an   inch  or  so   in   length),   the   uppermost 


i'^-cona.  (JKNTIANACK.K. 


483 


narrower :  Mowers  mostly  .5  to  20  and  raceuioso  or  spicatc,  forming  a  loafy  thyrsus 
(rarely  solitary  in  depauperate  plants)  :  calyx  lobes  narrow  and  unecpial,  mostly 
linear  and  the  longest  shorti^r  than  the  tube  :  corolla  short-funnelform,  blue  (an 
inch  or  more  in  length)  ;  appendages  triangular,  acute,  mostly  2-cIeft  or  2  -  4-cuspi- 
date,  shorter  than  the  round  ovate  lobes  :  seeds  ovate  or  ()l)Iong,  flat,  wing-margined. 
Var.  ovata,  (5ray  :  a  form  with  ovate  or  oblong  huives,  and  fewer" commonly 
larger  flowers ,  the  calyxdobes  lanceolate  and  as  long  as  the  tube ;  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla  commonly  rounder. 

Northeastern  portions  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  5,000  feet,  &,c.  ;  thence  north  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, and  ea.stward  to  the  Hocky  ]\tountaiiis  from  New  Mexico  to  Rupert's  Laud  Tlie  var 
from  near  San  Francisco  {Bolandrr)  to  Klamath  Valley  in  Oregon  {Cronkhite)  and  the  borders 
ot  British  Columbia  {LyaU),  appearing  to  be  dilferent,  and  with  the  aspect  of  the  next  but 
passing  into  ordinary  forms  of  the  species.  ' 

*  *  Ap2)endaf/es  of  the  plaiu  in  the  simixes  hardbj  a„i/,  or  short  and  broadly  trun- 
cate, naked :  seeds  wimjless :  only  the  lowest  pairs  of  leaves  with  sheathing  base. 

8.  G.  SCeptrum,  rxrisobach.  Erect,  2  to  4  feet  high,  leafy  :  leaves  from  ovate 
to  oblong-lamieolate  (an  inch  or  two  long)  :  flowers  several  and  raeomosoly  or  spi- 
cately  clustered,  sometimes  almost  solitary:  corolla  campanulate,  an  incl'i  and  a 
half  long;  its  lobes  bro.ad  and  rliombic-rounded :  seeds  somewhat  fusiform,  narrowed 
into  a  cellular  appendage  at  both  ends.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  57,  t.  145. 

Var.  humilis,  Engelm.  ined.  Much  smaller :  stems  slender  and  weaker,  a  foot 
or  two  long,  one-few-flowered:  corolla  an  inch  and  a  (piarter  in  length-  the  sinuses 
sometimes  2  -  3-crenate.  —  (7.  3fenziesii,  Grisebach,  1.  c.  G.  afllnis,  Orav  in  coll' 
K  Hall,  No.  426,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  398.  .'        .        j 

.Jll  '"'^'r^J'^'Sl  i'  'T.™''"  "\  ^'''§'"''  '^"'^  **  '"'"^y  oonfidently  he  expccte.l  in  the  north- 
oastern  part  of  the  State.     The  var.  humilis,  on  Mendo(;iiio  Tlains,  JMam^r  ■  Oregon    E  Hall  ■ 

f^JitT''  *^"'  ^'"^  ""'^^T^  "V".^  '^°"'^^  ^-  ^^''"-'^■«'-'-  At  first  view  it  seems  a'bundantW 
distmct  from  G.  scepfrum.  Calyx-lobe^  variable,  as  in  all  these  species,  commonly  longer  than 
the  tube,  and  uneipial,  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear.  ■"       o 

4.  FRASERA,  Walter. 
Calyx  deeply  4-parted,  slightly  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  rotate,  4-parted, 
persistent;  the  divisions  convolute  in  the  bud;  their  inner  face  furnished  with  a 
large  depressed  gland  or  pair  of  glands,  which  arc  bordered  by  a  fringe,  sometimes 
u  crown  of  bristles  or  scales  at  their  base.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  very  base  of 
the  corolla  :  filaments  subulate,  distinct  or  obscurely  monadelphous  at  base.  Ovary 
ovate,  tapering  into  a  conspicuous  and  persistent  style  :  stigma  small,  2-lobed  or 
entire.  Capsule  coriaceous,  commonly  flattened,  strictly  one-celled,  few  -  30-seeded. 
Seeds  comparatively  large,  flat,  sometimes  margined.  —  Glabrous  and  commonly 
stout  herbs,  or  one  slender  species  puberulent,  all  North  American,  and  all  but  one 
far-western;  with  a  thick  and  purely  bitter  biennial  root,  an  erect  leafy  stem,  bear- 
ing opposite  or  whorled  leaves  (which  when  broad  are  nervose,  and  in  most  species 
cartilaginous-margined),  and  abundant  rather  large  flowers  in  cvmose  clusters  ;  the 
corolla  dull  white,  yellowish,  or  bluish,  and  commonly  dark-dotted.  Parts  of  the 
flower  sometimes  in  fives? 

The  root  of  the  Atlantic  species,  /:  Carofhu-.nsis,  has  been  used  in  modirinr  ns  a  bitter  tonic 
This  (with  capsule  strongly  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves)  and 

s,/;i.r',yn?"^I'r^',"''-t-  /^"'  ■'""!■•  'l°*-  "'•  ^^S-  «f  ♦•'«  i"to.ior  of  Oregon  (the  only  known 
nnn,  n  1  1  I  r  '  f""'"^''^,  ""^  mentioned  below),  hn3  marginless  leaves  and  single  roun<l  glands 
upon  each  lobe  of  the  corolla.  The  style  in  the  latter  is  short,  as  in  Sicrrfin  We  have  not 
seen  any  flowers  with  their  parts  in  Kves,  either  in  this  or  in  /'.  albicnulis,  although  lK)th  are  so 
oescnbetl  by  Hooker.  '^ 


484  UENTIANACEiE.  Frasera. 

§  1.  ^  pair  of  glands  on  each  division  of  the  corolla  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  linear : 
Jloivers  in  a  narrow  leafy  thyrsus  :  capsule  much  Jlatteued  contrary  to  the  deep 
boat-shaped  or  almost  conduplicate  valves. 

1.  F.  speciosa,  l)ou<,d.  8tout,  2  to  5  feet  lii^^li,  very  leafy  :  leaves  uervose,  in 
whorls  of  lour  to  aix,  not  \vliite-uiary;iiie(l ;  tlio  radiciil  and  lowest  caulino  obovate 
or  oblong,  G  to  10  inches  long,  above  lanceolate  and  becoming  linear:  llowers  on 
slender  ut  length  strict  pedicels  in  umbel-like  pedunculate  cymes  (or  some  fascicled 
in  the  axils),  forming  a  long  virgate  thyrsus  :  corolla  greenish-white  or  barely  tinged 
bluish,  conspicuously  dark-dotted,  not  longer  than  the  sepals ;  its  divisions  oval- 
oblong,  bearing  a  pair  of  oblong  and  strongly  fringed  glands  about  the  middle, 
crowned  at  base  by  a  fringe  of  8  to  10  long  setaceous  lilaments.  —  Cirisebach  iu 
Hook.  Fl.  ii.  00,  t.  153.  Tcssaranthium  radialum,  Kellogg,  Pn)c.  Calif.  Acad.  ii. 
142,  tig.  41. 

Along  tho  eastern  parts  of  the  Siena  Nevada  (from  Tuolumne  Co.  Brewer) ;  thence  northward 
to  the  interior  of  Washington  Territory,  and  east  to  Wyoming  and  New  Mexico.  Divisions 
of  the  corolla  two  thirds  ot  an  inch  long;  the  fringe-like  crown  adnate  to  their  base,  and  wholly 
separate  from  the  base  of  the  quite  distinct  stamens.  Style  not  longer  than  the  ovary  :  seeds  30 
or  more. 

F.  PANicuLATA,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  126,  is  a  New  Mexican  species  of  this  section,  im- 
perfectly known. 

§  2.  A  single  (jland  -with  a.  notched  sintunit  on  each  division  of  the  thickish  corolla : 
divisions  of  the  calyx  ovate-lanceolate  or  broader :  flowers  loosely  and  tffasely 
cymose-panicled.     [Mature  capsule  unknown.) 

2.  F.  Parryi,  Torr.  Stout,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  opposite  and  in  threes, 
lanceolate,  with  cartilaginous  white  margins;  the  lioi-al  and  bracts  oblong  and  ovate  : 
divisions  of  the  whitish  and  dark-dotted  corolla  ovate,  commonly  acute,  half  an 
inch  long ;  the  fringed  gland  below  its  middle.  Innately  obcordate  and  with  rounded 
naked  base.  —  Bot.  Mox.  Bound.  150. 

Southern  part  of  the  State,  cast  of  San  Diego  and  Los  Angeles,  Coulter,  Wallace,  Parry. 
Ovary  apparently  llattisli  i.arailcl  wilh  the  carjiels  :  ovules  rather  few. 

F.  Ai.noMAUGiNATA,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Kxp.  280,  of  Southern  Utah  and  Nevada,  and  to  be 
looked  for  on  the  southeastern  borders  of  California,  is  of  this  section.  It  is  a  small  species,  nar- 
row leaved  ;  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  conspicuously  cuspidate  ;  and  the  fiinged  obcordate  dark 
gland  on  the  middle  of  the  petal  runs  into  an  adnate  scale-like  appendage,  fixed  by  its  back  quite 
down  to  the  base,  the  fnse  margins  fringed,  and  united  across  the  base  by  a  small  laciniate  portion, 
forming  a  somewhat  hooded  base,  as  in  the  next. 

§  3.  A  simjle  oblong  or  linear  and  entire  (/land  reachlw/  from  near  the  base  to  near 
the  middle  of  each  division  of  the  thinnish  [pale  blue  or  lavender-adored) 
corolla  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  subulate- lanceolate  :  Jloivers  thrysoid-glomerate  : 
capsule  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves,  few-seeded. 

3.  F.  nitida,  Benth.  Glabrous  throughout  (not  minutely  and  closely  pubeiulent 
as  in  F.  albicaulis),  a  foot  or  more  high,  slender  :  leaves  only  3  to  5  pairs,  linear 
(2  to  4  inches  long,  2  or  3  lines  wide,  the  radical  longer  and  gramineous),  white- 
margined  :  flowers  glomerate  in  3  or  4  pairs  of  short-peduncled  or  subsessile  dense 
cymes  or  glomerules,  forming  a  naked  and  interrupted  spicate  thyrsus  :  lobes  of  the 
corolla  ovato-oblong,  becoming  lanceolate  (3  or  4  lines  long) ;  the  gland  with  a  sliort 
inllexetl  fringe  all  round,  which  is  longer  and  more  laciniate  at  the  hooded  base: 
crown  stamiiieal,  consisting  of  linear  or  obh)ng  laciniate  or  nearly  entire  scales  alter- 
nate and  ])artly  connate  with  the  bases  of  the  lilaments.  —  Tl.  llartw.  322  ;  Torr.  in 
Pacif.  B.  Bep.  iv.  120. 

Foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Ilartwcg,  Bic/clow,  kc),  and  Sierra  Valley  {Lanmon,  &c.),  to 
Oregon,  Lyall,  Ncvius.  Probably  this  may  bo  only  a  variety  of  F.  albicaulis  of  Oregon  (Hook. 
Fl.  t.  15-1),  extending  as  it  does  into  the  range  of  that  species.  The  crown  appears  to  be  dill'erent, 
but  its  characters  are  variable. 


Menyanthes.  TOLEMONIACE^R.  485 

5.  MENYANTHES,  Toum.  Buckbean. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  nearly  canipanulate,  tlio  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud  with 
the  margins  turned  inward,  the  upper  surface  densely  white-bearded,  deciduous. 
Stylo  slender,  persistent :  stigma  2dobed.  Capsule  globular,  rather  fleshy,  inclined 
to  burst  irregularly.  Seeds  not  very  numerous,  but  large  in  proportion  :  the  seed- 
coat  hard,  smooth  and  shining.  —  A  single  genuine  species,  flowering  in  sjjring. 

1.  M.  trifoliata,  Linn.  Low  and  smooth  ])oronnin.l,  with  long  and  stout  creep- 
ing rootstocic,  bearing  alternate  leaves,  with  long  i)eiiolos  sheathing  at  base,  and  3 
oblong  leaflets  :  scapo  naked,  elongated,  terminated  by  a  short  raceme  of  white  or 
pinkish  flowers  :  anthers  dark  brown,  sagittate  :  in  soiuc  flowers  tho  style,  in  others 
the  fllaments  are  long-exserted. 

In  shallow  water  or  wet  ground,  near  San  Francisco  (Bigchiv),  and  Sierra  Valley  (^frs.  Pulsifer 
Ames)  ;  extending  round  the  world  in  the  nortliern  portion  of  the  temperate  zone. 

OiiDER  LOGANIACE^.  There  is  a  Buddhia  in  Coulter's  Californian  Collection,  No.  625, 
which  we  do  not  possess.  As  none  has  been  detected  since,  it  is  more  probable  that  Coulter's 
specimen  was  gathered  on  the  route  to  California^  as  far  south  and  east  at  least  as  Arizona. 


Order  LXIIL    POLEMONIACE^. 

Chiefly  herbs,  Avith  bland  and  colorless  juice,  simple  or  divided  leaves,  and  no 
stipules  ;  readily  distinguished  from  related  orders  by  having  all  the  parts  of  the 
regular  flower  Ave,  except  the  pistil,  which  has  a  3-celled  ovary  and  a  3-lobcd  style; 
the  fruit  a  loculicidal  3  -  many-seedod  capsule,  with  placenta  in  the  axis.  Calyx 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Corolla  convolute  in  the  b\ul,  not  plaited,  rarely 
a  little  irregular.  Stamens  on  tho  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes,  distinct :  anthers 
introrse,  opening  lengthwise.  Stigmas  occupying  the  inner  side  of  the  narrow  or 
filiform  lobes  of  the  style.  Valves  of  the  capsule  usually  separating  from  a  thickish 
triangular  axis,  which  bears  the  seeds  :  these  amphitropous  or  nearly  anatropous, 
small,  with  a  thin  or  soft  coat,  commonly  developing  mucilagn  when  wetted.  Em- 
bryo rather  largo,  straight,  in  tho  axis  nf  flnshy  albumiMi.  — A  fow  havo  eufl'rutoacent 
or  more  woody  stems.  In  Gilia,  §  6,  the  cells  of  tho  ovary  and  the  stigmas  are 
occasionally  reduced  to  two.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  247. 

Mainly  an  American  and  especially  a  North  American  and  Mexican  order,  of  few  genera,  but 
many  species,  increasing  in  number  westward,  most  abundantly  represented  in  California  ;  of  no 
marked  sensible  qualities  or  economical  uses,  excepting  ornamental  cultivation. 

CoB-TvA  scANDRNS,  Cav.,  of  Mcxico,  a  well-known  cultivated  climber,  is  an  outlying  member  of 
this  order,  its  pinnate  leaves  tendril-bearing,  and  a  large  fleshy  disk  encircling  the  base  of  the 
ovary. 

*    Corolla  quite  regular  :  seeds  wingless. 

1.  Phlox.      Stamens  unequally  inserted  and  included  within  the  narrow  tube  of  the  salver- 

shaped  corolla.     Seed-coat  unchanged  in  water.     Leaves  opposite,  entire. 

2.  Collomia.     Stamens  unequally  inserted  in  or  below  the  throat  of  the  funnelform  or  salver- 

shaped  corolla  :    filaments  slender,  often  cxserted.      Seeds  copiously  mucilaginous  when 
wet.      Leaves  all  or  mostly  alternate,  sometimes  divided. 

3.  Gilia.     Stamens  equally  inserted  on  the  throat  or  tube  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  not  declined. 

Seeds  almost  always  mucilaginous  when  wet.     Leaves  various. 

4.  Polemonium.      Filaments  more  or  loss  doclinod.     Otiiorwiso  nearly  ns  Oilia.     Leaves  all 

pinmilo  mill  iiltornnto,  and  corolla  HJiort. 

♦  ♦    Corolla  with  limb  somewhat  iiregularly  cleft  :  seeds  wing-mnrgined. 
6.  LcBselia.    Stamens  more  or  loss  oxscrted.     Upper  sinuses  of  tho  corolla  more  deeply  cleft 
than  the  others. 


4gg  rOLEMONIACE^.  Phlox. 

1.  PHLOX,  Linn. 
Calyx  narrow,  5-cleft.  Corolla  salveiiorm,  with'  a  narrow  orifice  and  broad  or 
rounded  lobes.  Stamens  included,  very  unequally  inserted  on  the  upper  part  of  tlio 
tube:  lilanients  nsually  very  uliort.  OvuIoh  and  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell  (or  the 
ibrnier  sometimes  2  or  3).  Ca])sulo  small,  ovoid.  Seed  with  a  simple  and  close 
coat,  neither  mucilaginous  nor  developing  spiral  threads  when  wet.  —  Herbaceous 
or  suiFruticose  plants  (ours  all  perennial),  with  simple  and  entire  opposite  leaves,  or 
the  uppermost  alternate,  and  rather  showy  terminal  or  cymose  Howers ;  the  corolla 
white,  purple,  &c.,  in  all  the  Californian  white  or  light  rose-color. 

A  genus  of  nearly  30  si)ccie3,  all  North  American  and  one  Siberian,  several  of  tliem  famiUar  in 
ornamental  cultivation.    The  Pacitic  species  are  few,  and  dilferent  from  those  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

*  Loose ;  tvith  Jloioering  branches  mainly  herbaceous  from  a  woody  base:  leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  spreading/,  mostly  an  inch  or  tivo  lowj :  fioivers  peduncled  and  loosely 
cymose-clastertd. 

1.  P.  speciosa,  Vm»\\.  Viscid-puberulent  above  or  nearly  glabrous  :  flowering 
stems  a  foot  to  ;i  yartl  liigh,  dilVusely  ascending  from  a  branching  woody  base:  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear,  one  or  two  inches  long,  tlie  upper  broader  at  the  base:  Mowers 
corynd)ose,  showy  :  lobes  of  tlio  corolla  obcordate  or  sometiniea  merely  omargiuate, 
a  third  to  half  an  inch  long ;  the  tube  little  exceeiling  the  calyx  :  style  not  longer 
tban  the  ovary  nor  the  stigmas.  —  Gray,  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  25G.  /'.  Sahini, 
Dough,  a  northern  form  with  almost  entire  corolla  lobes.  P.  occidentalis,  Durand 
in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  125.  /'.  divaricata,  Durand,  PI.  Pratten,  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad. 
n.  ser.  ii.  97. 

In  the  Sion-a  Nevada  and  its  foot-hills,  Placer  to  Plumas  Co.,  and  northward  to  the  borders 
of  British  Culumbia  ;  chiclly  the  larger  and  broader-leaved  form. 

2.  P.  longifolia,  Nutt.  Somewhat  viscid-pubescent  or  glabrous  :  tufted  stems 
about  a  sjjan  high  froui  a  woody  base  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  an  inch  or  two 
long  in  the  typical  forms  :  Howers  smaller :  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate  or  oblong- 
cuneute,  entire  or  retu.se,  a  fourth  to  a  third  of  an  inch  long  ;  the  tube  con.siderably 
longer  than  the  angled  calyx:  style  long  and  slender.  —  Jour.  Acad.  Philud.  vii.  41 ; 
Gray,  1.  c.      P.  htmitis,  Dougl.  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  306. 

Var.  Stansburyi,  Gray,  1.  c  A  rather  dwarf  and  rigid  form,  more  pubescent, 
with  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  leaves,  sometimes  of  about  half  an  inch  in  length; 
appearing  very  distinct,  but  it  passes  into  the  genuine  form.  —  P.  speciosa,  var. 
Stansburyi,  Torr.  Bot.  i\lex.  Round.  145. 

Eastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  near  Carson  City  and  Sierra  Valley  {Andermi,  Lennnon, 
&c.),  thence  far  eastward  and  northward  through  the  inteiior  regions  to  and  beyond  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

*   *    Cespitose  and  depressed,  forming  broad  or  dense  matted  tufts :  fioivers  tifssile, 

terininatiny  the  densely  leafy  branches, 

-t-  Leaves  ncerose  or  subulate,  rigid  or  loose,  green,  destitute  of  cobwebby  hairs. 

3.  P.  Douglasil,  Hook.  Forming  broad  but  rather  open  tufts,  glabrous  or  a 
little  pubescent  :  leaves  acerose,  commonly  spreading,  half  an  inch  or  less  in  lengtli, 
and  with  fascicled  shorter  ones  crowded  in  the  axils,  their  margins  naked  or  nearly 
so :  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  lobes  obovate  and  entire,  about  3 
lines  long.  —  VI  ii.  73,  t.  158. 

Var.  dififusa,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  a  form  of  moister  or  more  shaded  stations,  with  pro- 
cumbent stems,  and  laxer  less  rigid  leaves.  —  P.  diffusa,  ]ienth.  PI.  Hartw.  325. 

Var.  longifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  a  form  with  mon;  slender  and  rigid  leaves,  from 
half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  length. 


CoUnmia.  POLEMONIACE^R.  487 

Sinrra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  Sliasta,  at  5,000  to  10,000  fpot,  thcnco  far  nortluvard  and 
eastward  ;  on  tlio  westward  slope  mainly  the  var.  diffiosa.     A  varialilc  sjwcics. 

4.  P.  caespitosa,  Nutt.  Forming  dense  and  cusliion-like  tufts  3  or  4  inches 
liigh:  leaves  short  (2  to  5  lines  long),  from  acerose-subulate  to  oblongdinear,  rigid, 
erect  or  ascending  and  usually  imbricated,  completely  covering  the  short  stems,  their 
edges  ciliate  with  short  bristly  hairs,  otherwise  glabrous  :  flowers  as  in  the  preced- 
ing but  smaller.  —  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  t.  6. 

Higlior  Sierra  Nevada  :  on  Silver  Mountain  at  11,000  feet  {Brc.vrr),  the  var.  r.nndc.iuiala  ;  a 
very  compaet,  Hmall-lcaved  and  small-flowiMed  form,  which  lias  been  (lonfoundod  with  /'.  Jloodii, 
The  species,  in  several  forms,  extends  eastward  to  the  llocky  Jlountains. 

+-  •+-  Leaves  hoary  with  soft  pubescence  or  cohwebbij  wool :  flowers  white. 

5.  P.  canescens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Forming  broad  and  mostly  compact  mats,  a 
few  inches  high,  gray  or  whitened  by  tlio  woolly  pubescence  :  leaves  acerose  or  slen- 
der-subulate, ascending  or  somewhat  spreading,  rather  rigid,  3  to  5  lines  long  :  tube 
of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  lobes  obovate,  entire  or  emarginate.  — 
Pacif.  R  Rep.  ii.  8,  t.  6. 

Eastern  aide  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the  borders  of  the  State  (Bloomer,  JVaismi),  and  through 
the  interior  country  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

P.  MuscoiDES  and  P.  bryoides,  Nutt.,  are  smaller  species,  in  dense  moss-like  tufts,  with  the 
downy  leaves  compactly  imbricated  in  four  ranks,  natives  of  the  interior  and  llocky  Mountains. 

2.  COLLOMIA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  aalvorform  or  tubular-funnolform ;  tho  throat  commonly 
enlarged.  Stamens  usually  more  or  loss  oxsertod,  witli  slender  filamonts,  unequally 
inserted  in  or  beneath  tho  throat  of  the  corolla.  Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  or  several 
in  each  cell.  Seod-coat  simple,  when  wotted  producing  coj)ioiis  mucilage  (whence 
the  generic  name),  which  is  usually  filled  with  long  uncoiling  spiral  threads.  — 
Chiefly  annuals  (North  American,  and  one  or  two  extra-^tropical  South  American), 
mostly  glandular-viscid  ;  witli  alternate  leaves,  or  tlio  lower  opposite,  cither  entire, 
incised,  or  pinnately  compound  :  flowers  cymose-clustored  or  panicled,  or  scattered. 

§  1.   Corolla  salverform,  or  with  the  throat  or  upper  part  of  t/ie  tube  somewliat  en- 
larged :  seeds  solitanj  in  each  cell,  or  2  or  3  in  the  last  species. 
*   Leaves  simple  and  sessile,  entire,  or  the  lower  occasionalli/  few-toothed  or  laicised. 
-t-   Calyx-tube  obconical  or  top-shaped  :  leaves  all  but  the  lowest  altem.ate. 

1.  C.  grandiflora,  Dougl.  Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  rather  stout:  leaves 
linear,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  uppermost  almost  ovate  (2  or  3  inches  long)  :  flowers 
capitate-crowded  at  the  summit  and  in  the  upper  axils  :  calyx-lobes  obtuse  :  corolla 

bulfor  salnum-color  (an  inch  long  and  tho  oblong  lobes  4  lines  long),  showy  

Lin.U.  Pot.  Keg.  t.  1174  :  Hook.  Hot.  Mag.  t.  2894. 

Sierra  Nevada  and  higher  foot-hills,  from  San  Diego  Co.  uorthward  ;  thence  to  OrcRon  and  the 
llocky  Mountains. 

2.  C.  linearis,  Nutt.  More  branched,  and  when  old  spreading,  a  span  to  a  foot 
or  more  in  height  :  lower  leaves  linear,  upper  lanceolate  :  flowers  capitate-crowded 
as  in  the  foregoing,  but  smaller  :  calyx-lolies  triangular-lanceolate  and  very  acute  : 
corolla  yoilowish-whito  or  brownish-purple,  slender,  half  an  inch  long  or  less;  tho 
oval  lobes  about  a  line  long.  —Gen.  i.  12G  ;  Lindl.  Pot.  Peg.,  t.  1166  :  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  2893. 

Var.  subulata,  Gray.  Difl'usely  muf;h  branched,  a  span  or  so  in  height,  more 
viscid  :  leaves  acute  :  flowers  fewer  in  the  clusters,  and  some  scattered  or  nearly 


438  POLEMONIACE^.  Collomia. 


Proc. 


solitary  in  tlie  lower  forks  :  calyx-lobes  more  subulate  from  a  broad  base.  — 
Am.  Aeacl.  viii.  251).     C.  tinctoria,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  17,  t.  2. 

Siena  Neviulu,  nuiiiily  in  tlie  eastern  portion  ;  thence  to  British  Coliunbia  and  the  northern 
regions  ea.st  (»t'  the  Houky  Alountnins.  Tlie  var.  subuhda,  which  is  peculiar  in  aspect,  and  may  ho 
distinct,  on  tliu  caslurn  honiursof  the  State,  I'roin  Nevada  Co.  to  Oregon,  and  in  Nevada. 

3.  C.  tenella,  (iray,  Dillusoly  branched,  slender,  3  to  5  inches  higii  :  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  with  a  tapering  base  (sometimes  an  inch  and  a  half  long)  :  flowers 
scattered,  solitary  in  all  the  forks,  almost  sessile  ;  calyx-lobes  broadly  triangular  and 
acute,  shorter  than  the  tube  ;  corolla  narrow,  puridish,  3  or  4  linos  long.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acail.  viii.  25'J. 

Sierra  Nevada  ;  soulli  of  Yosoniite  Valley,  at  8,000  foot  {Oray) ;  Nevada  and  Utah,  Watson. 
-H  -H  (Jali/x-tuhe  rounded  at  base  and  wry  short :  many  lower  leaves  opposite. 

i.  C.  gracilis,  Dougl.  A  span  or  two  in  height,  in  age  corymbosely  much 
})ranchcd  :  tlu;  ilowers  at  length  somewhat  scattered  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or 
the  lowest  oval  or  obovate  (an  imdi  or  less  long):  corolla  rose-purple,  turning  bluish, 
less  than  half  an  inch  lung,  narrow  ;  the  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  linear  calyx- 
lobes  ;  the  oval  lobes  less  than  a  line  long.  —  Gilia  gracilis,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  2924. 

Hills,  not  rare  through  the  State  ;  extending  to  British  Columbia  and  to  the  llocky  Moun- 
tains ;  also  in  Chili.  The  seeds  are  mucilaginous,  but  want  the  spiral  threads  of  all  the  otlier 
species. 

*   *    Leaves  deeply  cleft  or  compound,  the  lower  petioled  :  stems  loosely  branched. 

5.  C.  gilioides,  Benth.  A  span  to  3  feet  high  :  lower  leaves  simply  pinnately 
parted  into  few  or  several  linear  lateral  lobes,  or  the  larger  terminal  lube  oblong 
and  toothed:  upper  leaves  3-5-divi(lod:  flowers  scattered  or  some  what  clustered; 
lobes  of  the  nearly  H-jtartod  calyx  linear-subulate,  its  base  rounded:  corolla  pink 
or  purplish,  its  slender  tube  about  half  nn  inch  long,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of 
the  calyx  :  stamens  moderately  uncfpial  in  insertion  :  capsule  globular,  3-seeiled.  — 
C.  (jiutinosa,  15enth.  in  \)C,  a  more  viscid  form.  Gilia  divaricata,  Nutt.  PI. 
Gaud).  155. 

Moist  gi'oimd,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  and  extending  to  the  Sierra 
Nevada  :  variable. 

6.  C.  heterophylla,  Hook.  A  span  or  two  in  height,  diffuse  :  leaves  mostly 
pinnately  parted  or  the  upper  pinnatitid,  and  the  lobes  incised  or  cleft ;  the  upper- 
most often  entire  and  broader,  subtending  the  capitate-clustered  flowers  (or  these 
rarely  somewhat  scatt(;red)  :  lobes  of  the  merely  5-cleft  calyx  ovatedanceolate  or  tri- 
angular, acute ;  base  of  the  tube  in  fruit  acute  :  corolla  purplish,  half  an  inch  long : 
stamens  very  unequally  inserted  :  capsule  oval ;  the  cells  1  -  3-seeded.  —  Bot.  ]\Iag. 
t.  2895;  Bot.  Ileg.  t.  1347.  Coiirtoislabipinnatijlda,  Reichenbach,  Ic.  Kxot.  t.  208. 
Navarretia  heteroi)hylla,  Henth.  in  !)(! 

Moist  ground,  Monterey  to  British  Columbia.     Stamens  sometimes  short,  sometimes  longer. 

§  2.   Corolla  fannelform  :  seeds  or  at  least  the  ovules  several  in  each  cell. 

7.  C.  leptalea,  Cray.  Slender,  with  diffuse  and  filiform  branches,  2  to  18 
inches  high,  minutely  glandular  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire,  or  some  of '  tlm 
lowest  occasionally  with  2  or  3  small  lobes  :  flowers  eflusely  jianicled,  on  indeed 
filiform  ])eduncles  :  calyx  small,  its  lobes  subulate:  corolla  i)ink-red,  5  to  10  lines 
long,  with  slender  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  rather  abruptly  expanded  into  a 
wide-funnelform  throat  about  the  length  of  the  oval  spreading  lobes.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  2G1  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  262,  t.  65.  Gilia  capillaris,  Kellogg  in 
Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  46. 

Common  on  moist  or  wet  banks,  and  more  depauperate  in  <lrier  soil,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at 
4,000  to  9,000  I'eet.     Unlike  any  of  the  foregoing  in  habit. 


Oilia.  POTJOMONTACK/E.  480 

3.  GILIA,  Tiwxt  k  Pnv. 
Corolla  funnclforni,  salvorform,  or  sometimes  short-campanulato  or  rotate,  regular. 
Stamens  equally  inserted  in  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla ;  the  mostly  slender 
filaments  sometimes  uneciual  in  length,  not  declined.  Ovules  and  seeds  several  or 
few  or  rarely  solitary  in  each  cell.  Seed-coat,  with  few  exceptions,  mucilaginous 
when  wetted,  and  in  many  with  uncoiling  spiral  threads.  —  Herbs  or  sufTrutescent 
plants  ;  Avith  either  opposite  or  alternate  and  simple  or  compound  leaves,  many 
species  with*  showy  flowers. 

A  somewhat  polymoiplions  genus,  of  nearly  70  species,  belonging  to  the  United  States  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  excepting  one  species  to  the  east  of  it  and  two  or  three  in  extra-tropical  South 
America  :  several  cultivated  for  ornament.  Our  species  blossom  in  spring,  except  in  the  higher 
mountains. 

I.  AU  or  moat  of  the  leaves  opposite  at  least  on  the  main  stems,  sessile  and  palmately 
parted  or  rarely  entire.  (Seeds  more  ordess  mucilaginous  in  toater,  hut  ivith  no 
spiral  threads.) 

§  1.  Corolla  from  short-funnelform  to  almost  rotate;  the  lobes  ohovate  :  filainents 
slender :  anthers  oval :  ovules  many  or  sometimes  few  in  each  cell :  low  or 
slender  loosely  and  mostly  small-Jlowered  annuals :  the  leaves  with  divisions 
filiform  or  setaceous,  appearing  as  if  whorled,  or  in  the  last  species  entire.  — 
Daotylophyllum,  Benth.     (§  Dactylophyllum  &  Dianthoides,  Benth.) 

*  Flowers  short-pedicel  led  or  almost  sessile  in  the  forlrs  of  the  stem :  corolla  campan- 

ulate,  its  lobes  entire :  leaves  ^-parted. 

1.  GJ-.  demissa,  (Jray.  Diffusely  nuicli  branched,  rather  rigid,  barely  a  span 
high,-profusely-llowered  :  lobes  of  the  loaves  aceroso,  half  an  inch  long:  lobes  of 
the  5-parted  calyx  subulate,  scariously  margined  below,  uneipial,  the  longer  ecpial- 
ling  the  white  5-lobed  corolla  :  stamens  included  :  ovules  few  in  each  cell.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  263. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State,  near  Fort  Mohave,  Br.  Cooper.  Also  Southern  Utah,  Mrs. 
Thompson.,  Parry.     Upper  leaves  often  alternate. 

*  *  Floivers  on  capillary  or  filiform  pedicels,  loosely  paniculate :  corolla  from  rotate 
to  short-funnelform,  its  lobes  entire:  leaves  '>^-  7-parted,  those  of  the  branches  fre- 
qxiently  alternate. 

2.  G.  liniflora,  Benth.  Erect,  or  at  length  diffuso,  in  tlio  largest  forms  a  foot 
and  a  half  high,  almost  glabrous  :  divisions  of  the  loaves  nearly  filiform,  Spiirrey- 
like,  about  an  inch  long  :  flowers  loosely  paniclcd  :  corolla  white,  rotate  when  fully 
open,  from  10  to  6  lines  in  diameter,  twice  or  tlirice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
5-parted  down  to  the  very  short  tube  :  fdaments  pubescent  at  base  :  ovules  6  or  8 
in  each  cell.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5895. 

Var.  pharnaceoides,  (iray,  is  similar  except  in  the  ro(biced  size,  in  the  smaller 
forms  a  span  high,  with  capillary  branches  :  the  (sometimes  pale  flesh-colored) 
corolla  about  4  lines  in  diameter.  —  G.  pharnaceoides.  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  74,  t.  161. 

Not  rare  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  in  both  forms  :  the  small  variety  extending  to 
Oregon  and  Utah. 

3.  Gr.  pusilla,  Benth.  Small,  2  to  6  inches  high,  at  length  diffuse,  often 
scabrous-pubcrulent :  divisions  of  the  leaves  liIiform-Rul>idate  or  acerose,  less  than 
half  an  inch  long,  shorter  (mostly  much  shorter)  than  the  scattercil  cnpillary  pedi- 
cels: corolla  nearly  white,  or  purplish  with  yellow  throat,  helween  rotate  anil  sliort- 
funnelforra ;  its  lobes  broadly  obovate  :  filaments  nearly  glabrous  at  i)ase  :  ovules  3 
to  5  in  each  cell.  — Corolla  1^  to  2  lines  long  and  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  in  the 
form  answering  to  the  Chilian  species. 


490.  rOLEMONIACE^.  Gilin. 

Var.  Califomica,  (^<iay,  1.  c,  has  corolla  3  lines  long,  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx,  and  llmMt  uHcm  hiownish  :  pciliinclcs  fmiucntly  an  inch  long.  —  (J.  Jilijies, 
iJcnth.  ri.  llaitw.  32."). 

Not  iiiKioiimioii  ill  till!  wostiiiii  )'iut  of  till!  Slato;  and  in  Novada  ami  Utah  {H'uts(ni),  Ixilh 
llio  Biiiallur  aiul  llio  laig.  r  ll..wciv<l  loiiiis  ;  tliu  lattor  iimloiiiiiiatiiig. 

4.  Gr.  Bolanderi,  (!niy,  1.  c.  Very  like  the  preceding:  but  the  lube  of  the 
blue  or  ])ur|)lc-tingod  curolla  longer  and  narrower,  about  etpialling  the  narrow 
and  cylindraceous  calyx-tube,  and  rather  longer  than  the  limb  (consisting  of  the 
oblong  lobes  and  a  very  short  slightly  dilated  throat)  :  filaments  inserted  just  beluw 
the  sinuses  :  ovules  2  to  5  in  each  cell. 

Dry  liills,  Sonoma  Co.  (/Jofundtr)  to  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Pahifer  Ames.  Corolla  3  or  i  lines 
long  :  iialuiulci  -i  to  12  lim;.i  long. 

5.  Gr.  aurea,  Nutt.  Dill'use,  2  to  4  inches  high  :  divisions  of  the  roughish 
hisi)i(hdous  leaves  narrowly  linear,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  :  peduncles  shorter  or 
little  longer  than  the  tlower,  corymbose  :  corolla  usually  yellow,  open  and  short- 
funnelform,  half  an  incii  or  less  in  diameter;  the  roundish-obovate  lobes  about 
the  length  of  the  obconical  throat  and  the  short  })roper  tube  :  filaments  inserted 
just  beneath  the  sinuses,  glabrous:  ovules  about  10  in  each  cell. — PI.  Oamb. 
155,  t.  22. 

Var.  decora,  (Way,  1.  v..  -.  corolla  white  or  i)ale  violet,  with  or  without  brown- 
purple  in  the  throat  :  pedunch's  sometimes  elongated. 

Santa  Barbara  to  the  Mohave,  and  thence  to  New  Mexico.  The  variety  on  Monte  Diablo 
(Brewer),  and  in  the  southern  part  qi  the  State,  Freviont,  &c. 

*   *   *   Floiuers  mostly  short-peduncled  terminnting  the  branches:  corolla  with  fringed- 
toothed  lobes :  leaves  all  ojyposite  aiul  entire. 

6.  G.  dianthoides,  Endl.  An  inch  to  a  span  high,  minutely  pubescent  or 
almost  glabrous,  the  stronger  jilants  fastigiately  or  dill'usely  branched  from  the  base: 
leaves  filiform-linear,  obtuse  :  corolla  lilac  or  pale  purple  with  darker  or  yellowish 
throat;  the  am|)le  lobes  cuneate-obovate,  limbriately  or  erosely  tootheil  round  the 
broad  summit,  longer  than  the  shurt-funnellorm  tube  :  ovules  10  to  20  in  each  cell. 
—  Atakt.  Dot.  t.  29;  Benth.  in  DC.  I'mdr.  x.  314;  Hook.  Bot.  ]\lug.  t.  -1876. 
Femlia  dianlhlilora,  Benth.  in  Hut.  Beg.  /'.  sjK'ciusa  &  F.  concinna,  IS'utt.  I'l. 
Gamb.  157. 

Common  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  and  on  Catalina  Island.  A  charming  little  plant, 
with  abundance  of  comparatively  largo  blossoms  ;  the  corolla  less  than  an  inch  long. 

§  2.  Corolla  salvcr/orm,  but  the  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  the  broad  cuiuate-obovatu 
lubes  slightly  crenulate,  strongly  convolute  in  wstivation :  stamens  inserted  loiv 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  included  in  it  :  ovules  many  in  each  cell :  capsule 
narroivly  oblong :  erect  and  vay  glabrous  annuals:  leaves  opposite  and  entire 
or  3  -  bdividtd  and  seemingly  whorled.  —  LlNANTiius,  Endl. 

7.  Gt.  dichotoma,  Benth.  1.  c.  Erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  remotely  leaved  : 
leaves  or  their  divisions  filiform :  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  the  forks  or  terminating 
the  branches:  calyx  with  cylindrical  tube  (5  lines  long)  wholly  white-scariou.s 
exce])t  the  5  filiform  green  ribs,  which  are  continued  into  acerose-linear  lobes  : 
corolla  white,  large  and  showy  (the  lobes  from  half  to  nearly  a  full  inch  long)  : 
anthei-s  linear  :  seeds  globular,  with  a  loose  cellular  outer  coat,  unchanged  Avhen 
wet !  —  Linanthus  dichotornus,  Benth.,  formerly. 

Dry  or  moist  ground,  nearly  throughout  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Tube  of  the  corolla 
sometimes  purplish. 

G.  BiGEi.ovii,  Gray,  1.  c.  (Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  t.  25),  wliich  occurs  from  Arizona  and 
Utah  to  the  borders  of  Texas,  is  distinguished  by  its  much  smaller  flowers,  the  lobes  oC  the  corolla 
only  2  lines  long  and  hardly  oxceiuling  the  cjdyx,  and  the  oval  or  oblong  seeds  have  a  close  coat, 
developing  nnicdage  when  wetted. 


Gilia.  POrEMONTACE.I^.  491 

§  3.  Corolla  salvcrform,  mostly  with  a  filiform  elongated  lube,  and  the  throat  Rome- 
times  abruptly  dilated :  stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  or  orifice :  anthers 
short  :  ovules  numerous :  erect  annuals,  with  leaves  as  in  the  preceding,  ami 
handsome  hid  sometivies  small  fioioers  croivded  in  a  terminal  capitate  cluster. 
—  Lkptosiphon,  Eutll.     {Leptosiphon,  Bcntli.,  formorly.) 

*  Stems  leafy  :  sessile  leaves  palmatebj  5  -  1 -parted  and  so  seemingly  whorled,  also 
fascicled  in  the  amis  ;  their  divisions  linear-filiform :  filaments  slender,  more  or  less 
exserted  [their  length  and  that  of  the  style  different  in  different  individuals,  i.  e. 
dimorphous). 

-«-  Corolla  comparatively  large  and  its  tube  short. 

8.  G.  densiflora,  Bcnth.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  rather  stout  and  strict :  divis- 
ions of  the  leaves  numerous,  fih'forjn,  rather  rigid,  in  somewhat  distant  apparent 
whorls  :  tube  of  the  white  or  rose-purple  corolla  little  if  at  all  exceeding  the  villous- 
hirsute  bracts  and  calyx  ;  its  lobes  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  obovate.  —  Leptosiphon 
densifiorus,  Benth.  in  Hort.  Trans.  1834,  t.  18,  c^'  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1725;  Jiot.  Mag. 
t.  3578.  G.  grandifiora  {Leptosiphon  grandifiorus,  Benth.)  is  the  same  with  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  a  little  longer  than  usual. 

Samly  soil,  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  from  San  Francisco  Bay  southward. 

+-  +■  Corolla  smaller,  with  a  filiform  tube  S  to  G  times  the  le^igth  of  the  ovate  or  oval 
lobes  ;  the  latter  from  1 1  f o  4  li?ies  long. 

9.  G.  androsacea,  Steudel.  Erect  or  spreading,  3  to  12  inches  high  :  corolla 
lilac,  rose-pink,  or  almost  white,  with  a  yellow  or  dark  throat ;  its  tube  {about  an 
inch  long)  much  exserted  beyond  the  hirsute  or  villous-ciliato  bracts  and  subtending 
leaves,  tlirico  the  length  of  the  lobes  (these  3  or  4  lines  long).  —  Lrpfosiphon  andro- 
saceus,  Benth.  1.  c.  t.  18,  &  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1710;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3491. 

Var.  detonsa,  ('ray,  1.  c.  :  a  slender  and  almost  glabrous  form,  the  bracts  and 
leaves  merely  hispidulous-ciliate. 

Var.  rosacea :  a  dwarf  and  more  tufted  form,  only  a  span  high,  very  florifer- 
ous,  with  bright  rose-red  corolla,  —  Leptosiphon  parvifiorus,  var.  rosacens,  Ilook  f 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  5863. 

Hillsides,  throughout  the  western  part  of  the  State  and  up  to  tlio  liigher  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada.  Var.  ddonsa,  in  tl\o  mountains  of  Monterey  Co.  (/irrmn-)  ;  also  co]|(u-ted  by  Jln'tffjrs. 
An  intornipdlatc  form  near  Carson  City,  Anderson.  Var.  rosacea,  near  San  Francisco,  Kellogg, 
&c.     A  beautiful  species  in  cultivation. 

10.  Q-.  micrantha,  Steudel.  Slender,  at  length  diffuse,  about  a  span  high  : 
tube  of  the  corolla  extremely  .slender  (three  fourths  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long),  4  to 
6  times  longer  than  the  lobes ;  these  2  or  3  lines  long,  from  yellow  to  cream-color 
and  pale  purple  or  whitish  :  pubescence  of  the  bracts  and  upper  leaves  sliort  and 
soft.  —  G.  lutea,  Steudel.,  Benth.  Leptosiphon  parvifiorus  &  L.  luteus,  Benth.  in 
Bot.  Reg.      G.  micrajitha,  var.  aurea,  &  G.  longituba,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  324,  325. 

Hillsides,  through  tlie  western  part  of  the  State.  Passes  liy  larger-flowered  forms  {G.  longituba, 
Henth.)  into  var.  rnsarm  of  the  preceding. 

11.  G.  tenella,  Benth.  Low  and  mo.stly  depressed,  small  :  tube  of  the  corolla 
6  to  9  lines  long,  less  slender  in  pro[)ortion  to  the  size  of  the  limb  (the  latter  rose- 
color  or  pink  with  a  yellow  throat);  the  lobes  barely  a  line  and  a  half  long: 
bracts  and  leaves  hispidulous-ciliate.  —  PI.  Ilartw.  325.  Leptosiphon  bicolor,  Nutt 
PI.  Gamb.  150,  chiefly. 

Dry  hillsides,  Snnta  IWbara  to  INiget  Sound. 

12.  G.  Ciliata,  Benth.  1.  c.  More  rigid  and  hirsute,  a  S])an  to  a  foot  high  :  tube 
of  the  rose-colored  or  purple  or  at  length  whitish  corolla  little  if  at  all  exserted  be- 
yond the  .very  hirsute  or  hispid-ciliato  bracts  and  subtending  leaves,  half  to  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  long,  the  lobes  only  a  Hup  and  a  half  long  :  calyx-lobes  acerose. 


492  rOLEM(3NIACE.E.  Gilia. 

Hillsides,  Marii)Osa  to  SiBvra  and  Mendocino  Counties,  and  along  the  western  borders  of  Nevada. 
Grayish  with  short  jmbescem-e  on  the  stems,  and  witli  long  hairs,  both  soft  and  rigid,  on  the  upper 
loaves. 

«  «  Stems  leajlcis  Ulow :  leaves  entire  :  anthers  sessile  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 

13.  G.  nudicaulis,  (iniy.  Au  inch  to  a  spun  high,  wholly  glabrous,  siini»li3  or 
branched  I'roiu  the  basu  :  leaves  several  and  densely  crowded,  forniiug  au  involucre 
around  a  terminal  capitate  cluster  of  flowers,  linear  to  ovate-lanceolato,  obtuse, 
rather  fleshy,  half  an  inch  long ;  the  small  ovate  cotyledons  usually  persisting 
below  :  corolla  white,  pinkish,  or  jiale  yellow  ;  its  lobes  cuneate,  Avitli  repand  or 
1  -  3-tootheil  summit,  2  or  3  lines  long,  shorter  than  the  slender  tube.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  200.     Cullumia  nudicaulis,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Eot.  lieeuhey,  3C9. 

Moist  sandy  ground,  along  the  eastern  borders  of  the  State  (Carson  City,  Anderson,  &c.)  to 
Utah  and  Colorado. 

§  4.  Floiuers  as  in  §  3  ;  but  tube  of  the  corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  throat 
more  funnelform,  and  ovules  only  2  to  i  in  each  cell :  filaments  and  anthers 
short :  perennials,  more  or  less  ivoody  at  base :  leaves  opposite  and  3  -  1 -parted, 
so  appear iny  to  he  whorled.  —  Siphon  ELLA,  Gray. 

14.  G.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  higli,  many-stemmed  from  the 
woody  subterranean  base  :  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear,  rigid  (half  to 
three  fourths  of  an  inch  long),  mucronato,  hispidulous-scabrous,  the  lower  shorter 
than  the  internodes  :  flowers  in  a  capitate  terminal  cluster  :  calyx  rigid,  cylindra- 
ceous,  soon  5-parted,  not  scarious,  the  lobes  lanceolate-subulate  :  ovules  a  pair  in 
each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  207  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  265,  t.  26,  fig.  8. 

Eastern  borders  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (near  Carson  City  and  on  Silver  Mountain,  Anderscm, 
Brewer)  ;  thence  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

15.  Gr.  floribunda,  Gray,  1.  c.  Taller,  more  slender  and  bushy,  corymbose  at 
summit :  divisions  of  the  leaves  acerose  (half  to  a  full  inch  long),  and  nearly 
smooth  :  flowers   cymose-clusterod   (delicate-scented),  some  of  them   rather  slender- 

"  pedicelled  :  ovules  4  in  each  cell. 

Near  the  southern  borders  of  the  State,  Coulter,  E.  fF.  Morse,  Clcoeland.    Also  Arizona,  Palmer. 

II.  All  the  leaves  alternate  {in  our  species)  and  palmately  parted,  a'oivded  on  the 
woody  stems.  [Seeds  unaltered  in  water,  developing  neither  mucilage  nor 
spiral  threads.) 

§  5.  Corolla  salverform,  with  tube  viore  or  less  exceeding  the  calyx :  filaments  short, 
inserted  in  or  below  the  throat :  (Dithers  short,  included :  ovules  numei'ous  in 
each  cell :  seed  coat  close,  as  in  J'hlo.c,  developing  neither  spiral  threads  nor 
mucilage  when  wetted :  woody  based  perennials  or  undershrubs,  I'hlox-like, 
very  leafy :  leaves  alternate,  except  in  one  species,  and  much  fascicled  in  the 
axils,  jmlmately  3  -  7 -parted  ;  the  divisions  acerose  or  subulate,  rigid  and 
pungent :  fiowers  showy,  sessile,  solitary  or  few  in  a  cluster  at  the  end  of  short 
branches  or  branchlets.  —  Leptodactylon,  Benth.  (Leptodactylon,  Hook.  & 
Arn.) 

G.  Watsoni,  Gray,  of  Utah,  is  remarkable  for  its  opposite  leaves,  and  nearly  herbaceous  ilow- 
ering-slenm.  ■     Tliu  lollowing  are  decidedly  shrubby. 

10.  G.  Californica,  Henth.  in  DC.  'J^vo  or  three  feet  high,  with  spreading 
rigid  branches,  villous  or  so  ft- pubescent  when  yonng  :  leaves  widely  spreading  : 
corolla  rose-color  or  lilac ;  the  amjile  limb  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  the 
broadly  cuneate-obovate  lobes  often  erose  on  the  margins  :  anthers  linear-oblong, 
included  in  the  upper  i)art  of  the  tube  :  ovules  20  or  more  in  eacli  cell.  —  Leptodac- 
tylon  Californicum,  Hook,  k  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  349,  t.  89 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4872. 

Dry  hills,  throughout  the  southern  part  of  tlie  State,  and  north  at  least  to  Monterey.  A  hand- 
some species. 


Giliu.  POLEMONIACE.E.  493 

17.  G.  pungens,  Pontli.  1.  c.  A  spnn  to  a  foot  or  so  in  lioif^'lit,  bnsliy  :  more  or 
less  viscid-pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous  :  rigid  leaves  littlo  aproiiding  or  erect  : 
corolla  white  or  rose-color;  the  lobes  narrower  and  only  half  as  large  as  in  the  pro- 
ceding:  anthers  borne  in  the  throat,  oblong:  ovules  8  or  10  in  each  cell.  —  Gray, 
1.  c.  268.  G.  pungens  &  G.  Ilookeri,  IJenth.  in  DC.  Cantua  punyens,  Torr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  221.     Phlox  Ilookeri,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  t.  159. 

Var.  squarrosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  subulate  divisions  of  the  leaves  stouter  and  soon 
spreading  or  squarrose-recurved. 

High  and  dry  parts  of  the  Siena  Nevada  (common  above  the  Yosemite  Valley),  and  through 
the  interior  of  Oregon,  to  the  Kocky  Mountains  ;  tlie  var.  squarrosa,  from  the  western  bordcra  of 
Nevada,  through  the  dry  interior.  Probably  Douglas  mistook  in  a.ssignitig  yellow  flowers  to  this 
species. 

in.  All  or  nil  hut  (he  lowest  leaves  alternate  and  more  or  less  jjinnately  compound, 
cleft,  or  toothed,  or  rarebj  quite  entire.  {Seed-coat  when  welted  usually  develop- 
ing spiral  threads  as  ivell  as  mucilage.) 

§  6.  Floivers  capitate-glomerate  or  at  least  densely  clustered,  leafy-hracted:  bracts  and 
calyx-lobes  often  laciniate,  rigid-acerose  or  spinulose-tipped.  Corolla  slender, 
tuhular-funnelform  or  almost  salverform,  and  with  small  oblong  lobes :  fila- 
ments inserted  in  or  below  the  throat :  anthers  short :  cells  of  the  ovary  and 
stigmas  sometimes  only  2 :  annuals,  mostly  viscid-pubescent  or  glandular,  never 
white-woolly,  with  once  or  ttvice  pinnatifid  or  incised  leaves,  their  lobes  com- 
monly pungent :  the  bracts  sometimes  palmately  rather  than  pinnately  cleft.  — 
Navarretia,  Gray.     {Navarretia,  Euiz  &  Pav.) 

*    Stamens  included  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla:  ovules  8  /o  12  in  each  cell. 

18.  G.  squarrosa,  Hook.  Sc  Arn.  Eigid,  rather  stout,  becoming  much  branched, 
very  glandular-viscid,  fetid:  leaves  twice  pinnatifid,  or  pinnately  parted  and  the 
divisions  either  parted  or  incised  :  upper  leaves  and-  bracts  spinescent :  corolla  blue, 
rarely  whitish,  4  or  5  lines  long,  rather  shorter  than  the  usually  entire  calyx-lobes  : 
stamens  unequal  in  length  and  slightly  so  in  insertion.  —  G.  pungens.  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  2977.  Iloitzia  squarrosa,  Esch.soh.  in  Mem.  Acad.  Petrop.  1826,  283. 
Navarretia  squarrosa.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  368 ;  I'.enth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c. 
N.  pungens,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  75. 

Open  ground,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  and  in  the  foot-hills,  extending  to 
Oregon.  ® 

*  *    Stamens  more  or  less  exserted :  corolla  slender,  3  /'o  5  lines  long. 

-J-  Leaves  twice  pinnatifid,  at  least  the  loiver  ones :  ovules  \  to  i  in  each  cell. 

19.  G.  COtulaefolia,  Steudel.  Rather  stout  and  rigid,  a  span  to  a  foot  high, 
tomentose-puberuleut,  or  above  villous-pubcscent  and  minutely  glandular  :  most  "of 
the  leaves  twice  pinnately  divided  or  parted  into  slender-subulate  divisions  ;  the 
upper  and  the  bracts  spinescent :  tubo  of  the  violet  or  whitish  corolla  hardly  longer 
than  the  sparsely  villous  calyx:  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell:  capsule  usually  only 
l-8oedod.  —  Navarretia  pubescens  &  N.  cotnhvfolta,  \\m\,\\. 

Dry  hillsides,  conunon  tiirough  the  western  part  of  the  State  and  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierm 
^evada.     Exhales  the  odor  of  Anthanis  Cotula. 

20.  G.  intertexta,  Rteudol.  At  length  diffusely  much  branched,  a  span  high, 
neither  viscid  nor  glandular:  stems  retror.sely  pubescent:  leaves  mainly  globrovis ; 
their  divaricate  acerose  and  spinescent  divisions  cither  sparingly  divided"  or  simple  : 
llowers  densely  glomerate  :  base  of  the  bracts  and  tube  of  the  calyx  densely  white- 
villous  with  long  s])reading  hairs  :  corolla  white,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  :  ovules 
and  seeds  3  or  4  in  each  cell.  —  Navarretia  intertexta,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  75. 

Dry  hills,  from  near  San  Francisco  to  Sierra  Co.,  and  noitli  to  Washington  Teiiitoiy. 


494  POLKMONIACE.E.  Gilia. 

G.  MINIMA,  Gray,  n  dwarf  and  tufled  iiwirly  glabrous  white-flowered  species,  related  to  this 
and  the  next,  inhabits  the  interior  dry  region,  but  has  not  been  I'ouud  west  of  Utah. 

21.  Gr.  Breweri,  <Jriiy.  A  span  liigh,  or  less,  ut  liiugth  much  bnuiclied  and  dii- 
fusely  lulled,  Hiiiiiilt.'ly  glandulai'-pubt'iulcnt  tliroughuut :  divisions  of  lliu  leaves 
acerose  and  mostly  entire  :  lluwers  in  less  dense  leal'y  heads  :  corolla  yellow,  hardly 
lunger  than  the  slemler  subulate  calyx-lolM's  ;  the  lube  of  the  latter  very  short  : 
ovules  and  seeds  mostly  solilary.  —  Proc.   Am.  Acad.  viii.   UGD. 

Dry  ground,  in  the  Siena  Nevada,  fruni  Placer  Co.  to  Sierra  Co.  at  6,000  to  8,000  feet  {Brewer, 
Bolaiulcr),  and  through  Nevada  to  Wyoming  Territory. 

22.  Gr.  leucocephala,  Oray,  1.  c.  A  span  high,  rather  slender,  loosely  branched, 
not  glandular,  glabrous,  e.\cept  ii  little  wooUiness  ut  summit  and  on  the  thin  calyx- 
tube  :  leaves  soft,  with  commonly  simple  linear  liliform  divisions  j  those  of  the 
bracts  hariUy  pungent:  heads  dense  :  corolla  white,  lunger  than  the  culyx  :  ovules 
2  in  each  cell.  —  Navarretia  leucocephala,  lieiith.  I'l.  Ilartw.  324. 

Daini)  or  low  grounds,  arounil  San  Francisco  Bay  to  the  Sacramento  and  Mendocino  Co. 

-i-  +-  Leaves  only  once  pinnalijid  or  incised,  or  many  of  them  entire, 

++  All  slender  and  Jiliforni,  except  the  bracts  of  the  small  heads,  which  are  more  or  less 
pulmately  3  -  i>  cleft :  corolla  small  (3  or  i  lines  long),  rather  slender. 

23.  G-.  divaricata,  'lorr.  Dilfusely  branched,  slender,  a  span  or  mure  in 
lieighl,  suiuewhat  pubescent,  hartlly  at  all  glandular,  the  bracts  and  calyx  mure  or 
less  wuully-pubescent  :  liliform  branches  proliferous  :  divisions  of  the  uppermost 
leaves  and  the  similar  bracts  acevuse  :  corolla  purple  or  (ai>parently)  yelluwish  : 
ovules  5  to  7 'in  each  cell.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  I.e. 

Lake  Co.  to  Mariposa  Co.  up  to  8,000  feet. 

24.  G.  iilicaulis,  Torr.  A  span  or  two  high,  moderately  or  at  length  widely 
branched,  slender,  viscid-glandular,  especially  above  ;  branches  naked  :  upper  leaves 
liliform  or  setaceous  and  entire  ;'  bracts  somewhat  cuneate  and  the  lobes  {umgont, 
the  inner  ones  shorter  than  the  violet  corolla  :  ovules  mostly  solitary  in  each  coll.  — 
(iniy,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. 

Mariposa  Co.  to  Untie  Co.,  Jcffray,  Torrcij,  Mrs,  Ptdsifer  Anus. 

++  ++  Leaves  broader,  ric/id,  linear  or  lanceolate,  and  with  spinulose  lobes:  sterna  stottt: 
flowers  densely  glomerate :  corolla  violet  or  ])urple,  barely  half  an  inch  long  ;  about 
twice  the  length  of  the  pungent  calyx-lobes. 

25.  Gr.  viscidula,  Oray,  1.  c.  A  span  high,  or  less,  at  length  much  branched, 
viscid-pubescent  :  cauline  leaves  mostly  slemler  and  laciniate-pinnatilid  ;  the  as- 
cending lobes  acerose  or  subulate  ;  llural  ones  bruader  and  mure  spinescent  ;  bracts 
more  dilated  at  base  and  i>almalely  cleft  :  ovules  1  to  4  in  each  cell.  —  Navarretia 
viscidula,  Benth.  PI.  llarlw.  325,  a  small  form. 

Dry  hills,  .Santa  Barbara  lo  .San  Francisco,  kc,  and  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

2G.  Gr.  atractyloides,  Steudel.  A  span  high,  simple  or  much  branched,  viscid- 
pubescent,  very  rigid,  especially  the  fuliage  :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper 
becoming  bruailer  ami  the  lloral  ovate,  all  pinnatilid,  with  widely  spreading  subulate 
sijine-like  lobes  :  leafy  heads  rather  few-ilowered  :  ovules  G  or  7  in  each  cell. 

Open  dry  giound,  from  San  Diego  to  Santa  Cruz.  Leaves,  ut  least  the  llorul  ones,  almost  carti- 
laginous. 

++  ++  ++  Leaves  dilated  toivards  the  apex,  at  least  the  upper  ones :  sterns  depressed  : 
Jlowtrs  proportionally  large,  less  croivded. 

27.  G-.  setosissinia,  Gray,  1.  c.  An  inch  ur  twu  high,  at  length  forming  a 
depressed  lull,  cinereuus-pubescenl  ur  glabrato  :  lower  leaves  linear  and  slightly 
luuthed,   the   upper   becumiug   ublanceolate,   spatulate,    ur  with  a  cuneate   3-lobed 


CtWo.  I'OLEMUNIACE.E.  49", 

dilated  apo.x,  niore  or  less  incised,  all  the  teeth  or  lobcvs  and  here  and  there  the  even 
margins  beset  witli  very  long  white  bristles,  many  of  the  lower  in  pairs  :  oalyx-lobes 
sinnlarly  setose-tipped  :  corolla  pnrple  or  purplisii,  G  to  9  lines  long  :  ovules  several 
or  rarely  few  in  each  cell.  — Navarretia  setosissima,  Torr.  ct  Giay,  in  Ives  Colorado 
Exp.  22.     N.  Scholtii,  Torr.  But.  Mex.  Bound.  145,  a  small  form. 

Gravelly  plains,  on  the  Rio  Colorado  and  the  Mohave,  and  Providence  Mountains  (Coulter 
Newberry,  Coo))er,  he),  extending  to  Southern  Utah. 

§  7.  Flowers,  in/lorescetice,  ttc,  nearly  as  in  the  forer/oinp  section ;  but  the  anthers 
loiif/er  and  always  exserted :  corolla  (salver/orni)  more  conspicuous  :  ]>laii(s  nil 
white  loith  Jloccose  wool,  at  least  when  youn(j,  and  neither  r/landtUar  nor  viscid. 
—  IIUORLIA  {Hurjelia,  JJenth.  in  Bot.  Keg.  Gilia  §  I'lwjelia  Si  Psendocol- 
lomia,  Eenth.  in  DC). 

*  Hoot  jierennial :  stems  woody  at  the  base  :  -anthers  linear-sagittate  :  ovules  several. 

28.  G.  densifolia,  Benth.  A  foot  or  two  in  liQight :  stems  virgate  from  a  woody 
base,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  rigid,  linear,  iaciniate-pinnatifid  or  incised ;  the  short 
lobes  few  or  several,  sulmlato :  flowers  ninnorous  in  a  compact  head  :  corolla  over 
lialf  an  inch  in  length,  vi()l(!t-l)luo,  two  or  throo  tiinoa  Uio  length  of  tlio  calyx  (tlio 
lobes  3  lines  long):  anthers  linear.  —  llngelia  densifolia  (a  short  stout  form)  and 
//.  elongnta,  Benth. 

Dry  hills,  from  Santa  Clara  Co.  to  the  Mohave,  and  in  Southern  Nevada. 
*   *    Root  annual :  stems  slender,  at  length  loosely  brnnehed,   a  foot  or  less  in  heir/ht  ■ 
leaves  and  their  few  {if  any)  divisions  flUform  :  Jlowers  rather   few  in  the  small 
clusters. 

29.  Q.  virgata,  Steudel.  At  first  strict  and  simple-stemmed,  at  length  branched 
from  the  base  or  throughout,  sometimes  glabrate  :  tube  of  the  IjIuo  corolla  lon^rer 
than  the  calyx  :  anthers  (when  dry)  linear,  deeply  sagittate,  a  lino  long  :  ovules  2"to 
0  in  each  cell.  —  Jhigelia  virgata,  Benth.  ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  200. 

Var.  floribunda,  Gray,  1.  c.  Low  and  rather  stout  :  even  the  upper  leaves 
pmnately  3  -  7-parted  :  the  numerous  heads  and  flowers  fully  as  laroe  as  those  of 
G.  densifolia.  '^ 

q„!?f?rV"''  -l^^"';;"'' "y  *"  f '^"  P'^«°,'':"|,  ^"^"t  to  the  Rio  Colorado.     Tho  rcnmrkal.lo  variety  from 
Santa  Clara  to.  (Brewer)  to  Tojon,  1]  nllace. 

30.  O.  flOCOOSa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Smaller  tlian  the  ])rncoding  :  leaves  mostly  entire  • 
corolla  about  4  linos  long,  blue  or  becoming  white  Cprobably  never  "yellow")- 
anthers  hnoar-oblong  (barely  half  a  lino  in  length)  :  ovules  l' to  4  in  each  cell. — 
Hugelia  lutea,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg.  Gilia  lutescens,  Steu.lel  ;  Benth.  in  DC.  (But 
the  ilowers  were  doubtless  bluish,  faded  to  dull  white.) 

neS'MonteX'^"''  "^  ^^^  ^^^^'  ^™"'  ^^^  ^^°^''^^'  *"  *^'  '^''"'^'''  ^'•'  """^  "^'*  *°  ^^'''''-     "^^'^ 
31     G.  filifoUa,  Nutt.       Like   the  preceding,   but   more  rigid  :   leaves  mostly 
3-pai-ted  :  corolla  blue  or  bluish,  little  if  at  all  exserted  :  anthers  oval,  very  .small : 
ovules  4  to  6  in  each  cell.  —  PI.  Gamb.  l.^G  ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

ancfNevadrVhut'^^H^"''''^^^^^^  ^^^''''^'''^■^'   <«  the  Mohave  (Cooper).   Arizona, 

to  distinguish  preceding  probably  run  together,  and  all  these  annual  species  are  hard 

§  8.  Flowers  capitate-crowded  or  somewhat  looser,  bracteate  :  corolla  white  or  pur- 
plish, salverform,  mostly  with  a  short  tube:  stamens  shorter  than  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla,  inserted  in  or  near  the  sinuses .-  anthers  short :  Idbes  of  the  calyx 
and  of  the  leaves  tipped  with  an  awn-like  but  not  jmngent  cusp :  low  biennials, 
annuals,  or  short-lived  perennials,  usually  visrid-jmbescent  with  vian //-Jointed 
hairs,  and  with  simply  jjinnatifld  or  entire  leaves.  —  Elaimiockra,  Nutt. 


496  POLEMONlACEJi).  Gilia. 

*    Pertiiiiial,  densely-Jlowered. 

32.  Gr.  COngesta,  Hook.  Woolly-pubescent,  becoming  glabmte,  tufted,  3  to  12 
inches  liigh  :  k'uvea  pelioled,  luucli  cu)\vile(l  on  the  short  sterile  shoots,  scattered  on 
the  erect  llowering  stem,  thickish,  mostly  pinnately  parted  into  3  to  7  shortdincar 
or  oblanceolate  divisions,  which  are  not  rarely  ao  crowded  as  to  ap[)ear  j)almato  or 
pedate  :  llowers  numerous  in  solitary  or  a  lew  corymbose  naked  and  dense  heads  : 
corolla  white ;  its  tube  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx  and  the  oval  lobes  (these  a  lino 
or  two  long)  :  exserted  lilaments  as  long  as  the  anthers  :  ovules  2  to  4  in  each  cell 
—  Fl.  ii.  75,  &  Ic.  PI.  t.  235. 

Siena  Nevada  at  10,000  t'tet  and  upwards,  in  Placer  and  Nevada  Counties  (Brewer,  Bolander, 
E.  L.  Greene),  and  on  tlie  noitlicrn  border  of  the  State  (Kcwbemj) :  thence  to  Oregon  and  tlie 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  var.  crclvifolia.  Gray  {O.  crcbrifulia,  Nutt. ),  with  entire  and  more 
glabrous  leaves,  occurs  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Nevada. 

»   *    Annual,  low  and  s^ircadiny,  looseli/  branched:  Jlowers  fewer,  more  leafy-hracted, 
in  less  dense  clusters :  lobes  of  the  ccdyx  and  leaves  conspicuously  cuspidate-tipped. 

33.  Gr.  pumila,  Nutt.  Slightly  woolly-pubescent :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  en- 
tire or  witii  2  to  -1  narrow  lobes  :  tube  of  the  corolla  (3  or  4  lines  long)  about  twice 
the  length  of  its  lobes  ami  of  the  calyx-lobes  :  lilaments  shorter  than  the  lubes  of 
the  corolla:  ovules  5  uv  0  in  each  cell.  — 1*1.  (lamb.  15G.  6'.  trijida,  l?enth.  in 
Kew  Jour.  lU.t.  iii.  2U1. 

Foot-hills  of  tlio  Truckcc;  AU)untains,  North  western  Nevada,  Watson.  Tlienco  east  lu  Now 
Mexico  and  Wyoming. 

34.  Gr.  polycladon,  Torr.  Puberulent  or  sparsely  pubescent,  with  elongated 
branches  leatiess  below  :  leaves  short,  spatulate  or  oblong  in  outline,  incisely  pin- 
natifid  into  several  small  and  irregular  lobes;  those  of  the  branches  mainly  clustered 
around  the  flowers  (half  an  inch  long)  :  corolla  barely  2  lines  long,  its  tube  hardly 
exceeding  the  calyx-lobes  :  anthers  almost  sessile  in  the  throat :  ovules  only  a  pair 
in  each  cell.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  147;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  268. 

Mountains  on  the  western  borders  of  Nevada,  JFatson.  Thence  east  to  Utah  and  the  borders 
of  Texas.     This  and  tlie  ])receding  will  doubtless  be  detected  within  the  State. 

§  9.  Flowers  thyrsoid-panicled,  hardly  bracteate:  corolla  (red)  salverform  with  a  lomj 
and  sliijhtiy  funnel/or m  tube,  very  much  suipassiny  the  calyx:  stamens  inserted 
in  or  below  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  not  longer  than  its  lobes :  anthers  sIlotI  : 
ovules  numerous  in  each  cell:  biennials,  merely  pubescent,  with  simple  virgate 
stem  and  lan/c  showy  blossoms. —  ll'OMOl'ai«,  Bonth. 

35.  Q.  aggregata,  Sprcng.  .\  foot  to  ii  yard  liigh  :  loaves  thickish,  jiiunatoly 
l»arted  into  7  to  13  lin(^ar  mucronulato  divisions,  or  in  tho  upper  leaves  fewer: 
llowers  in  small  clusters,  disi)osed  in  a  simple  or  sometimes  branching  virgate  naked 
panicle:  calyx  commonly  glandular ;  its  lobes  subulate:  corolla  scarlet  (varying  to 
pink  or  rarely  white) ;  its  tube  an  inch  long,  2  to  4  times  tho  length  of  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  acute  soon  recurved-spreading  lobes  :  filaments  slen- 
<ler.  —  Don,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  218  (Cantua  ayf/re.gata,  Pursh).  G.  jmlchella, 
Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  74.  Ipomopsis  elegans,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1281.  —  Runs 
into  various  forms,  of  which  tho  most  marked  is 

Var.  Bridgesii,  Gray,  1.  c. :  a  rather  low  form,  loosely  somewhat  few-flowered: 
corolla  said  to  be  j)urple:  calyxdobes  short  and  broadly  triangular-subulate  or  ovate- 
deltoid  :  lobes  of  the  leaves  very  obtuse,  seldom  mucronulate. 

Rocky  ravines,  kc.  Sierra  Nevada,  tliroughout  its  length,  to  Oregon  and  Idaho,  and  east  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  variety  collc<.ted  only  liy  Jirid(iis,  —  station  in  California  unknown,  —  but 
various  specimens  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  apinoach  it.  Flowers  "very  fragrant,"  even  more  showy 
than  those  of  the  related  O.  ctironopifulvi  of  the  Southern  Atlantic  States.  Stamens  in  some  in- 
dividuals included,  in  others  consj)icuously  exserted  ;  these  with  style  ecjually  or  even  more 
exserted. 


^''''"-  POLEMUN 1  AC  I'LK.  49- 

:?0.  G  subnuda,  To.r.  A  span  to  a  loot  liitrh,  glan.lulur-puljerulcnt  :  leaves 
chiefly  at  the  base,  spatulate  or  oblong,  incisely  toothed  or  slightly  few-lobed  :  those 
ol  the  naked  stem  small  and  entire,  and  above  reduced  to  minnto  bracts-  flowers 
somewhat  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  of  the  naked  panicle-  calyx-lobes 
broadly  subulate  :  corolla  orange  or  scarlet ;  the  tube  half  an  inch  long,  thrice  the 
length  of  the  ovate  obtuse  lobes.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  276. 

Western  mrt  of  Nevada  (A'.  //.  Sf retch),  and  Arizoim  (Neu-berry,  Palmer) :  mav  be  expected  on 
the  eastern  Orders  of  Cnlifornia.     In  the  specimens,  the  anthers  are  inchidod,  o^short  mamenS. 

§  10.  Flowers  capitate-glomerate  or  panicled,  or  scattered,  nma.lh,  braclless  ■  corolla 
{hlne,  purple,  or  whUe)  from  funnelform  to  campaniilnte  or  almost  rotate  ■ 
stamens  included  or  not  surpassing  the  corolla-lobes :  filaments  slender  ■  leaves 
mostly  pmnately  incised  or  twice  or  thrice  pinnatdy  dissected.  —  Eugilia 
honth.  mainly.  ' 

*    J) war/ perennial,  few-Jlowered  among  the  leaves  :  ovules  solitary. 

,.,.?''•  ^  Larseni,  Gray.  Depressed,  rising  an  inch  or  two  out  of  ground  from 
fdilorm  subterranean  running  shoots,  soft-pubescent :  leaves  much  crowded  at  the 
summit  but  alternate),  somewhat  pedatcly  5-7-partod  or  the  upper  3-cleft  :  the 
lobes  2  to  4  lines  long,  linear-oblong,  or  the  larger  more  dilated  and  2 -3-cleft  • 
flowers  almost  sessile,  little  exceeding  the  leaves:  corolla  funnelform,  violet-purple' 
nearly  half  an  inch  long,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  the  lobes  broadly 
oval.  —  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  84,  '^ 

On   bassen's  Peak,  in  loose  soil  of  volcanic  ashes,  Lcmmon  and  John  Lrvrscn      This  sin^rnlar 

n    of^irahf  I'notnvf f  '°  '^'"'«  to.the  .Yavar.^.V.  section  ;  but  (hTlls  of  the    fa 
™?l'  I      1  ^        n       "S  '^'  "'^'"  "7'^"  '°  '""°^'  fis  nuicronatn,  and  the  flowers  mo  not  rai.itato- 

*  *  Annuals:  ovules  and  seeds  few  or  numerous  in  each  cell. 
^  I^ooflrTT'l"'"  f "''  ^'''■'^^'^'  '^''''''  ""■  ^'"'^  '^^'^•''^  peduncles:  stems  erect, 
Z:!tZ!7d::^s!^ ''''-'  ''--''  ''"''  -^  '---  V^^^^^n^y  dissected  into  very 

bra^ndie^\bo?e*^*l^°lf  ^^^^^°"^°^  ^  ^i^tlo  pubescent  :  stem  slender,  loosely 
branched  above  :  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  lobes  of  the  light  blue  (rareW  white) 
corolla  narrowly  oblong  or  almost  linear  (2  lines  long),  nearly  of  the  length  of  the 
narrow  tube.  -Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2698  ;  Lindl.  Eot!  Reg.  t.  HTO  " 

Low  grounds,  not  rare,  from  tlie  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  Oregon. 

somLw^K^hf^f  ^'  ^'"tl-  ,^^^^  *^"  P'-^^^'^>"-  ^"^  "-'^-^"y  stouter,  often 
somewiiat  glandu  ar  :  the  capitate  clusters  and  flowers  larger  or  less  compact  •  calvx 
more  or  ess  woolly  its  lobes  with  short  recurved  tips  :  lobes  of  the  3la  obovate 

I^SC't Is  ^    "  '  '""  '"^^^'   '"^  '''''-'''  '^'"''^^■'■^  --^'   .lilat^b  -  iLt 

Hills  and  sandy  ground,  common  through  tlio  westcn  part  of  th.,  State. 
■H  .-   Flowers  in  small  and  rather-  loose  clusters,  or  else  scattered  iu  the  open  panicle 

^\i7laZZ/r  ''"'"t  "  ^'^^■'^^  ^''""^'^^^  ^'■-•^''rf  ^nto,/ine  aud  narrow  seaments : 
r/t;,^  irJr?f '"^  o"^/o^-.M,W.o/-a«  inch  loug  :  herbage  son, ewha^  viscid- 
pubescent  or  glandular,  or  glabrafe :  stems  erect  or  at  leuath  difFusrh,  spreading. 

Jni  ^•, "^"f*i«',«"lls  ^^^'"th.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  in  height,  sin.plo  in  dopan- 
pemte  an.  early  plants,  loosely  branched  in  larger  nnd  later:  flowers  f  w  or  vml 
SS^nrJ;  '^?  '"  •*;  ^'"^^^^J-^^'-'^ting  the  slender  naked  peduncles,  short-peT 
celled  or  almost  sessile;  corolla  (a  third  of  an  inch  long)  violet,  with  proper  tube 


498  rOLEMONlAOE^li.  Uilia. 

shorter  than  the  viscid  calyx,  and  the  obovate  lobes  not  longer  than  the  lunnel- 
furia  til  rout :  cupsulu  ovoid.  —  0.  achUlea-folia,  Ijndl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1G82  ;  Hook, 
liot.  Mug.  t.  3110,  nul  ol'  liunth.  6'.  millc/oliata,  Fischer  &  Meyer  ;  a  dilliisu  cul- 
tiviitcd  lona. 

Vur.  tenera,  iimy,  1.  c.  :  u  Blender,  depiuipendo,  few-llDWered  Htule,  with  tlio 
peduncles,  uv  at  leatit  some  of  them,  one-llowered.  —  G.  utriola,  Liebmann,  Ind. 
Sem.  liort.  Hula.  1853. 

In  dry  ground,  common  throughout  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Slender  depauperate  forms 
abound  iu  poor  soil. 

41.  Gr.  tricolor,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  two  in  lieight,  in  age  diffusely 
branched  :  ilowcrs  few  in  the  loosely  paniculate  and  rather  short-peduncled  clusters  : 
pedicels  sliorter  than  the  viscid-puberuleut  or  rarely  glabrous  calyx  :  corolla  (one 
third  to  half  an  inch  long)  with  very  short  proper  tube  and  ample  eampanulate- 
funnelform  throat,  which  is  pale  yellow  or  orange  below,  dark  purple  above,  and  the 
lilac  or  violet  roundish  lobes  longer  tlian  tlie  stamens.  —  Hort.  Trans,  viii.  t.  18; 
Lindl.  liot.  Keg.  t.  17U1  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  31G3. 

Common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  and  the  fout-hills  ;  famihar  in  cultivation. 

42.  Gr.  tenuiflora,  Benth.  Commonly  u  foot  high,  slender  :  radical  and  lower 
cauline  leaves  wilii  shorter  lobes  than  in  the  two  preceding  species  :  upper  leaves 
few,  small,  ixud  simpler ;  llowers  mostly  slender-pedicelled  in  the  loose  panicle : 
corolla  pur[)le  or  rose-color,  funnelform  with  slender  tube,  4  or  5  times  the  length 
of  the  calyx  (7  to  U  lines  long) ;  its  lobes  broadly  obovate  and  longer  than  the 
stamens.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  lleg.  t.  1888. 

Var.  latiilora,  Cray,  1.  c.  :  a  form  with  shorter  tube  to  the  corolla,  more  abruptly 
dilated  throat,  and  broader  limb  :  radical  leaves  sometimes  simply  pinnatihd. 
Dry  ground,  Monterey  to  San  Diego,  &c.     The  variety,  Los  Angeles,  &c,,  Fremont,  JVallace. 

++  ++  Leaves  once  or  sometimes  twice  pinnatijid,  or  merely  incised  or  toothed :  Jlowers 
loosely  panicled. 

=  Corolln,  /tunic/form,  from  less  than  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long :  seeds  many, 

43.  G.  inconspicua,  Dougl.  A  sjjan  to  a  foot  high,  at  length  loosely  nmch 
braaclied,  .somewhat  viscid  or  glandular,  when  young  usually  a  slight  woolliness 
upon  the  foliage  :  radical  and  lower  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  numerous  short 
oblong  or  lanceolate  and  commonly  few-toothed  or  incisely-lobed  divisions ;  the 
upper  with  simple  and  fewer  mostly  linear  divisions  :  pedicels  some  slender  and 
some  short  or  nearly  wanting  :  corolla  violet-purple  or  bluish,  twice  or  thrice  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2883,  Ipomopsis  inconspicua,  Sniith, 
Exot.  Bot.  t.  14.  Cantna  parvijlora,  Pursh.  This  is  the  smaller-flowered  form,  with 
tube  of  the  corolla  at  lirst  shorter  than  the  calyx,  and  lobes  only  a  line  long.  It 
passes  by  gradation  into 

Var.  sinuata,  Cray,  1.  c.,  with  tube  of  corolla  more  slender  and  exserted,  and 
lobes  often  2  lines  long  :  lobes  of  tlie  radical  leaves  commonly  narrow  and  entire.  — 
G.  sinuata,  Dougl.  ex  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  313.  G.  arenaria,  Benth.,  appears 
to  be  a  form  of  this,  from  the  sea-beach  at  Monterey,  with  short  ovate  lobes  to 
the  radical  leaves,  and  a  sleader  corolla-tube,  seemingly  passing  into  G.  tenuijlura. 

Dry  or  gravully  grouiul,  conunon  nearly  throughout  tlio  Stale  and  in  Oregon,  and  eaat  tiuough 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

44.  Gp.  leptomeria.  Gray.  A  span  high,  minutely  glandular  or  viscid  :  leaves 
mainly  in  a  radical  tuft,  narrowly  oblong  (about  an  inch  long),  pinnatitid  with  very 
short  lobes  or  merely  incised  ;  the  cauline  small,  linear,  entire,  mostly  reduced  to 
bracts  of  the  ample  and  elfuse  cymose  panicle  :  pedicels  some  liliform,  some  shorter 
than  the  calyx  :  corolla  nearly  white,  li  to  3  lines  long,  slender,  approaching  salver- 
form,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  lobes  ovate,  sometimes  repandly 


Pohmoniitm.  POLEMONIACE.E.  .qo 

2-3-tootliod  and  acute   half  a  line  long:  seeds  not  mucilaginous  when  wetted  ' - 
I  roc.  Am.  Acad.  vni.  278;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  270,  t  2G,  fi"  G    7 

Northwestern  Nevada,  on  the  borders  of  California  (/ra<50«,  Lanvion)  ;'  ea^t  to'utlih. 
=  =  Corolla  campanulate,  white  or  nearly  so:  seeds fetv. 

45.   G.  micromeria,  Gray.     DifTuse,  2  or  3  inches  high,  very  slender  almost 

'i^:Z  il"';'"'  T'  r  ""■  ''-'"T  I^'""^*^«'^'  "'^''  li-ar-obW  very  obtu^  lobes 
tho  0  of  the  branches  l.near  and  entire,  gradually  reduced  to  bracts  :  flowers  sparse 

tTltl        V    "'a     "^a'  ^'^,^''  «-^«^^^'Iing  t'l>e  caly.K:  capsule  globular,  longer  than 
the  style.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  279  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  t.  26,  fig.  12  -  16. 

Nevada,  Tmckee  Valley  to  the  East  Humboldt  Mountains,  JFaison.     Probably 


Nortli  wester 


reaches  California. 


.JL^l   campanulata,    Gray,   1.   c.     Diffuse,    2  or   3   incites   high,   somewhat 

SrC  ";ho""fV,  ^""T  '''''  ^'T'^f''  ^P^""°^^  ^°^^hed  or  incis'ed  (half  an 
inch  long) ,  tho.e  of  the  slender  paniculate  branches  similar,  or  narrower  and  entire  • 
p  d  ce  s  mostly  shorer  than  the  flower  :  corolla  4  lines  long,  with  hardly  any  propel 
tube  moderately  r,-lobed,  about  twice  the  length  of  tlie  lanceolate-subulate  lobes 
^Lrfnl  r^^^i  ^  '''/^^'  ^'''''  scariously  margined  toward  the  base:  stamens 

inserted  low  down  :  ovules  6  or  7  in  each  cell.  _  Watson,  1.  c.   t.  26,  fie..  i,6  -  18 

4.  POLEMONIUM,  Tonrn.  Gheek  Valeu.ax. 
Flowers  as  in  Gilia  §  J^u.rlra,  but  the  corolla  short  and  broad,  the  stamens 
somewhat  ch^chned  the  filaments  hairy-appendaged  at  base.  -  Perennial  or  rarely 
annual  herbs;  w.th  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted  loaves,  and  mostly  showy  flowers 
Calyx  herbaceous;  its  divisions  and  those  of  the  leaves  pointless.  Corolla  more 
commoidy  blue,  varying  to  white. 

invalUatod  by  th.  annual  P  mSaSmonlZiZ^  a''  ',"  "">  "'S'""'  >!'«'«■  '»  '•<"<='> 
coroll.  on  thS  otl.er.  »»«"•»"•»«  on  tlie  one  hand,  and  one  or  more  wit],  fnnnelform 

§  1.  An„ual,  diffuse:  rotate  coroUa  darter  than  tl^  »„tyx;  H„,„er,  scaiUred 
n.«:tlStcoirin?-  '■"""""•"'•  """  "'«-"'  '•»"•-  «f  Nevada  ,.,„.™,   „v,„„, 

e..«™:  e,v,.e.,  co,™w,"ft:Zei:,:  i^  ::^  ^  rc}:r'«:;nri;is 


gyQ  POLEMONIACE.E.  Pohmonium. 

lavender,  or  sometimes  nearly  wliitu)  half  an  inch  or  mure  in  diameter  :  seeds  one 
or  two  in  each  cell.  —  /'.  palchtltam,  nun<;e  ;  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  Ic.  t.  20;  Lindl.  Uut. 
lieg.  t.  1304.  P.  Richardsoiii,  (Iraliani  in  I5t)t.  iMag.  t.  2800.  1'.  capitatum,  ijenlh. 
in  DC,  not  of  Kschscholtz.      1'.  pakhtrrimum,  llouk.  Bot.  ]\Iag.  t.  2i)79. 

High  Sienu  Nevada,  at  iiml  iibovo  8,000  feet,  fiDin  MHri|)osa  Co.  (Brewer)  to  Lassen's  Peak 
(Lcviiuun) ;  east  to  tlie  liiglier  Ki.cky  Alouiitaiiis,  uortli  to  the  Arctic  regions,  Siberia,  Spitz- 
bergeii,  kc.     A  polyiiiorpbuus  siiecics. 

3.  P.  caeruleum,  Linn.  Olabrous  or  viscid-pubescent,  2  or  3  feet  (or  in  arctic- 
alpine  forms  a  span  or  two)  in  height,  leafy,  usually  bearing  numerous  flowers  in  an 
interrupted  narrow  thyrsoid  panicle  or  in  hjose  corymbose  cymes:  leaflets  11  to  21, 
from  lincar-laiiccdluto  to  ovate  oblong  (.^  to  U  inches  long):  calyx  cleft  tour  beyond 
the  middle  :  conjlla  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter  (bright  blue,  varying  to  white), 
sliorter  than  the  stamens  or  at  least  than  the  stylo  :  seeds  several  in  each  cell,  in 
ours  acutely  angled. 

Low  grounds,  not  rare  from  San  Francisco  to  the  high  Sierra  Nevada.  Extends  north  to  the 
Arctic  coast,  and  east  to  tlie  northern  Atlantic  States  (sparingly),  and  through  the  north  of  Asia 
and  Europe.  A  striking  form,  var.  foliosissiinum,  Gray,  approaching  P.  Mexicanum,  occurs  in 
the  Kocky  Mountains  and  those  of  Utali. 

§  3.   Ferenniat :  corolla  with  truly  funnelform  tube  longer  than  the  calyx :  wjlores- 
cence  capitate  or  spicate :  leajlels  mostly  palinatety  divided. 

4.  P.  confertum,  <Iray.  A  span  or  more  high  from  stout  and  branching  or 
tufted  rootstucks,  on  the  summits  of  which  the  radical  leaves  are  densely  crowded, 
glandular- viscid  and  musk-scented  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  in  general  outline,  erect; 
leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded,  sometimes  even  imbricated,  sessile,  most  of 
them  3-5-parted  and  seemingly  whorled ;  the  divisions  from  round-oval  to  linear- 
oblong,  and  from  a  line  to  a  quarter  of  an  inch  or  more  in  length  :  llowers  in  a 
single  dense  capitate  cluster,  or  in  age  spicate,  honey-scented  :  corolla  (blue,  and  a 
white  variety)  with  narrow  funnelform  tube  (half  an  inch  long)  twice  or  thrice  the 
length  of  the  rounded  lobes:  ovules  3  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  IHGS,  73, 
tV;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  280. 

Among  rocks  on  higli  peaks  of  tlie  Sierra  Nevada,  at  12,000  to  13,300  feet ;  Mount  (Joddard  and 
Mount  Dana  {Brewer),  Mount  Lyell  {J.  Muir);  and  on  the  higher  mountains  of  Nevada  and 
Colorado.     Ours  are  of  the  condensed  and  small-leaved  form. 

P.  viscosuM,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  154  (mainly,  Nuttall  having  mixed  the  two),  is  between  the 
above  anOP.  humilc,  and  is  known  only  in  tlie  more  northern  llocky  Mountains. 

6.  LCESELIA,  Linn. 
Flowers  nearly  as  in  Giiia  §  Ipomopsis,  except  that  the  tubular-funnelform 
corolla  is  irregular,  as  it  were  bilabiate  (|),  one  of  the  cuneate  or  oblong  lobes  being 
separated  by  deeper  sinuses.  Stamens  declined.  Seeds  few  in  each  cell,  ovoid, 
mucilaginous  when  wetted.  —  Rigid  herbs  or  undershrubs  (natives  of  Mexico) ; 
with  alternate  and  simple  and  entire  or  sharply  serrate  leaves,  and  showy  red  or 
blue  flowers  in  terminal  or  lateral  clusters,  with  or  withotit  scarious  dilated  bracts. 

1.  L.  tenuifolia,  Cray.  Nearly  glabrous  :  stems  woody  at  base,  slender  :  leaves 
very  narrow,  spinulose-niucronato ;  the  lower  ]iinnately  partcid  into  a  few  subulate 
short  lobes  ;  the  upper  entire  and  liliform  (about  an  inch  long)  :  branches  loosely 
few-Uowered  at  the  summit :  calyx  bractless  :  corolla  scarlet,  nearly  salverfurm  ;  its 
oblong  lobes  truncatcly  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  about  one  third  the  length  of  the 
narrow  tube  :  capillary  hlaments  inserted  low  down  and  much  exserted  :  ovules  8  or 
10  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  86. 

Tantillas  Mountains,  below  San  Diego,  within  the  borders  of  Lower  California,  Mr.  Dunn, 
Dr.  Palmer.  Probably  also  within  the  southern  line  of  the  State.  Corolla  an  inch  long  :  calyx 
3  lines  long.     See  Appendix. 


HYDROPHYLLACE.E.  501 


Order  LXIV.    HYDROPHYLLACE^. 

Known  in  general  by  liaving  the  scorpioid  inflorescence  (and  often  the  rough 
hairiness)  of  the  Borraginar.ea;,  along  with  an  undivided  1  -  2-celled  4  -  ruany- 
ovuled  ovary,  and  the  two  styles  distinct  at  the  apex  if  not  to  the  base,  the  flowers 
regular  and  5-androus,  and  the  fruit  a  capsule,  with  the  two  jilacentaj  parietal  or 
borne  upon  the  half-partitions,  —  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  mostly  5-parted  or  of  5 
separate  sepals,  persistent.  Corolla  5-lobed,  imbricated  or  sometimes  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Stigmas 
terminal,  small  and  simple  or  more  or  less  capitate.  Only  in  Romamoffia  are  the 
stigmas  as  well  as  styles  completely  united  into  one.  Ovary  commonly  hispid  or 
hirsute,  at  least  at  the  top.  Capsule  in  all  ours  loculicidal.  Seeds  amphitropous  or 
anatropous,  with  a  close  and  commonly  reticulated  or  pitted  coat,  and  a  horny  or 
linn"  fleshy  albumen,  contaim'ng  a  small  embryo.  —  Mostly  hoi'bs,  a  few  shrubby; 
with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  loaves,  no  stipules,  and  an  insipid  colorless  juice. 
Flowers  sometimes  in  perfect  cymes,  or  solitary  and  terminal  and  becoming  lateral 
by  the  forking  or  the  unilateral  continuation  of  tlio  stem,  or  more  commonly  re- 
duced to  either  geminate  or  single  scorpioid  and  bractless  false  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  are  in  the  following 'descriptions  simply  called  sjnkes  or  racemes.  —  Benth. 
Hydrophyll.  in  Linn.  Trans,  xvii.  272  ;  A.  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  287  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  312. 

A  family  of  about  120  species,  in  over  a  dozen  genera,  all  American,  except  a  few  outlying 
species  of  Jl'i/iirolca,  mostly  North  American,  and  nicreasing  in  number  and  variety  from  the 
Atlantic  coast  westward,  very  fully  represented  in  California.  Wholly  inert  plants,  of  no  eco- 
nomical importance  ;  but  several  of  the  Californian  species  are  familiar  ornamental  annuals  in 
general  cultivation. 

Tkibe  I.  HYDROPHYLLE/E.  Ovary  and  capsule  one-celled  ;  the  cell  lined  with  the  pla- 
centae in  the  form  of  a  rather  fleshy  or  when  dry  membranous  sac,  attached  primarily  to 
the  walla  l)y  two  parietal  lines,  enclosing  4  to  20  amphitropous  ovules  and  (often  by  abor- 
tion fewer)  seeds.  Stylo  2-iJoft.  Corolla  almost  always  convolute  in  the  bud.  Seeds 
aphorical  or  roundish-oval,  with  cartilaginous  albumen.     Herbs. 

♦  Flowers  in  crowded  or  capitate  clustora  :  stamens  and  stylo  longer  than  tlio  corolla.      Ours 

perennials,  with  calyx  not  appondaged  nor  much  enlarged  after  flowering. 

1.  Hydrophyllum.     Calyx  with  narrow  divisions.     Corolla  campanulato.     Filaments  bearded 

in  the  middle. 

♦  ♦  Flowers  solitary  on  slender  peduncles  or  loosely  racemose  :  stamens  and  stylo  shorter  than 

the  corolla  :  calyx  enlarged  after  flowering.     Winter  annuals. 

2.  Nemophila.     Calyx  with  a  reflexcd  lobe  at  each  sinus.     Corolla  rotate  or  opcn-campanulate, 

niiistly  longer  than  the  calyx. 

3.  Ellisia.     Calyx  naked  at  the  sinuses.     Corolla  campanulate,  shorter  or  little  longer  than  the 

Tribe  II.  PHACELIE^.  Ovary  1 -celled,  or  2-celled  by  the  meeting  of  the  two  narrow  or 
httle  ddated  placenta;  in  the  axis.  Style  2-cleft  (in  Romnmnflli  entire").  Capsule  loculi- 
cidal, separating  the  nlacentre,  which  usually  remain  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  2  valves, 
either  directly  or  on  the  half- partition.  Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Calyx  naked  at 
the  sinuses.  Seeds  between  amphitropous  and  anatropous,  with  cartilaginous  or  firm  fleshy 
albumen.     Herbs. 

♦  Leaves  all  opposite  and  entire. 

4.  Draperia.     Corolla  tubular-fuunelform,  destitute  of  internal  appendages.     Stamens  unequal 

and  unequally  inserted.     Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled,  4-seeded.     Flowers  in  a  terminal 
scorpioid  cyme. 


502  HYDROPHYLLACE/E.  Hijdrophyllum. 

♦  ♦  Leaves  all  or  all  but  the  lower  alternate  :  flowers  in  cymes,  scorpioid  spikes,  or  racemes,  or 
rarely  in  the  forks  of  the  stem. 

+-  Stylo  from  2-*  left  at  the  apex  to  2-parted. 

5.  Phacelia.     Calyx  of  5  similar  or  slightly  dissimilar  mostly  narrow  divisions.     Corolla  do- 

cidiioiiH,  not  yidiow.     Stamens  oijually  inserted  low  down.     Flowers  clustered,  spiked,  or 
racemud. 

6.  Emmeuauthe.      Corolla  yellow  or  cream-color  and  scarious-pei-sistent.     Otherwise  as  the 

preceding  genus. 

7.  Conanthus.    Calyx  of  very  narrow  and  similar  divisions.    Corolla  deciduous,  tubular-funnel- 

form  :  the  une(iual  stamens  unenually  inserted  on  its  tube.     Flowers  solitary  in  the  leafy 
forks  and  terminal. 

8.  Tricardia.     Calyx  of  3  outer  much  enlarging  cordate  sepals  and  2  inner  linear  ones. 

-I-  +-  Stylo  and  even  stigma  entire. 

9.  RomanzofiBa.    Calyx  of  similar  ilivisions.     Corolla  destitute  of  appendages.     Leaves  round- 

reuiform  and  cienate-lobed.     Flowers  racemed. 

♦  «  ♦  Leaves  (alternate)  all  radical :  peduncles  in  their  axils  1 -flowered  :  style  2-cleft  at  apex. 
10.  Hesperochiron.     Corolla  campanulate  or  nearly  rotate,  deciduous. 

TiuBK  HI.  NAMK.'E.  Ovary  (more  or  less  completely  2-celled),  capsule,  dehiscence,  &c., 
nearly  of  J'hticdicic.  Styles  2,  distinct  to  the  base,  their  tips  thickened  or  stigmas  capi- 
tate.    Herbs  or  shrubs. 

IL  Nama.     Corolla  funiiclform.     Capsule  membranaceous,  2-valvcd  ;  valves  undivided.     Low 

herbs  or  sullrutesfcnt  :  leaves  entire. 
12.  Eriodictyon.     Corolla  funnelform  or  almost  campanulate.     Capsule  crustuccous,  splitting 

into  4  equal  half-valves.     Shrubs  :  leaves  toothed. 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM,  Tourn.  WAXEaLEAF. 
Calyx  5-partecl  into  narrow  divisions,  nearly  unchanged  after  flowering ;  the 
sinuses  in  our  species  entirely  without  appendages.  C<irolla  campanulate,  5-lobed ; 
the  lobes  oval,  convolute  in  the  bud,  in  the  tube  a  nectariferous  grooved  appendage 
opposite  each  lobe.  Filaments  and  stylo  liliform  and  exsertud  beyond  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla  :  the  former  bearded  witli  some  long  hairs  near  the  middle  :  anthers 
linear  or  oblong,  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Ovary  hispid  with  stiff  straight  hairs,  4- 
ovuled.  Capsule  tardily  2-valved,  1  -  4-seeded.  —  Perennials  (an  annual  species 
in  the  Atlantic  States);  with  erect  and  sparingly  branching  stems  from  clustered 
horizontal  rootstocks,  mostly  pinnately  parted  long-petioled  leaves,  and  white  or 
violet  flowers  in  close  or  capitate  pedunculate  cymes. 

A  wholly  North  American  genus,  of  six  species,  f^MOwing  mostly  in  wooded  or  shaded  places ;  two 
of  them  peculiar  to  the  Hoi-ky  Mountain  and  Pacific  regions  and  found  in  California;  a  third,  y'vi. 

H.  ViitGiN'icuM,  Linn.,  is  common  to  the  Atlantic  States  and  Oregon,  and  may  be  looked  for 
on  our  northern  borders.  This  may  readily  be  known  by  being  comparatively  smooth,  and  with 
only  3  to  5  divisions  to  the  cauline  leaves,  which  are  of  ovato  general  outline. 

1.  H.  capitatum,  Dougl.  Only  a  spau  or  so  high,  in  tufts,  with  rather  small 
rootstocks  and  coarse  fleshy-flbrous  roots  :  leaves  soft-hirsute  or  pubescent,  and  with 
blade  shorter  than  the  petiole,  ovato  or  roundish  in  general  outline,  2  or  3  inches 
long,  pinnately  parted  or  at  base  divided  into  5  or  7  crowded  2  -  S-lobed  leallets  or 
divisions ;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronato  :  flowers  in  a  close  capitate  cluster 
on  a  very  short  {)eduncle  :  calyx  very  hispid  :  corolla  bluish  or  violet :  anthers  ob- 
long. —  ]k'Mth.  in  I.iiui.  Trans,  xviii.  273.  —  In  California  we  have  only 

Var.  alpinum,  AVat.son.  Almost  steudess,  the  comparatively  open  cymes  and  the 
petioles  of  the  leaves  rising  directly  out  of  the  ground  ;  the  calyx  more  white-hairy 
and  less  hispid.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  249. 

Sierra  Nevada  (Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Pulsifer  Ames)  to  Humboldt  Mts.,  Nevada,  Watson,  &c.  The 
ordinary  form  of  the  species  from  Utah  to  Washington  Territory. 


Nemophila.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  503 

2.  H.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  hirsutely  pubescent  or  above 
somewhat  hisjjid  :  leaves  elongated-oblong  in  general  outline,  parted  or  below 
divided  into  7  to  15  oblong  and  mostly  incised  divisions  :  peduncles  longer  than 
the  petioles  and  generally  surpassing  the  leaves  (4  to  9  inches  long),  bearing  one  or 
two  rather  small  and  capitate  clusters  of  bluish  flowers  :  calyx  very  hispiil  or  hispid- 

ciliate,  deeply  parted  into  lanceolate  rather  obtuse  divisions  :  anthers  linear. Proc. 

Am.  Acad.  x.  314.     //.  capitatum,  Torr.  Pacif.  K.  Kep.  iv.  125,  not  of  Dougl. 

Var.  WatSOni,  Gray,  1.  c.  Commonly  lower,  sometimes  only  a  span  or°80  high 
and  almost  stcmiesa,  rather  soft-pubescont,  especially  the  lower  side  of  tho  loaves, 
whi(!li,  as  well  as  tho  calyx,  is  often  palo  and  whitish  or  canoscont :  cymo  rather 
open.  — //.  macrophyllum,  vur.  occidtntale,  Watson,  Bot.  JCing  Exp.  248,  mainly. 

In  woods,  DufTield's  Ranch  in  tlie  SieiTa  Nevada  {Bujdow),  Mendocino  Co.  {Kdlogij),  and  in 
Ore";on.  Var.  IFatsoni,  Sierra  Nevada,  Bolander,  Anderson,  Mrs.  Ames;  thence  to  mountains 
of  Utali,  Watson,  Parry.  The  larger  and  more  hirsute  form,  with  corolla  4  lines  long  and  pale 
or  white,  and  liirsutn  pubescence,  approaches  the  eastern  H.  macrophyllum,  which  is  larger  and 
with  a  diircrent  calyx.  The  var.  Watsoni  has  rather  smaller  and  blue  flowers,  the  calyx  less 
hispid,  but  variable. 

2.  NEMOPHILA,  Nutt. 
Calyx  5-parted  and  with  a  supplementary  reflexed  lobe  at  each  sinus,  enlarging 
more  or  less  in  fruit.  Corolla  rotate,  or  inclined  to  campanulate,  deeply  5-lobed ; 
the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud ;  the  throat  appendaged  more  or  less  with  10  internal 
scales  or  plaits.  Stamens  and  mostly  the  style  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  fdaments 
naked  :  anthers  linear  or  oblong  and  sagittate.  Ovary,  capsule,  &c.,  nearly  as  in 
Iltjdrophyllum.  Ovules  4  (i.  o.  a  pair  on  each  placenta)  or  considerably  more 
numerous,  ripening  from  1  to  IG  seeds.  —  North  American  annuals,  tho  greater 
number  Californian,  germinating  in  autumn  and  flowering  tho  following  spring ;  with 
tender  herbage,  diffuse  ^r  at  length  procumbent  stems,  and  pinnatcly  lobcd  or 
divided  loave.s,  all  more  or  less  hirsute  :  peduncles  terminal  or  lateral,  one-flowered, 
slender  :  corolla  blue,  violet,  or  rarely  nearly  white.  IMost  of  tho  species  are  well 
known  in  the  gardens  as  ornamental  annuals. 

*  Leaves  mostly  alternate :  stems  lorn;  and  weak,  beset  with,  sparse  and  stiff  reflexed 
bristles  by  which  the  j^lant  is  disposed  to  climb ;  later  flowers  unaccompanied  by 
leaves  and  therefore  loosely  racemose,  ovules  only  4. 

,.}•  ^'  aurita,  Lindl.  Stems  1  to  3  feet  long  :  leaves  all  with  an  auriculate- 
dilated  and  clasping  base  or  winged  petiole,  above  deeply  pinnatifld  into  5  to  9 
oblong  or  lanceolate  and  mostly  retrorse  lobes  :  calyx  appendages  small  :  corolla 
violet,  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter,  its  internal  appendages  broad,  partly  free,  in 
pairs  at  the  base  of  each  stamen  .  seeds  globose,  reticulated  and  the  spaces  deeply 
sunken.  —  Bot.  Reg  t.  1601  ;  Brit.  FI.  Card.  ser.  2,  t.  338  ;  A.  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  290. 
Low  shady  grounds,  from  the  Sacramento  Valley  to  San  Diego. 

2.  N.  racemosa,  Nutt.  Weaker  and  more  slender  :  leaves  shorter,  rather  ovate 
in  out  ine,  with  fewer  divisions,  and  a  naked  petiole  not  auricled  at  base  :  flowers 
one  half  smaller,  tho  upper  ones  decidedly  racemose.  —  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c.  315. 

San  Diego,  Nuttall.     Catalina  Island,  Ball  &  Baker. 

*  *  Leaves  all  opposite,  not  auricled  at  base,  common!//  surpassed  by  (he  slender 
peduncles :  ovules  7  to  24,  rlprniny  about  4  to  1(1  seals;  these  usually  with  a  sort 
of  caruncle. 

3.  N.  maculata,  Bonth.  Loaves  lyratoly  pinnatind  into  5  to  9  short  lobos,  or 
the  uppermost  only  3-lobed  :  corolla  white  with  a  strong  violet  blotch  at  the  top  of 


j^Q^  lIYDROPIIYLLACEiE.  Xemophila. 

each  lobe ;  its  very  broad  internal  scales  hii-sute  on  the  free  edge  :  seeds  globular, 
nearly  smooth,  with  a  very  prominent  uipple-like  caruncle.  —  Lindl.  iu  Jour.  Hurt. 
Soc.  iii.  319,  &  Hg.  ;  I'uxt.  Mag.  xvi.  t.  G  ;  Fl.  Serres,  v.  t.  431. 

Coinmon  thn)Uf,'li  Uio  wostorn  luul  middlo  portioiia  of  the  State.  Corolla  over  an  iiicli,  but  less 
tliaii  2  iiii;lie.s  iii  iliamtaor. 

4.  N.  insignis,  Dougl.  Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7  to  9  oblong  and  some- 
times 2-3-lol;cd  small  divisions  :  corolla  bright  clear  blue;  its  internal  scales  short 
and  roundisli,  partly  free,  hirsute  with  short  hairs  :  seeds  oval,  somewliAt  corrugated 
or  tuberculate.  —  IJenth.  llydrophyll.  in  Linn.  Trans,  xvii.  275  ;  Bot.  J{eg.  t.  1713  ; 
13ot.  I^lag.  t.  3485.     iV.  Meuzitsii,  var.,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Eeechey,  372. 

Coinmou  in  low  or  ilaiui)  grounds,  (lisi)luying  its  bright  Uue  flowers  IVom  the  earliest  spring. 
Corolla  from  over  an  inch  down  to  little  over  half  that  diameter. 

5.  N.  Menziesii,  lluok.  &  Arn.  ymaller  than  the  preceding,  and  the  leaves 
less  divided  :  corolla  from  light  blue  to  nearly  white,  and  sprinkled  with  dark  dots 
or  spots,  at  least  towards  the  centre,  or  (in  cultivation)  the  spots  conlluent  into  a 
brownish  purple  eye  ;  its  scales  narrow  and  wholly  uillierent  by  one  edge,  the  other 
ed"e  densely  ciliate  :  seetls  oval  or  oblong,  either  even  or  more  or  less  tuberculate 
when  ripe.  —  Lot.  Beechey,  152  .k  372  (excl.  var.  ^).  N.  linljiora,  Fischer  &  Meyer, 
8ert.  Petrop.  t.  8.  N.  pedimculata,  Benth.  1.  c.  ;  small-llowered  form.  N.  atomaria, 
Fischer  &  Meyer,  1.  <■-.  ;  I'.ot.  Leg.  t.  1940;  Lot.  Mag.  t.  3774.  N.  discou/alU,  Fl. 
Serres,  ii.  t.  75,  a  cultivated  form  with  large  dark  eye  to  the  corolla. 

Low  or  shady  grounds,  not  unconunon.    Corolla  from  half  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  in  diameter. 

*   *   *    Upper  leaves  often  alternate  and  the  lower  opposite,  mostli/  longer  than  the 

pedu7icles,  and  slender-petioled :  flowers  small :  ovules  only  4  :  seeds  from  \   to  \  : 

caruncle  viostbj  deciduous  or  evanescent. 

0.  N.  parviflora,  Dougl.  Blender  and  weak,  or  procumbent  :  leaves  jiiunately 
5-9-partetl  or  cleft,  or  sometimes  many  only  3-5-lobed ;  the  divisions  obovate  or 
oblong,  obtuse  :  corolla  light  blue  or  whitish,  3  to  5  lines  in  diameter,  somewhat 
campanulate,  but  the  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  its  internal  appendages  oblong, 
wholly  adherent  by  one  edge,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  Benth.  1.  c.  iV.  parviflora 
&  iV.  pedunculata  (not  of  Benth.),  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  79.  iV.  heterophylla,  Fischer  & 
Meyer,  1.  c.,  a  rather  large-llowered  form. 

Low  and  shady  grounds  throughout  the  State,  and  north  to  British  Columbia :  very  variable  in 
size  and  folia-^e  Forms  with  larger  and  less  lobed  leaves,  all  the  upper  ones  alternate,  have  been 
mistaken  for"v.  viicrucal yx,  of  the  southern  Atlantic  States  ;  which  has  minute  calyx-appendages, 
and  the  smaller  corolla  destitute  of  scales  within,  its  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube. 

N.  BUEViKi.ouA,  Cray  {N.  parviflora,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.,  as  to  his  specimens),  oollect.-d 
in  the  mountains  of  Northern  Utah  by  Watson,  and  in  the  adjacent  Snake  Country  by  Tol- 
mie  mav  reach  the  northeastern  borders  of  the  State.  It  is  distinguished  from  N.  parvijiura 
by  the  oblong-lanceolate  acute  and  entire  divisions  of  the  3-  5-parted  leaves,  a  much  larger  calyx 
in  fruit  (3  lines  long),  and  horn  all  by  the  broadly  campanulate  corolla  bemg  decidedly  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  in  the  manner  of  Jillisia.  The  calyx-appendages  are  conspicuous.  In  W  atson  s 
specimens  the  leaves  are  all  alternate,  in  Tolmie's  all  that  are  developed  are  opposite. 

3.  ELLISIA,  Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted,  st(illatcly  enlarging  and  more  foliaceons  under  the  fruit,  the 
sinuses  destitute  of  a[.i)endages.  Corolla  either  narrowly  or  broadly  campanulate, 
mostly  short  in  proportion  to  the  calyx  ;  the  internal  appemlagcs  at  base  minute  or 
obsolete ;  the  lobes  in  the  Californian  species  usually  one  outside  and  one  inside  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  and  style  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  filaments  naked  :  anthers 
oval  or  cordate.  "Ovary,  capsule,  &c.,  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.  —  North  American 
annuals,  ours  commonly  germinating  in  autumn  and   floAvering  from  early  spring, 


^raperia.  HYDROPIIYLLACE^.  5O5 

more  or  less  hirsute  ;  the  leaves  opposite  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  once  to  thrice 
pinnatifid.  Flowers  small,  on  solitary  simple  peduncles  in  the  forks,  or  bractless 
and  loosely  racemose  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  :  corolla  white  or  whitish.  — 
(The  following  are  all  the  species  known,  excepting  the  Eastern  and  original 
E.  Nyctelea,  Linn.) 

§  1.  Leaves  once  pinnatebj  parted:  ovules  only  4  and  all  enclosed  in  the  dilated  invest- 
inrj  placentae  m  the  manner  of  tlie  tribe :  seeds  globose,  reticulated.  —  Ellisia 
proper. 

1.  E.  membranacea,  I'ienth.  Sparsely  beset  with  some  short  and  rigid  bristly 
hairs,  otherwise  glabrous  :  stems  a  foot  or  so  in  length,  weak,  soon  prostrate  : 
leaves  pinnately  divided  into  3  to  9  linear  very  obtuse  and  mostly  entire  divis- 
ions; the  petiole  wing-margined:  flowers  mainly  racemose  on  a  terminal  pedun- 
cle :  calyx-lobes  oblong  or  at  length  obovate,  very  obtuse,  rather  shorter  than  the 
open  campanulate  corolla,  not  exceeding  the  1  -  2-seeded  capsule. 

SIm<ly  ntul  dnmp  plams,  from  tlio  lower  pnrt  of  tho  valley  of  tho  Sacrainoi.to  to  San  Dicco 
Slos  '"     '^"'®^°'"-     ^^'^'"y  ^°''''"«  °"^y  ^  '"^v  scattorod  and  voiy  stout  flubulato 

§  2.  Leaves  mainb/  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid:  ovules  8,  viz.  a  pair  on  the  back  as 
tvell  as  on  tU  front  of  each  placenta:  seeds  oblong-oval,  dissimilar,  usually  two 
remaining  concealed  after  dehiscence.  —  Eucuypta.     (Eucrypla,  Nutt.) 
2.  E  Chrysanthemifolia,  Benth.     Somewhat  hirsute  and  pubescent :  stem  a 
ioot  or  two  high,  erect,  paniculatoly  branched  :    loaves  Tansy-like,  dissoctc<l  into 
very  many  small  and  short  divisions  :  llowors  all  loo.scly  racomoso  :  calyx-lobos  ob- 
long or  broadly  ova  ,  shorter  than  the  open-campanulato  corolla,  about  onuallincr  the 
small  capsule,  which  is  generally  0-soeded  :  the  mostly  4  ordinary  seeds  encTosed 
between  the  placentce  rugose-tuberculate  and  free  in  dehiscence;  while  between  each 
placenta  and  the  valve  (which  it  exactly  lines  and  is  conformed  to)  is  concealed 
^  ZflT'fT       Tl'r.^^'n'  ^^-^'l  =-  ^^J^^nce  Nuttall's  name.  -  Lcrypta  pani- 
c«/a^a  cfe  Yf ''^«.  Nutt.  PL  Gamb.  1.^9.    Phacelia  micrantha,  var.(])  bijnLaSfida, 
Torr.  in  Bot.  Ives  Colorado  Exped.  21.  •' 

Shady  grounds   not  uncommon  from  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  Snn  Diego.     Corolla  and  the 

8tellate..sprenchng  fruiting  calyx  about  3  lines  in  dinmotor,  sometimes  smaller     So  are  two 

X    edirtWWx  'Jh^b.^:  ''•:.'"'?•  ^ril^^-ly-loh-  "bovato  in  fndt.andVi'olla  barely 

abirHlSor^han  thi  eorolln      n  ?.r"*'"''  ''^'•\*"  ^'^^  '«"^''"''  '^"'^  "^'>""«  calyx-lobos  consider- 

^fcofNuSrs^r^^tt    ""*  *'"^  ^""  ^■"«''^''"'  ''''  '•"  ""^  «overali;„ccord  with  the  char- 

4.  DRAPERIA,  Torr. 
Calyx  5-parted  to  the  base  ;  the  divisions  or  sepals  filiform-linear.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar-funnel form,  with  5  short  lobes;  tube  within  destitute  of  appendages.  Stamens 
uiieciual  in  length,  and  unequally  inserted  low  down  on  the  tube  of  tho  corolla  in- 
cluded. Ovary  strictly  2-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  pendulous  from  near  the 
summit  of  each  cell.  Style  long  and  filiform,  2-cleft  at  apex.  Capsule  globose 
somewhat  didymous,  membranaceous;  the  thin  half-partition  adhering  to  the  middle 
of  each  valve,  mostly  without  the  thin  placental  i.ortion,  which  separates  with  tho 
4  seeds.  These  are  oval,  angled,  ami  with  a  smoothisli  close  coat.  —  A  single 
species,  peculiar  to  California. 

,n-.Vb?"l,®^.f^^f'T''''\  ^  \""'  '''F^'^^y  spreading,  grayish  silky-hirsute,  peren- 
nial herb  :  he  slender  stems  obscurely  woody  at  the  base  :  leaves  all  opposite,  ovate, 
entire,  slender-petioled  :  flowers  crowded  in   the  scnrpioid  spikes  of  a  pedunculate 


506  HYDROPHYLLACEJ?.  Phaceliu. 

once  or  twice  2-forke(l  or  2  -  4-rayed  cyme,  shoit-pedicelled  :   corolla  purplish.  — 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  401,  &  x.  316.     JVama  syslyla.  Gray,  1.  c.  vi.  37. 

Not  rare  in  sliailed  ami  wooded  ravines  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  the  elevation  of  4,000  to  5,000 
feet,  from  the  Yosemite  to  I'laeer  Co.  Corolla  less  than  half  an  inch  long.  Tliis  interesting  genus 
was  dedicated  by  Dr.  Toiicy  to  the  ilistinguished  Trofessor  Diaper  of  New  York. 

5.  PHACELIA,  Juss. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted  ;  the  divisions  usually  narrow  and  similar.  Corolla  from 
almost  rotate  to  narrow-funnelform,  deciduous,  commonly  with  appendages  upon  the 
inside  of  the  tube  in  the  I'orni  of  10  vertical  plates  or  lamellnj  ap[)roximate  in  |)air3 
between  the  buses  oi"  the  tiluments,  or  else  udnato  more  or  less  to  their  base  one  on 
each  side.  IStamens  ctpiuily  inserted  low  down  or  at  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovules 
and  seeds  from  4  (a  pair  to  each  placenta)  to  very  numerous.  —  Herbs,  mostly 
branched  from  the  base ;  with  simple  or  compound  alternate  leaves,  or  tlie  lower 
opposite,  and  more  or  less  scorpioid  spicate  or  racemose  cyraose  inflorescence.  Co- 
rolla blue,  violet,  purple,  or  white,  never  yellow,  except  sometimes  the  tube  or 
throat. 

As  now  received  (see  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  316),  this  genus  comprises  nearly  half  the  order,  viz. 
al)OUt  50  N.  American  species  and  two  or  three  of  Mexico  and  Chili.  One,  the  earliest-described 
species,  is  common  to  the  two  continents  and  ranges  almost  throughout  their  length.  The  genus 
is  mainly  western,  and  is  largely  icpresented  in  California  and  along  its  borders. 

§  1.   Ovules  and  seeds  only  4,  a  pair  to  each  placenta.  — Eupiiacelia,  Gray. 

*  Lower  leaves  opposite :  spikes  or  branches  of  the  cyme  hardly  at  all  coiling  (or  scor- 
pioid), destitute  of  hispid  or  hirsute  hairs  :  corolla-appendages  at  base  of  Jildinent 
short. 

1.  P.  namatoides,  Gray.  Annual,  barely  a  span  high,  with  opposite  ascending 
bmnchcs,  glulinuiM  luid  glaucitus  below,  glandular-pubescent  above  :  loaves  nar- 
rowly lance(ilut((,  (".nliru,  tuj)ering  into  an  obscure  petiole,  opjwsite  or  nearly  so  ;  the 
upi)ermost  only  alternate,  e(pialling  or  surpassing  the  rather  loose  cyme  or  its  si)ike- 
like  divisions  :  corolla  narrow-campanulate,  blue,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx  : 
stamens  and  at  length  deeply  2-parted  style  included. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  31G. 
Nama  racemosa,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Acad.  Calif,  v.  51. 

Wooded  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Calaveras  grove  to  Summit  Station,  liolander, 
Kelloijg.  Corolla  and  globular  capsule  each  only  a  lino  or  so  long.  Seeds  alveolate-reticulated. 
A  gciuiine  Phacelia  in  sti  ucture,  with  the  aspect  of  lYaiiia. 

*  *  Leaves  all  but  the  very  earliest  alternate  (as  in  the  genus  generally) :  2)ubescence 
or  some  of  it  hisjrid  or  hirsute,  especially  the  inflorescence  of  spikes  conspicuously 
coiled  in  the  bud,  and  mostly  in  jxiirs  or  cymose-clustered :  internal  appendages 
of  the  corolla  manifest,  and  more  or  less  united  with  the  base  of  the  fl laments. 

+■  Leaves  either  simpde  and  entire,  or  vrith  a  pair  or  two  of  siynilar  and  smaller  leaf- 
lets or  lobes :  capsule  ovate,  acute. 

2.  P.  circinata,  Jac(i.  f.  A  span  to  2  feet  high  from  a  perennial  or  biennial 
stout  root,  hispid,  uud  the  foliage  strigose,  either  green,  grayish,  or  canescent  with  a 
sottish  pubescence  :  leaves  varying  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute,  oblicjuely  and 
simply  straight-veined ;  tlie  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole  and  some  of  them  more 
commonly  bearing  one  or  two  pairs  of  lateral  leaflets  :  inflorescence  hispid  ;  the 
dense  spikes  tbyr.soid  and  crowded  :  corolla  whitish  or  bluish,  moderately  5-lobed, 
longer  than  the  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate  calyx-lobes  :  tilanients  much  exserted, 
sparingly  bearded.  —  Eclog.  i.  135,  t.  91 ;  A.  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  298.  P.  heterophylla, 
Pursh.     P.  Californica,  Cham. 


Phacelio.  HYDROPHYLLACE^..  507 

Var.  calycosa,  Gray,  1-  c.  Divisions  of  the  ciilyx  largor  and  more  fbliaceous,  at 
length  with  narrowed  })ase,  obovate-spatulate  or  oblong,  when  ohl  reticulated. 
.  Very  common  in  dry  open  grounds,  extending  north  to  I'ritish  ("oliimMa,  east  to  and  beyond 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  southward  into  Mexico,  and  even  to  Patagonia.  A  very  variable  sjjccies  ; 
the  more  dwarf  states  sometimes  with  neaily  leafless  an<l  scape-like  stem.  'J'he  variety  may  be 
common  in  California  ;  but  thus  far  .seen  only  in  a  cultivated  specimen  raised  by  E.  Hall,  and 
wild  from  Rorax  Lake  {Torrcy),  and  foot-hill.s,  Marijio.sa  Co.,  A.  Gray ;  also,  a  form  with  large 
and  green  entire  and  ovate  leaves,  collected  on  the  Mission  hills,  .San  Francisco,  by  Kellogg. 

3.  P.  Bre"weri,  Gray,  I.  c.  Foliage,  habit,  and  pubescence  as  in  the  foregoing, 
but  smaller  and  more  slender,  from  nn  annual  root  :  leaves  seldom  an  inch  long, 
many  of  them  3  -  S-parted,  tlie  lanceolate  lateral  lobes  a.scending  :  corolla  (barely  3 
lines  long)  more  broadly  campanulate,  blue  or  violet,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the 
linear  calyx-lobes  :  lUaments  glabrous,  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

On  Monte  Diablo,  on  dry  and  soft  sandstone.  Brewer.  In  character  this  approache.s  the  Chilian 
P.  brachyaniha,  Benth.  ;  but  that  has  softer  pubescence,  broader  and  almost  all  entire  leav&s, 
longer  calyx,  narrower  corolla,  and  still  shorter  stamens. 

4.  P.  humilis,  Torr.  &  Clray.  A  span  high,  diffusely  branched  from  a  slender 
annual  root,  pubescent,  or  the  indorosconco  hirsute  :  leaves  spatulato-oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  all  entire,  or  rarely  some  of  the  lower  with  1  to  3  lateral 
ascending  lobes,  the  veins  lax  and  sparingly  branching  :  spikes  at  length  slender, 
solitary  or  loo.3ely  paniclod  :  corolla  (2  or  3  lines  long)  l)right  indigo-blue,  rather 
deeply  5-lobed,  surpassing  the  linear  calyx-lobes  :  filaments  moderately  exserted, 
glabrous  or  bearded  with  very  few  hairs.  —  Pacif.  R.  Hep.  ii,  122,  t.  7  ;  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  250. 

Var.  calycosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  less-branched  and  more  slender  form,  with  corolla 
apparently  pale,  and  the  calyx-lobes  dilated-spatulate,  as  in  the  analogous  variety 
of  P.  circinata. 

Northeastern  part  of  the  State  ;  Sierra  and  Nevada  Counties,  at  .'i.flOO  to  0,000  feet  {Beckwith, 
Bohmdcr,  Lemmon)  :  also  in  the  adjacent  parts  of  Nevada,  Anderson,  Watson,  &c.  The  var. 
calycosa,  from  near  Mono  Lake,  Bolandcr.  Only  in  Bolander's  specimens  have  any  divided  leaves 
been  seen. 

-(-  +-  Leaves  simple,  rounded  and  cordate,  incisely  lobed  and  serrate. 

5.  P.  malvaefolia,  Cham.  Rather  tall  and  stout,  loosely  branching,  hispid  with 
spreading  or  retlexod  stinging  hairs,  and  the  foliage  more  or  less  pubescent  :  root 
unknown:  loaves  green,  membranaceous,  all  petioled,  somewhat  palmately  5-9- 
lo^ed,  acutely  toothed  (2  inches  or  more  in  diameter):  spikes  solitary  or  in  pairs: 
corolla  (pale  or  white  ("?),  3  or  4  lines  long)  surpassing  the  unequal  linear  and  spatu- 
late  calyx-lobes  :  stamens  much  exserted  :  seeds  alveolate-scabrous. 

Bay  of  San  Francisco,  Chnmisso  {\Am\^a.,  iv.  494) ;  not  since  detected,  until  lately  collected  by 
Dr.  Kellogg,  at  Potrero.     The  bristles  appear  to  sting  like  those  of  a  Loasa. 

-«--»--«-  Leaves  once  to  thrice  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  compound,  ohlonrj  or  narrower 
in  general  onfline :  style  2-parted :  corolla  light  violet  or  blue,  varying  to  white : 
calyx  {excepting  the  first  species)  bristly-hispid,  its  lobes  not  rarely  dissimilar.  An- 
nuals, the  species  dific,ult  to  discriminate. 

6.  P.  crenulata,  Torr.  A  span  or  a  foot  high,  viscid-pubescent  and  very 
glandular,  and  the  calyx  birante  but  not  hispid  :  leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong  in 
outline,  crenatoly  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  or  at  l)aso  lyratoly  divided  ;  the  lobes  short 
and  rounded,  the  larger  ones  oblong  and  .sometimes  crenatoly  incised  :  spikes  clus- 
tered:  corolla  rotate-campanidate,  bright  violet :  stamens  and  .stylo  much  exserted  : 
calyx-lobes  oblong-linear  or  sonrnwhat  spat\date,  (M]tiiiIIitig  the  glolndar  capsule: 
seeds  with  corky-thirkened  and  transversely  corrugated  inlh'xed  margins  and  contml 
ridge. — Watson,  Bot.  King  P'xp.  2r)l. 

Near  the  border  of  the  State  in  Washoe  Co.,  Nevada,  Lemmon.  The  deeply  pinnatifid  form  : 
occurs  through  Nevada  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 


508  IIYDROPHYLLACE^.  •  Phacelia. 

7.  P.  tanacetifolia,  Bonth,  Erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  ronghish-hiisute  or  hispid  : 
leaves  D- 17  dividetl  into  linear  or  oblong-liuciir  ouee  or  twice  piiiiiately-purLed  or 
cleft  divisions,  all  aessilo  or  nearly  so;  the  lohes  small  and  mostly  linear  ol)loiig  : 
spikes  cymosely  chistered,  at  length  elongated;  the  very  short  pedicels  ascending 
or  erect :  corolla  light  violet  or  bluish  :  stamens  and  style  usually  very  much 
exserted  :  calyx-lobes  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  oval 
or  oblong-oval  capsule.  — Bot.  Keg.  t.  1G9G  ;  Brit.  ¥\.  Chad.  ser.  2,  t.  3G0  ;  Hook. 
Bot.  ilag.  t.  3703. 

Sandy  or  gi-ivelly  banks  of  streams,  &c.,  tlnougliout  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Generally- 
well  marked  by  its  much  dissected  Tansy-like  foliage,  which  gives  the  specific  name  :  this  is 
jMirticulaily  applicable  to  the  form  called  by  Thurber  var.  ienutfolia  (Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  143),  a 
very  fine-leaved  state. 

8.  P.  ramosissima,  Dougl.  Divergently  branched  or  straggling,  bolow  merely 
pubescent  or  hispid,  above  hispid  and  commonly  glandular-viscid  :  leaves  pinnately 
5  -7-divided  or  parted  into  oblong  or  even  linear  pinnatilid-incised  divisions  :  spikes 
clustered  and  elongating  little  in  age,  the  short  pedicels  soon  horizontal  :  stamens 
and  style  moderately  exserted  :  calyx-lobes  from  linear  or  spatulate  to  obovate,  more 
than  twice  the  length  of  the  almost  globular  capsule.  —  Benth.  in  Linn.  Trans, 
xvii.  280  ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  80.  J\  lauuctti/olia,  var.  luti/olia,  Thurber  in  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  143. 

Var.  hispida,  (iray,  1.  e.  Conspicuously  bearded  with  long  and  white  spreading 
bristles,  like  Borrage,  especially  the  spikes,  which  are  more  open  and  racemose  in 
fruit,  sometimes  elongated  :  calyx-lobes  from  narrow  spatulate-linear  to  more  broadly 
spatulate,  in  fruit  sometimes  half  an  inch  long. 

D17  ground,  apparently  from  San  Fianciseo  Bay  to  the  southern  limits  of  the  State,  and  in  all 
the  dry  regions  east  of  the  crests  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  whence  it  ranges  far  northward  and 
southward,  passing  into  the  foregoing.  The  var.  hispida,  a  striking  and  less  known  form,  if 
not  distinct  species,  occurs  from  Santa  Barbara  southward,  Nuttall,  Xuntas,  Torrcy,  Cleveland. 

9.  P.  ciliata,  Benth.  1.  c.  A  span  or  two  high,  resembles  depauperate  or  low 
forms  of  the  two  preceding  with  less  dissected  foliage  :  leaves  rarely  divided  but  much 
incised  or  cleft  and  toothed  :  spikes  simple  or  in  pairs,  at  length  loosely-tlowered, 
the  short  i)edicels  ascoiKling  iji  fruit :  stamens  and  commonly  the  style  not  surpass- 
ing the  more  o])en  or  almost  rotate  corolla  :  calyx-lobes  from  linear-lanceolate  to 
ovate,  thin,  bristly  only  or  chielly  along  their  edges  (whence  the  specilic  name). 

Near  the  coast,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  and  the  Sacramento  southward.  Tlie  included  stamens, 
if  constant,  should  mark  this  sjjccies. 

V.  PHVLLOMANICA,  Gray,  is  a  remarkable  new  species  of  this  subdivision,  most  j)eculiar  in 
having  all  or  a  part  of  tlio  sepals  pinnatitid  or  trilid  and  foliaceous  ;  and  the  j)ube3i;enco  is  very 
soft.     It  was  discovered  ou  (Juadalupo  Islanil,  Lower  California,  by  Dr.  E.  I'alnur. 

§  2.  Ovules  and  seeds  several  oi'  numerous  to  each  placenta,  the  latter  not  transversely 
corrugated :  tube  of  the  corolla  aj^pendac/ed  ivith  10  internal  vertical  plates  or 
lamellce  in  pairs.  —  Eutoca,  Gray.     {Eutoca,  11.  Brown.) 

*   Stamens  and  style  capillary  and  much  longer  than  the  open-campanulate  corolla. 

+■  Perennial,  silky -pubescent  or  canescent :  leaves  once  to  thrice  2>innatijid. 

10.  P.  sericea,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high  :  stems  simple,  rather  leafy  :  leaves 
with  numerous  narrow  ami  mostly  linear  lobes  :  (lowers  much  crowded  in  a  narrow 
spike-like  cluster  :  corolla  violet-blue  or  sometimes  whitish,  cleft  to  the  middle, 
persistent  in  fruit  around  the  base  of  the  capsule  (as  in  no  other  8])ecies);  the  in- 
ternal appendages  oblong  and  free  from  the  stamens  :  style  2-ch:ft  at  the  ajiex  ou]y  : 
seeds  12  to  18,  ribbed  and  reticulated.  —  Amer.  Jour,  ycience  (18G2),  xxxiv.  254;; 
Watson,  ]>ot.  King  Exp.  252,     Kutoca  saricea,  (Jraham;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3003. 

In  the  higher  mountiiins  of  Nevada  (as  well  as  in  the  Rocky  Mountains),  also  in  the  south- 
eastern borders  of  Oregon,  and  thence  northward  ;  therefore  probably  in  the  northern  sierras  of 
California. 


Phacelia.  HYDROPHYLLACEiE.  50<J 

-f-  -H  Perennials,  with  soft  and  not  bristly  puhescence :  corolla  sJiort-campanulale,  vnth 
very  large  ami  broad  internal  appendages  united,  in  pairs  to  or  across  the  base  of 
the  filament :  leaves  all  petioled :  stems  nearly  simj^le  :  floivers  cymose-clustered. 

11.  P.  hydrophylloides,  Torr.  A  span  or  two  high  from  a.  thickened  root  or 
rootstock,  canescently  pubescent,  above  hirsute  and  glandular :  leaves  silky-pubes- 
cent both  sides,  ovate  or  rhombic  (an  inch  or  two  long),  obtuse,  incisely.  few-toothed 
or  lobed,  or  the  lowest  lyrate,  liaviug  one  or  two  nearly  separate  small  basal  lobes  : 
flowers  in  a  glomerate  pedunculate  cyme,  the  short  si)ikes  of  which  hardly  lengthen: 
corolla  violet  or  whitish  :  anthers  short-linear  :  style  almost  2-parted  :  capsule  about 
the  length  of  the  slightly  hispid  calyx,  short-pointed,  G-8-8eeded.  —  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  400,  &  x.  323. 

Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  in  the  liigher  sierras,  from  Mariposa  to  Sierra  Counties,  Brewer, 
Bolander,  Lcmmnn,  &c.     Has  the  aspect  of  a  Uydrophyllum,  whence  the  name. 

12.  P.  procera,  Gray,  1.  c.  Several  feet  high,  minutely  soft-pubescent,  glan- 
dular at  summit :  leaves  green  and  membranaceous,  2  to  5  inches  long,  ovate- 
lancoolato  and  ovate,  acute,  mostly  incised-pinnatilid  or  cleft ;  the  lobes  2  to  4  pairs 
and  acute  :  spikes  ii\  a  2-partod  or  crowded  oynio,  somewhat  lengtlienod  when  old  : 
corolla  white  or  bluish:  authors  oblong;  stylo  cloft  hardly  to  tho  middle:  calyx  not 
at  all  hispid  :  capsule  nearly  blunt,  10-  18-seeded. 

Mountain  meadows  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  4,000  to  6,000  feet,  in  Nevada  and  Sierra  Counties, 
Bolander,  Lemmon. 

•+-•«--(-  Annual,  bristly  hispid,  branching. 

13.  P.  loaScCfolia,  Torr.  A  foot  high,  very  hispid  with  long  and  spreading 
bristly  hairs  (as  in  P.  malvafolia,  which  it  resembles),  also  viscid-pubescent :  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  or  the  lower  almost  cordate,  more  or  less  pinnatifid  and  the  lobes 
incisely  toothed  :  spikes  rather  crowded  :  corolla  whitish,  a  little  longer  than  the 
calyx-lobes ;  the  senn-cordate  broad  internal  appendages  auriculate-inflexed  at  the 
base,  where  they  are  united  with  the  base  of  the  filament,  free  and  pointed  at  the 
apex:  ovules  12  to  18.  — Eutoca  loasafolia,  Bcnth.  1.  c. 

Near  MontCTey,  Dongla%  Parry.  Seldom  collected  and  little  known  ;  in  aspect  between  P. 
malv<B/oiia  and  P.  ramosissima. 

*  *  Stainens  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  rotate-campamtlate  corolla. 

+■  Appendages  of  the  corolla  large,  semi-ohovnte,  the  pairs  united  at  base  before  the 
base  of  the  filament :  root  perennial? 

14.  P.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Hispid  with  slender  bristles,  above  viscid-pubescent: 
stem  stout,  a  foot  or  two  liigh,  loosely  branched  :  lower  and  radical  leaves  lyrate 
and  oblong  in  oulrline,  at  base  usually  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  small  and  incised 
lateral  divisions  ;  the  terminal  division  and  the  short-petiolcd  upper  leaves  ovate  or 
oval  (2  or  3  inches  long),  coarsely  lobed  or  toothed,  truncate  or  subcordato  at  base  : 
cymes  once  to  thrice  forked,  the  divisions  racemose  :  corolla  large  (almost  an  inch 
in  diameter),  white ;  its  internal  appendages  almost  as  broad  as  long  :  anthers  ob- 
long ;  style  cleft  to  near  the  middle  :  ovules  40  or  50  on  each  dilated  placenta  : 
capsule  ovate,  acute,  many-seeded.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  322. 

Mendocino  Co.,  on  Cottonaby  Creek,  20  miles  north  of  Noyo,  Bolaudrr.  A  strikinsr  and  pe- 
culiar species,  allied  in  moat  respects  to  No.  10  and  11,  in  others  to  P.  Innsoc-folm  ;  but  the 
stamens  and  style  sligiitly  if  at  all  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  ample  and  almost  rotate  corolla. 
It  is  uncertain  if  the  root  is  perennial. 

-I-  +-  Appendages  of  the  corolla  long  and  narrow,  free  from  (lie  filaments:  calyx-lobes 
linear:  style  2-cleft  at  apex:  annuals,  a  span  to  afoot  high. 

15.  P.  Franklinii,  Gray.  Soft-hirsute  or  jnibescent :  stem  simple  or  corymbose 
at  summit :  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  divided  or  parted  into  numerous  short 


510  HYDROPIIYLLACE.E.  Phacdiu. 

oLlong  or  linear  lobes  ;  tlie  lower  petioled  ;  tlie  upper  sessile  and  less  divided  : 
flowers  cyniose-elustered  :  corolla  pale  blue  or  nearly  white  :  capsule  about  tlio 
length  of  the  calyx  :  ovules  40  or  more :  seeds  minutely  alveolate  in  vertical  lines. 
—  Eutoca  Frauktiiiil,  \\.  lUown  in  Frunkl.  Jour.  App>  t.  27;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2985. 

Southwastcrii  bonlitrs  of  Idaho,  iiiul  themforo  Hkuly  to  occur  in  tho  iiorlheuslem  borduis  of 
Culifornia  :  c.xloiids  iiuilln-ustvvuid  to  Liiko  Superior  uud  Boar  Luko. 

IG.  P.  Menziesii,  Torr.  Cinereous  pubescent,  and  above  mostly  roughish-hir- 
sute  or  even  hispid,  at  length  paniculately  branclied  :  leaves  usually  sessile,  linear  ur 
lanceolate  and  entin-,  or  some  ot"  them  cleft  into  2  to  5  linear  or  lanceolate  entire 
divisions  or  lobes  :  inflorescence  thyrsoid-paniculate,  the  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes 
at  lengtli  elongatetl  and  strict  :  corolla  bright  violet,  varying  to  while  :  capsule 
shorter  than  the  calyx  :  ovules  12  U)  lb  :  seeds  oblong,  reticulate-]ntted.  —  llijdro- 
phi/Uum  lineare,  Purali.,  Kl.  i.  \\S\.  J'Jutoc.a  Mi'mitsii,  Jv.  Jirown,  1.  c. ;  Hook.  liot. 
Mag.  t.  3702.      E.  maUijlura,  Duugl.  ;  Lindl.  Lot.  Keg.  t.  1180. 

Coinniou  iu  open  {ground  tliruuj,^li  tlic  norths  n  part  of  tlie  Sii'iiii  Ncviidu,  tlionce  to  Utah,  Hiit- 
ish  Columbia,  ice.  It  is  veiy-lloriferous  aud  handsome  ;  the  corolla  usually  deep  violet,  half  to 
three  fourths  of  an  inch  iii  dianietei-. 

*  *  *   Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla  (in  No.  20,  21,  sometimes  equalling   it)  : 
iiijlorcscence  sj/ici/orm  or  racemose. 

4-   Leaves  jiinnalijul,  eloinjatcd-oblontf  or  sputulate  ;  the  lobes  short  and  obtuse  :  apjicn- 
daijes  of  the  corolla  narrow  and  nearly  free  from  the  fdaments. 

++•  Floivers  (small)  in  at  length  elongated  spikes. 

17.  P.  brachyloba,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  erect,  roughish-pubescent,  above 
viscid-glandular:  leaves  short-petioled  ;  the  7  to  15  lobes  entire  or  obtusely  few- 
toothed  :  spikes  solitary  or  in  pairs,  slender  :  flowers  very  short-pedicelled  :  lobes  of 
the  campanulate  nearly  white  corolla  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube:  style  2-cleft 
above  the  uuddle  :  capsule  oblong-oval,  very  obtuse,  thin,  shorter  than  the  calyx  : 
seeds  G  or  fewer  to  each  placenta.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  324.  EtUoca  brachyloba, 
Benth.  1.  c. 

Near  JUIonterey  and  Santa  Ikrbara,  in  o])en  ground,  Douglas,  Brewer,  Torrey. 

++  -n-  Flowers  loosely  racemose  and  long-pedicelled :  stems  loiv  or  diffuse,  a  span  or 
less  high :  leaves  mainly  at  or  near  the  base. 

18.  P.  Douglasii,  Torr.  Pubescent  and  hirsute  with  mostly  spreading  hairs  : 
leaves  clongatcd-ohlong  or  linear  in  outline,  pinnatitid  or  pinnately  parted  into  sev- 
eral or  numerous  pairs  of  lolies;  the  terminal  lobe  hardly  larger  than  the  others  and 
not  parallel-veined:  caly.x-lobes  sputulate:  corolla  oi»en-campanulate,  rather  large: 
ovules  12  to  14  on  each  ililated  placenta:  capsule  ovate,  nmcronate. — Futoca  Doug- 
lasii, Benth.  1.  c. 

Open  grounds,  rather  common  from  Monterey  southward.  In  aspect  considerably  resembling 
Nemophila  insitjnis.  Pedicels  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  spreading.  Corolla  lialf  an  inch  high, 
and  proportionally  broad  when  expanded. 

19.  P.  Davidsonii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Low  and  depressed  :  hoary  with  appressed  hir- 
sute hairs  and  a  minute  close  pid)escenco  :  leaves  deeply  pinnatilid  into  one  or  two 
pairs  of  triangular  entire  lateral  lobes,  and  a  much  larger  oblong  or  lanceolate  termi- 
nal one,  tho  cons))icuous  veins  of  which  are  nearly  parallel,  or  some  ujjper  leaves 
entire  :  racemes  few-flowered  :  calyx-lobes  oblanceolate  or  linear  :  corolla  small 
(3  lines  long),  violet-colored  :    ovules  8  or  10  to  each  placenta. 

Kern  Co.,  California,  Prof.  Davidson.  In  aspect  resembling  tlie  species  of  tho  next  section  and 
P.  humilis,  but  with  the  long  pedicels  of  the  preceding ;  tho  llowers  much  smaller. 

-t-    4-  Leaves  entire,  or  the  loiver  rarely  1  -  2-lobed,  not  cordate,  the  veins  parallel  or 
converging  as  in   P.   circinata  :  no  glandular  pubescence :  calyx  hirsute  or  hispid 


Phacelia.  HYDROPHYLLACEiE.  511 

with  long  spreading  futirs ;  appendages  of  corolla  united  to  the  base  of  the  fila- 
ments. 

20.  P.  circinatiformis,  Gray.  Erect,  a  span  high,  hispid  and  pubendent : 
leaves  ovate  and  ohlongdanceolate,  conspicuously  j)arallei  veined,  soniewliat  strigose  : 
raceraes  or  spikes  dense  :  corolla  narrow,  almost  funnelforin,  little  longer  than  the 
calyx,  apparently  pale  or  white,  much  surpassing  the  stamens  :  ovules  about  4  to 
each  placenta.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  325.     Eutoca  phacelioides,  Benth.  1.  c. 

California,  Doiiff/n.i ;  only  known  in  his  collection,  probably  from  Montoroy.  Una  tho  oflpoct 
of  a  small  foriii  of  /'.  circinala. 

21.  P.  curvipes,  Torr.  DilFuse,  3  or  4  inches  high,  hirsute  and  puberulent : 
leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  jjctiole  :  racemes  simple, 
soon  loose  ;  the  lower  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  corolla  open-campanulate,  violet 
or  blue:  style  2-cleft  to  the  middle:  ovules  8  or  10  to  each  placenta.  —  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  2.52. 

Eastern  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ( JVatsoii),  extending  to  Owens  Valley,  Dr.  Horn.  Re- 
sembles P.  humilvi.  Pedicels  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long,  even  the  lowest  not  commonly 
deflcxed  and  then  upturned  ;  so  that  the  name  is  seldom  apiilicable.  Corolla  3  lines  long  :  the 
hispid  calyx  in  fruit  4  or  5  lines  long. 

22.  P.  divaricata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffusely  spreading,  a  span  high,  more  or  less 
hirsute  and  pubescent :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly  longer  than  the  petiole,  occa- 
sionally 1  -  2-toothed  or  lobed  at  base,  the  veins  curving  upwards  :  spikes  or  racemes 
at  length  loose  :  the  pedicels  usually  much  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  style  2-cleft  at 
the  apex  :  corolla  open-campanulate,  pretty  large  (three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
otor  when  expanded),  violot :  ovules  1 2  to  20  on  each  placenta.  —  Eutoca  divarimta, 
Bonth. ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Hog.  t.  1784;  Hook.  Bot.  ]\lng.  t.  370(1.  E.  Wrnngeliana, 
Fischer  &  Meyer;  Don,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  sor.  2,  t.  302,  a  form  with  loaves  inclined  to 
he  1  -  2-lobed  or  toothed. 

Common  about  San  Francisco  Bay,  &c.  :  a  showy  species  in  cultivation. 

+-  -t-  -t-  Leaves  entire  or  creyiate-lohed,  roundish ;  the  veins  divergent,  mosthj  obscure  : 
pubescence  glandular,  not  at  all  hispid:  appendages  of  the  narroiv-campanulate 
tvhite  corolla  nearly  free  from  the  unequal  filaments :  fiowey-s  small  (only  about  2 
lines  long)  in  a  loose  raceme. 

23.  P.  pusilla,  Torr.  1.  c.  Only  2  or  3  inches  high,  slender  :  loaves  roundish- 
oval  or  oblong,  entire,  seldom  half  an  inch  long  :  llowers  few  on  fdiform  pedicels  : 
capsule  narrow-oblong,  obtuse  and  slightly  pointed,  18- 24-seeded. 

Under  sage-brush  and  junipers,  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  extending  to  the  borders  of  Califor- 
nia,  JFatson. 

24.  P.  rotundifolia,  Torr.  1.  c.  Diffusely  branched,  slender,  2  to  4  inches 
high  :  leaves  thin,  round-cordate,  crenately  7  -  13-toothed  or  somewhat  lobed,  much 
shorter  than  the  petiole  :  flowers  on  perlicels  shorter  than  the  calyxdobes  :  style 
obscurely  2-cleft  at  the  apex:  capsule  oval-oblong,  abruptly  pointed,  60-100- 
seeded. 

Southeastern  borders  of  California  (on  the  ^lohavc,  &c.  Conpcr)  to  Southern  Utah.  Leaves  half 
an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  nearly  palmately  veined. 

§  3.  Seeds  (several  or  numerous)  transversely  corrugated :  ofltertvise  as  in  §  2.  Low 
annuals :  stamens  vnequal  and  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  style  2-cleft  only  at 
the  tip.  —  MicnooENETES,  Gray.     [Aficrogenetes,  A.  D(3.) 

•   Corolla  almost  rotate,  the  tube  being  shorter  than  the  lobrs :  the  internal  appendages 
10  transverse  callous  ridges  just  below  the  throat,  remote  from  the  .<!tamrns. 

25.  P.  micrantha,  Torr.  Slender  and  delicate  herb,  branching  and  spreading 
or  procumbent,  slightly   hirsute  and  glandular  :  leaves  thin,  pinnately  parted  into 


512  HYJDKurilYLLACE.E.  Phacdiu. 

5  to  9  obovate  or  oblong  mostly  entire  divisions ;  the  upper  with  dilated  and  some- 
times auricled  and  i)artly  olas[)ing  base ;  the  lower  with  margined  petiule  ;  racemes 
yeuunate  or  panielcd,  very  loitse  :  ))edicels  as  long  as  calyx  :  curoUa  blue  with  yel- 
lowish tube  (barely  '1  lines  bri)ad),  little  surpassing  the  spatulato  eidarging  calyx- 
lobes  :  cai)sule  glitbuhir,  liU  -  L'l-seeded  :  seeds  cylindraceous,  ineiirvod,  very  doeply 
rugose  transvei-siily  and  tuberculate.  —  Hot.  ^lex.  Bounil.  144;  Cray,  I'roc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  327. 

Along  the  Rio  Colorado  {I'arnj,  Bhjelow),  and  eastward  through  S.  Arizona  to  tlie  Kio  Grande. 

«  *  Corolla  funnelfoi'iiL  or  cyliiitlruceuus  ;  the  internal  appe^idaijes  vertical,  long  and 
narroiv,  united  more  or  less  extensively  to  the  base  of  the  jilaments :  style  more  or 
less  hairy  below  :  haves  pinnatijld  and  with  naked  petioles:  seeds  Jinely  reticulated 
as  well  as  coarsely  ruyose.     {Phacelia  §  Euylypta,  Watson.) 

+-  Corolla  white  or  pale  purple,  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

26.  P.  Ivesiana,  'lurr.  A  span  high,  diilusely  branched  from  the  base,  hir- 
sute-pubescent and  glandular  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7  to  15  linear  or 
oblong  divisions,  rarely  twice  pinnatitid  :  racemes  loose,  6-20-flowered  :  appendages 
of  the  corolla  almost  free  from  the  lilament  :  calyx-lobes  linear  :  cajtsule  oblong, 
16-24-seeded.  —  Lot.  ]ves  Colorado  Exp.  21. 

Arizona  from  the  borders  of  California  {Ives),  Soutliern  Nevada,  and  Utah. 

-«-   -t-  Corulla  conspicuously  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  limb  mostly  bright  purple  or 
violet-blue ;  the  throat  and  tube  whitish  or  yellowish. 

27.  P.  Fremontii,  Torr.  1.  c  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  much  branched  from  the 
base,  viscid-puberulent :  loaves  simply  pinnatihd  into  7  to  15  obovato  or  short- 
oblong  mostly  entire  lobes  :  llowera  sliorL-pedicelled,  crowded  in  an  elongating 
spike  :  funnelform  corolla  (3  to  5  lines  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  spatulate 
calyxdobes;  the  appendages  united  below  to  the  lilament  :  capsule  oblong,  20 -3U- 
seeded. 

From  Koru  County  llirouyli  Western  Arizona  and  Southern  Nevada  to  Soutliern  Utah. 

28.  P.  bicolor,  Torr.  Diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  barely  a  span  high, 
viscid-pid>e.scent :  leaves  twice  pinnately  parted  or  merely  i)innatiiid  into  small 
shortdincar  or  oblong  lobes :  racemes  or  spikes  loosely  10-20-llowered  :  funnelform 
corolla  (5  to  7  lines  long)  about  thrice  the  length  of  the  almost  linear  calyx-lobes  ; 
the  long  and  narrow  appendages  united  for  more  than  half  their  length  with  the 
filament,  forming  a  narrow  tubular  cavity -behind  it:  capsule  oval-oblong,  about 
16-seeded. — Watson,  Bot.  King  Ex[).  255. 

Eastern  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Siena  Co.,  Lcmmon,  &.C.),  and  adjacent  parts  of  Nevada, 
fn-st  collected  by  Dr.  Anderson.  The  largest-flowered  of  these  species;  the  rather  showy  corolla 
purple,  witli  a  yellowish  tuVie  and  eye. 

29.  P.  gymnoclada,  Torr.  1.  c.  Branched  from  the  base,  low,  somewhat  viscid- 
pubescent;  the  primary  branches  decumbent,  long  and  naked  below:  leaves  obovate, 
oval,  or  oblong,  obtusely  toothed  or  almost  pinnatihd,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
petiole  :  spikes  several-llowereil :  the  short-funnelh)rm  corolla  (3  or  4  lines  long) 
not  twico  tlio  length  of  the  obscurely  spatuhite  and  hirsute  calyx-l(d)es  {\U>  appen- 
dages as  iu  the  jirecoding)  :  capsule  oval,  or  oblong,  5-  lli-seeded. 

Truckee  Pass  and  Winneniucca,  Watson,  Lcmmon.  Therefore  probably  within  the  eastern  border 
of  California.  Lenimon's  specimens  are  better  developed  tlian  Watson's,  without  such  long  naked 
branches  from  tlie  loot  ;  the  ovules  about  12,  only  -1  or  5  ripening  into  pretty  largo  seeds  :  the 
capsule  oval  or  elliptical. 

30.  P.  crassifolia,  Torr.  1.  c  Diffusely  branched,  3  or  4  inches  high,  viscid- 
pubescent  :  leaves  thickish  and  rather  fleshy,  rougbish,  half  an  inch  or  less  long, 
oblong-ovate,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  the  lower  with  some  short  blunt  teeth, 


J'lx'c^w.  H  Y  DROPII Y LL A CK/K.  5  ]  ^ 

tlio  upper  entire  :  raooiiies  loosely  fow-llowcrod  ;  short  pedicels  sprcaflini,' :  fmmcl- 
ibrm  corolla  (3  or  4  lines  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  linear  calyx-lobes; 
the  appendages  small  and  obscure  :  cai^ulc  ovoid,  6  -  8-seeded.  —  Watson,  1.  c. 
I?eese  River  Valley,  Nevada,   JVatson.     Not  unlikely  to  be  also  Califoinian. 

§  4.  Like  §  2,  but  no  appendarjes  ivithin  the  rotate-campanulate  corolla  or  on  the  base 
of  (he  filaments  :  ovules  and  seeds  very  numerous  on  the  dilated  placenta',  the 
latter  pitted :  very  glandular  annuals.  —  Gymnobytiius,  (Jray. 

31.  P.  viscida,  Terr.  A  foot  or  two  high,  branching  and  hirsute  at  base,  very 
glandular-viscid  above  :  leaves  ovate  or  obscurely  cordate,  doubly  and  irregularly 
toothed  or  incised,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  flowers  in  loose  racemes  :  corolla  dee"!)  'j'^i^ 
with  purple  or  pale  centre  (sometimes  white),  from  6  to  10  lines  broad,  about  the 
length  of  the  very  slender  filaments :  style  2-parted :  capsule  ovate,  abruptly  pointed. 
—  liot.  iMcx.  l5ound.  143  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  Eutoca  viscida,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1808; 
I  Jot.  ]\Iag.  t.  3572.      Cosm.anthus  {Gymnohythus)  viscidus,  A.  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  29G. 

Var.  albiflora,  (Jray  {Ktdoca  a Ihiflora, ^  l^xxtt),  is  a  white-flowered  form,  other- 
wiH(>  similar. 

Opru  giouiitls  near  tlio  coast,  from  Santii  Hnrlmra  soiitliwanl. 

32.  p.  grandiflora,  Gray,  1.  c.  Very  like  the  preceding,  perhaps  more  hispid 
at  the  base  of  the  stem  ;  but  the  light  blue  or  white  almost  rotate  corolla  about 
double  the  size.  —  Eutoca  r/randiflora,  Benili.  1.  c.  E.  speciosa,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb. 
l.)8,  Cosmanthns  (Gymnobythus)  fjrandiflorus,  A.  DC.  1.  c. 

Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  Ihuglns,  Nultall,  Pcckham,  Cleveland,  kv. 

§  5.  Like^  4,  hut  with  a  small  truncate  or  emarqinate  scale  adnate  to  the  inner  base 
of  each  capillary  exserted filament:  style  2-cleft  above  the  middle:  corolla  either 
oblong-campanulate  or  open-campamdate  :  q'lavdidar  annuals  — Whitlwu 
(4ray. 

*    Corolla  open.-cam2Kmulate  :  ovules  and  seeds  jiot  very  numeroris. 

33.  P.  Parryi,  Torr.  1.  c.  A  span  or  two  high,  hirsute  or  even  hispid  as  well 
as  glandular-viscid  :    leaves  ovate,  irregularly  doubly  toothed  or  laciniate,  or  the 

owest  pinnate ly  jiarted,  the  upper  cauline  longer  tlian  their  petioles  :  racemes  very 
loose  at  ength  ohnigatod  :  i)edicol8  widely  spreading,  slender  (from  half  to  a  full 
inch  long) :  corolla  cleft  beyond  the  middle,  deep  violet  with  a  yellowish  or  white 
O-myed  eye,  lialf  an  inch  long,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  narrow  calyx-lobes : 
filaments  boarded,  a  little  exserted  :  ovules  20  or  30  to  each  i)la(;enta. 
Near  San  Diego  and  Los  Angeles,  Parry,  Cooper,  &c. 

34.  P  longipes,  Torr.  Apparently  low,  slender,  loosely  branched,  glandular 
and  slightly  hispid  (base  of  the  stem  unknown)  :  cauline  leaves  round-oval  or 
cordate,  coarsely  and  obtusely  5  -  8-toothed  (half  an  inch  l-mg),  shorter  than  their 
petines:  racemes  very  loose:  corolla  hardly  half  an  inch  long,  apparently  white. 
..-cleft  to  the  middle,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  spatulate-linenr  sparsely  hispid 
calyx-lobes:  style  rather  deeply  2-cleft :  ovules  only  8  or  10  to  each  placenta:  seeds 
lew.  —  Gray,  1.  c.  322. 

Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Torrcy.     No  one  else  has  yet  met  with  it. 

*  *  Corolla  oblonrj-campannlate,  the  tube  cylindraceous-ventricase :  ovules  and  seedji 
very  numerous  on  the  dilated  placentoe.  —  (  Whitlavia,  Harvey.) 
35  P.  Whitlavia,  Gray.  About  a  foot  high,  loosely  branching,  hirsute  and 
glandular:  leaves  ovate  or  deltoid,  obtusely  and  incisely" toothed,  longer  than  the 
petiole  :  raceme  loose  and  elongating  :  tube  of  the  viol.^t '(or  rarely  white)  corolla  an 
inch  or  so  long,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  n.un.led  lobes  an.l  of  the  narrow 
calyx-lobes  :   stamens  conspicuously   exserted.  —  Whitlavia   yrandiilora,    liarv.    in 


514  llYIHiOPIlYLLACE.E.  Emmenanlht. 

Loml.  Jour.  But.  v.  312,  t.  11  ;  Hmjk.  Hot.  May.  t.  4«13.      ir.  vuaor,  Iluivey,  1.  c, 
a  depauperate  form. 

Los  Angeles  to  San  fk-rimrdino,  Coulter,  JVallacc,  AnliscU,  ic.  Piizcd  in  cultivation,  as  are 
several  of  the  foregoing  species. 

6.   EMMENANTHE,  Benth. 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  divisions  similar.     Corolla  campanulate,   yellow  or 
cream-colored,  persistent.     Otherwise  as  in  Pluiceiia  §  Eutoca  &  Microgenetes.     Low 
Calitbrnian  annuals.  —  C^ray,  Proc.  1.  c.  x.  328.     Emmenanthe  &  MiltUzia,  A.  DC. 

§  1.  IttsanblliKj  r/iacelid  §  Microf/eiieles :  seeds  more  or  less  rugose  transinnsely : 
Jlowtrs  siiudl :  calyx-lobes  broader  upivards.  —  MlLTiTZlA,  Gray.  (Millitsiu, 
A.  DC.) 

*  Corolla  briijht  yelloiv,  merely  5-lubed,  exceeding  or  at  least  equalling  the  calyx  both 
in  Jioiver  and  in  fruit,  tvithering-persistent  and  enclosing  the  capsule;  the  tube 
within  mostly  luith  10  narrow  appendages  :  style  2^^'sistent :  herbage  pubescent. 

1.  E.  parviflora,  CI  my.  Low  and  depressed,  ratlier  densely  pubescent,  viscid  ; 
leaves  deeply  [jiMUiitilid  :  Uowera  si)icate-crowded,  very  short-pedicolled  :  corolla  not 
longer  than  the  almost  linear  sepals:  stylo  hardly  longer  than  the  20  -  4U-ovuled 
ovary.  — Pacil".  li.  Pep.  vi.  85,  t.  15,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  328. 

Shore  of  Lake  Klamatli,  Oregon,  Newberry.  Tlierefore  proLaLly  extending  into  the  noilheni 
borders  of  California. 

2.  E.  lutea,  Cray,  1.  c.  Difluse,  minutely  pubescent,  somewhat  viscid  but 
slightly  if  at  all  glandular  :  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  incisely  few-toothed  or  pin- 
natitid  :  Howers  rather  crowded  in  short  racemes  :  corolla  (3  lines  long)  surpassing 
the  spatulate-linear  calyx-lobes  :  style  filiform,  uiuch  longer  than  the  about  12- 
ovuled  ovary.  —  E.  p>arviJiora,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  257,  not  of  Gi-ay.  Eutoca 
lutea,  Hook.  &  Arn.  I5(jt.  Beechey,  &  Ic.  PI.  t.  354.     Miltitzia  lutea,  A.  DC. 

Northeastern  part  of  tli(!  Sierra  Novadu  (^/uZtrsovi,  IVulson,  he),  and  through  Nevada  to  the 
borders  of  Idaho. 

3.  E.  glandulifera,  Torr.  ]\Iore  slend(;r,  3  to  5  inches  high,  diffuse,  glandular 
as  well  as  viscid  :  leaves  small  (half  an  inch  or  less  in  length),  oblong  or  spatulate, 
incisely  few-tootlied,  or  tlio  u[)per  entire  :  flowers  numerous  in  slender  spikes  or 
racemes  ;  corolla  narrctwly  campanulate,  exceeding  the  linear  calyx-lobea  :  style  lili- 
Ibrm  :  ovules  0  to  12.  —  Wahsou,  Hot.  King  Kxp.  257.' 

Eastern  side  of  tho  Sierra  Nevada,  iit  ("arson  City,  on  the  bordorH  of  California,  Jiidersan,  ll'at- 
son.     Corolla  2  lines  long  ;  no  appendages  detected.     Perliaps  only  a  variety  of  the  preceding. 

«  *  Corolla  apparently  nearly  tvhite,  5-cle/t,  usually  shorter  than  the  calyx  and  cap- 
sule ;  internal  appendages  not  manifest:  leaves  rathei'  fleshy  and  entire,  tapering 
into  a  petiole  :  capside  8  -  \0-seeded. 

4.  E.  glaberrima,  Torr.  1.  c.  Wholly  glabrous  and  glandless,  stout  and  some- 
Avhat  succulent,  a  sj^an  or  less  high,  diffusely  decumbent :  leaves  oblong-spatulate  or 
obovate  (half  an  inch  or  more  long),  some  of  the  lower  occasionally  2  -  4-toothed  : 
flowers  few  or  several  in  short  or  at  length  elongated  spikes  or  strict  racemes ;  pedi- 
cels short  and  appressed  :  corolla  not  exceeding  the  thick  spatulate  or  oblong  calyx- 
h)bes,  hardly  surpassing  the  glabrous  ovary,  rather  shorter  than  the  lirm-coriaceous 
capsule,  which  is  jiointed  with  the  indurated  base  of  the  stylo.  —  Wutson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  257  ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

Low  saline  ground,  Humboldt  Sink  and  Reese  Valley,  Nevada,  JVatson,  on  whose  authority  it 
is  said  to  bo  tlie  "Eutoca  nrdiaidcs"  of  the  IJotany  of  the  Ives  Colorado  Expedition.  Not  yet 
found  within  California,  but  may  be  expected.  Fruiting  calyx  and  capsule  2^  lines  long,  thick, 
tardily  dehiscent. 


IVkanUa.  HYDROPIIYLLACE^-:.  515 

5.  E.  pusilla,  Clray.  Soft-pubescent,  an  inch  or  two  high,  erect,  <at  length 
brancliecl  t'roni  the  base  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  spatulato,  2  to  5  lines  long  and 
with  slender  petiole  of  equal  lengtli  :  flowers  3  to  7,  scattered  in  a  filiform  loose 
raceme,  the  primary  one  scapiform  ;  pedicels  spreading :  corolla  about  half  the 
length  of  the  linear  and  obscurely  spatulate  calyx-lobes  and  also  of  the  ovoid  very 
obtuse  and  pointless  capsule  :  style  very  short  and  deciduous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
xi.  87. 

Northwostorn  Novndn,  IFatson  (young  snociinons,  takon  for  a  statt;  of  J'haccfia  pusilla),  also 
Jjcmmon.  Calyx  in  blossom  one  lino,  in  fnut  2  lines  long.  Corolla  apparently  white,  persistent, 
investing  the  base  of  the  capsule.     Seeds  strongly  coirugatod. 

§  2.  Larger,  with  loose  2^fifi'icled  racemes :  seeds  coarsely  2^ittcd :  calyxdohes  broader 
downtvard  :  style  deciduous  :  corolla  cream-colored,  with  short  rounded  lobes, 
destitute  of  appendages.  —  Emmenanthe  i)roper. 

6.  E.  penduliflora,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  villous-pubesceut,  some- 
what viscid  :  leaves  pinnatitid;  the  lobes  iiumerou.^,  short,  somewhat  toothed  or 
incised  :  pedicels  filiform,  at  base  sometimes  brivcted,  as  long  as  the  at  length  nod- 
ding flowers  :  filaments  almost  free  from  the  broadly  campanulate  unwithering 
corolla  :  ovules  about  IG. 

Open  ground,  not  mre  from  Lake  Co.  to  San  Diego,  extending  cast  to  Southern  Utah.  Flowers 
handsome  :  corolla  almost  half  an  inch  long.     Seeds  a  lino  long. 

7.    CONANTHUS,  S.  Watson. 

Cnlyx  deeply  5-pnrtod,  the  lobes  very  narrow  and  similar.  Corolla  funnolfonn, 
not  appendagod,  deciduous.  Stamens  unequally  inserted  nroro  or  less  high  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  slender.  Stylo  2-cleft  at  apex,  sometimes  nearly 
entire:  stigmas  capitellate.  Ovary  and  capsule  2-cclled,  10- 20-seeded.  Seeds 
with  a  thin  nnd  translucent  coat,  nearly  smooth,  the  sid('S  obscurely  rugose  or 
excavated  when  mature. — "Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  25G ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
X.  329.     Eidoca  (?)  sect.  Conanthus,  A.  DC. 

1.  C.  aretioid.es,  Watson,  I.e.  A  small  and  depressed  winter-annual,  repeatedly 
forked  from  the  very  base,  two  or  three  inches  high,  soon  forming  a  matted  tuft, 
liirsute-hispid,  flowering  copiously  a  long  time  :  leaves  spatulate-linear  (an  inch 
or  less  long) :  flowers  sessile  in  the  forks,  half  an  inch  long :  corolla  with  a  nar- 
row tube  and  rather  ample  limb,  purple.  —  Eutoca  aretioides,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot. 
Beechey,  374  ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  355. 

Dry  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  adjacent  portions  of  the  interior  region,  from  Oregon 
to  Arizona.  Plant  with  mostly  the  characters  of  Noma,  except  tlie  united  styles.  Stamens  and 
stylo  varying  in  length  and  height  of  insertion,  npi>arently  from  dimorphism. 

8.  TRICARDIA,  Ton. 
Calyx-lobes  or  sepals  very  dissimilar,  tliree  ouf cr  ample  aiid  round-cordate,  thin- 
lierbaceous,  enlarging  and  becoming  scarious  and  reticulated  with  ago  ;  the  two 
inner  small  and  linear.  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  deciduous ;  internal  appen- 
dages 10  narrow  plaits,  free  and  rather  distant  from  the  unequal  filaments.  Style 
2-cleft.  Ovary  glabrous,  incompletely  2-cellod  :  ovules  4  to  each  placenta.  Flowers 
raeomo.Ho,  vntlior  few  :  corolla  pin-plisli.  — S.  Wataon,  Bot.  King  Kxp.  258,  t.  21. 

1.  T.  WatSOni,  Torr.  in  Bot.  King,  1.  o.  A  low  perennial,  branched  from  the 
base,  a  8])an  high,  rottony-puboscont,  but  nearly  glabrous  when  old  :  leaves  all  alter- 
nate, entire ;  the  radical  aiul  lower  caulino  spatulatelanceolate  (one  or  two  inches 
long)  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole;   the  upper  much  smaller  and  more 


P^^Q  liYDKUPliYLLACEyE.  Romumujia. 

oblong,   shovt-petioled  or  sessile  :  pcilicels  recurved  in  fruit :  the  enlarged  heart- 
almpod  supiils  mucji  iuir^'or  thim  thu  ovivto  pointed  8-sooded  capsule  ;  sUiniuua  and 
stylo  inchultiil. 
Tnickuo  I'ubs,  kc,  Nuvmlii,  Walson.     Probably  oxtoniling  to  tlio  Culiforiiiii  lino. 

9.  ROMANZOFFIA,  Cham. 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  similar.  Corolla  more  or  less  funnelform,  not 
appendaged  Avithiu,  deciilnous.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  unecpial.  Stylo  undivided,  liliform  :  stigma  small,  entire.  Ovary  and  the 
retuse  capsule  2-celled  or  nearly  so.  Ovules  and  pitted-reticulated  seeds  numerous, 
on  narrow-linear  placentai.  —  Low  and  delicate  perennial  herbs,  with  the  aspect  of 
Saxifrages  :  the  leaves  mainly  radical,  all  alternate,  round-cordate  or  reniform,  cre- 
nately  7-11-lobcd,  long-peti(dcd  :  the  scapes  or  (lowering  stems  raccmosely  or  pa- 
niculately  and  loosely  biiVend-Uuwored.  Coiollu  pink  or  purple,  varying  to  white, 
delicately  veiny. 

A  genus  of  two  species,  the  original  one,  11.  Unalasclikensis  of  Chaniisso,  found  only  on  Una- 
laska  and  adjacent  islands. 

1.  R.  SitcheiiBis,  Hongard.  Slender  filiform  rootstocks  bearing  small  grain-like 
tubers  :  scapus  weak,  a  s[)an  long  :  i)udicels  spreading  and  lunger  than  the  llowers  : 
calyx-lobes  glabrous,  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  capsule:  style  long  and  slender.  —  Veg.  Sitka,  41,  t.  4  : 
Hook,  f  IJot.  Mag.  t.  6109. 

In  shady  woods  along  the  Coast  Range,  especially  m  redwoods,  from  Santa  Cruz  northward  ; 
extending  to  Alaska. 

10.  HESPEROCHIRON,  S.  Watson. 

Calyx  5  parted,  rarely  G-7-partod,  and  the  lanceolate  or  linear  lobes  sometimes 
unecpial.  Corolla  canipanulate  or  rotate,  5-cleft,  rarely  6  —  7-cleft,  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  base  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  unecpial,  included  :  lilaraents 
subulate.  Ovary  partly  one-celled,  tapering  into  a  short  style,  which  is  barely 
2-cleft  at  the  tip  :  stigmas  minute.  Ovules  immerous,  on  dilated  placentaj,  borne 
on  incomplete  semi-dissepiments.  Capsule  loculicidal,  15  -  20-seeded.  —  Dwarf 
and  stemless  perennials  or  possibly  biennials,  soft-pubescent;  with  spatulate  or 
oblong  entire  leaves  on  margined  petioles,  and  from  their  axils  naked  one-ilowered 
scapes,  of  about  the  same  length,  bearing  a  solitary  purplish  or  uearly  white  flower. 
Base  of  the  calyx  obscurely  adnate  to  the  broad  base  of  the  conical-ovate  ovary  : 
seeds  rather  large,  and  with  a  somewhat  fleshy  minutely  reticulated  coat.  —  Bot. 
King  Exp.  281,  t.  30;  Gray,  1.  c.  330. 

An  anomalous  genus,  hut  probably  of  this  order,  peculiar  to  California,  Oregon,  and  the  adja- 
cent interior  region.  Only  ono  siiucies  has  been  found  in  California,  and  it  is  doulttful  if  the 
Bocond  is  distinct. 

1.  H.  CaliforniCUS,  "Watson,  I.  c.  Leaves  cojjious  in  a  rosulate  tuft  (an  inch 
or  two  long,  besides  the  petiole  into  which  the  bhule  abruptly  contracts  or  gradually 
tapers):  corolla  obloiig-campanulate ;  its  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube. — Ourisia 
Calif ornica,  Benth.  Bl.  Ilartw.  327.  II.  lati/ulius,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad, 
v.  44,  a  large  state. 

Hills  and  meadows  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  the  Yoscniite  nortliward  to  Washington  Territory, 
and  east  to  Nevada  and  Utah.     Corolla  from  5  to  8  or  y  lines  long  :  the  lobes  oblong. 


Namn.  IIYDROrHYLLACE^.  517 

n.  PUMILUS,  PoTtcT  (T''i/lars>a  pumila,  Dougl.  ;  Oriscb.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  70,  t.  157),  has  fewer 
leaves  from  <i  more  slender  rootstock,  and  a  nearly  rotate  corolla  with  lobes  longer  than  tlie  tube, 
this  densely  bearded  within.  It  grows  in  springy  or  marshy  ground,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of 
Idaho  and  Northern  Utah  (nearOgden,  HatjcLen),  &c. 

11.    NAMA,  Linn. 

Calyx  deeply  4-parte(l.  Corolla  funnelform  or  somewhat  salverform  ;  the  tube 
(lostil.uto  of  intorunl  appondagoa.  Staninna  often  iinoqnal,  and  unequally  inaortod, 
intdudod.  Stylos  2,  di.stiiuit  to  the  base  :  stiyniaa  Roniowliat  capitate.  Capsule 
thin,  completely  or  inconi[)letoly  2-cellod  by  the  mooting  or  approximation  in  the 
axis  of  the  two  thin  and  dilated  placenttiR,  2-valved  ;  the  valves  entire.  Seeds  usu- 
ally numerous.  —  Low  herbs  or  sufTrutescent  plants;  with  entire  leaves,  and  purple, 
bluish,  or  white  flowers.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  337,  viii.  282,  &  x.  330. 

The  species  are  all  American,  excepting  one  in  the  Sandwich  Islands,  most  numerous  near  and 
in  Mexico.  Of  the  seven  known  within  the  United  States  four  inhabit  California  ;  and  n  fifth, 
N.  stcnocarpinn,  Gray,  common  on  the  southern  border  of  Arizona  (and  well  marked  by  its  almost 
linear  capsule)  may  yet  be  found  near  the  southeastern  frontiers  of  our  State. 

§  1.  Annuals,  pubescent  or  hirsute :  flowers  terminal  and  lateral  or  in  the  forks,  short- 
pedwicled  or  sessile  :  seeds  with  a  thin  and  translucent  close  coat. 

1.  N.  hispidum,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  repeatedly  forked,  hirsute  or 
hispid  :  leaves  linear-spatulate,  most  of  the  upper  ones  sessile  :  liowers  lateral  and 
solitary,  or  3  to  5  in  terminal  and  one-sided  nearly  bractless  clusters:  sepals  narrow- 
linear,  hardly  if  at  all  broadened  upward,  shorter  tlian  the  purple  corolla  :  capsule 
narrowly  oblong,  30-40-seeded  :  seeds  nearly  smooth. 

Along  the  Rio  Colorado  (mostly  a  low  form,  with  soft  pubescence,  and  occasionally  3  or  4  styles 
and  placentae!),  thence  east  to  Texas. 

2.  N.  demissum,  Gray.  Dwarf  and  depressed,  commonly  2  or  3  inches  high, 
pubescent,  hirsute,  or  sometimes  rather  hispid  :  leaves  linear-spatulate,  all  or  most 
of  them  tapering  into  a  petiole  :  ilowers  subsessile  in  the  forks  :  sepals  very  naiTOw- 
linear,  not  at  all  broader  upward,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  bright  purple  or 
"crimson"  corolla:  capgulo  ehort-oblong,  10- IG-scodod. 

Interior  (loHort  region,  from  the  Uio  Colorado  and  tlio  Mohnvo,  tlirongli  W.  Arizona,  Nevada, 
and  Utah,  to  Waslnngton  Territory.  Flowers  showy,  ns  in  Conmif.kus,  which  it  much  resembles 
(but  that  has  the  styles  united  into  one)  :  corolla  4  or  5  or  even  0  lines  long  :  fihunents  very 
unequally  inserted,  somewhat  subulate.     Seeds  much  larger  and  fewer  than  in  the  preceding. 

3.  N.  Coulteri,  Gray.  A  span  high,  diffusely  branched,  hirsute-pubescent  and 
somewhat  viscid :  leaves  short,  oblong-spatulate,  the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole  : 
flowers  short-pedicelled  in  the  forks  :  sepals  with  spatulate-dilated  tips,  not  half  the 
length  of  the  narrow  funnelform  corolla:  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  50- 60-seeded  : 
seeds  obscurely  wrinkled  or  pitted. 

No.  4G3  of  the  Califoniian  collection  of  Coulter  ;  not  since  found  ;  perhaps  really  collected  in 
Arizona  or  Mexico. 

§  2.   Suffruticose,  silky-rvoolly  :  flowers  clustered. :  ovary  and  styles  hirsute. 

4.  N.  Lobbii,  Gray.  Depressed  and  procumbent,  forming  broad  matted  tufts  ; 
the  older  stems  woody  and  rigid  :  leaves  narrowlj--  spatulate  or  linear,  tapering  to  a 
nearly  sessile  base,  an  inch  or  two  long  ;  the  younger  ones  Avhito  with  tlio  soft  vil- 
lous wool;  tho  older  becoming  naked  and  thnir  margins  r('V()Iul(\  morn  or  less  ]ior- 
sistent:  flowers  clustererl  in  the  upper  axils  and  at  tho  summit:  sepals  very  slender, 
more  than  half  tho  length  of  tho  funnelform  purple  corolla  (this  half  an  inch  long). 

On  rocks,  &c.,  not  rare  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  first  collected  by  Lobh. 
Fniit  riot  vt  Rppn. 


518  BORRAGINACE.^].  Eriodidyon. 

12.  ERIODICTYON,  Benth. 
Calyx  deeply  S-parted,  the  lobes  or  sepals  not  broader  upwards.  Corolla  fiiiinel- 
form  or  approaching  «;;unpanulato  or  salvorform.  JStanions  more  or  less  iiiLJiideil. 
Stylos  2,  distinct  to  the  base ;  thoir  tips  or  the  stignuis  clavato-capitate.  (Japsule 
cnistaceous,  small,  globose-ovato  and  pointed,  2-cellod  and  with  dilated  placenta', 
4-valved,  i.  e.  at  lirst  loculicidal  in  the  manner  of  the  tribe,  then  septicidal,  thus 
splitting  into  four  hard  and  thick  half-valves,  closed  by  a  portion  of  the  partition 
on  one  side  and  partly  open  on  the  other.  Ovules  rather  numerous,  but  seeds  few. 
—  Low  shrubs  (Californian,  &e.);  the  leaves  alternate,  of  rigid  coriaceous  texture, 
pinnately  veined  and  with  finely  reticulated  veinlets  conspicuous  on  a  fine  woolly 
ground  (whence  the  generic  name),  at  least  underneath,  their  margins  beset  witli 
rigid  teeth,  the  base  tapering  into  more  or  less  of  a  petiole.  Flowers  in  scorpioid 
cymes  collected  in  a  terminal  panicle  :  corolla  violet  or  purple,  varying  to  white. 
Filaments  variably  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  sometimes  almost  up  to  the 
throat.  —  Benth.  But.  .Sulph.  35. 

1.  E.  tomentosum,  Benth.  White  or  in  age  rusty-colored  with  a  dense  coat 
of  short  villous  down,  G  to  10  feet  high;  branches  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  oblong 
or  oval,  very  rigid,  obtuse  (2  to  4  inches  long) :  calyx  and  corolla  villous,  the 
latter  somewhat  salverform  and  about  twice  tlie  length  of  the  former,  —  Torr.  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  148.     E.  a-assi/oHum  &  U.  tomentosum,  Benth.  1.  c. 

San  Gabriel  and  Fort  Tejon  to  San  Diego,  &c.     Corolla  hardly  half  an  inch  long. 

2.  E.  glutinosum,  Benth.  Smoothish,  glutinous  with  a  resinous  exudation, 
3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  (3  to  6  inches  long)  lanceolate,  irregularly  serrate  or  nearly 
entire,  whitened  beneath  between  the  reticulations  by  a  minute  close  woolliness, 
glabrous  above  :  cymes  in  a  long  naked  panicle  :  corolla  tubidar-funnellonn,  thrice 
the  length  of  the  sparsely  and  slightly  hairy  calyx. —  ]Vi(jandia  Califoraica,  Hook. 
k  Arn.  Bot.  Jieechey,  3(54,  t.  88. 

Dry  hills  ;  common  throngh  the  western  and  southern  portion  of  the  State.  Corolla  half  an 
inch  long.     Infusion  of  the  balsamic-rcsiniferous  leaves  in  spirit  used  as  a  tonic. 

K.  ANou.sTiroi.iu.M,  Nutt.  1*1.  fianil).  (A',  glutinosum,  var.  anguslifolium,  Torr.),  is  found  only 
in  the  interior,  from  S.  Nevada  and  Utali  to  the  adjacent  borders  of  New  Mexico.  It  is  barely 
distinguished  from  E.  g/utinosum  by  its  linear  leaves  with  revolute  margins,  and  almost  campau- 
ulate  corolla  only  2  or  3  lines  long. 


Order  LXV.    BORRAGINACE^. 

Mostly  roughish-pubescent  herbs,  with  colorless  and  inert  juice,  alternate  entire 
leaves  without  stipules,  scorpioid  inflorescence,  and  perfect  regular  5-andr()Us  llowers; 
the  ovary  of  4  lobes  or  divisions  around  a  central  style,  ripening  into  seeil-liko 
nutlets,  or  when  undivided  4-celled  and  4-ovuled  and  splitting  into  nutlets  (if 
drupaceous  containing  Heed-like  Htcnies).  Calyx  free,  /)-j)arled  or  fi-cleft,  pi  isist- 
ont.  Corolla  with  a  Globed  lind),  commonly  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
distinct,  inserted  in  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla  alternate  with  the  lobes  :  an- 
thers 2-cclled,  opeiung  lengthwise.  Ovules  solitary,  anatropous,  ami)hitro[»ous,  or 
almost  orthotropous  ;  the  orifice  and  the  radicle  of  the  straight  end)ryo  (mostly  with- 
out albumen)  always  superior  or  when  the  nutlets  are  horizontal  centripetal,  or  in 
one  anomalous  genus  inferior  in  an  erect  nutlet.      Lower  leaves  not  rarely  opposite. 


BORRAGINACE^.  519 

Tho  onc-sidcfl  and  coiled  apparent  spikes  or  racemes  straigliten  as  the  blossoms 
develop  :  these  sometimes  scattered  :  bracts  frequently  wanting.  Echinm,  an 
Old  World  genus  with  irregular  corolla  and  stamens,  has  not  reached  California 
(although  tho  common  species  is  naturalized  in  the  United  States) :  nor  are  there 
any  of  the  first  and  second  tribes  with  fleshy  or  berry-like  drupaceous  fruit ;  these 
belonging  mainly  to  tropical  regions.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  48. 

A  rathnr  largo  order,  of  vvido  distribution,  comprising  l)ctween  60  and  70  genera,  of  no  econotni- 
cnl  importance,  except  tliat  tlio  roots  of  several  yield  a  red  dye,  and  those  oT  Comfrey  were  of  re- 
pute in  popular  menicino  as  a  demulcent,  while  some,  such  as  Heliotropes  and  Forget-me-nots, 
arc  cultivated  for  ornament.  Altiiough  the  ("alifoniiau  genera  arc  hardly  more  numerous  than 
those  of  the  Atlantic  States,  the  species  are  twice  as  many. 

As  in  the  foregoing  order,  tho  scorpioid  flower-clusters  are  termed  spikes  or  racemes,  although 
the  flowers  are  not  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts,  when  these  are  present. 

EcHiniocAUVA  AuizoNiCA,  Gray,  a  new  genua  of  a  single  species  from  the  middle  of  Arizona, 
is  doubtless  wholly  out  of  our  range.  The  asjject  of  the  plant  is  wholly  that  of  an  Eritrichinm  : 
but  the  nutlets  are  as  it  were  stipitate  and  indexed  over  the  short  free  style,  with  the  thick 
and  cartilaginous  elongated  bases  or  stalks  united  in  pairs,  the  whole  bearing  some  likeness  to 
four  viper-heads. 

Tribe  I.  CORDlEiE.  Style  terminal,  once  or  twice  forked  ;  the  branches  tipped  with  a 
simple  stigma.     Ovary  laterally  4-lobed  or  entire.     Generally  woody,  ours  herbaceous. 

1.  Coldenia.     Corolla-lobes  imbricated  or  partly  convolute  in  the  bud.    Style  simply  and  deeply 

2-cleft.     Fruit  separating  into  4  (or  by  abortion  fewer)  one-seeded  diy  nutlets. 

Tribe  II.  HELIOTROPIE^E.  Style  tenninal,  sometimes  very  short  or  none,  entire :  stigma 
a  fleshy  ring  or  the  margin  of  a  disk,  which  is  mostly  surmounted  by  a  conical  append;ige. 
Ovary  entire  or  laterally  2  -  4-lobed.  Inflorescence  unilateral.  Herbs  or  sometimes 
shrubby  plants. 

2.  Hellotropium.     Corolla  imbricated  in  tho  bud,  with  tho  sinuses  plaited.     Fmit  splitting 

into  4  one-seeded  or  2  two-celled  and  two-seeded  nutlets;. 

Tribe  III.  BORRAGE/E.  Stylo  central,  entire  or  nearly  so,  tcnninated  by  a  single  stigma 
or  pair  of  stigmas  destitute  of  any  aj)pendage,  its  base  surrounded  by  the  divisions  of  the 
deeply  4-parted  ovary,  which  in  fruit  are  separate  dry  nutlets.  Inflorescence  mf>st]y  uni- 
lateral and  scorpioid.  Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  shrubby  plants,  commonly  scabrous  or 
hispid. 

*  Nutlets  naked  in  the  base  of  the  equal  and  unchanged  calyx. 

4-  NntlotB  fixed  by  thoir  vory  Imso  to  a  Hat  roceptiudo,  oront ;  tho  Rear  flat  mid  rather  sinnll. 

3.  Llthospermum.     Nutlets  bony.     Flowers  loafy-bractod.     Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  tho 

bud,  as  in  all  the  following  but  No.  4. 

4.  MyoBotis.     Nutlets  thin-crustaceous,  smooth.     Inflorescence  bractless.     Corolla-lobes  con- 

volute in  the  bud. 

+-  +■  Nutlets  fixed  by  some  part  of  the  inner  angle  or  face,  either  next  the  base  or  higher  up,  to 
a  conical,  low-pyramidal,  or  more  elevated  receptacle  (gynobase), 

++  Unarmed  and  except  one  species  unappendaged,  erect. 

5.  Mertensia.     Flowers  violet  or  blue.     Nutlets  rather  fleshy,  becoming  coriaceous.     Smooth 

or  H()ft-i)ubcscent  perennials. 

6.  Amsinckia.      Flowers  bright  yellow.      Nutlets  roriacooua  or  crustaccoua,  fixed  above  the 

base.     Cotyledons  4,  that  is  each  of  the  pair  2-parted  !     Hristly-hispid  annuals. 

7.  Eritrichium.      Flowers  in  o\n-s  wiiite.      Nutlets  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  ovato  or  tri- 

angular.    Hirsute  or  hispid,  mostly  annuals. 

++  ++  Glochidiate  or  otherwise  armed  or  prickly  nutlets,  becoming  burs  (sticking  in  the  fleece  or 
hair  of  sheep  and  cattle) :  calyx  open  or  spreading  in  fruit :  corolla  blue  or  white. 

8.  EohinoBpermnm.     Nutlets  erect  :  tho  margin  surrounded  by  bni  bed -tipped  prickles.    Flow- 

ers Hinnll,  ill  piirlly  liracti'il  riiccmes  or  spikcH.     AiiiiiimIh  or  bi('iiiiinlH. 
0.   Cynoglosaum.      Nutlets  becoming  depicsscd,  obliipie  or  hoii/oiitnl,  all  the  back  covered 
with  short  and  stout  barl)ed-tip|»ed  bristles  or  prickles,  iit  maturity  separating  from  the 
receptacle   from  tlie  base  upwaids  and  liangiug  awhile  from  the  .stylo.     Flowers  larger, 
in  bractless  panidcd  racemes.     Ours  perennial. 


520  BORRAGTNACE^.  Coldenia. 

10.  Pectocarya.     Niillcls  diver^'nnt  iiiul  horizontal  in  pairs,  oblong,  somewhat  boat-slia|.o(l  hy 

ti  wiiig-likd  toiiUicil  or  puclinutu  liiudrr,  wliiih  buars  inoru  or  less  hook-tiinied  biisLlus. 
Klowcis  vi'iy  sniiill,  wliilo,  scattcmi  along  lealy  branches. 

♦  ♦   Fortilo  niilldt  invcsliul  by  two  united  and  iMirniito-appendagi'd  divisions  of  the  very  uiieqnal 
calyx  ;  tlio  oLliora  storilu  :  seed  oreul  and  radicle  interior  ! 

11.  Harpagonella.     Kmclircrous  iiortiou  of  tlio  ealyx  bur-liko,  about  7-horncd,  the  horns  or 

processes  armed  with  hooked  bristles.      l''lowcrs  very  small,  scattered  along  the  lealy  stem 
and  branches. 

1.   COLDENIA,  Linn. 

Calyx  5-partL'd  or  (lei'i)ly  O-clel't  (or  in  one  species  4-parted).      Corolla  .shovt- 

funneltbrm  or  salverlonu ;  tiro  lobes  rounded  and  usually  between  convolute  and 

imbricated  in  the  bud  (one  lobe  wholly  exterior).     Anthers  oval.     Style  2 -cleft  or 

2-parted  :  stigmas  small,  capitate.     Ovary  more  or  less  4-lobed,  in  fruit  forming 

4  or  fewer  one-seeded  nutlets.     .Seeds  tlestitute  of  albumen  :  cotyledons  thick.  — 

Low   herbs  or  sull'rutescent    plants,    with    mostly   white  small   flowers   in   sessile 

terminal  and  lateral  clusters.  —  DC.   I'rodr.   ix.   558  ;   Gray,   Proc^  Am.  Acad.   v. 

340,  viii.   292,  »k  x.   48.      I'tquUia,  Pers.       (Jalapmjoa,  Hook.   f.      St<'yuocarpus, 

Piilocalyx  it  Kddi/Uy  'I'orr.  &  Cray,  Pacif.  Iv.  Ivep.  ii.   IGi). 

Tho  original  speciea  is  Kast  Indian  and  also  widely  dispersed  ovor  the  warmer  parts  of  tho 
world  ;  the  sections  i:>lc<jnoc(tr/nis  and  I'lilucalij.c,  and  also  Eddya,  inhabit  tho  southern  borders 
of  tho  United  States  from  Arizona  or  New  Mexico  eastward  (one  of  them  C.  hispidissima, 
which  has  naiTow  and  excessively  hispid  leaves,  &c.,  may  approach  the  eastern  borders  of  our 
State) ;  the  section  Tiquilia  consists  of  two  Western  South  American  species  ;  and  finally  ours 
form  the  section  Tiquiliopsis,  characterized  by  scales  or  plaits  at  the  base  of  the  corolla- 
tube,  and  cotyledons  either  horseshoe-shaped  and  surrounding  or  else  entire  and  incumbent  on 
the  radicle. 

1.  C.  Nuttallii,  Hook.  Annual,  prostrate  and  many  times  forked,  hoary-pubes- 
cent and  sparingly  hi.spid  :  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  about  2  lines  long  and  on 
petioles  of  equal  or  greater  length,  marked  with  2  or  3  strong  veins  on  each  side  of 
tho  midrib:  Howers  densely  clustered  in  the  forks  of  the  stem:  lobes  of  the  5-parted 
calyx  linear,  sparsely  hispid,  eijualling  the  tube  of  the  pinkish  or  white  corolla  : 
hlaments  shorter  than  the  iinthers,  inseited  iiigh  uj)  on  the  corolla-tube,  at  the  base 
of  wliich  within  are  5  very  short  adnate  scales  :  stylo  almost  2-parted  :  nutlets  ob- 
long-ovate, smooth  and  shining,  rather  thin,  marked  with  a  linear  ventral  scar  : 
embryo  straight :  cotyledons  elongated  horseshoe-form,  the  4  long  basal  lobes  almost 
enclosing  the  long  radicle.  —  l>enth.  in  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  296  ;  A^'^atsoJl,  liot. 
King  Kxp.  248.  Ti<jiiii/i<i.  hreri folia,  Nutt.  in  herb.;  Torr.  Hot.  Mox.  iiound.  i3(), 
k  Hot.  Wilkes  Exp.  xvii.  411,  t.  12  A. 

Arid  plains,  along  the  eastern  borders  of  the  State  {Anderson,  Torrey,  &c.),  extending  through 
the  arid  interior  district  from  Washington  Territory  to  Arizona,  and  eastward  to  Wyoming 
Territory. 

2.  C.  Palmeri,  Cray.  Perhaps  perennial  and  slightly  woody  at  base,  whitened 
with  a  line  and  close  i)ubescence,  not  hispid  :  branches  ascending  :  leaves  obovato 
or  ovate,  2  to  4  lines  long  and  witli  shorter  petioles,  strongly  marked  or  lineate  Ijy 
about  G  pairs  of  straight  veins  :  lobes  of  tho  5-cleft  calyx  lanceolate,  about  half  tho 
length  of  the  tube  of  tlie  (bluish)  corolla,  which  bears  5  salient  plaits  extending 
upwards  (piite  to  the  base  of  tlie  slender  lilaments  :  nutlets  only  one  or  two  ripen- 
ing, these  globular  and  with  a  round  scar  :  cotyledons  entire  and  thick,  incumbent 
on  the  radicle!  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  292,  &  x.  49;  Watson,  liot.  King  Exp. 
247.      Tiquilia  brevifolia,  var.  plicala,  Torr.  Bot.  JMex.  Bound.  136. 

Sand-hills,  alon^  the  Rio  Colorado  and  the  lower  part  of  the  Mohave,  and  adjacent  parts  of 
Arizona,  Cooper^  Emory,  Scholt,  Palmer.  Mr.  Watson  found  evident  albumen  ;  but  in  mature 
seeds  there  is  merely  a  trace. 


miiotropium.  BORRAGINACEiK.  521 

2.  HELIOTROPIUM,  Tomn.  HFLioTnoi>E.  Turnsolk. 
Calyx  5-partod.  Corolla  funnelforni  or  salverforni,  imbricated  and  the  sinusos 
plaited  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included  :  filaments  mostly  short  or  none  :  anthers 
connivent  and  sometimes  cohering  by  their  usually  acuminate  or  mucronatc  tips. 
•Style  entire  or  none  :  stigma  a  fleshy  ring  or  the  edge  of  a  peltate  or  umbrella- 
shaped  disk,  which  is  surmounted  by  a  conical,  capitate,  or  subulate  often  2-cleft 
appendage  (this  obsolete  in  //.  Citrmtnavicnm).  Ovary  4-cellod,  4-ovu1(m1.  Fruit 
(h-y,  often  -l-lobod,  sometimes  'J-lobed,  splitliiig  itit(»  4  oiio-seedod  or  RoiiuMimos  into 
2  two-aocdod  nutlets.  Embryo  eitiior  straight  or  curved,  commonly  surrounded  by 
some  albumen.  —  Herbs  or  low  shrubby  plants,  with  the  usually  small  flowers  more 
commonly  spiked  and  bractless,  sometimes  accompanied  by  leafy  bracts ;  the  so- 
called  "  spikes  "  one-sided  and  coiled  at  the  apex,  straightening  as  the  blossoms 
open. — (Jray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  49. 

A  large  ^niiiis,  widely  dispersed  over  tlio  wanner  paits  of  the  world,  representee!  in  tlie  United 
States  liy  ('idly  a  dozen  speeics,  oidy  three  of  whicli  occiu-  in  California,  and  two  of  these  are  of 
great  range.  The  Sweet  Heliotrope  of  cultivation  is  Peruvian  (//.  Fcnmanum,  Linn.).  //.  Lidi- 
cum,  Linn.,  the  common  representative  of  the  section  Tiaridium,  Lchm.,  or  Hcliopliytum,  DC. 
(by  these  and  other  authors  regarded  as  a  distinct  genus),  altliough  a  common  weed  of  waste 
grounds  in  warm-temperate  and  tropical  countries,  appears  not  to  have  run  wild  in  California.  The 
two  following  are  true  Heliotropes,  with  fruit  of  4  one-seeded  nutlets,  distinct  stamens,  flowers  in 
bractless  spikes,  &c. 

§  1.   Fruit  i-lohed,  Rpliitiwj  into  4  one-seeded  nutlets. — True  IIrliotuopium. 

1.  H.  Curassavicum,  Linn.  A  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous  succulent 
herb,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  difTusely  spreading  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  varying  either 
to  linear  or  to  obovate-oblong  (an  inch  or  two  in  length)  :  spikes  mostly  either  in 
pairs  or  twice  forked,  forming  a  kind  of  cyme  :  flowers  crowded,  pure  white,  rather 
large  for  the  genus  :  stigma  sessile,  umbrella-shaped,  nearly  flat-topped,  as  broad  as 
the  glabrous  ovary. 

Sands  of  the  sea-shore,  also  in  damp  saline  soil  in  the  interior  ;  widely  spread  over  the  world. 
Specimens  froni  Tejou  {liothrock)  apparently  have  blue  flowers  ! 

2.  H.  inundatum,  Swartz.  Annual,  hoary  with  a  fine  approsscd  pubescence, 
a  foot  or  two  high  :  loaves  spatulato-oblong  or  sometimes  oblanceolate,  tapering  at 
base  into  a  slender  petiole  :  spikes  2  to  4  in  a  cluster,  filiform  :  flowers  very  small 
and  close  :  corolla  only  a  line  long,  white  :  stigma  sessile,  thick,  surmounted  by  a 
short  blunt  cone. 

California,  Coulter  (probably  on  the  Rio  Colorado) :  thence  to  Texas ;  also  West  Indies,  Tropical 
America,  &c. 

§  2.  Fruit  2-glohose,  solid,  each  lobe  or  carpel  splittinrf  into  2  hemii^pherical  one-seeded- 
nutlets:  corolla  pretty  large :  style  long  :  truncate  cone  of  the  stigma  bearded 
with  a  tuft  of  strong  bristles.  —  Euploca,  Gmy,     {Fuploca,  Nutt.) 

3.  H.  COnvolvulaceum,  Cray.  Annual,  with  diffuso  or  spreading  branches 
from  the  base  (a  span  to  a  foot  long),  hoary  or  strigose-hispid  :  leaves  oblong-lance- 
olate or  ovate,  petioled  :  flowers  scattered,  short-pedicelled,  generally  opposite  the 
leaves,  sweet-scented,  opening  towards  evening  :  corolla  white,  with  the  upper  part 
of  the  hairy  tube  somewhat  enlarged  and  the  orifice  narrowed,  and  a  rotate  scarcely 
lobed  but  i)laitcd  border :  anthers  with  slightly  cohering  tips.  —  ISlem.  Am.  Acad, 
vi.  403  ;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  340,  x.  50.  Fvploca  convolvulacea,  Nutt.  in  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v,  189;  Torr.  in  Marcy,  Rep.  t.  15. 

In  white  sand  near  "Soda  Lake,"  Dr.  Cooper.  Otherwise  known  only  east  of  the  Rocky 
Monntains,    nii   sjindy  plains,   from    NebrnekR   to  Tpxns. 


522  BOllRAGINACE^.  Lithosjiermum. 

3.  LITHOSPERMUM,  'I'oiun.         Gromwei.l.     Puccoon. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Cundla  salveiiuini  or  runuelfonu ;  its  lobus  louudeil,  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  FihuneiiLs  short.  Style  slender :  stigma  capitate  -  2-lobed  or  some- 
times truncate.  Ovary  ol"  4  distinct  lobes.  Nutlets  4,  or  by  abortion  fewer,  ovate, 
bony,  nuked,  usually  white  and  smooth,  erect,  attached  to  the  Hat  rccejitaclo  by  the 
base ;  the  scar  Hat,  rather  small.  —  Herbs,  usually  with  red  or  violet-colored  roots 
which  contain  coloring-matter,  pubescent  or  hairy  ;  the  flowei-s  in  or  near  the  axils 
of  the  upper  leaves,  or  loafy-sjiiked. 

A  genus  of  a  coiisiilenililo  uuniber  of  species  iu  the  Old  World,  several  in  North  America,  of 
which  the  most  .striking  are  the  Paccooim.  One  of  these,  L.  canescens,  reaches  Arizona,  and  a 
species  much  Hko  it  has  heeii  sparingly  found  hi  Cahfoniia,  viz.: 

1.  L.  Californicum,  Oray.  Perennial,  a  foot  or  two  liigh,  soft-hirsute  through- 
out :  leaves  lauctH-lute  or  oblong  (about  2  inches  long)  :  corolla  apparently  bright 
liglit  yellow,  hardly  an  inch  long ;  its  narrow  tube  almost  twice  the  length  of  the 
soft-hirsute  calyx;  the  open  and  enlarged  throat  nearly  naked;  lobes  very  short.  — 
L.  cunesceus,  var.,  Torr,  Pacif.  li.  liep.  iv.  124. 

Grass  Valley,  Nevada  Co.,  Liyclow.  Plumas  Co.,  Lemmon.  The  former  in  flower,  the  latter 
in  fruit  :  IVuiling  hianches  not  elongated. 

2.  L.  pilosum,  Is'utt.  Perennial,  pale  or  hoary  with  a  soft  hirsute  pubescence  : 
stems  numerous  from  a  stout  root,  a  foot  high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late (2  to  4  inches  long),  mostly  tapering  from  base  to  apex  :  flowers  crowded  in  a 
leafy  cluster  :  corolla  dull  greenish-yellow,  hardly  half  an  inch  long,  silky  outside, 
the  open  throat  naked  or  nearly  so  :  nutlets  broadly  ovate,  acute,  smooth  and  pol- 
ished. —  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  viii.  43  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  238.  L.  ruderale, 
Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  89. 

Hills  and  cafions  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Sierra  Valley,  Carson,  &c.),  and  through  the  interior  to 
Ikitish  Columbia,  and  east  to  Dakota. 

4.  MYOSOTIS,  Linn.        auoiUMON-GuAss.     Fouoet-mk-not. 

Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  between  salverform  and  rotate ;  the  tube 
rarely  surpassing  the  calyx  ;  throat  with  small  and  Ijlunt  crests  at  base  of  the 
rounded  lobes ;  these  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens,  pistil,  &c.,  as  in  Lithosper- 
mum.  Nutlets  smooth,  somewhat  compressed,  thin-crustaceous  in  texture,  attached 
to  the  flat  re(!e[)tacle  by  the  very  base  ;  the  scar  minute.  —  Low  herbs,  mostly  soft- 
hairy  ;  with  stnall  lluwers  in  so-called  spikes  or  racemes,  bractless,  but  sometimes 
there  is  a  leaf  or  two  at  base  of  the  inflorescence.  Corolla  blue,  varying  to  purple 
or  white. 

Species  rather  numerous  in  the  cooler  parts  of  the  Old  World,  veiy  few  in  the  New.  None 
have  yet  been  detected  in  California  ;  but  the  following  are  not  unlikely  to  occur,  and  are  there- 
fore briefly  characterized.  Both  are  of  the  section  in  which  the  calyx  is  closed  or  with  lobes  erect 
in  fruit,  and  some  of  its  loose  hairs  or  bristles  minutely  hooked  at  tip. 

1.  M.  verna,  Nult.  Annual  or  biennial,  at  lirst  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high, 
roughish-hirsutt) :  leaves  Hpatuluto-oblong  :  racemes  strict,  often  h'afyatbase:  pedi- 
cels in  fruit  ecpudling  or  shorter  than  the  rather  untupiuUy  5-cleft  hispid  calyx,  the 
lower  part  erect,  the  upper  .spreading:  corolla  white,  very  small. — Jil.  versicolor 
&  M.Jlaccida  in  part,  Hook.  Fl.  (?).     Lycopsis  Viryinica,  Linn. 

Coast  of  Oregon  ;  a  larg(i  and  loose  form,  with  nutlets  unusually  largo  (var.  macrosperma. 
Chapman)  ;  rather  conimun  through  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  M.  sylvatica,  Hoffmann,  var.  alpestris,  Koch.  Perennial,  in  loose  tufts, 
pubescent  or  barely  hirsute,  a  span  or  so  in  heiglit :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  lance- 


Amsinckia.  BORRAGINACEiR.  523 

olato  ;  racemes  rather  dense  :  pedicels  short  and  mostly  spreading  :  corolla  with 
bright  blue  or  at  first  purj)lo  limb  about  3  lines  in  diameter. 

Mountains  of  Oregon  and  northward  (to  be  souglit  in  tlic  high  Sierra  Nevada  or  on  the  north- 
western borders  of  the  State) :  extending  to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  in  Asia  and  Europe. 

5.   MERTENSIA,  Roth. 

Calyx  5-parted  or  fi-cleft,  herbaceous.  Corolla  salvcrforra  or  somewhat  funnel- 
form,  with  rounded  lobes,  the  open  throat  naked  or  with  mostly  inconspicuous 
crests.  Filaments  in  our  species  broader  than  the  anthers.  .Stylo  filiform  :  stigma 
minutely  capitate.  Nutlets  ovate  or  somewhat  triangular,  between  fleshy  and  cori- 
aceous, dull,  commonly  somewhat  wrinkled  Avhen  dry,  sometimes  smooth  and 
vesicular,  fixed,  u.sually  by  a  projection  of  the  ventral  angle  towards  or  above  the 
base,  to  a  low  pyramidal  or  convex  receptacle  or  gynobase.  —  Perennials,  remarkable 
in  this  order  for  their  smoothness;  Avith  broad  leaves,  and  racemose  or  paniculato- 
clu.sterod  (lowora,  which  nro  \iHually  nodding  or  inclinnd  on  rather  Hlondor  podicols, 
only  the  lowest  leafy-bractcd  :  llowors  blue,  violot-purplo,  or  rarely  white.  —  DC. 
1.  C.J  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  sor.  2,  xxxiv.  339  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  52. 

A  genua  of  a  dozen  or  more  species,  divided  between  North  America  and  Northern  Asia,  one 
species,  the  handsomest  and  largest-flowered,  peculiar  to  the  Atlantic  States,  and  one  small- 
flowered  maritime  species  (M.  vinrif.iina)  on  all  the  nort)iern  shores.  On  the  Pacific  coast  this  is 
not  known  to  occur  south  of  I'uget  Sound.  Besides  the  following,  Af.  paniculata,  Don,  and 
Af.  n/pina,  Don,  hoth  common  in  the  higher  Rocky  Mountains,  are  likely  to  be  found  nlso  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada. 

1.  M.  Sibirica,  Don.  Smooth  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  a  foot  or  more  high, 
rather  succulent,  leafy  :  leaves  pale,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  2  to  5  inches 
long,  or  the  lowest  larger  and  broader,  minutely  ciliate  :  flowers  at  first  clustered  : 
corolla  half  an  inch  or  less  long,  much  longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  divisions 
of  the  calyx  ;  the  5-cleft  limb  about  half  the  lengtli  of  the  tube  :  stamens  protrud- 
ing out  of  tlie  throat,  and  the  capillary  style  early  projecting  beyond  the  lobes.  — 
Gray,  1.  c. ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  239.  Pulmonaria  Sibirica,  Linn.  Mertensia 
denticulata  &  cilinta,  DC 

Along  mountain  stronms,  in  tho  Siena  Novadn,  BoJnndr.r,  Lcmmnn.  Also  in  tho  mountnins 
eastward,  and  in  N.  E.  Asia.     Flowers  handsome,  violot-bluo. 

e.  AMSINCZIA,  Lohm. 

Calyx  5-parted,  pei-sistent.  Corolla  salverform,  or  at  the  throat  somewhat  funnel- 
form,  more  or  less  plaited  in  bud  at  the  sinuses,  with  tube  exceeding  the  calyx,  and 
rounded  lobes:  throat  naked  or  rarely  with  minute  liairy  tufts  opposite  the  lobes. 
Filaments  short :  anthers  oblong  or  oblong-linear.  Stylo  filiform  :  stigma  capitate- 
2-lobed.  Nutlets  ovate-triangular  or  triquetrous,  coriaceous  or  crustaceous,  affixed 
above  the  base  to  an  oblong-pymmidal  gynobase ;  the  scar  ovate  or  oblong.  Coty- 
ledons each  2-parted !  —  Hispifl  annuals  (of  Western  America,  one  in  Chili),  with 
oblong-ovate  to  linear  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  in  at  length  loose  spikes  or  racemes, 
without  bracts,  except  sometimes  to  the  lowest.  P>ristlos  mostly  from  a  cons]>ic- 
uous  pustulate  base.  Flowers,  at  lea-st  in  some  species,  dimorphous  as  to  insertion 
of  stamens  and  length  of  style.  —  Fi.scher  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Ilort.  Petrop.  1835, 
26;  DC.  Prodr.  x.  117  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  54. 

The  species  are  difficult  to  characterize,  except  the  last,  which  has  a  ])eculiar  fruit. 


524  BORRAGINACE.E.  Amsinckia. 

§  1.   Nutiels  broadly  ovate-tnam/tdar,  somewhat  incurved,  narrowed  at  the  apex,  con- 
vex and  somewhat  ridged  on  the  back,  dull,  roucjhened-c/ranulate,  rucjose,  or 
muricate ;  ventral  anyle  acute  and  prominent  down  to  the  rather  broad  scar. 
«    Nutlets  beset  with  slender  pricldi/  projections. 

1.  A.  echinata,  <iiiiy,  1.  c.  Kivct,  3  ibct  liij,'li :  loaves  luiiccoluto  or  broadly 
linear  :  corolla  .slender,  apparently  light  yellow,  3  or  4  lines  long,  not  broadened  at 
the  throat,  twice  the  length  of  the  yellowish-liispid  calyx:  anthers  borne  in  the 
throat,  oval-oblong:  nutlets  thickly  armed  with  long  and  narrow  rather  soft  spiny 
projections,  antl  between  these  sharp  granulate  i)oints,  not  rugose. 

Sandy  plains,  west  of  Fort  Mohave,  Cooper.  The  nutlets  are  peculiar  ;  otherwise  the  species 
resembles  some  forms  of  the  next. 

*  *  Nutlets  granulatc-rutif/hened  or  rugose,  the  muricate  points  very  short  if  any,  the' 
back  convex  or  at  length  keeled  or  ridged. 

2.  A.  spectabilis,  Fischer  &,  Meyer,  1.  c.  Erect,  slender,  a  span  (when  depau- 
perate) to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  mostly  linear  :  tube  of  the  bright  orange-yellow  corolla 
twice  or  thrice  tlie  length  of  the  linear  lobes  of  the  rusty  or  reddish-yellow-hispid 
calyx,  nearly  half  an  inch  long  ;  the  throat  enlarging,  and  the  expanded  limb  a 
third  to  half  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  anthers  oblong-linear,  when  high  protrmling  from 
the  thmat :  nuthits  grunulute-rugosu,  roundish  on  tiio  buck. — A.  J)oiiglasiana,  A. 
DC.  I'rodr.  X.  1 1 8. 

Open  ground,  throughout  the  soutliern  and  western  part  of  the  State,  and  as  far  northeast  as 
Plumas  Co.  The  corolla  has  5  minute  bearded  tufts  in  place  of  crests  in  the  throat,  when  the 
stamens  are  inserted  low  down  the  tube  ;  these  not  found  when  the  anthers  are  borne  in  the 
throat,  which  is  more  plaited  than  in  the  other  species. 

3.  A.  intermedia,  Fischer  &  IMeyer,  1.  c.  Erect,  usually  a  foot  or  two  high  : 
the  bristles  even  of  the  calyx  whitish  or  merely  yellowish  :  leaves  linear  or  only  the 
lower  lanceolate  :  corolla  bright  yellow,  3  or  4  lines  long ;  its  tube  a  little  surpass- 
ing the  narrow-linear  calyx-lobes ;  the  limb  barely  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter  :  antiiers 
oblong,  high  or  scjmetimes  low  on  the  tube  :  nutlets  not  half  the  lengtli  of  the 
narrow  calyx-lobes.  —  A.  lycopsoidts,  partly,  of  authors,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. 

Dry  open  giounds,  on  tlie  eastern  boideis  of  tlio  State  (Carson  City,  Anderson)  and  common  in 
the  interior  country  to  LJtah,  klaho,  and  Oregon.  Also  near  the  coast  in  Sonoma  Co.,  &c.  ;  on 
the  sea-shore  j)erhai)s  passing  into  the  next  species. 

4.  A.  lycopsoides,  Lehm.  More  branching  and  diffuse  in  age  :  leaves  mostly 
lanceolate,  or  even  obh)ng,  greener,  and  the  bjiarse  bristles  with  conspicuous  pustu- 
late base  :  lower  jiart  of  tlio  at  length  lax  spikes  commonly  loal'y-bracted  :  corolla 
light  yellow,  3  lines  long  itr  lea.s ;  tlio  tube  ocpiidling  or  hardly  HurpUMMing  the  lan- 
ceolate calyx-lobes,  which  are  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  nutlets  :  antiiers  short. 
—  Del.  8em.  llort.  Hand).  1831,  7  ;  Oray,  1.  c.  in  part.  Lithospermum  lycopsoides, 
Lehm.  Pug.  PI.  ii.  28,  &  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  89. 

On  the  coast,  San  Franci.sco  Bay  to  Paget  Sound.     limb  of  the  corolla  a  line  or  two  broad. 

*   *   *   Nutlets  nearly  flat  on  the  back,  not  keeled,  coarsely  granulate. 

5.  A.  tessellata,  Cray.  About  a  foot  high,  rather  stout,  coarsely  hispid,  the 
bristles  of  the  calyx  rusty-reddish  or  ])aler  :  corolla  orange-yellow,  3  or  4  lines  long  ; 
the  throat  plaited  ;  the  tube  rather  longer  than  the  lanceolate  obtuse  calyx-lobes  : 
anthers  oblong :  nutlets  broadly  ovate,  obscurely  ridged  on  the  jlattened  back, 
thickly  covered  witli  truncate  warty  granulations,  which  are  conipactcil  in  more  or 
less  wavy  transverse  lines  (so  as  to  appear  rugose),  clusely  htting  like  the  blocks  of 
a  pavement.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  54. 

Dry  or  aiid  grounds,  from  Tejon  (Xantus),  and  the  mountains  north  of  Monte  Diablo  (Brewer), 
to  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Andersmi,  fjeintnim),  and  through  Nevada  {Walson,  &c.) 
to  Southern  Utah,  Parry. 


J'Jnlrir/iium.  BURKAaiNACK/K.  525 

§  2.  JVntlets  ovate-triqnetrom,  ^traujht,  at  viatun'ti/  tohiii.s/i,  smooth  and  jwlished, 
attached  by  the.  lower  part  of  the  shar]^  inner  angle,  the  scar  7iarrow,  all  three 
faces  Jlat  or  nearli/  so. 

6.  A.  vernicosa,  Hook,  k  Aru.  Sparsely  bristly,  simple  or  loosely  branched,  a 
foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  from  linear  to  ovate-lanceolate,  :  corolla  light  yellow,  4  or 
5  lines  long,  and  the  limb  2  lines  in  diameter  ;  the  tube  longer  than  the  linear-lan- 
ceolate calyx-lobes  :  nutlets  shaped  like  a  grain  of  buckwheat. 

Vnr.  grandiflora,  Gray.  llobust,  more  hispid,  nnd  rcnmrknbly  largo-flowored  ; 
the  more  exserted  and  somewhat  funnelfomi  tube  of  the  corolla  nearly  half  an  inch 
long,  and  the  ample  limb  broader:  calyx-lobes  often  combined,  so  as  to  ap])ear 
as  3  or  4  :  nutlets  broader,  and  rather  concave  on  the  back.  — A.  grandijlora,  Klee- 
berger,  ined.  (Stamens  low  on  the  tube,  and  style  very  long,  in  the  specimen ; 
while  in  those  known  of  A.  vernicosa  the  stamens  are  borne  in  the  throat.) 

Wcstein  part  of  the  StatP,  probably  near  Monterey,  Coulter,  Dowjlas.  Tlie  veniaikablo  variety 
which  may  be  quite  distinct,  at  Aiitioch,  Kellogg.  ' 

7.  ERITRICHIUM,  S.ln,ader. 
Calyx  5-parted  and  persistent  (one  species  excepted),  erect  or  closed  in  fruit. 
Corolla  salverforni  with  tube  mostly  short  and  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  with  or 
without  arching  crests  in  the  throat;  the  rounded  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Filaments  short.  Style  short  or  sometimes  long  :  stigma  minutely  capitate.  Ovary 
of  4  lobes.  Nutlets  4,  or  sometimes  by  abortion  fewer,  usually  ovate  and  more  or 
less  triangular,  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  destitute  of  Avings  or  appendages  except 
in  one  species,  attached  by  the  inside  of  the  base  or  some  part  of  the  ventral  face 
or  angle  to  a  convex,  pyramidal,  or  more  elevated  and  even  subulate  roceiitacle 
(gi/nobase),  which  when  slender  is  usually  called  the  base  of  the  style.  —  Mostly 
hispid  or  hairy  herbs,  mainly  annuals,  with  usually  small  or  minute  and  either 
bractcate  or  bractless  flowers,  which  are  white  in  all  our  species,  except  No.  15  ;  the 
leaves  narrow.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  55.  Eritrichium,  Plagiobothr'ys,  & 
Krynitzlcia,  Fischer  k  Meyer  ;  A.  DC.  Prodr.     Piptocalyx,  Torr. 

A  rather  large  genus  of  N.  America,  N.  Asia,  &e.,  one  extending  into  the  Alps  of  Europe,  a 
few  South  American.  Ihe  greater  part  of  our  species  inhabit  the  region  stretching  from  Rupert's 
Land  to  1  exas  and  westward.  ' 

§  1.  Nutlets  attached  by  the  inside  of  the  base  only  to  a  slightly  elevated  receptacle: 
small  or  low  and  diffuse  or  spreading  annuals,  more  or  less  hirsute,  with  linear 
leaves,  the  loiver  ones  oftener  opposite:  flowers  ivith  or  tvifhont  bracts:  fruiting 
calyx  rather  open,  except  in  No.  2. 

1.  E.  Chorisianum,  DC.  Diffusely  branching  or  at  length  decumbent  stems  a 
span  or  two  long:  leaves  broadly  or  narrowly  linear  (I  to  3  inches  long,  1  to  4 
linos  wide)  :  flowers  loosely  racemose,  on  spreading  pedicels  which  are  generally  3 
to  .)  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  both  yellowish-hirsute  when  young  :  corolla  with 
lobes  longer  than  its  tube  and  much  surpassing  the  calyx  ;  the' limb  2  to  4  lino^  in 
diameter;  yellow  crests  in  the  throat  conspicuous:  nutlets  roughish,  somewhat 
keeled  down  the  hack.  — Myosotis  Chorisiana,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Eritrichium 
connatifohnm,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  103,  fig.  51. 

Wot  grouml,  flhoros  of  Snn  Francisco  Buy  ftiid  soulli  to  Montoroy.  Kiion-n  bv  the  iiodicols.  of 
which  the  oailier  an.l  longer  are  usually  half  an  iudi  long,  but  th.^  later  ones  much  shorter. 

2.  E.  Scouleri,  A.  DC.  Slender,  generally  upright,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  : 
leaves  narrow:  flowers  rather  crowded  in  naked  spikes  (these  often  in  pair's), 
the  lowest  leafy-bracted,  the  rest  bractless  :   pedicels  very  short  and  nearly  erect, 


526  BUKKAdlNACE.E.  EritrichUiin. 

only  half  the  length  of  the  fruiting  calyx  (half  a  line  to  a  line  long) :  corolla  smaller 
than  in  the  preceding :  nutlets  smaller  and  smoother,  but  rugose,  broadly  ovate.  — 
Myosotis  Scouleri,  Hook,  tt  Am.      Eritrichium  plebeiian,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  K.  Kep.  iv. 
124,  not  of  DC,  which  i.s  an  Alaskan  species  more  like  tl)o  preceding. 
Moiwl  or  nilliur  dry  Huil,  Sun  Fruiuinco  May  to  Orojjuii,  &.l'.     liutwciiii  the  lual  luid  tliu  iii'xt. 

3.  E.  Californicuni,  DC.  Slender,  spreading,  2  to  10  inches  high:  leaves 
mainly  altenmle,  small,  narrowly  linear  :  llowers  very  small,  almost  sessile,  in  fruit 
scatteretl,  chieliy  accompanied  by  a  leaf  or  bract :  corolla  hanlly  surpassing  the 
calyx,  its  limb  only  a  lino  or  loss  in  diameter  and  shorter  than  its  tube;  the  crests 
in  the  throat  smooth  and  inconspicuous:  nutlets  ovate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  rugose- 
roughened.  —  M i/dsotis  ()(di/oruic(i,  YisvAwv  it  Mcsyer. 

Var.  subglochidiatiuu,  Cray.  Souicuhat  succulent :  nutlets  when  young  more 
or  less  hirsuLe  or  hispid  (especially  on  the  crests  of  the  rugosities),  some  of  the 
bristles  at  length  stouter  and  glochidiate  under  a  lens  ;  the  roundish  carunculate 
scar  almost  strictly  basid. 

Si>ringy  or  wut  places,  rather  common,  extending  through  Oregon  and  Nevada  to  and  beyond 
the  Hoeky  Mountains.  T)ie  remarkable  variety  (whieli  passes  into  the  accompanying  ordinary 
form),  Placer  to  Sierra  Co.  {KcUogij,  Lcmmou),  Nevada  {Ifutsou),  kc. 

§  2.  Nutltts  attached  by  the  middle  of  the  someivhat  concave  inner  face  by  a  large  a)id 
roundish  2"'otuberant  scar  to  a  heniisjiherical  or  (/lobular  receptacle,  broadly 
ovate-triangular  and  somewhat  incurved,  rugose  on  the  back :  low,  mostly  vil- 
lous-hirsute  annuals,  vnth  small  Jlowers  like  those  of  the  preceding  section.  — 
Plagiobothhvs,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  57. 

*   Nutlets  not  vitreous-shininy,  the  wrinkles  elevated  narrow  meshes. 

4.  E.  fulvum,  A.  T)C.  An  incli  or  so  to  a  foot  higli,  slender  :  leaves  linear  or 
the  lowest  rather  spatulato  :  spike  naked,  at  first  dense,  in  fruit  elongating :  calyx 
densely  clothed  with  rusly-yellow  or  niddish  hairs  :  corolla  2  or  3  linens  in  diameter : 
nutlets  (a  line  long)  didl,  rugose  with  elevatotl  narrow  moshoa  bounding  minutely 
granulaled-rougheiuHl  or  at  length  smooth  surfaces,  an  indistinct  ridge  down  the  back. 
—  Myosotis  fuloa,  Hook.  &  Arn.     IHagiobothrys  rufescens,  i'lscher  &  .Meyer,  tkc. 

Couunon  through  the  State,  in  open  grounds,  extending  through  Oregon,  &c.     Also  in  Chili. 

5.  E.  canescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Generally  larger  than  the  foregoing,  vilious-hir- 
sute  with  white  or  whitish  hairs:  nutlets  larger  (1^  lines  long),  less  dull,  with 
hmger  transverse  but  otherwise  similar  Uieshes  and  a  more  distinct  dorsal  ridge,  the 
surface  either  granulate  with  some  projecting  points  or  smoothish.  —  riagiobothrys 
canescens,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  33G. 

Open  grounds,  common  through  the  State,  mainly  towards  the  coast,  and  Washington  Terr. 

*  *  Nutlets  vitreous-shining  or  jwrcela in-like,  the  wrinkles  narrow  and  impressed 
transverse  lines  mostly  running  unbroken  from  the  low  and  narrow  dorsid  ridge  to 
the  margin  of  the  broad  poster im'  face. 

G.  E.  tenellum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Seldoni  a  span  high,  hirsute  with  mther  soft  hairs, 
those  of  the  caly.x.  only  fulvous  or  yellowish  :  stems  erect  and  slender  from  the 
roflulato  tuft  of  radical  leaves:  these  broadly  linear  or  spatidate  lanceolate  (one 
third  to  an  inch  long),  the  cauline  shortiM'  or  smaller  :  siddom  any  bracts  among  the 
rather  few  flowers  of  the  spike  :  corolla  a  line  or  two  in  diameter  :  nutlets  (a  line 
long)  broadly  ovate. and  okscurely  cruciform  from  the  abrupt  contraction  of  base  and 
apex,  cartilaginous,  the  broad  and  low  transverse  ridges  separated  by  very  narrow 
impressed  lines  and  cons])icuously  muricate.  —  Myosotis  tenella,  Nutt.  in  Kew  Jour. 
Bot.  V.  21)5.      J'Jritrichium  fulvum,  Watson,  Bot.  King  K.\p.  243,  not  of  DC. 

Sierra  Nevada  and  foot-hills,  especially  northward,  to  British  Columbia  and  through  Nevada, 
Idaho,  kc.     The  Iruit  is  very  characteristic. 


Kriirkhium.  nORIlAGINACKiT].  r)27 

7.  B.  Torreyi,  Cray,  1.  c.  DitHiso  or  dpcumbent,  rougli-liirsutc  or  even  hispid, 
the  hairs  even  of  tlie  oalyx  not  yellowish  :  stems  branching  and  uniformly  leafy  : 
leaves  oblong  (half  an  inch  or  less  in  length)  ;  the  uppermost  forming  similar 
bracts  to  the  lax  leafy  and  interrupted  spikes  :  corolla  apparently  as  in  the  preced- 
ing species:  nutlets  broadly  ovate  and  only  the  apex  contracted,  the  broad  trans- 
verse ridges  separated  by  narrow  sunken  lines,  very  smooth,  or  obscurely  tuberculate 
along  the  sides. 

Siona  Nevada  :  YoHoniito  Valloy  niul  Mountnins,  Torrry  (a  ratlior  slondor  and  iipriglit  form, 
with  bracts  hardly  aurpassing  tlio  llowora).  Siona  Valley,  Lcmmnn :  a  diUnaoly  spri'udiiig  Ibrm, 
with  copious  bracteal  loaves,  like  those  below,  accompanying  ami  much  exceeding  the  (lowers. 

§  3.  Calyx  only  ^-cleft,  at  maturity  separating  about  the  middle  of  the  short  tube  by 
a  transvei-se  division,  the  membranaceoxis  base  persisting  under  the  fruit, 
while  the  rest  falls  away :  othertvise  as  in  tJie  next  section.  —  Piptocalyx, 
Gray,  1.  c.     {Piptocalyx,  Torr.)        ^ 

8.  E.  Circumscissum,  Oray,  1.  c.  Very  low  and  diffusely  mucli-branched 
annual,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  whitish-hispid  throughout :  narrow  linear  loaves 
(half  an  inch  or  less  long)  anil  minuto  llowors  crowded  on  the  branches,  forming 
leafy  spikes  :  corolla  without  crests  in  the  throat,  bearing  the  stamens  on  the  mid- 
dle of  the  tube  :  nutlets  (less  than  a  line  long)  oblong-ovate,  very  smooth,  attached 
by  almost  the  whole  length  of  the  narrow-grooved  inner  angle  to  the  narrow  almost 
subulate  receptacle  (gynobase)  which  bears  the  short  stylo.  —  Lithospermum  circum- 
scissum. Hook.  <k  Arn.  Bot.  IV-echey,  370.  Piptocalyx  circumscissus,  Torr.  JJot. 
Wilkes  Exp.  414,  t.   12  B;  Watson,  1.  c.   240. 

Southwestern  borders  of  the  State  and  along  the  cnstcrn  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  also  through- 
out the  interior  arid  region  to  Utah,  Washington  Territory,  and  Wyoming. 

§  4.  Calyx  {as  in  the  genus  generally)  deeply  5-par(ed,  persistent,  or  sometimes  at 
maturity  falling  off  tvhole  with  the  fruit  enclosed:  nutlets  attached  by  the  ven- 
tral face  or  angle,  either  from  base  to  near  the  middle  or  for  almost  the  rvhole 
length,  to  a  high  jiyramidal  or  subulate  receptacle  {gynobase),  which  when 
slender  is  commonly  called  the  base  of  the  style  :  the  scar  either  a  narrow 
groove  or  broader.  — Krynitzkia,  Gray,  1.  c. 

There  are  several  species  besides  the  following  in  the  interior  region,  some  extending  to  the 
plains  oast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  to  Texas. 

*  Nutlets  rounded  {or  at  least  not  margined  or  acute-angled)  at  the  sides,  attached  to 
a  slender  mostly  subulate  gynobase  by  a  narrow  {or  in  No.  1 2  domnwardly  ividen- 
ing)  scar  or  groove,  occupying  nearly  its  whole  length :  calyx  very  hispid,  much 
disposed  to  fall  off  when  ripe  as  a  sort  of  bur  :  style  short  :  corolla  small  or  niinnte  : 
annuals,  mostly  low  and  slender  :  flowers  in  at  length  elongated  bractless  spikes. 
{Krynitzkia,  Fischer  &  Meyer.) 

-t-  Nutlets  very  smooth  and  shining. 

9.  E.  oxycaryum,  Gray.  Hirsute  and  somewhat  canescent,  a  span  to  a  foot 
high,  slender :  leaves  narrowly  linear :  spikes  rather  densely  flowered,  at  length 
strict  :  corolla  naked  in  the  throat :  bristles  of  fruiting  calyx  rigid,  partly  reflexed, 
inclined  to  have  hooked  tips  :  only  one  nutlet  maturing,  that  lanceolate-ovate  (a  line 
and  a  half  long),  much  longer  than  the  gynobase,  to  which  it  is  attached  only  by 
the  lower  part  of  the  slender  ventral  groove.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. 

Open  grounds  from  Tejon  to  Oregon,  also  Arizona.     Corolla  only  about  2  lines  wide. 

10.  E.  leiocarpum,  Watson,  1.  c.  Hough-hispid  and  loosely  branched  :  leaves 
linear:  s|)ikes  often  Incoming  loosely-flowered  below:  corolla  (2  or  3  lines  wide) 
■with  crests  in  tiio  throat  :  (^alyx  very  bristly  :  nutlets  all  4  maturing,  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate  (barely  a  lino  long),  attached  by  the  greater  part  of  the  slender  groove 


528  BUliltA(ilNA(Jl'J.K.  J'Jnlft'chunn. 

to  tlio  subulato  gyii()l)as('.  —  ICr/iiiiosjifrnuim  leiocarpum,  luul  afterwards  Krynitzkla 
leiocarjxt,  Fiaclicr  i\:  Mryor.     Mi/usotis  Jlaccida,  l)i)Ugl.,  ut  loast  in  part. 

Coiniudii  ill  open  gioiiiiils,  extuinliiig  to  Hritisli  Columbia  and  ucioss  Iho  Hocky  Moiuitaiiis. 
Variiibio  in  sizo  ami  aiip(.ar,iiico. 

+-  +-  :\'u(ld!i  </ranulate-roit(/hened. 

11.  E.  muriculatuni,  A.  ])(J.  (l);  Turr.  Kesembles  tlie  foregoing;  but  the  nut- 
lets are  luuslly  larger  and  broader,  tbe  grooved  scur  wben  ripe  wider  and  deeper  at 
base,  and  the  rounded  back  either  sparsely  or  densely  granulate-roughened.  — Torr. 
Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  41G,  t.  13  A.  A'.  anyudi/oUam,  Watson,  But.  King  Exj).  241, 
not  tlie  true  one  of  Torrey. 

Nearly  the  same  range  as  the  last,  and  not  uncoiniuoii. 

12.  E.  angustifolium,  Torr.  Hispid  with  very  stilf  spreading  bristles,  often 
accompanied  by  softer  hairs,  low,  dill'usely  branched  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  :  calyx 
very  closely  sessile  and  mostly  persistent  in  the  densely  Huwered  spikes,  its  lobes 
almost  iiliibrni  in  fruit  (less  than  2  lines  long,  not  lunger  indeed  than  their  rigid 
tlivaricate  bristles)  :  corolla  minute,  but  its  crests  prominent :  nutlets  miinite  (barely 
half  a  line  long),  oblong-ovate,  minutely  and  densely  granulate,  the  scar  gradually 
broadening  from  api'x  to  base,  allixed  by  its  whole  length  to  tiie  conical-subulate 
gynobase. — Tacif.  U.  iJep.  v.  3G3. 

Soiillioaalnni  liiirdi'rs  (if  < 'alil'Driiiu  {Coullcr,  Thomai,  Tharki;  kc.)  ami  mljuconl  purt«  of  Ari- 
zona ;  also  Lower  {'uUroruia. 

*  *  Nutlets  roundish  at  the  sides,  somewhat  incurved  at  maturity,  attached  to  a  pyra- 
midal gynohase  by  a  shorter  narrow  salient  scar :  calyx  less  hispid,  not  separating  at 
maturity:  style  short:  corolla  larger  {limb  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter).  (Intermedi- 
ate between  this  section  and  §  Plagiohothrys.) 

13.  E.  Kingii,  Watson.  Apparently  biennial,  villoushirsute  and  somewhat  his- 
pid :  stems  erect  or  spreading,  a  sjian  high,  rather  stout :  leaves  from  spatulate  or 
the  upper  oblong  to  obk)ng-linear  :  llowers  very  short-pedicelled,  crowdeil  in  short 
spikes  or  clusters,  which  are  sometimes  leafy  at  base  :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  :  tube 
of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  its  lobes,  the  crests  consjiicuous  :  nutlets  triangidar- 
ovate,  with  the  summit  at  maturity  incurved,  roughish-rugose  on  the  llattish  back  ; 
the  scar  linear-lanceolate  in  outline  and  somewhat  salient,  extemling  from  above  the 
broad  rounded  base  to  beyond  the  middle.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  243,  t.  23 ;  (jray, 
1.  c.  60. 

KasUini  portion  of  tlio  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Truckeo  Pass,  Sierra  Valley,  and  adjacent  jiarts  of  Nevada, 
U'ttlsoii,  IxmuuDi.  Malure  IVnit  of  an  apparently  decumlmnt  form  was  colleetod  by  Mr.  bennnon, 
in  1874  and  1875. 

*  *  *  Nutlets  three-sided  and  with  acute  lateral  angles,  attached  by  the  lower  part  of 
the  ventral  angle  to  a  subulate  or  narroiv-columnar  gynobase;  style  mostly  long: 
anthei'S  linear-oblong  :  co7'olla  rather  large  and  the  crests  in  its  throat  very  promi- 
nent and  arching  :  stout  biennials  or  perennials,  ivilh  thyrsi/urni  ItaJ'y-bracteate 
inflorescence  :  the  calyx  and  pedicels  persistent  in  fruit. 

14.  E,  glomer^tum,  DC.  IJoot  biennial,  or  in  the  mountain  form  jierhaps 
perennial,  a  span  lo  a  foot  high,  grayish-hirsute  and  hispid  :  leaves  spatulate  and 
linear-spatulate  :  tube  of  the  corolla  not  suri)assing  the  linear-lanceolate  lobes  of 
the  very  bristly  hispid  (sometimes  yellowish)  calyx,  and  hardly  longer  than  its 
lobes,  the  limb  3  to  5  lines  in  diameter:  millets  tuberculato-rugosc  on  the  back.  — 
Cynoglossum  glouieratuin,  Pursh.    Myusotis  gloineraia,  Nutt. ;  Hook.  El.  ii.  82,  t.  162. 

Hiwh  Sierra  Nevada,  lidin  Mariposa  to  Sierra  eounties,  thence  eastward  and  northward  to 
British  Columbia  and  the  idains  eixst  of  the  Kocky  Mountains  :  only  the  low  and  less  hispid  form 
(var.  huniile,  Gray)  in  California. — The  two  following  species,  not  yet  actually  found  within 
the  State,  may  be  expected. 


Echinospcrmnm.  BORIIAGINACE^O.  r,20 

15.  E  fulvocanescens,  dray,  I.  c.  ])inVrs  from  the  proccdinrr  in  tlio  ncrcn- 
ma  c..csp,t,<.so  roots,  softer  silky-.stri.oso  hairiness  of  the  leaves,  and  iLr  -Mneius- 
ye  Icnv  ha.rs  ol  the  calyx  tnI>o  of  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx, 'twice  or  thn  0^0 
length  oi  Its  own  lobes  (hmb  3  or  4  linos  in  diameter):  nutkts  granulate-roiHi 
ened.  —  E.  glomeratum,  var.  (?)  fulvocanescens,  Watson    1    c  ^ 

theS  aZ'thfnLt  ''^'"'''  '"  ""'^  ''''^'•^°  ^"^  '^^''•""•^'-     ^ntcnncdiato  in  aspect  between 

n  f?^;  ,^'/®"<;°P^^"°^'  ^-  J^^-      rnronnial,  and  ahnost  woo.ly  at  hase,  a  span  to 
a  foot  Ingh  m  t.dts,  silvery-canescent  and  somewhat  strigose  :  loaves  lanceola  0  an 
linear,  acute:    spicato-glomerato  iniloresceneo  and  calyx"  hirsute  am  Ti     if wj 

low!)  corolla  exceeding  the  calyx  and  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  its  lobes  •  stvlo 
very  long:  nut  ets  ^^Jitish,  ivory-like,  smooth  an.l  polished  in  to  2  lint  on.)  - 
Myosotis  kncnphcea,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  1G3  V   J  •'^  ^  ^"i^  long;.  — 

deS'^f  ^ii^irnt^tn^ffi,  'Z.^'"^''  '''^  '^  «''"^^-"  U^^'>'  --^-'^  the  bor- 


*   *    *    * 


L,.  ;/ "^^'-''^  "^'-'-""^^^ ''^^'''.  ^f^«^  &y  ^/'^^z-  «'/../«  lem;(h  to  the  subulate  cjyno- 
;,  L  f  /  .  '^  ««'-;-o"^  .7^00.6  /m^;«,^  a  7ttor.  or  less  wUhned  base,  one  of  them 
vnihont  lateral  angles   (as   in   9  c£-  10),  the  other  three  with  their  lateral  anale, 

17.  E  pterocaryum,  Torr.    Slender  annual,  hirsute,  loosely  branching,  loaves 
linear  or  the  lowest  spatulate  :  flowers  in  naked  and  nmstly  brLtle  s  Sina  0  or 
,X";!'n  "''"V^i^"'/  -1^-^?^-  '^^^l-^S  -  in  fnnt  oiato,en;Lh;tl"^^^ 
Itt.  King^^^^^^^^  Wilkes  Exp.  415,  t.  13  B^Watson, 

8.  ECHINOSPERMUM,  Rwartz.  Stickseed. 
Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  spreading  or  roflexcd  in  fruit.  Corolla  short-salver- 
iorm  and  with  conspicuous  arching  crests  at  the  throat.  Short  filaments  style 
ovary,  &c^,  as  in  EriiricUum.  Nutlets  4,  erect,  attached  by  their  ventral  ainde  for 
most  of  heir  length  to  a  subulate  or  broadly  pyramidal  gynobase,  the  side^  sur- 
rounded by  one  or  more  rows  of  rigid  prickles  with  backwardly  barbed  (glochidiate) 
tips,  either  distinct  or  confluent  into  a  border  or  wing,  the  back  unarmed  or  some- 
times similarly  prickly, -forming  a  bur,  wliich  is  carried  in  the  wool  and  hair  of 
animals.  —  DC.  ].  c 

1.  E.  Redowskii,  Lehm.     Annual,  roughish  hirsute,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  tM'o 
h  gh,  much  branched  :  leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  somo^^dlat  spatulate 
ol)tuse;    the  upper  becoming  bracts  of  the  loose  leafy  .pikes    Tlo^^^^ 
merely  spreading,  stout,  shorter  than  the  narrow  and  at  lon'-Mh  uno  1  l    0    n^ 

cdyxwhich.mostly  exceed  the  fruit:  corolla  small,  a  line".r  two  I  "e  .^^^^^ 
lets  bordere,!  by  a  single  row  of  su],ulate  barbed  prickles,  their  bases 7,fte  broad- 
ened and  more  or  loss  confluent;  the  back  and  si<los  thickly  bosot  witi  m  3ar 
sharp  points  or  tubercles;  scar  and  gynobase  slender.  -  A'.  Rilnu.kii     ar    W 


,"30  liUKllAGlx^ACE.K.  A'chiuusjn-rmum. 

tale,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  24G,  t.  23,  fig.  9  to  12.  £.  jxttulum,  Lcliiii.  in  Hook, 
Fl. ;  Torr.  l)ot.  Wilkes  Exp.  418,  not  of  Lehni.  Aspcr.  A\  Lujjpula,  Hook.  &  Arn. 
Bot.  Beecliey,  not  of  Echiu. 

Var.  cupulatum,  (Iiay.  Prickles  of  the  fruit  with  broadened  bases  united  into 
a  coriaeeiius  wiug,  which  souietinies  forms  ii  deej)  imp  on  tho  back  of  the  nutliit,  it.s 
inargins  incurved  and  thickened.  —  J'J.  ulriduiu,  Meoa  in  JMou-Wiod,  Trav,,  not  of 
Ledeb.     A',  litdowskil,  var.  stridum,  Watson,  1.  c. 

Dry  plains,  along  the  ciusturii  side  of  the  Siena  Nevada  ( W(Usmi,  &c.),  and  through  the  whole 
interior  region,  eastward  to  MinnesoUi  and  Te.\as  (also  in  N.  Asia).  The  variety  with  the  other 
form,  and  passing  into  it  by  gradations;  sonietiines  one  of  the  four  nutlets  bordered  with  distinct 
prickles,  while  the  other  three  aie  deeply  cupped  l.y  their  union  up  to  near  their  harhed  tips.  — 
The  E.  palulam  of  Silieria  has  the  little  tuhendis  on  the  back  and  aides  of  tlie  nutlets  fewer  and 
arranged  in  regular  rows,  as  indicated  by  Mr.  Watson. 

2.  E.  deflexum,  Eelun.,  var.  floribundum,  Watson.  Biennial,  lioary-pnbes- 
cent  or  hirsute  :  stem  erect,  from  a  foot  to  4  feet  high,  with  erect  paniculate 
branches  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  2  to  5  inches  long  :  racemes  jian- 
icled,  at  length  shuider  ;  the  lower  bract  rather  leafy,  the  upper  ones  minute  or 
wanting  :  peclicels  slender,  a  Une  or  two  long,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  detlexed 
in  fruit :  corolla  sky-blue  (rarely  wliite),  conspicuous,  the  limb  a  quarter  to  fidly 
half  an  inch  in  diauietcr  :  nutlets  bordered  by  a  single  row  of  numerous  subulate 
barbed  prickles  with  hascs  nu»re  or  less  conlluent ;  the  Hattish  bai;k  miinittily  rough- 
granulate  or  rarely  smooth  ;  tiie  scar  short  ami  broad  :  gynohase  broadly  conical- 
pyramidal. —  J'J.  Jloribunduin,  Lehm.  ;  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  104. 

Open  woods,  not  rare  through  the  State,  and  eastward  to  and  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains  ; 
northward,  on  the  borders  of  British  Colunrbia,  passing  into  the  smaller-flowered  and  {(reener  form 
which  well  represents  the  European  and  Siberian  K  deflexum.  On  Mount  Shasta,  Prof.  Hrewer 
collected  an  ambiguous  form,  tall  and  stout,  with  upper  eauline  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and  partly 
clasping,  and  fruit  largti,  the  nutlets  e([ually  prickly  all  over  the  back  ;  perhaps  u  distinct  species, 
jiossibly  E.  dij)'ai>uni,  Lehm. 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM,  Tourn.        lIouNo's-TONoub:. 

Calyx  r)-parted,  persistent,  opiui  in  fruit.  Corolla  short-salverform  or  funnelform, 
with  conspicuous  arching  crests  at  the  throat.  Stamens  and  style  included.  Nut- 
lets 4,  clothed  over  the  whole  ba(;k  with  short  ami  stout  prickles  having  minutely 
barbed  (glochidiate)  tips,  or  sometimes  merely  muricate,  oblitiue  or  horizontal 
(although  the  lobes  of  the  ovary  are  erect  or  ascending,  and  with  an  ascending 
anatropous  ovule),  the  inner  angle  being  carried  upwards  by  the  growth  of  the 
pyramidal  gynt)basc  to  which  the  nutlets  are  affixed  by  a  large  scar,  separating 
at  maturity  froiu  beluw  uinvards,  hanging  for  some  time  by  a  process  which  at 
length  peels  off  from  the  style.  —  Coarse  and  broad-leaved  herbs,  with  lower  leaves 
large  and  loug-petioled,  and  middle-sized  flowers  in  bractless  panicled  racemes  ;  the 
nutlets  forming  "  burs." 

C!.  OKFiciNAi,K,  biini.,  tlio  common  Ifound's-longue,  is  a  coarse  biennial  weed  of  the  Old  World, 
abundantly  iiat\n-alized  in  the  northern  Atlantie  States.  It  has  not  nuuhed  California,  ui.pi.r- 
ontly.  The  plant  so  mime.l  in  the.  Botany  of  iU'cciicy's  Voynge  doubtless  belongs  to  the  following 
species. 

1.  C.  grande,  I  )ougl.  A  thick-rooted  perennial,  about  2  feet  high,  pubescent 
when  young  witli  mostly  soft  slender  hairs,  or  the  stem  and  the  upper  face  of  the 
leaves  glabrous  :  radical  and  lower  eauline  leaves  ovate-oblong,  usually  rounded  or 
cordate  at  base,  long-i)etiole(l ;  the  upper  ones  similar,  but  smaller  and  with  taper- 
ing base  or  short  margined  petiole  :  panicled  racemes  or  cyme  snuill,  on  a  long 
naked  peduncle  terminating  the  sbou  :  corolla  blue  or  violet,  its  tube  longer  than 
the  calyx,  but  hardly  longer  than  the  ample  roundish  lobes. 


IfarpagoneUa.  BORRAGINACEiT;.  531 

Woods,  from  Motitoioy  to  Wasliiiifjton  Territory.  An  tuiuR\m11y  Btnootli  fortn  from  riiimiw 
Co.,  Mrs.  I'ahifcr  Amc.1.  Nutlets  not  seen;  the  moderately  enliuging  lobes  of  the  ovary  only 
sparsely  and  minutely  muricate  on  the  back. 

2.  C.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  ALout  a  foot  liigli,  leafy  to  the  top  or  nearly,  rough- 
ish-hirsute  :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse  and  witii  a  small  point ; 
radical  and  lower  ones  oblong-spatulate  and  tapering  gradually  into  a  long  narrow 
base  or  winged  petiole ;  the  up[)('r  closely  sessile  and  half-clasping  :  peduncle  2  or  3 
inches  long,  bearing  a  small  mostly  forked  cyme  :  corolla  purple  or  violet,  its  tube 
twice  or  tlirico  the  length  of  the  short  and  roundisli  lobes  :  ntitlets  horizontal  at 
maturity,  very  convex  and  tumid  as  in  the  Eastern  C.  Vinjinicam. — I'roc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  58. 

Sierra  Co.  and  northward,  Lcmmon  (in  fruit),  Rni.  R.  Burgess  (in  flower). 

10.  PECTOCARYA,  DC. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  spreading.  Corolla  very  small,  salverform  or  funnel- 
form,  with  crests  in  the  throat.  Stamens  and  very  short  stylo  included.  Nutlets 
widely  spreading  in  pairs,  horizontal,  oblong  or  almost  linoar,  surrounded  by  a  more 
or  leas  incurved  wing-like  border,  which  is  sometimes  deeply  cut  into  stout  bristle- 
bearing  teeth,  or  is  more  or  loss  beset  with  stiff  bristles  or  slender  prickles,  the  tips 
of  which  are  simply  hooked.  Gynobase  very  short.  Radicle  of  the  embryo  centrip- 
etal, i.  e.  pointing  to  the  gynobase.  —  Low  and  insignificant  slender  annuals,  dif- 
fusely branching ;  with  hoary  strigose-hirsuto  pubescence,  narrow  linear  leaves 
(barely  half  a  line  wide),  and  very  small  lateral  flowers  scattered  along  the  branches, 
on  very  short  peduncles:  corolla  white.  —  DC.  Prodr.  x.  120;  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  x.  CI. 

A  weinis  of  probably  only  two  variable  species,  and  perhaps  of  only  one,  inhabiting  the  western 
coa-st  of  America  from  Chili  to  California,  perhaps  dilfused  since  the  introduction  of  sheep  and 
cattle,  the  nutlets  being  bur-like. 

1.  P.  lateriflora,  DC.  Nutlets  about  2  lines  long,  surrounded  by  a  rather 
broad  and  thick  ex[)anded  wing,  which  is  deeply  cut  or  parted  into  about  9  to  15 
triangular-aubidato  teeth,  more  or  leas  tipped  with  liook-bristly  points.  —  Cynoglon- 
snm  laterijlorum,  Lam.  C.  pilomm,  Kuiz  ik,  Pav.  Pednr.arya  Idtn-iffora,  linearis,  ife 
(a  slender  form)  Chilensix,  DC.  1.  c.  P.  Chilensis,  var.  Cn/ifonn'ra,  Torr.  in  Pacif. 
J'.  Hop.  iv.  124,  whore  tlie  character  in  the  Prodromus  as  to  the  position  of  the 
radicle  is  corrected. 

Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Los  Angeles  to  Arizona  and  Southem  Utah  {Parry,  Bigclow,  he). 
Also  coast  of  Peru  an<l  C!hili. 

2.  P.  penicillata,  A.  DC.  Plants  very  slend(!r  :  nutlets  little  over  a  line  long, 
with  narrow  and  entire  or  rarely  few-toothed  wing,  tlie  apex  tliickly  beset  witli 
hooked  bristles,  the  sides  more  or  less  incurved  and  naked  or  sometimes  bearing  a 
few  scattered  bristles.  —  (' ynoglossitm  pe.niciUatimi,  Hook.  &  Arn. 

Common  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  along  and  near  the  coast.  Also  in  N.  W.  Nevada,  between 
Long  Lake  and  Soila  Lake  Valleys,  Lcmvwn.     Probably  passes  into  the  preceding. 

11.  HARPAGONELLA,  Gray. 
Calyx  irregular;  three  of  the  sepals  distinct  nearly  to  the  base,  two  united  to 
near  the  middle.  Corolla  ahuost  rotate,  liardly  surpassing  the  calyx;  the  throat 
with  obtuse  crests  ;  the  roundish  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  sliort :  stigma 
somewhat  capitate.  Divisions  of  the  ovary  globular,  attached  by  the  base  to  a; 
nearly  flat  receptacle,  two  of  them  apparently  always  abortive.      Ovule  nearly  erect, 


532  CONVOLVULACEJ<:.  Huqjuyoudla. 

anutropous,  tlio  orilico  iiii'ciior.  iS'utlets  mostly  2,  collutural,  oblong,  coriaceous, 
lieiiocLly  siiioutii,  ol>li(iuoly  tixcil  by  the  buso ;  oiio  of  Lliciii  imkcd,  ubcoiuliiig,  and 
usually  it'  not  always  inicrtile  ;  the  other  larger  und  completely  invested  by  the  two 
united  lobes  of  the  uuw  very  oblicjuo  calyx,  in  the  form  of  a  bur  (somewhat 
resembling  that  of  a  small  Franstriu),  being  sparsely  beset  with  7  to  D  long  and 
diverging  soft  spines,  wliich  are  anned  with  short  hook-tipped  bristles,  liadicle 
iiderior  or  centripetal.  —  A  little  herb  with  the  aspect  of  Pectocart/a.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  88, 

1.  H.  Falmeri,  Oray,  1.  c.  Diifuso  and  slender  annual,  a  span  high,  minutely 
strigose-hirsute  :  lt;aves  linear-lanceolate  :  Uowers  very  small,  lateral  at  all  the  nodes, 
on  short  at  length  dellexed  peduncles  :  corolla  white,  miimte  :  spines  of  the  fruiting 
calyx  as  long  as  the  bur-like  body ;  the  3  free  calyx-lobes  small  and  rather  remote. 

(Juadalujic  l.slaml,  Lower  California,  Dr.  E.  Palmer.  Althougli  iVom  a  station  two  hundred 
miles  below  the  lino  of  the  State,  this  curious  little  plant  is  not  unlikely  to  occur  along  the 
borders,  iu  company  with  J'cctocari/a,  with  which  it  is  associated  on  Guadalupe  Island. 


OuDKK  LXVl.    CONVOLVULACEiE. 

Herbs,  or  some  shrubs  in  warm  climates,  more  commonly  twining  or  trailing, 
many  with  milky  juice ;  all  with  alternate  leaves  (or  scales)  and  regular  perfect 
flowers ;  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  or  angles  of  the  corolla  and  alternate 
with  them  (5,  rarely  4) ;  the  free  persistent  calyx  of  mostly  distinct  much-imbri- 
cated sepals ;  ovary  2  -  3-celled,  with  a  pair  of  erect  or  ascending  ovules  iu  eacli 
cell,  the  cells  occasionally  divided,  so  as  to  form  4  one-ovided  half-cells;  capsule 
generally  globular  ;  seeds  1  to  4,  ijroportionally  large,  with  a  large  embryo  and 
a  little  mucilaginous  albumen.  Inllorescence  axillary  :  peduncles  1-flowered  or 
cymosely  several-flowered.  Flowers  oftener  large  and  showy,  and  opening  only 
once. 

An  order  of  nearly  30  giMiera  and  numerous  species,  widely  spread  over  tlie  world,  but  most 
abundant  in  warm  t'oiintrics,  nioderalcly  wM  roprcsonled  in  the  Atlantic  United  SUiles,  at  least 
in  the  Southern,  but  tlu'ie  are  wonilcrfuUy  few  on  the  Pacific  side.  Lower  ralifornia  has  several, 
all  of  the  tropical  types  and  (|uite  beyond  our  reach.  The  order  yields  purijative  medicines,  such 
as  .lulapnnd  Scaniniony,  and  ono  important  article  of  food,  Sweet-Potato,  the  root  oi  JpomuM  Iki- 
la/tis  ;  also  some  ornamental  llowers. 

Evoi.vuLUs,  Linn.,  a  genus  of  low  and  slender  plants,  not  twining,  small-Howereil,  and  remark- 
able for  having  two  styles  each  2-cleft,  is  represented  by  two  or  three  species  leaching  as  near 
as  Lower  California  and  Arizona. 

DiciioNDKA,  Forster,  a  genus  of  two  small  creeping  Iierbs,  — one  of  them  most  widely  diffused 
throughout  the  warm-temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  the  world,  the  other  Mexican  extemling 
into  Arizona,  &c.,  — appears  to  be  wholly  absent  from  California.  The  genus  is  known  by  the 
anomaly  of  two  distinct  ovaries  as  well  as  styles. 

Tkibk  L    CONVOLULE.'E.     Plants  with  ordinary  green  herbage.     Embryo  with  broad  and 
thin  foliaceous  cotyledons,  folded  and  crum[ilcd  in  the  seed. 

\.  Convolvulus.  Corolla  plaited  and  usually  convolute  in  the  bud;  the  limb  mostly  entire  or 
5-angled.  Style  single:  stigmas  2,  linear,  or  oblong.  (Ii-oakka  will  bo  known  by  its 
caj)itate  or  2-3-capilate  stigma.) 

2.  Cressa.     Corolla  not  plaited,  5-cleft.     Styles  2,  distinct,  each  witli  a  capitate  stigma. 

TiiiiiK  II.   CUSCUTINE/E.    Twining  parasites,  whitish  or  yellowish,  wholly  destitute  of  green 
foliage.      Embryo  liliform  ami  s[iiral,  destitute  of  cotyledons. 

3.  Cuscuta.     The  only  genus.     Corolla  not  plaited,  4-5-lobed.     Styles  in  ours  2,  and  stigmas 

cii|>itato. 


or 

con 


Convolvulus.  CONVOLVULACEJi;.  roo 

1.  CONVOLVULUS,  Linn.  BiNnwKEn. 
Corolla  'campanulate  or  sl.ort  and  opon-funnolforiu,  witli  more  or  loss  5-anc.ulate 
obscurely  5-lobed  border,  deeply  i.laited  down  tl.o  sinuses  in  the  bud;  the  plaits 
nvolute,  commonly  straight,  sometimes  contorted  (either  in  the  same  direction  as 
the  plaits  overlap  or  in  the  opposite).  Stamens  included.  Style  filiform  •  stigmas 
2,  subulate,  or  in  ours  flat,  and  from  narroAvly  lin(,ar  to  oval.  Capsule  globose 
2-<!nlIed  (soinetinios  imperfectly  so)  :  colls  2-ovulod  and  coninionly  2-H.u>d,.,l  •  dej.iH- 
conco  when  perfect  septifragal,  i.  o.  the  valves  separating  from  th'o  partition  Em- 
bryo with  broad  and  foliaceous  cotyledons,  folded  and  crumpled  in  the  seed  — 
Stems  twining,  trailing,  or  in  some  erect  and  bushy.  Peduncles  solitary  in  the 
axils,  in  ours  one-flowered,  or  occasionally  2-flowered.  Ours  are  all  perennial  herbs. 
A  rather  large  genus  in  the  Old  World,  sparingly  represented  in  the  New 

*  A  pair  of  thin  membranaceo-foliacfon.  bracts  dose  tc,  the  calyx,  and  envelopina  U 

of- partly  so.  ~(Calystef/ia,n.'livo\vn.) 

+■  IFerhage  rather  fleshy :  stignins  ovale  or  oval. 

lo.iVl^^®M^^^°®"^  HT'-     .^^'^'•'ti'n«>  low,  glabrous:   stems  a  foot   or   less   in 
length,  trailing,  rarely  attempting  to  climb:    leaves  kidney-shape.l,  entire  or  o 
scuro  y  angu late-lobed,  an  incli  or  two  broad,  long-potiolo.l  :  bracts  o"      cordat 

c^ns  rr  ^"  'TV  '''fl'  ^''''^  ''  1^'^n^''-^'''  ^"  ""^'^  "r  more  in    en'  h  • 

capsule  becoming  one-celled.  -  C^/y,^.^,-^  SaUlanella  &  C.  rnnformi.,  R   I'.rown 

fSL^'S^J'^J!:^  ^°'  ""^^'""^^  '"^  ^"°^*  ««""^-      ^^'^'^ly  d-tributed  over'the 

■K  +■  Not  fleshy:  stir/mas  linear,  or  at  most  oblong-linear. 

sevtaf  feef b^r*f?' ^7'     ?''^T  ''  ""'""^^'^  pubescent:   stems  twining, 
several  feet  high  :    leaves   from  broadly  ovate-triangular  with  a  deep  and  naiTow 
basal  sinus  to  narrowly  lanceolate-hastate;  the  posterior  lobes  often  l-noXd 
peduncle  elongated,  not  rarely  2-flowered  withi'n  the  bracts;  thesTovat;  or  xnre  y 
oblong,  commonly  surpass  ng  and   enclosint?  tbn  nKrv  •    „^,.    i        ,.,'"''  "r.  i^re'y 

1  JO  15  inc.,  J,,  „„•;,  i^,^..,..Js^z^>i:^:i,:^^/[j'^'^'- 

thoni)  to  Snn  Diego  (Cooper   CfrvrhJ)-vur   11.',  ^  ^"'^''^  '^'"'"  t^^"  "^'1  ''^  o""  "f 

peduncles  and  ver^lrroTi\,ear!^noolatoW^^^  "iV'V'"  '""[I"'   ^^■'»''  ^-dowered 

site  extreme,   resembling  a  lar.e  amf  WoaTfeavv^^^  l^'^'^.l"'  ^^r"""'      The  op.x,- 

gu£heri;^s^-;ts-:s^rs^i?:l-^^ 

Wha't^id?-!?!^'!"'^''''^'  ?'"7'\  ^^'""t^^y -^"'l  '•'^tl'-^  'l-"«Hy  pubescent,  or  some- 
ntof'l      ''''"/'      '^  ^"7"  '!"'  ''"'r'l'-""t.  "rproduci'ng  trailing  nton-s  a 
tato  nangul,ir-l,,.s  atn  and  the  later  ones  acute,  nnd  the  basallobes  son  etimTs 

o;/    :'T::r^Tr^'''':^     l-lundes  shorter  than  the  petiolo  :  bmcts  oblong  or 
oval,  not  unhke  the  outer  sepals  and  equalling  thorn,  or  rather  shorter:  co^IIa 


534  CUKVOLVULACE.'E.  CuuvuIoiUuh. 

wliito,  cream-color,  or  (Icsli-color,  U  to  2  inclios  long. — DC.  I'lodr.  ix.  405.     t\di/- 
s(('(/ia  subacatUis,  ilook.  6i,  Ani.  JJol.  Beuclioy,  303. 

llill.s  tiiiil  luiiik.s,  ]\liiriii  Co.  to  Sua  Luis  Oliispo.  lUiulo  ol'  llie  leaf  from  hiilf  an  inch  to  uii 
iiicii  or  iiioio  ill  Icii^'lli  :  |k!(1uiu-Ii)s  1  to  3  inches  hnig. 

4.  C.  villosus,  (imy.  Donsoly  ami  sot'tly  vvliito-tomcntoso  throughout :  atoms 
a  span  to  '1  lout  long,  tmiling  or  feebly  twining  :  leaves  from  reniform-hastate  to 
sagittate,  the  ui)per  acuminate,  mostly  hinger  than  the  petiole  ;  the  basal  lobes 
often  angulate-1  -  2-toothed  :  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole  :  bracts  oval 
or  ovate,  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  corolla  cream-color,  an  inch  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acail. 
1.  c.  Convolvulus  (n.  sp.  i),  Torr,  in  Pacif.  li.  liep.  iv.  127.  Culystefjia  villosu, 
Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.   17. 

Dry  hills,  from  the  Upper  Saliniis  River,  Monterey  Co.,  and  Tejon,  to  Plumas  and  Sieiia 
counties.     The  silky-villous  wool  very  soft  aud  velvety. 

*   *   No  califx-llke  bracts,  sometimes  a  pair  of  leaves  close  under  the  Jloiver  or  a  jxiir 
of  bracts  at  some  distance  below  it. 

5.  C.  luteolus,  Oiay.  (ilabrous  or  pubescent :  stems  at  length  2  or  3  Inct  Lmg 
and  twilling  :  leaves  triangular-hastato  or  sagittate,  the  basal  lohi's  sometimes 
2-lobed  :  peduncles  commonly  us  long  as  the  leaves,  bearing  a  i)air  of  linear  or 
lanceolate  entire  foliaceous  bracts  a  little  below  the  llower ;  a  second  llower  occa- 
sionally from  the  axil  of  one  of  them  :  sepals  mo.stly  broad  and  roundish  :  coroHii 
jiale  yellow,  an  inch  or  more  in  lengtii. —  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  Jpomwa  sa<)i(tij'oUa, 
Hook.  &  Arn.  liot.  Beechey,  151  ((),  but  the  stigmas  are  linear. 

Var.  fulcratus,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  })ubescent :  a  pair  of  hastate  or  sagittate  small 
leaves  for  bracts  either  below  or  close  to  the  llower.  —  C.  CaUfornicus,  Torr.  Pacif. 
\i.  Pep.  iv.  127,  not  of  Choisy. 

Hillsides  from  Lake  and  Colusa  to  Alameda  counties.  Variable  in  foliage,  generally  glalirous; 
the  bracts  from  1  to  4  lines  loiii;  and  aliout  tlie  same  distiuico  below  the  calyx.  Vur.  fiilcrntiis, 
which  in  aspect  sometimes  much  resemhlcs  the  less  downy  fonns  of  the  preceding  species,  comes 
from  the  foot-liiils  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Sononi,  Bi(fdoiv)  to  Fort  Tejon  {U'alUtcc,  Hum),  and 
Cajon  I'ass  (C'uu//cr)  :  its  Liacteal  leaves  commonly  half  an  inch  long. 

(3.  C.  longipes,  Watson.  Glabrous  throughout,  erect  and  much  branchinl,  the 
filiform  brandies  sometimes  twining  :  leaves  small  and  sparse,  rather  short-juitioled, 
or  the  up])er  sessile,  entire,  or  most  of  the  lower  hastate  by  a  pair  of  oblong  or 
linear  divaricate  basal  lobes  :  peduncles  1-tiowered,  2  to  6  inches  long,  imked,  or 
■with  one  or  two  distant  small  leaves  remote  from  the  bractless  calyx  :  corolla  yel- 
lowish, over  an  inch  long.  —  Am.  Nat.  vii.  302. 

Owen's  Valley  or  near  Fort  Tejon,  Dr.  Horn.     Southern  Nevada,  Litiut.  IVIuelcr. 

2.   CRESSA,  Linn. 

Corolla  deeply  5-cleft,  not  plaited  ;  the  oblong  or  ovate  lobes  more  than  half  the 

length  of  the  somewhat  campanulate  tube,  lightly  convolute  in  the  bud,  or  with  one 

lobe    external.      Stamens  and   the    two    distinct   entire   styles   exserted.      Stigmas 

capitato.     Capsulo  2-valved,  by  abortion  commonly  ono-seedod.  — A  single  species. 

1.  C.  Cretica,  1-inn.  I'enMinia!  herb,  ii  span  or  two  high,  croct  or  diffuse, 
exceedingly  brancheil,  silky-villous  and  hoary  :  leaves  very  numerous,  small  (2  to  4 
lines  long),  almost  sessile,  mostly  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  :  llowers  sessile  or 
short-peduncled  in  the  up[)er  axils  :  corolla  2  or  3  lines  U>ng,  white,  silky-pubescent 
outside,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  C.  IVnxillensis,  IlIiK.,  a  name  for  the 
American  form,  which  does  not  much  diifer  from  that  of  Australia  (C.  australis,  R. 
lirovvn),  but  is  more  silky  than  that  of  Europe. 

Saline  soil,  along  the  whole  length  of  the  coast.  Also  in  alkaline  soil  in  valleys  of  the  Monte 
Diablo  Range,  Brewer.     Extends  to  Arizona,  &,c.,  and  coast  of  S.  America  round  to  S.  Brazil. 


Cuscuta.  CONVOLVULACE.K  535 

3.  CUSCUTA,  Toiiin.  DoDDKiu 
(Hy  Dr.  Gkohok,  Knoki-mann.) 
Calyx  5-  (sometimes  4-)  cleft  or  parted.  Corolla  campanulate  or  short-tubular, 
the  spreading  limb  5  -  4-parte(l,  between  convolute  and  imbricated  in  the  bud,  not 
plaited.  Stamens  mostly  furnislic<l  with  a  scale-like  fringed  appendage  below  their 
insertion  in  the  throat.  Ovary  glubosn,  2-cdlcd,  4-ovule(l.  Styles  in  all  our  species 
2,  distinct.  Capsule  1  -  4-see(led,  circumscissile  (bursting  transversely),  or  mostly 
baccate.  Embryo  fdiform,  spirally  coiled  in  the  (when  dry)  hard-fleshy  albumen, 
destitute  of  cotyledons,  sometimes  furnished  at  the  upper  part  with  a  few  alter- 
nate scales  (belonging  to  the  plumule),  germinating  in  the  soil,  but  not  rooting 
in  it,  developing  into  fdiform  and  branching  annual  stems  of  a  yellowish  or  reddish 
hue,  which  become  parasitic  on  the  bark  of  herbs  or  small  shrubs,  being  attached 
by  means  of  suckers  at  the  whole  surface  of  contact  (the  base  soon  dying  away), 
twining  extensively,  bearing  occasional  small  scales  in  the  i)Iace  of  loaves.  Flowers 
small,  cymoso  or  densely  chistercd,  white  or  whitish,  usually  produced  Into  in  the 
season.  —  Engolm.  in  Amor.  Jour.  Sci.  1842,  &  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.  (1859) 
i.  453. 

A  widely  distributed  genus  of  nearly  80  species,  divided  into  three  subgcnem  ;  tlie  fii-st,  Eucus- 
c!(te(witli  distinct  styles  and  elongated  stigmas,  and  circumscissile  capsule),  indigenous  cx.du- 
Hively  to  the  Old  World,  although  the  injurious  Flax-Dodder  has  been  introduced  with  flax-seed 
into  the  Now  ;  tho  second  and  largest,  Grammica  (with  distinct  styles  and  cnpitato  stigmas), 
belonging  principally  to  tho  New;  tho  third  and  smallest,  Momqti'nn.  {%x\{]y  styles  united  into 
one),  scattered  over  the  whole  globe.  Tho  Calilbvnian  species  are  all  of  the  section  Cli.ifo,jrnvi- 
mica,  having  capitate  stigmas  and  a  baccate  or  indehisccnt  (;apsule.  The  following  species, 
natives  of  Aiizona  or  Utah,  are  not  unlikely  to  reach  California:  — 

C.  TENUIKLOKA,  EngeliTi.  and  C.  obtusifloua,  HBK.,  both  with  closed  or  haccate  capsule: 
C.  APPLANATA,  Eugclm.,  C.  onoNTOLEPis,  Engelm..  and  C.  umbkllata,  HBK.,  with  capsule 
opening  regularly  round  the  base. 

*  Capsule  (Jepressed-glohosc. 
1.  C.  arvensis,  Beyrich.  Stems  cai)illary  :  flowers  small  (about  a  line  long), 
in  small  umbel-like  cymes,  i)odicollato :  tube  of  the  broad-campantdato  coroTla 
included  in  tho  broadly  lubod  calyx,  as  long  as  or  rather  shorter  than  its  ovate- 
lanceolato  inflexed-pointed  lobes:  scales  large,  broadly  oval,  deeply  fringed:  styles 
shorter  than  the  largo  depressed  ovary  :  capsule  depressed-globose,  girt  at  tho 
base  by  the  persistent  corolla  :  seeds  4.  —  Engelm.  in  Gray,  Man.  ed  2  336 
&  ed.  5,  378.  '         ' 

Long  Valley,  Mendocino  Co.,  Kcllo(jg.  Not  rare  from  the  Mi.hlle  Atlantic  States  to  Texas, 
nut  thus  tar  found  only  once  in  California. 


9 


C.  Californica,  Choisy,  and  Tlook.  ^  Arn.  Stems  capillary;  flowers  snnxll 
or  middle-sized,  pedicelled  in  loose,  few-flowored  cymes  :  I(d)es  of  tho  calyx  acute  : 
lobes  of  the  corolla  lanceolate-subulate,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  tho  shallow  cam- 
panulate tube  :  filaments  mostly  as  long  as  the  linear-oblong  anthers  :  scales  none, 
or  sometimes  indicated  by  rudimentary  inverted  arches  near  the  base  of  the  tube ': 
ovary  small,  mostly  depressed,  with  slender  styles;  capsule  depressed.— DC.  Prodr. 
ix.  457.  —  Tho  extreme  forms  are  : 

Var.  breviflora,  Engelm.  Flowers  scarcely  more  than  a  line  long  :  ralyx-lobes 
acuminate,  equalling  or  surpassing  tho  tube  of  the  corolla:  filaments  and  anthers 
short :  styles  as  long  as  the  ovary  :  corolla  withering  at  base  of  or  around  the  2-4- 
seeded  capsule.  —  Engelm.  in  Trans.  St.  J.ouis  Acafl.  Sci.  1.  c.  499. 

Var.  longiloba,  Engelm.  1.  c.  Flowers  longer-pedicelled,  U  to  2\  lines  long: 
calyx-lobes  short,  or  sometimes  long  and  acuminate  and  even  recurved  at  tip  :   lobes 


536  CONVOLVULACEJi:.  Cuscuia. 

of  tlie  corolla  slender,  longer  than  the  tube  or  even  twice  as  long  :  filaments  and 
anthei-s  more  slender:  styles  much  longer  than  the  ovary  :  capsule  mostly  1 -seeded 
and  enveloped  by  the  corolla. 

Not  rare  thvou^'li  tho  western  part  of  the  State.  The  sliorter-flowered  variety  tYom  the  cmust  at 
Monterey  (Harltcc(j)  to  Cleai-  Luke  {Tunry),  ami  to  the  Tuohunno  in  the  Siena  Nevada  (Jlulun- 
ilcr) :  a  low  plant,  ol'tcn  only  a  lew  inches  high.  Tho  var.  louijiluba,  principally  near  the  coiiat  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  State,  SantA  liarbara  to  San  Diego  and  into  Arizona,  in  arid  localities,  on 
EriviioHuin,  kc.  These  extreme  anil  the  numerous  intermediate  forms  are  easily  recogiiizeil  by 
the  delicate  white  shar|)ly-lobed  llowers  destitute  of  tho  substumineal  scales  :  lolies  of  calyx  and 
corolla  never  overlapiiing. 

*  *  Capsule  more  or  less  conical  or  pointed. 

3.  C.  salina,  n.  «[).  Kngelm.  {Stems  slender:  flowere  (1^  to  2 J  lines  long) 
j)cdicelled  in  loose  cymes,  shorter  and  wider  than  in  tho  next ;  lobes  of  the  calyx 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  similar  but  mostly  broader  and  overlapping 
denticulate  lobes  and  as  the  shallow  campanulate  tube  of  the  corolla:  filaments  about 
as  long  as  the  oval  anthers  :  fringed  scales  niostly  shorter  tlian  tlie  tube,  sometimes 
incomplete  :  styles  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  tiie  pointed  ovary  ;  capsule  conical, 
surrounded  (not  covered)  by  the  withered  corolla,  mostly  1-seeded.  —  C.  suhinclusa, 
var.  abbreviata,  &  C.  Culifornica,  var.  (?)  squamiyera,  Engelm.  1.  c.  499,  500. 

Saline  marshes,  on  various  Cheno|>odiac(!ous  j)lant3,  especially  Salicornia:  liay  of  Sau  Francisco, 
C.  irriijld,  IloliiuUd;  Kclloijii.  Also  extending  to  British  Columbia  (Xv/«.//),  and  in  the  inlerior 
to  Arizona  and  So\ithcrn  Utah.  In  many  respects  intermediate  between  the  preceding  and  the 
following  species  ;  but  distinguished  from  the  former  by  the  presence  of  infrastamineal  scales  and 
the  larger  llowers  ;  from  the  latter  by  the  less  crowded  llowers,  with  shortor  more  delicate  and 
open  corolla. 

4.  C.  SUbinclusa,  Durand  &  Ililgard.  Stems  rather  coarse  :  flowers  sessile  or 
short-pedicelled,  at  length  in  largo  (half-inch  or  inch  thick)  clusters,  2|  to  3i  or  4 
lines  long  :  calyx-lobes  ovate-hmceolate,  acutisli,  overlapi»ing,  much  bhorter  than 
the  cylindrical  at  last  urn-shaped  tube  of  the  corolla :  loboa  of  the  corolla  much 
shorter  tlian  tube,  ovate-lanceohite,  acute,  minutely  crenidate  or  pa|)illose  :  antiiers 
t)Vid,  nearly  hcssjId;  HrulcH  narmw,  iVingcuj,  reaching  only  to  tliu  middle  of  the  tiihe: 
slender  atyles  longer  than  the  ]»ointed  ovary  :  ca[)sule  conical,  capped  by  the  with- 
ered corolla  :  seeds  mostly  solitary. 

The  most  common  Californian  species,  on  shrubs  or  coaree  herbs  througliout  the  State,  mostly 
in  the  mountiiins,  the  coast  ranges  as  well  as  the  Sierra  Nevada,  but  also  along  the  coiist.  The 
long  and  narrow  tube  of  the  corolla,  only  partially  covered  by  the  thick  and  fleshy  and  usually 
reildish  calyx,  readily  distinguishes  this  species.  > 

5.  C.  decora,  Choi.sy,  Engelm.  Stems  coarse:  flowers  (1^  to  2|  lines  long) 
pedicelled  in  loose  clusters  :  lobes  of  the  lieshy  calyx  acute,  as  long  as  the  broatlly 
campanulate  tube  of  the  corolla  :  lobes  of  the  latter  as  long  a-s  its  tube,  ovate-lance- 
olate, minutely  jtapillose-crenate,  spreading  and  with  acute  inflexed  tips  :  scales 
large,  broadly  oval,  deeply  fringed  :  cai)sid()  ])(»inted,  enveloped  by  the  remains  of 
the  corolla  :  seeds  about  4. 

Near  Clear  Lake,  Bolaadcr ;  on  a  Senecio.  A  variable  species  of  the  southern  Atlantic  Stjites, 
extending  through  a  large  j)art  of  Ameiica,  ai)parently  rare  in  California.  Tho  only  specimen 
seen  belongs  to  the  large-tlowered  form,  which  often  has  deep  pinple  anthers  and  stigmas.  Tex- 
ture of  the  corolla  fleshy,  granular-papillose. 

G.  C.  denticulata,  luigelm.  Stems  caf)illary :  llowers  small  (about  a  line  long), 
short-pedicelled  in  small  umbel-like  clusters  :  tube  of  the  broadly  campanulate 
corolla  included  in  the  rounded-lubcd  and  denticulate  calyx,  and  as  long  as  its 
round-ovate  spreading  lobes  :  anthers  oval,  on  very  short  filaments  :  scales  reaching 
to  the  base  of  the  stamens,  denticulate  at  the  rounded  tip  :  styles  as  long  as  the 
])ointed  ovary  :  .stigmas  very  small  and  hardly  capitate  :  capsule  covered  by  the 
withered  corolla,  1  -  2-seede(i.  —  Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix.  348. 

Southwestern  Utah,  Pavrij.     To  lie  looked  for  in  adjacent  parts  of  California. 


S0TiANACEy1<:.  537 


OuDKii  LXVH.    SOLANACEiE. 

Herbs  or  slinibs  (commonly  rank-scented),  with  colorless  juice,  alternate  leaves 
and  no  stipules,  regular  5-merous  5-androus  flowers  on  ])ractless  pedicels,  the  corolla 
valvato  or  sometimes  imbricated  and  usually  plaited  in  the  bud,  a  single  style,  and 
a  (normally)  2-celled  ovary  ;  the  fruit  a  many-seeded  ])erry  or  capsule  ;  the  embryo 
slender  and  mostly  curved  in  (leshy  all)umcn  :  —  distinguished  from  Scrop/iularincea' 
by  the  regular  5-androus  flowers ;  from  tlie  preceding  orders  with  free  calyx  and 
stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  regular  corolla,  by  the  plaited  corolla  along 
with  a  single  style,  placenta}  in  the  axis,  numerous  seeds,  curved  embryo,  &c.  Seeds 
campylotropous  or  aniphitropous.  Calyx  usually  persistent.  Flowers  solitary  or 
cymose,  mostly  unaccompanied  by  bracts,  and  the  cymes  or  their  branches  oftener 
socund  or  scorpioid  an<l  imitating  racemes,  in  the  manner  of  Borrar/lnaceo',  &c. 
Leaves  commoidy  uno(piaIly  geminate,  and  peduncle  distant  from  the  nearest  leaf. 

A  largo  mid  widely  difrnscd  onlfr,  iiiiiinly  airctitinf;  tlio  wnnuor  imi ts  nf  tlin  woilil,  Imt  moat 
spiniiif^ly  roiircaciitcd  in  Califonna.  Narcotic  and  poisonous  proportios  provail  in  it,  as  oxcnipli- 
licil  by  tlie  Dpiidly  Niglitsliado  of  Kiiropo  (Jf.ropa  /JcNadoiina),  Ilonlmiin  {Jfi/nnci/iriivi.s),  Tohncco, 
kc.  Nevertheless  it  rnrnishes  important  esculents,  such  as  the  Tomato  and  ICgg-plant,  condi- 
ments, such  as  Capsicum,  and  one  staple  article  of  farinaceous  food,  the  I'otato. 

Tlie  five  natural  tribes  which  the  order  comprises  being  rather  diflicult  to  characterize,  and  the 
Californian  genera  few,  it  is  more  convenient  to  omit  the  former  from  the  synopsis,  in  which, 
liowovor,  the  natural  armngomcnt  is  mainly  followed. 

NicANDKA  rnvsALOioKs,  Ga;rtncr,  sometimes  called  Apple  of  IVru,  a  widely  dispersed  weed 
of  waste  grounds  and  gardens,  is  very  lil<ely  to  be  introduced,  but  has  not  yet  been  met  with.  It 
is  like  a  tall  Phymlis,  but  larger-Howered,  very  smooth,  and  with  a  fivc-ccllcd  berry,  which  dries 
as  it  ripens  and  bursts  irregularly  like  a  capsule. 

I.    Fruit  a  berry,  from  an  ovary  of  2  or  rarely  (except  in  cultivated  plants)  of  3  or  more  cells  : 

embrj'o  coiled  or  curved. 

*  Corolla  rotate  or  barely  campanulate,  valvate  and  mostly  induplicatc  or  ])laited  in  the  bud. 

1.  Lycopersicum.    Anthers  united  into  a  cone  ;  the  cells  oponiiif,'  lenj^thwisc  down  tlie  inside  : 

filaments  very  short.      Leaves  pinnately  compound,  the  loadi'ts  stalked,      lierry  naked. 

2.  Solanum.    Anthers  distinct,  Init  generally  conniviiifr,  longer  tlinn  the  liiaments  ;  their  cells 

opening  at  the  ape.K  by  a  hole  or  slit,  but  often  almi  longitudinallv. 

3.  Capsicum.     Anthers  distinct,  sliort,  not  longer  than  tli(!  iiliinicnt,  "the  colls  opening  length- 

wise,  without  a  terminal  hole.     Calyx  herbaceous,  girting  only  the  ba.sc  of  the  berry, 
and  with  little  or  no  border  or  lobes. 

4.  Chamseaaracha.     Anthers  distim^t  and  not  connivcnt,  short,  on  slender  rilamenf.s,  opening 

lengthwise.     Calyx  enlarging  close  around  but  not  completely  enclosing  the  berry,  not 
reticulate- veiny. 

5.  Physalis.    Anthers  distinct,  opening  lengthwise,  without  pores.     Calyx  enlarging,  becoming 

bladdery-inflated  and  reticulate-veiny,  enclosing  the  berry. 

♦  ♦  Corolla  tubular  or  funnolform,  imbricated  or  induplicatc-plaitcd  in  the  bud. 

6.  Oryctes.     Ilerbaceous.     Calyx  r)-i)arted.     Corolla  ntoothed. 

7.  Lycium.      Diffusely  brandioil  .shrubs,  commonly  sjuny,  with  entire  loaves.      Calyx  3-5- 

toothed  or  cleft.     Corolla  4  -  fi-lobed.     Hcrry  minutely  stalked  in  the  calyx. 

II.  Fruit  a  capsule,  but  .sometimes  a  fleshy  one  :  corolla  plaited  in  the  bud. 
*  Calyx  deciduous,  leaving  a  short  base  under  the  fruit :  seeds  large  :  embryo  curved. 

8.  Datura.     Capsule  dry,  or  somewhat  succulent  but  at  length  bursting,  prickly,  2-celled,  and 

the  cells  incompletely  again  2-celled.      Corolla  convulute  ius  well  as  plaited"  (i.  e.  tlie  plaits 
convolute)  in  the  bud. 

♦  *  Calyx  persistent  :  seeds  small  :  embryo  sliorter,  stnilKhtish. 

9.  Nicotiana.    Capsule  smooth,  with  2  (rarely  more)  simple  cells,  sjilittinfr  at  the  apex  into  as 

many  valves,  and  these  2-cleft,  mostly  enclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  toothed  or  IoImmI  calyx. 
10.  Petunia.     Capsule  smootli,  2-celled,  8imi)Iy  2-valvcd.     Calyx  5-partcd,  with  narrow  and 
foliaceous  lobes. 


538  SOLANACE.E.  Lycuptrsicum. 

1.  LYCOPERSICUM,  Tourn.  Tomaio. 
Flowers  as  in  Solaiium,  cxcupt  tlmt  tlio  anth(;id  (on  very  short  lilanionts)  are  united 
l)y  their  eonti^iimis  eilges  into  a  cone,  and  their  eolls  ojjen  longitiulinally  (h)\vn  the 
whole  length  of  the  inner  laee,  not  by  a  hole  at  the  apex.  —  Herbs  ol'  the  warmer 
part  of  America,  one  species  widely  dispersed  in  cultivation ;  the  small  racemose 
llowers  on  peduncles  which  soon  become  lateral  or  opposite  a  leaf :  peilicels  articu- 
lated and  reliexed  in  fruit. 

1.  L.  esculentum,  Mill.  (Tomato.)  Annual,  widely  spreading,  rank-scented, 
Ijirsute  ami  ghuiduiar,  at  least  the  bmnclies  :  leaves  interruptedly  once  or  twice 
j)innato  ;  the  larger  leallets  cut  and  toothed,  the  interposed  small  ones  roumler 
and  often  entire:  corolla  yellow:  berry  edible.  —  ^olanum  LycojJtrsicum,  Linji. 

The  coiainoii  Tomaio  piobably  has  run  wild  in  cultivutcil  iuid  waste  grounds  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  State.  Var.  CEitAsuouMK  (Cherry  Tomato)  is  soeniingly  native  along  the  southern 
borders  oi'  the  United  States  as  far  west  as  Aiizona,  probably  reaching  California.  The  parts  of 
the  flowei-,  normally  five,  and  two  in  the  ovary,  are  often  increased  in  the  cultivated  plant,  and 
very  connnonly  two  or  more  Howej^s  are  blended  into  one. 

2.   SOLANUM,  Tourn.         Nioutsuade.     Potato. 

Calyx  and  rotate  corolla  5-parted  or  cleft  (or  sometimes  4-10-parted  or  lobrd); 

the  lobes  of  the  latter  valvate  in  the  bud,  with  nuirgins  usually  turned  inwards 

more  or  less,  or  the  sinuses  plaited.     P'ilaraents  short:  anthers  distinct,. although 

often  conniving ;  the  cells  with  a  hole  or  chink  at  the  apex,  in  many  species  also 

opening  lengthwise.      Style  elongated  :  stigma  mostly  entire.    .  Ovary  with  2  cells, 

or  rarely  more,  becoming  a  berry.    Seeds  many.  Hat.  —  Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubl)y 

plants,  of  various  aspect  and  foliage. 

One  of  the  largest  genera  known,  chiefly  indigenous  to  warm  climates,  a  moderate  niunbcr  in 
temperate  regions,  but  cxcecilingly  few  in  Ihe  raiitic  United  States.  S.  timikkosiim  is  the  com- 
nion  I'otato.  S.  Jlici.oNiJKNA,  the  Aubergine  or  Kgg-plant.  S.  hkieuodoxum,  Dunal,  and 
S.  kostuatitm,  Dunal,  peculiar  species  extending  from  Mexico  well  into  the  United  States  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (and  remarkable  for  prickliness,  for  somewhat  iriegular  coiolla,  one 
anther  mucli  larger  and  longer  than  the  rest,  and  the  beriy  comjdetely  and  closely  invested  by 
the  prickly  calyx),  might  be  exj)ected  to  reach  California  by  way  of  Arizona ;  but  they  have  not 
been  met  with  here. 

*   Ntvtr  2>rkldi)  :  anthers  not  taperiiu;  upward,  disponed  to  dehisce  from  top  to  bottom. 

+-  Corolla,  {mostly  white)  deeply  b-clej't  or  ^-parted,  small. 

1.  S.  nigrum,  Linn.  Annual,  or  sometimes  becoming  woody  at  base  and  more 
enduring,  widely  branching,  green  and  almost  glabrous  :  leaves  more  or  less  ovate 
and  sinuate-toothed,  sometimes  merely  repand  or  nearly  entire,  acute  or  acuminate  : 
Howers  in  small  and  pedunculate  lateral  umbellate  clusters  :  berries  small,  black 
when  ripe,  or  rarely  reddish.     (The  common  Black  Nightshade.) 

Var.  Douglasii,  (Jray.  Varying  from  almost  glabrous  to  hoary-pid)erulent,  and 
from  one  to  several  feet  higli  :  leaves  apt  to  be  coarsely  toothed,  and  the  Ihjwers 
larger  (sometinu's  half  an  incii  or  more  in  diameter)  :  fruiting  calyx  erect.  —  S.  Domj- 
lasii,  Dunal  in  DC.  I'rodr.  xiii.  4i)- 

Waste  and  cultivated  ground.s  and  along  streams  towards  the  coast  ;  mainly  or  wliolly  the 
var.  DoiKjlusii,  which  is  .seemingly  indigenous,  sometimes  very  large,  and  "shrubby  at  base." 
S.  umbem/erum,  var.  trachi/dddon,  Torr.  in  I'acif.  H.  Hep.  vii.  12,  from  Santa  iRez,  is  of  this 
iorm.  Southward  it  runs  into  the  var.  noUiflorum,  which  inclines  to  have  entire  leaves  and 
glabrous  fdaments,  and  the  fruiting  calyx  retlexed.  In  multifarious  forms  this  weed  occurs  in 
almost  every  country.  At  least  hfty  of  the  speei.ts  admitted  by  Dunal  in  De  Candolle's  Prodromus 
are  by  other  authors  redui-eil  to  this.  The  lierries  have  the  ni-ulaliou  of  being  poisonous,  hut 
ni  some  parts  of  the  world  they  arc  safely  eaten. 


Capsicum.  SOLANACE.K.  539 

2.  S.  triquetrum,  (^;\v.  Perennial  and  more  or  less  woody  nt  base,  glabrous  : 
the  slender  and  trian<,Mdar  bmnches  disposed  to  climb  or  to  bo  flexuous  :  leaver 
deltoid-cordate  or  hastate,  sometimes  3-5-lobed,  the  margins  entire;  the  middle 
lobe  varying  to  lanceolate  or  even  linear:  umbellate  pedunculate  clustei-s  rather  lew- 
flowered  ;  berry  red.  —  Cav.  Ic.  iii.  30,  t.  259.  6'.  Limlheimerianum,  Scheele  in 
Linn?ea,  xxi.  700. 

From  'IVxa,s  westward  along  tlic  southern  frontier  ;  given  on  tlie  authority  of  a  sterile  specimen 
siud  to  1)0  Califoniian,  hut  more  likely  irom  Arizona. 

-•-  4-  Cnro/ln  [violet  or  hfne  nntl  xhowj/,  often  rjreen  (Did  yelhno  in  the  throat),  \S-anr/led 
or  very  moderatehj  h-lohed,  very ptt :  pedunrAen  short,  terminal  or  becoininff  lateral, 
(learin;;  an  open  forkiuij  or  umbellate  ryme ;  a  nodose  or  cupshaped  enlan/ement 
under  the  artieulation  at  the  base  of  each  slender  2>cdicrl :  berries  j>urj)le,  the  base 
covered  by  the  somewhat  enlarged  calyx. 

3.  S.  Xanti,  Cray.  Perennial,  nearly  herbaceous  except  the  base,  pubescent 
with  simple  glandular  hairs,  or  sometimes  almost  glabrous:  brant^hcs  slender:  leaves 
thinnish,  ovato  or  ovato-oblong,  ontiro  or  repand,  or  randy  aurioulatodobed  at  the 
usually  obtuse  or  rounded  or  subcordato  base  :  corolla  from  three  fourths  to  a  full 
inch  in  diameter.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  90. 

Var.  Wallacei,  Gray,  1.  c.  Leaves  and  flowers  much  larger ;  the  former  3  or  4 
inches  long  and  the  corolla  fully  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter  :  inflorescence  and 
branches  villous  with  long  and  viscid  many-jointed  hairs. 

Common  through  tho  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  north  to  Santa  Barlmia  ;  also  on  the  l)or- 
ders  of  Nevada,  and  in  Sierra  Co.  Has  heen  confounded  with  the  following,  and  is  almost  a.s 
polvmorphous  ;  is  known  hy  the  puhescence  of  simiilo  and  jointed  hairs,  commonly  tipped  with 
a  gland.  Named  for  Xanlics  da  Vcacy,  one  of  the  first  to  collect  it.  Var.  IVnllacci,  Catalina 
Island,  a  striking  form. 

4.  S.  umbelliferum,  Eschscholtz.  Perennial  from  a  shrubby  base,  minutely 
hoary-pubescent  or  toinentose  with  sliort  many-branched  hairs,  occasionally  almost 
glabrous  :  flowering  branches  mostly  short  and  leafy  :  leaves  obovate  and  oblong 
and  commonly  obtuse,  sometimes  ovate  and  acute,  entire  (half  an  inch  to  an  inch  or 
two  in  length);  the  upper  acute  or  narrowed,  tho  lower  and  larger  ones  rounded  at 
base  :  flowers  few  or  several  in  umbel-like  clusters  :  corolla  about  three  fourths  of 
an  inch  in  diameter.  — «?.  Californirnyn  Si  ."?.  f/enistoides,  Duniil  in  ]JC. ;  tho  latter 
a  fitarv(Hl  and  twiggy  form  with  sniiili  livivos. 

Conunon  from  the  foot-hills  of  tho  Slerm  Nevada  to  tho  roast,  and  snuih  to  Ran  Diego  Co. 
A  very  polymorphous  species,  producing  through  tho  season  it-s  handsome  violet-hluo  (or  rarely 
white)  llo-wers. 

*  *   Sometimes  pricMy :  anthers  longer,  tapering  vpwards,  openin.fj  only  at  the  tip. 

5.  S.  elaeagnifolium,  Cav.  Low  perennial,  or  tho  base  somewhat  woody,  silvery- 
whiteiied  all  over  by  a  dense  and  rather  scurfy  pubescence  composed  of  many-rayed 
stellate  hairs  :  prickles  straight  and  small  on  the  branches  an<l  midribs,  but  some- 
times wanting  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  siimate  or  entire  :  peduncles  at  first 
terminal,  few-flowered  :  calyx  5-angled  and  with  slender  lobes  :  corolla  violet, 
moderately  5-lobed,  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter :  ovary  tomentose  :  berry  yellowish, 
at  length  nearly  black. 

A  Mexican  ami  extra-tropical  South  American  species,  extending  from  Texas  to  Arizona,  and 
ma  shrubby  form  (,S'.  Hin<Manwn,  Henth.)  to  Lower  California:  probably  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  tho  State.  '  ^ 

3.   CAPSICUM,  Toum.        Cayknnk  rrri-Kit.     Cirii.i:. 

Cnlyx  short,  minutely  toothed  or  truncate,  little  enlarging,  girting  tho  base  of 

tho  acrid  and  somptinu's  juic(Oesa  berry.     Ccu'olla  5  -  O-clcft.     Anthers  shorter  or 

not  longer  than  tho  filament,  oblong,  blunt ;  the  vv\U  opening  lengthwise.     Other- 


640  SOLANACE.E.  Capslain>. 

■wise  as  Solanum.  —  IloiLs  or  shrubs,  natives  of  the  warm  parts  of  America,  green 
und  mostly  glabrous;  wilii  many-times  forking  stems,  ovutu  und  entire  or  barely 
reliant!  thinnish  leaves,  and  small  llowers  on  solitary  or  cymoso-clustered  pedicels. 
Corolla  mostly  white  and  the  anthers  bluish. 

C!Ai'sieuM  AN.Niui.M,  l.iiiii.,  iH  the  Cayciuio  Tepper,  or  Chile  Colorado  of  the  Mexicuiis,  with 
laigo  iiiul  long  pud-like  I'luit,  ol'  very  warm  ana  pungent  acridity. 

1.  C.  baccatum,  Linn.  Shrubby,  a  foot  or  two  high,  Avith  slender  diverging 
branches  :  leaves  ovate,  slcnder-petiuled  :  berry  globular,  as  large  as  a  j)ea,  on  a 
blender  erect  peduncle. 

Wild  along  the  Mexican  fioiititir,  and  in  Arizona,  probably  within  the  borders  of  the  Stale,  the 
form  called  C.  micrujihylluni  Ijy  Dunal  in  DC.  l*rodr. 

4.  CHAM^SARACHA,  Gray. 
(Jalyx  5dobed,  enlarging  after  llowering,  but  remaining  rather  lierbaceous,  not 
reticulated,  incomjiletely  investing  the  rather  dry-gl(d)ose  berry.  Corolla  rotate, 
fi-angnlate.  Antliei-s  short,  on  slender  (not  at  all  connivcnt)  lilaments ;  the  cells 
opening  lengthwise  throughout.  —  Low  jierennial  (Texano-Calilbrnian)  herbs;  with 
the  corolla  of  S<imclni  and  a  calyx  between  that  of  l^dautim  un<l  J'/ii/sdlin,  with 
rather  narrow  leaves  tapming  into  margineil  petioles,  and  in  their  axils  liliform 
solitary  or  sometimes  geminate  i)edicels,  which  are  mostly  refracted  or  recurved  in 
fruit.  Corolla  white,  yellowish,  or  tinged  with  violet.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  VI. 
ii.  89L     Saracha  §  C/iaincesaracha,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  62. 

L  C.  CoronopuB,  Gray.  Diffusely  much  branched,  green,  almost  glabrous,  or 
beset  with  some  short  and  rougJush  hairs,  a  span  high ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lini-ar 
with  cuneate-attenuato  base,  varying  from  almost  entire  to  laciniate-pinnatiiid  : 
calyx  somewhat  scurfy  hirsute  with  2-forked  hairs  :  corolla  yellowish,  half  an  inch 
or  less  in  diameter  :  berry  nearly  wdiite  :  seeds  thickish,  rugose  and  favose.  —  Sa/a- 
nnm  Coroywjms,  Dunal  in  I)C.  Prodr.  xiii.  G4.  WUhania  (1)  Coronopus,  Torr.  JJot. 
^lex.  Bound.  L'iS.  Saracha  {Ckavia saracha)  Cororxqms,  Gray,  1.  c.  Saracha 
acutifoiia,  Miers  in  Ann.  ik,  JNLag.  JS'at.  liist.  1849]  (but  the  flowers  too  small). 

Aii/ona  (Pulmcr)  and  S.  IJtali  {Capt.  Bishop)  to  Texas  and  Colorado.  Not  met  with  in  Cali- 
fornia, unless  it  be  Snmcha  acntifolia  of  Miers,  and  it  is  probable  Coulter's  specimen  on  which 
that  was  founded  came  from  Arizona.  The  more  eastern  and  broader-leaved  specimens  are  near 
to  C  tiunUdd,  which  is  jaibcscent  and  glandular. 

2.  C.  nana,  Gray.  Many-stemmed  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  barely  a 
span  high,  cinereous-))uberulent,  comparatively  largo-leaved  :  leaves  crowiled,  ob- 
long-ovate aiKl  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  undulate  (the  blade  an  inch  or  two  long, 
and  at  base  contracted  into  a  petiole  of  equal  length)  :  peduncles  mostly  shorter 
than  the  petiole  :  corolla  white  or  bluish,  7  to  9  lines  in  diameter  :  fruiting  calyx 
hemispherical  and  with  distant  subulate  teeth  :  seeds  flat,  smoothish.  —  Saracha 
nana,  Gray,  1.  c. 

Eastern  jjart  of  the  Siena  Ncvmhi  in  Nevada  and  Sierra  counties,  Kdlufjg  or  Bolundcr,  Lan- 
viOH.     Connects  with  Physali.',  ihrough  P.  (jniiidijlora. 

5.  PHYSALIS,  Linn.  GuouNn  Ciikuuv. 
Calyx  5-lobed,  enlarging  after  flowering  and  becoming  membranaceous  and  veiny, 
forming  a  loose  bladdery  envelope  enclosing  the  2-eelled  juicy  berry.  Corolla  rotate 
or  commonly  with  an  open-campanulato  ))ase,  5-angulate  or  obscurely  lobed.  An- 
thers oblong  or  linear,  not  connivent,  on  short  or  slender  filaments ;  the  cells  open- 
ing lengthwise  throughout.  —  Herbs,  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  mainly  in 


Oryctes.  SOLAN  ACE^..  541 

tlio  wanner  regions,  the  greater  iiunilier  Antorican,  but  tlinro  aro  remarkably  few  in 
Oregon  and  California,  and  tlioso  only  on  tiio  borders.  The  fruit  of  several  species 
is  edible  when  cooked,  but  of  little  importance. 

§  1.  Corolla  violet  or  purple,  open-rotate  :  seeds  thickish  and  obs,curely  tuberculate- 
rvgose :  calyx,  pedicels,  and  all  the  young  j^^^i^  scurfy-granuli/erous 
or  mealy,  otherivise  wholly  glabrous.  —  Cham/Kphysalis,  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  62. 

1.  P.  lobata,  Torr.  Low,  di(rus(>ly  branched  or  at  length  spreading  and  do- 
cnmbont  from  a  thickish  perennial  root :  loaves  oblong-spatulatn  or  obovato,  vary- 
ing from  nearly  entire  to  angulato-toothed  and  pinnatilid,  tajteriTig  into  a  margined 
petiole  :  pedicels  usually  in  pairs,  longer  tlian  the  llower :  corolla  from  half  to  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  wide  :  fruiting  calyx  globular-inilated,  about  half  an  inch  long. — 
Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  22G.  Solanum  liiteolijlurum,  Dunal  in  DC.  1.  c.  Saracha 
acntifolia,  Miors] 

Dry  plains,  from  Texas  to  Arizona  ;  probably  reaching  the  southeastern  border  of  California. 

§  2.  Corolla  white,  greenish,  or  yellow,  mostly  rotate-campanulate :  seeds  smooth  and 
even,  minvtely  punctate :  no  scurf  or  mealiness,  and  leaves  never  tridy  pin- 
natifid. — True  Physams.    . 

*  Root  perennial :  anthers  yellotv :  corolla  not  spotted  or  dark  in  the  centre :  leaves 

th  ickish. 

2.  P,  crassifolia,  Benth.  Palo  or  minutely  hoary  with  an  extremely  short  and 
fine  ahuost  imperceptible  pubescence:  leaves  at  length  nearly  glabrous  (half  to  an 
inch  nnd  a  iialf  long),  ovate  or  round-cordate,  repandly  few-toothed  or  almost  entire: 
pedicels  long  and  slender  :  corolla  apparently  cream-color,  half  an  inch  in  diameter  : 
fruiting  calyx  an  inch  long,  O-angled.  —  Bot.  Sulph.  40.  /'.  cardiophylla,  Torr. 
Bot.  Mox.  Bouml.  153,  a  form  with  mostly  round-cordate  leaves. 

Along  the  Rio  Colorado  (7yii/e/o!<;,  &c.),  east  of  San  Boniardino  (/'ar?-?/),  and  in  Lower  California. 

P.  OLAniiA,  Benth.  1.  c,  is  a  diffuse  and  small-leaved  species,  as  yet  known  only  in  Lower 
California,  well  marked  by  bein^  perfectly  glabrou.s,  even  to  the  calyx,  the  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late and  approaching  hastate  ;  oUierwise  nearly  like  P.  crassifolia. 

*  *   Boot  annual :  anthers  tinged  with  blue  or  violet :  corolla  greenish-yelloxv  ivith  a 

dark  centre :  leaves  thin  or  soft. 

3.  P.  sequata,  Jacq.  Green  and  almost  glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  widely 
spreading  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  sinuate-toothed  or  repand  :  pedicels  very  short : 
corolla  less  than  half  an  inch  broad  :  fruiting  calyx  ovate-globose  and  little  angled 
at  maturity. — Jacq.  f.  Eclog.  2,  t.  137  ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

This  is  in  Coulter's  Californian  collection,  probably  from  the  most  southern  part  of  the  State, 
as  it  is  a  Mexican  species. 

4.  P.  pubescens,  liinn.  A  foot  or  two  high,  widely  spreading,  villous  or 
I)uboscent  with  viscid  spreading  soft  hairs,  strong-scented  :  leaves  ovate  or  cordate, 
varying  from  entire  to  angulate-toothed,  rather  tender,  about  2  iTiches  long  :  pedi- 
cels .shorter  than  the  ovate  strongly  5-angled  fruiting  calyx  :  corolla  barely  half  an 
inch  in  diameter. 

Fort  Yuma,  on  the  Rio  Colorado  (Thomas,  kc),  thonco  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States,  where 
it  is  common. 

6.  ORYCTES,  AVntsoii. 
Calyx  deeply  5  cleft,  with  narrow  lobes,  somewhat  enlarging  in  fruit  and  loose, 
nearly  the  length  of  the  globose  rather  few-seeded  dry  berry.    Corolla  short-tubular, 
a  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  5-toothed,  plaited  in  the  bud  ;  the  lobes  nearly  erect. 


542  SOLAN  ACE.'E.  Orydas. 

Stamens  soraewliat  unequal  in  length  :  lilaments  sUiudur,  inchuled  :   anthers  very 
short.     Seeds,  lialjit,  &c.,  of  I'hysaUs  and  the  related  genera.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  O.  Nevadensis,  AVatson.  Annual  herh,  a  sjjan  high,  with  some  ratlier 
scurfy  visciil  iJidjcscence:  leaves  ovate,  ohlong,  or  lanceolate,  with  undidatc  margins, 
tlio  hase  tapering  into  a  jjctiole:  pedicels  2  to  4  in  an  axillary  sessile  umbel:  corolla 
blue  or  purplish,  3  lines  long.  — Uot.  King  Exp.  27-1,  t.  18,  hg.  5-  10. 

Eastern  foot-hills  of  the  Virginia  Mountains,  Nevada,  in  stony  barren  soil  under  Artemisia 
bushes,  near  the  Big  Bend  of  the  Truckee,  Watsan.  Not  again  met  with  as  yet.  Mature  fruit 
is  desired.     Evidently  the  seeil  ligured  was  imnialure  and  the  embryo  uot  fully  grown. 

7.  LYCIUM,  Linn. 
Calyx  4-5-toothed  or  more  deeply  clelX,  persistent  ut  the  haso  of  the  herry. 
Corolla  varying  from  short-funnelform  to  tubidar,  the  4  or  5  lobos  commonly  im- 
bricated in  the  bud,  the  sinuses  often  plaited.  Filaments  filiform,  included  or 
exserted  :  anthers  short,  hxed  by  the  middle  ;  the  cells  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary 
2-celled,  slightly  stalked  in  the  calyx :  style  liliform  :  stigma  cajjitate.  Berry  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  roundish  :  embryo  coiled  or  curved,  slender,  —  Shrubs,  mostly 
spiny,  diffusely  much  branched ;  with  entire  alternate  leaves,  -commoidy  fascicled  in 
the  axils  or  on  short  axillary  spurs,  in  our  speiiies  small  and  spatulate  or  somewhat 
linear,  nearly  veinless.  l^etlicels  solitary  or  fascicled,  mostly  from  the  leafy  fas- 
cicles.    Flowers  white  or  purplish.     Berries  small,  usually  red,  sometimes  white. 

A  large  genus,  dispersed  over  the  wami-temperate  and  subtropical  zones,  one  species,  native 
of  the  Levant,  &c.,  conuiionly  planted  for  ornament  in  the  Atlantic  Uniteti  States  (under  the 
name  of  Matrimony  Vine),  but  it  is  by  no  means  showy  ;  several  are  indigenous  to  the  Mexican 
frontier  and  its  vicinity.  Of  these  L.  I'AI.mdum,  Miers,  the  laigest  flowered  of  all,  with  corolla 
nearly  an  incli  long,  L.  Pai,mei;i,  Gniy,  from  W.  Sonora,  Mexico,  with  long  calyx-lobes,  L. 
I'AKViFLOKUM,  Only,  from  S.  Arizona,  with  corolla  only  one  sixth  of  an  inch  long,  and  two  little- 
known  species  of  Lower  ralifornia,  viz.  L.  iikkvii'KS,  Benth.,  with  5-mcrous  slender  flowers  and 
ucicular  sitincs,  and  L.  Kiciiii,  (iray,  may  licnMifler  lie  found  within  the  State.  But  the  follow- 
ing are  all  that  aie  now  known  within  or  ncai-  its  borders.  l'\ii'  an  account  of  the  North  Anieiican 
species,  see  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  4.5,  vii.  388,  &  viii.  2!)2. 

■■:=   Lohes  of  the  calyx  foliaceo as,  as  lung  as  the  tube. 

1.  L.  Cooperi,  Gray.  Minutely  pubescent,  with  stout  branches  and  some  very 
short  .spine.s  :  leaves  sjjatulate,  a))parently  somewhat  viscid,  half  an  inch  or  more 
long  :  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  cylindraceous  or  when  old  cam])iinulate 
calyx,  both  somewhat  hirsute  ;  lol>es  of  the  latter  oblong  and  not  longe.r  than  the 
tube  :  corolla  ai)])arently  white,  narrow-funnelform,  half  an  inch  long,  its  ovate 
lobes  .short  :  lilaments  hairy  at  hase:  anthers  oval,  mucronulate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  388. 

San  Bernardino  Co.,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  Providence  Mountains,  Cooper. 

2.  L.  macrodon,  Cray.  Puherulent,  becoming  glahrate  :  leaves  spatulate nb- 
lanceolate,  only  2  to  4  lines  long  :  pedicels  very  short :  calyx  minutely  viscid  ;  its 
lobes  narrowly  linear  and  twice  the  leugMi  of  tlie  sliort  campanulate  tube,  half 
the  length  of  the  narrow  corolla  :  lilaments  slightly  hairy  at  base  :  anthers  oval- 
oblong, —  Proc.  I.  c.   vi.   4(j. 

Califomia  or  Nevada,  Fremont  (coll.  1849  ;  not  otherwise  known). 

*   %    Calyx  ivith  4  or  5  short  tedh,  or  sometimes  irrecjularly  2  -  3-drft. 
+-  Corolla  very  small  and  short. 

3.  L.  Californicum,  Nutl.  in  herb.  Glabrous,  very  much  branched,  2  to  4 
feet  high:  branchhls  spiucsccnt :  litaves  thick  and  lleshy,  very  small,  in  tlie  fascicles 


^"''"■"-  SOLANACE.I^.  5^0, 

.1  linn  orUvohn^,  fro.u  ovmI  or  ..Imvat.  (,,.  oLlnn^  or  R,,a(,„l.it.',  or  on  viKomns 
or       n  I    ''''-"''r'':*    "':"f  'r"T=  ""^'^''•^  -vHy  .sossiln  or  on   pclicols  of  on., 
4-toothe(l  calyx,  its  4  oval  rotatoly  sproading  lobes  l.anlly  a  line  long, 
flnwr^''^''"!     o'f-^"'    r    ''^'''^■^V"   '^"•"^''    ^^'"""'^   (without    flowers),    Cooper,'' a  eve!  avd       Tho 

-t-  +-   Corolla  a  third  to  half  an  inch  in  length. 

Ju.ui^lTTf'  ^T'  ^-  "■  r^T^'^^'  f  ^■^I'''1^^'-"l^-"t.  ^  to  4  feet  high:  leaves 
ep.iti,  ate,  4  to  ij  hues  l-uig  :  pedicels  not  longer  than  tlie  obloiig-caini«imIate  or 

5'ioi;;  rn;:";  r'^"  ■  r^";^  ""'^"*^"  ■^'^"''^^  ^'^'i'^''^'"-  ^••''"'-'  *  ^^  ^  \h"s  tng 

O-iobed,  tlie  lobes  ovate  and  very  short :  filaments  nearly  naked 

orohh^nlTr^r'f^^'T^','-  '•  ,^''''^^''°"«'  3  to  8  feet  high:  leaves  nearly  spatnlato 
01  ol  lanceolate,  G  to  14  Inies  long:  pe.licols  usually  as  long  as  the  oah'x    2  lines 

JrilnllTo  r  •  %"'  "T^  r'^''  ''"^l^^"''  ''  ''  ^'"''•''  1'"%  tubnlar-funiielforni 
g  a.liia lly  on  arging  from  base  to  summit,  with  4  or  5  short  and  broa.l  sproa.lim^ 
h.lms  the  edges  of  these  minutely  tomentoso  :  lilamonts  woolly  at  base  berries 
red,  "not  edible."  — Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix.  348. 

Soutlieostern  borders  of  the  State,  lower  part  of  tl.c  Rio  Colorado  to  S    Utah    on  low  saline 
flats,  Thomas,  Cooper,  Parry,  kc.     Extends  eastward  to  the  borders  of  Texas. 

(>.  L.  Andersonii,  Gray,     llesombles  the  preceding ;  but  is  lower,  2  to  4  f<-et 
h.gli,  sma  ler-leaved,   very  abundantly  llowered  ;    the  white  corolla  narrower  and 

Z:  with  n  :ic  '"r  '"-  r'  1"'"^  r'^  '  ''  '  ^'"^^  ^^"'''''  -"1  ^^^^  «l'-t  roun  d 
lobes  with  naked  edges  :  pedicels  an.l  calyx  only  a  line  long:  berries  bright  red 
or  amber-colored,  'ripening  a  month  earlier  than  those  of  the  preceding,  edrWe  "- 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  388  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp   275  •   Parry   1   c 

sSiS-rttiiurr^h^^^^  ^y-/^J5.i;:d^k'%;.ri/^^r 

8.  DATURA,  Linn.  8THAM0NriTM.  TiioitN-Arrr.r.. 
Cnlyx  prismatic  or  tubular,  5-tootliod,  deciduous  after  fioworin.r  by  a  transverso 
separatmn  near  the  base,  which  persists  as  a  circular  plate  under  the  frnit  Corolla 
funnelform,  with  an  ample  expanded  border  which  is  strongly  5-pIaited  and  the 
plaits  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly  incUuled  :  filaments  long  and  filiform  • 
anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Style  long:  stigma  2-lipped.  Capsule  thickish,' 
prickly  or  muncato  all  over,  with  2  proper  cells,  each  .livided  more  or  less  by 
a  false  j-artition  which  bears  the  two  broad  tmnsverse  placent-e  across  its  middle 
Seeds  very  numerous,  rather  large,  reniform.  Embryo  slender  and  coiled  - 
Hants  (our  species  coarse  herbs),  of  rank  odor  and  narcotic-poisonous  qualities- 
with  ovate  pet.oled  leaves,  and  solitary  mostly  large  flowe.-s  in  the  forks  of  the 
stem,  on  short  peduncles,  pro.luced  through  the  season.  (^,rolla  commonly  white 
or  tinged  with  violet,  sometimes  fragrant. 

Cliiefly  niitivofl  of  tropical  Aiiioricn.  but  now  widely  iMmr,\  over  li.e  w„rld     TI,,.,.    ;  r 

nrv,mnmia.,  consistinR  of  soft-wooded  nrbores,-ont  or         ,1.1  v    h  n  s  '  ,  /.'  '"'""";• 

IniKo  s  ^o   of  which  ,1h,  ,-o,nn,onest  is  1).  A,nuuMCA^l  e  Tm-  Sr        ,  h,:*'!^  1^^  "' 

an.l  which  nmy  stan.l  the  winter  without  pr..te.'tion  in  ti.e  so     h  ,'     ,V    t  of     .n  ^^^/^^^^^^    '^^^ 
w.1.1  or  spontaneous  spe.ues  are  herbs,  with  tl,e  flower  e  .' ct  '  '  State.  -Our 


544  SOLANACE.E.  JJutura. 

§  1.  Calyx-tuhe  prismatic,  acutely  b-anyled :  border  of  the  corolla  with  5  acute  teeth  : 
capsule  dry  and  of  Jinn  texture,  ividved  from,  the  top:  seeds  tvith  a  thick  and 
rouyh  dark-colored  coat :  rout  annual. 

*   Capsule  erect  as  well  as  the  floiver. 

1.  D.  Stramonium,  l-inn.  ((Jummon  Stramonium.)  Smooth,  green,  2  or  3  foot 
liigh  :  leaviis  aiuimtely  ami  Iiiciuiately  angled  and  toothed  :  corolla  white,  about 
3  inches  long  :  capsule  thickly  beset  with  short  and  stout  prickles,  the  lower  ones 
coTuiuonly  shorter  than  the  upper. 

Waste  grounds,  especially  near  towns,  sparingly  naturalized,  probably  originally  from  Asia. 

2.  D.  Tatula,  Linn.  Like  the  i)receding,  except  that  the  stem  is  reddiah- 
purple,  the  corolla  })ale  violet,  and  the  prickles  on  the  fruit  about  equal. 

Not  yet  recorded  I'roni  California,  but  probably  introduced  in  some  places,  from  Tropical 
America. 

3.  D.  quercifolia,  IIBK.  Green,  and  tlie  young  herbage  commonly  a  little 
pubescent :  leaves  sparingly  but  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid  ;  corolla  nearly  as  in  the 
foregoing :  capsule  urnied  with  unequal  and  llattened  prickles,  some  of  them  large 
and  strong,  even  an  inch  long. 

Along  the  Rio  Colorado,  especially  in  Arizona  ;  perhaps  indigenous,  as  it  is  a  ilexican  species. 
*   *   Capsule  noddiny  on  a  recurved  peduncle. 

4.  D.  diBCOlor,  IJernh.  Jvathor  low,  pubescent :  leaves  laciniutely  or  sinuately 
toothed  :  corolla  2  or  3  inches  long,  white  with  a  purple  tinge  :  capsule  globose, 
pubescent,  armed  with  stout  large  jjrickles.  —  (iray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  165.  JJ. 
Thomasii,  Torr.  in  Tacif.  \l.  IJep.  v.  302,  it  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  155. 

Along  the  Rio  Colorado,  at  Fort  Yuma,  &c.  ;  thence  into  Mexico,  from  whicli  it  is  likely  to 
have  been  introduced  :  yet  it  may  be  indigenous. 

§  2.  Calyx  tubular  and  nearly  cylindrical :  capsule  nodding  on  the  recurved  short 
peduncle,  globose,  succulent,  bursting  from  the  ajjex  someivhat  irregularly 
at  maturity :  seeds  jlatter,  xvith  a  softer  and  pale  smoothish  coat. 

5.  D.  meteloides,  DC.  Perennial,  pale,  being  coated  with  a  very  minute  and 
soft  whitish  pubescence,  from  one  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  mostly  only  repand  or 
entire  :  calyx  3  and  corolla  7  or  8  inches  long  ;  the  latter  white  or  suffused  with 
violet,  the  widely  exi)anded  border  with  5  (not  10)  slender-subulate  con.spicuous 
teeth  :  capsule  2  indues  in  diameter,  thickly  beset  with  short  and  weak  equal 
])rickle3  :  seeds  bordered  by  a  narrow  and  uniform  cord-like  margin.  —  Dun.  in  DC 
Prodr.  xiii.  544  (with  erroneous  descr.);  Gray  in  I'ot.  !Mex.  Bound.  154.  IJ.  Mttel, 
var.  quinc/uecusjiida,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  II.  Ivep.  vii.  18.  I).  Wrightii  of  the  ganlens, 
&  Kegel,  Gartenll.  viii.  t.  2G0. 

Southern  part  of  the  State,  extending  nortliward  ns  far  as  to  Santa  Barbara  on  tlie  sea-shore, 
and  eastward  to  Texas,  and  in  adjacent  jiarts  of  Mexico.  Now  common  and  very  ornameiitul  in 
cultivation. 

9.  NICOTIANA,  Tourn.  Tobacco. 
Calyx  campanulate  or  ol)long,  5-toothed  or  moderately  lobed,  persistent,  closely 
investing  the  capsule,  ('orolla  various,  but  commonly  funneliorm  or  salverform  ; 
the  limb  plaited  and  the  plaits  more  or  less  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly 
included  :  anthers  short,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  long  :  stigma  capitate  or  de- 
pressed, somewhat  2-lobed.  Capsule  smooth,  with  2  (rarely  more)  cells,  and  veiy 
immerous  seeds  on  broad  placentae  borne  in  the  axis,  2-valved  from  the  top,  and 
the  valves  tluiuiselves  soon  2-ch'ft,  thus  becoming  as  it  were  4-valved.  Seeds  very 
numerous  and  small,  oval  or  roundish,  somewhat  pitted.      Embryo  straightish.  — 


Nkotiamu  SOLAN  ACK.E.  rir 

Herbs  (or  one  or  two  soft-woody  plants),  nearly  all  of  American  origin,  heavy- 
scentetl,  viscid- pubescent,  narcotic-poisonous,  with  mostly  entire  leaves  and  panicu- 
late or  racemose  ilowers,  some  of  them  ratlier  sliowy.     Our  species  all  annuals. 

§  1.   Floivers  pink-red  {sometimes  in.  cultivation  white),  open  through  the  day:  capsule 

septicidal,  dividing  the  two  placentae  as  well  as  the  2)artifion. Tau'acum. 

1.  N.  Tabacum,  Linn.  (Common  Toiucco.)  Tall,  large-leaved,  with  a  iianiclo 
of  ahort-pedicelled  Ilowers:  corolla  2  inches  long,  funnclform  with  a  wide  or  inllatod 
throat,  and  sjireading  acute  or  acuminate  lobes. 

Var  undulata,  Hendtner.  Leaves  very  long  and  narrowly  lanceolate,  nndulato 
l)olow  tiie  middle,  gradually  and  much  tapering  to  the  slender  apex  :  corolla-lobes 
also  much  acuminate.  —iV.  caudata,  Nutt.  VI  Gamb.  181 1 

The  common  Tobacco,  of  Central  or  South  American  origin,  is  merely  cultivated  in  California 
lh.9  may  have  been  the  case  also  witli  Nuttall's  N.  mudata,  from  Monterey  ;  whicUp  S  to 
be  he  same  as  the  Ya^ui  Tobacco,  found  in  a  cultivated  state  in  Aruona  or  Sonoraf  W  ir 
lalrmr.     It  is  probably  the  A^  lancifolia,  WiUd.,  and  A^.  Ybarreiuns,  IIBK. 

§  2.   Flowers  xuhite,  greenish,  or  yellowish :  capsule  septifragal,  leaving  the  thin  par- 
tition with  the  undivided  jolacental  column  in  the  centre. 
*    Corolla  more  or  less  constricted  at  the  orifice,  dull-colored,  open  through  the  dag; 
the  lobes  short  and  rounded. 

2  N.  rustica,  Linn,  father  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  petioled,  ovate, 
or  the  lower  somewhat  cordate,  these  oftener  a  foot  long:  panicle  thyrsiform-  calvx 
broad,  and  with  short  and  broad  teeth,  shorter  than  the  globular  at  first  onlv 
2-vayed  capsule  :  corolla  short  an.l  broad,  less  than  an  inch  long,  hanlly  thrice  the 
length  of  tiie  calyx,  oblong-inflated  from  the  short  narrow  base  :  the  broad  lobes 
reticulate-veiny. 

Waste  grounds,  in  California,  a^  well  as  eastward  and  nortlnvard,  probably  escaped  from 
aboriginal  cultivation  :  the  native  country  uncertain.  ^  ^  escapea  Horn 

3  N.  trigonophyUa,  Dunal.      Ii,vther  slender,  one  to  three  feet  high  •  leaves 
ssile,  oblong,  2  to  4  inches  long,  or  the  upper  smaller;  the  lower  obovate,  with 

narrow  tapering  auriculato  and  partly  clasping,  the  upper  with  broader  an.l  juore 
olttsping  base  :  racomo  at  length  loose  luul  virgat(s  ^viih  bracts  Hiimlj  or  somotimos 
wanting  ;  po.li.jols  mtlior  unilatenil :  calyx  with  flubiilaln.lanccolato  t.H>tli,  almuL 
o'pialliiig  the  ovato  4-valvod  capsule  :  corolla  greenish-whit.s  li"»s  than  an  iiicli  loii<r 
narrowly  tubular  and  gradually  enlarging  upwards,  a  little  constricted  at  the  orifice 
DunnlT  .?Q  m  ''Tl^  5-lobed.--DC.  Prodr.  xiii.  002.  N.  ipomopsiflora, 
Dunal,  1.  c.  559  (Mo^ino  k  8esso,  Ic.  Mex.  Ined.  t.  909):  dray,  Proc  Am  Acad 
v.  16G.     N.  multijlora,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  M.  Pep.  v.  302. 

thrMoh^e  S  Colorn  .?r1r '  ;"  ^^''^^'''^K  ^?""''^  ^^"'  ^'''^'''^'^y  '■^"'"  f^rtlicr  south),  and  on 
theMoh.ivc  and  Colorado  (/^(,/c/ow,  Cooper);  thence  southward  into  Mexico  and  ea-st  to  Texas 
Comparison  of  a  tracing  of  Mo^ino  and  Hesse's  figure  leaves  little  ,loubt  of  tbe  ]  nti^y  of  DunaTs 
two  species  :  but  the  name  here  adoj.ted  was  founded  on  specimens,  the  other  upon  a  figle  only 

*  *  Corolla  with  open  more  or  less  dilated  orifice  to  the  long  tube,  rohite,  sometimes 
with  a  greemsh  or  blmsh  tinge,  expanding  at  sunset,  closed  bi,  dai,  except  in  very 
clondy  weather.  >  .'         .'  i-  ^  y 

J.\  5'n"®''",f  ^i'  '^°"'-  V  ^"'''^  "'  ^"'"  ^''"^'  -■  ^^^^^«  '-^^  P^tiolod  ;  the  radical 
oval  or  oblong;  the  lower  caul.ne  ovate-lanceolate  or  narrower;  ti.o  upper  narrowly 
luncooiato  or  linear  and  loni^-tanerim/  f,<.  t.l.n  n,.i„f  .  d, „.,,,...  i i..  .'..:.....  i    _i / 


podici 


0  ato  or  linear  and  long-taporing  to  the  point :  flowers  1oos(>Iy  pnnicl 
el  led  :   upper  bract.s  minute  or  none  :    calyx   with    triangularlaiweol 


I'll,  Hhorf- 


■   „„l      ,       .       '.,'         .,      ,    ," ; "•    ^'".'•■'^    "  "■"    tiinM-^mariMiiceoIate    teeth 

mich  shorter  than  the  tube  and  rather  shorter  tlian  the  4-v,ilved  capsule:  corolla 
ully  an^  inch  long,  narrow-salverform,  with  obf,us,.lv  5-Iobnd  br,nler  a  third  to 
lialt  an  inch  in  diarantor. —  Watson,   Hot.   Kiii.r  l-^xj)    27(;    t    27 


54G  SCUUriiULAlllACE.E.  XicoUuua. 

Dry  plains  aiul  liills,  Monterey  Co.  to  the  Moliavo,  iiud  along  the  eastern  borders  of  the  State 
in  Nevada  ;  eabt  to  Colorado. 

5.  N.  Bigelovii,  W'alsun.  J.uiger  iiml  stouter  than  the  pieceiliiig  :  leuves  i)h- 
long  ov  ubluiig  laiiLuuliitu  (1  to  G  iuclics  long,  or  tlio  uppermost  siiialler),  ouly  tho 
lower  ones  i)etiole(.l;  some  ol"  tho  upper  often  with  broailer  anil  partly  clasping  base: 
liower.s  scattered  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate  and  surpassing  the  ovate 
•i-valved  capsule  :  corolla  nearly  salverforni,  with  tube  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and 
a  5-cleft  border  of  an  inch  or  more  in  tliameter,  its  lobes  triangular  and  acute.  — 
Jiot.  King  Exp.  1.  c.  t.  '27.  iV.  jilumbayini folia,  var.  (()  Jii(jtiuvii,  Torr.  in  I'acif.  li. 
Itep.  iv.  27. 

Not  unconunoii,  I'roni  bake  Co.  to  San  Diego,  and  east  to  the  borders  of  Nevada.  Very  visi^id 
and  stinking  :  this  and  the  preceding  much  used  by  the  Indians. 

N.  QUAnitiVALVis,  I'nrsh,  and  its  variety  multivalvis  (A",  multivalvis,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
t.  1057),  may  be  expected  in  tho  northern  part  of  tho  State,  being  not  luieommon  in  Oregon. 
It  may  bo  distinguisiied  from  A.  Bujelovii  by  its  lower  and  stouter  habit,  corolla  with  proportion- 
ally shorter  tube,  broader  obtusely  5  -  7-lobetl  border,  and  globose  at  length  thin-walled  capsule 
of  four  cells,  in  the  var.  inuUiculvis  of  several  cells;  —  an  anomaly  in  the  genus.  No  certain 
indigenous  habitat  is  known  :  the  plant  was  cultivated  by  the  aliorigines  from  the  ]\lissouri  Kiver 
to  the  I'ucilic,  and  greatly  jfrizcil  lor  its  tobacco.     A'.  JJiijcluvii  is  perhaps  the  origiinil  of  it. 

10.  PETUNIA,  .luss. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent;  the  ilivisions  luirrow  and  I'oliaceous.  Corolla  funnel- 
form  or  somewhat  salverform ;  the  5-lobed  limb  plaited  in  the  bud.  IStamens 
unequal,  included  :  filaments  and  tip  of  the  style  more  or  less  incurved.  Stigma 
dilated-capitate  and  2-lobed.  Capsule  simply  2-valved  (the  valves  entire),  leaving 
the  placenta  in  the  axis.  Seeds  numerous,  small,  scrobiculate.  Embryo  straightish. 
—  Viscid-pubescent  herbs,  with  entire  leaves  and  lateral  or  at  lirst  terminal  llowers. 

The  oommon  Petunias  of  the  gardens  are  mixtures  of  two  showy  species  from  Buenos  Ayies. 
Very  ditlercnt  in  appearance  is  the  following. 

1.  P.  parviflora,  -I  uss.  A  snudl  and  iusignilicant  annual,  nmch  branched,  spread- 
ing or  nearly  pn^strate,  pubescent :  leaves  narrow-spatulate,  hardly  half  an  inch 
long,  almost  sessile  :  Howers  small  (about  a  third  of  an  inch  long),  very  short- 
peduncled:  calyx-lobes  resembling  the  leaves:  corolla  purple  with  a  yellowish  tube, 
its  short  retuse  lobes  slightly  uncujual  :  capsule  ovoid. — Ann.  ]\lus.  I'ar.  ii.  21(), 
t.  47.     Sutpii/iosiiis  proslralu,  Hook.  &  Arn.  JJot.  IJeechey,  123,  370. 

Common  on  the  aca-shorc  from  the  IJay  of  Monterey  soutii  :  also  in  Texas,  and  S.  America. 


Order  LXVIII.     SCROPHULARIACE^. 

Known  by  the  irregular  (more  or  less  bilabiate)  corolla  with  lobes  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  single  style,  2-celled  many  -  few-seedetl 
capsule  with  the  placentui  in  the  axis,  ami  seeds  with  a  small  embryo  in  cojiious 
albumen.  The  oxcei)tions  do  not  concern  tho  Californian  llora,  except  an  intro- 
duced Mullein,  which  has  5  perfect  stamens.  —  l''lowers  peri'ect.  Calyx  oi  5  or 
sometimes  4  distinct  or  variously  united  sepals,  ('orolia  4  -  5-lobed  or  i:lcrt,  com- 
moidy  bilabiate  (ij,  i.  e.  two  lobes  funning  the  ujjper  and  three  the  lower  lip),  im- 
bricated in  the  l)ud,  not  plaited.  .Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  ci)rolhi,  4  and 
tlidynamous  or  only  2,  tlij  lifth  and  upper  stamen  and  sometimes  the  two  lateral 
or  anterior  ones  either  alisent  or  reduced  to  sterile  fdaments  or  vestiges,  rarely  (in 
Vcr/uisrinii,  iV'c.)  all  live  present  and  fertile.     Stigma  entire,  or  with  two  (upjH-r  and 


SCROPIIULARIACEyE.  547 

lower)  lobes.  Ovary  2-celled,  the  placentic  l)eing  firmly  united  in  tlio  axis  (or  in 
Mimulus  §  Diplactis  little  if  at  all  so) :  ovules  V(!ry  numerous  or  occasionally  few ; 
anatxopous  or  amphitropous.  Seeds  mostly  small.  —  Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubs, 
very  rarely  trees,  destitute  of  colored  juice,  with  the  general  inflorescence  indeter- 
minate in  all  genuine  members  of  tlie  order,  but  when  compound  the  partial  in- 
florescence determinate,  i.  o.  the  axillary  clusters  are  cymes  :  in  Veronica,  (fee,  in- 
dotorminato,  i.  e.  racemes  or  si)ikoa. 

A  Inrgo  nnd  wido-aproad  finiiily,  of  ovor  150  f^onora,  luunoronsly  roprofloiitwl  in  California, 
Goiiernily  Litterish,  many  inert,  soino  narcotic-poisonous,  tiic  common  I'^oxglovo  {Dixjilalis)  of 
Europe  useful  in  medicine  and  ornamental  in  cultivation,  as  are  species  of  Pailstcmon,  Collinsia, 
Mimulus,  and  others. 

I.   Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  covering  the  lower  in  the  hud. 
*  Stamens  all  five  present  and  anther-bearing. 

1.  Verbaacum.     Corolla  wheel-shaped.     Filaments  woolly.     Leaves  alternate, 

♦  *  Stamens  two  pairs  with  anthcra,  or  one  pair  in  No.  4  :  capsule  opening  by  holes  or  chinks 
near  the  apex  :  corolla  personate,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  base  anteriorly  :  peduncles  1-Howered. 

2.  Linaria.     Corolla  strongly  bilabiate,  spurred  at  base, 

3.  Antirrhinum.     Corolla  only  saccate  or  gibbous  at  base.     Stamens  4. 

4.  Mohavea.   t'orolla  merely  gibbous  at  base.    Fertile  stamens  2  :  anthers  coniluently  1 -celled. 

♦  *  *  Stanjens  two  pairs  with  anthers  :  cajisule  opening  from  top  to  bottom  by  valves :  leaves  all 

opposite  or  whorled; 
+-  Stigma  small  and  entire  or  minntoly  2-cleft  :  calyx  5-i)artcd. 

6.  Scrophularia.     Corolla  erect,  short  and  A'cntric-oso,  with  5  short  lobes  ;  the  anterior  one 

reflexed,  the  others  erect :  a  scale  in  the  throat  on  the  upper  side  answers  to  the  fifth 
stamen.     Peduncles  cymosely  sovoral-floworeil. 
C.  Collinsia,     Corolla  declined,  with  ventricoso  tube  gibbous  posteriorly,  bilabiate,  the  middle 
lobe  of  the  lower  lip  folded  lengthwise  into  a  sac  which  encloses  the  stamens  and  stylo  :  a 
gland  on  the  liaso  ol  the  corolla  answers  to  the  fifth  stamen.     Peduncles  1 -dowered. 

7.  Tonella.     Corolla  obscurely  if  at  all  bilabiate  ;  the  lobes  rotately  spreading,  flat  :  otherwise 

nearly  as  Colliimn. 

8.  Pentstemon.     Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate,  o])e.\\.     Sterile  filament  of  the  fifth  (posterior) 

stamen  long  and  conspicuous. 

■i-+-  Stigma  dilated,  2-lippcd,  or  a  broad  disk  ;  peduncles  all  1 -flowered. 

0.  Mimulus.     Calyx  5-toothed  or  barely  5-cleft,  5-angled.     Cells  of  the  anther  contiguous. 

10.  Stemodla.     Calyx  deeply  6-parted.     Cells  of  the  anther  separated,  as  if  stalked. 

♦  *  *  *  Stamens  only  a  single  pair  with  anthers  :  the  anterior  pair  reduced  to  sterile  filaments 
or  sometimes  wanting  altogether  :  capsule  opening  from  top  to  bottom  by  valves  :  stigma  of  2 
flat  lobes  :  calyx  5-partcd  :  leaves  all  opposite  :  ]iedunelcs  1 -flowered. 

11.  Gratiola.     Sterile  filaments  simjile  or  none.     Cansnlo  4-valved. 

12.  Ilysauthes.     Sterile  filaments  uneipially  2-forkcd,  borne  high  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 

II.   Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  covering  the  upper  in  the  buil. 
•  Corolla  rotate  or  short-campanulate,  not  evidently  bilabiate. 

13.  Limosella.    Calyx  (S-toothed)  and  corolla  (.'i-cleft)  campnnulate,  nearly  regular.     Stamens  4, 

nearly  eipial  :  anthers  coniluently  1 -celled.      I'eiluncles  scape-like,  l-llowered. 

14.  Synthyris.     Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  4 -lobcd,  campanulate.     Stamens  2  :  anthers  2-celled. 

Flowers  racemed.     Leaves  alternate. 

15.  Veronica.     Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  rotate,  4-lobed  ;  the  lower  lobe  narrower.     Stamens 

2  :    cells  of    the  anther  confluent  at   their  tips.       Flowers  mostly  racemed  and  leaves 
opposite. 

♦  •  Corojlii.  lllbninr  ;  the  nppev  Up  (ijnlfii)  erect  or  Incnrvcd.  Inlnnilly  conipn'MMcd  ;  llie  l(i\v(>r 
variinis  :  stanions  a,siMMiding  under  or  enclosed  in  the  upper  li]t  :  ciipsiilc  lucidicidnl  :  (lowers 
spicato  or  rarely  racemed." 

+-  Anthers  une<pially  2-celled  or  sonu-tinios  I-ccIIimI. 

16.  Castilleia.     Corolla  narrow',  with  lower  lip  very  .short,  or  small  in  iiro|)nrtinn  to  (he  upper. 

("alyx  tubular,  cleft  anteriorly  or  i)osteiinrly  or  iioth.      Mostly  perenniMls. 


548  SCiiUrUULAlUACE.E.  VerbascuiH. 

17.  Orthocarpxis.      Corolla  with  saccate  lower  lip  huge  in  proiiortion  to  the  upiier.     Calyx 

liiliuiiir  or  (:um[iaiiulati),  4-clcrt.     All  Imt  one  anmiiil.s. 

18.  CordylanthuB.     l-ipsol'  llin  corolla  holli  short,  of  Hourly  oiiual  length;  the  lower  merely 

a-ereniilate.     Calyx  !S[iathaceous,  'ii-leaved,  anterior  and  posterior,  or  the  anterior  division 
wanting.     Anniial.s. 

•H  ■♦-  AnlliorH  eijually  '2-ct'llud. 

19.  Pedicularis.     Calyx  irregular.     Corolla  various  ;  lower  lip  3-lobed.     Perennials. 

1.   VERBASCUM,  Linn.         Mullein. 

Calyx  5-parteJ.     Corolla  rotate,  more  or  less  irregularly  5-lobe(l,  the  lobes  broad 

and  rounded.     iStanieua  5,  all  with  anthei-s,  but  more  or  less  dissimilar :  all  the  lila- 

luentd  or  the  three  ui)[)er  woolly  :  anthers  transverse.      Style  flattened  and  eidarged 

at  the  tip,  entire.     Cai)sule  globular,  many-seeiled.  —  Flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes. 

The  Mulleins  all  belong  to  the  Ohl  World  :  some  are  introdueed  weeds  in  the  New.  Hut  oven 
the  eonniion  one,  K.  T/itijtsus,  is  yet  unknown  on  the  I'aeilic  coast,  althougli  a  Moth  Mullein, 
dillerenl  Iruni  that  found  in  the  Atlantic  States,  is  sparingly  spontaneous. 

1.  V.  virgatum,  Withering.  Annual  or  biennial,  3  or  4  feet  high:  leaves  ob- 
long, creiiate-lootheil,  nearly  ghibrous  :  raceme  loose  and  virgate,  somewhat  hairy 
anil  glandular  :  pedicels  not  longer  than  the  broadish  calyx-lobes,  sorue  of  them 
clustered  :  corolla  yellow  or  sometimes  white  :  lilaments  all  violet-bearded. 

Waste  grounds,  natiindized  in  a  lew  places,  horn  Southern  Europe,  inoUbly  by  way  of  Mexieo. 

2.  LINARIA,  Tourn.        Toad-flax. 
Calyx  r)-parted.      (Corolla  strongly  bilabiate,  personate,  i.  e.  with  a  prondnent 
palate  to  the  lower  li[)  nearly  closing  the  throat,  the  base  at  the  front  continued 
into  a  dependent  spur.     Stamens  4  :  anthers  2-celled.    Stigma  nearly  entire.     Cap- 
sule opening  by  an  irregular  hole  near  the  top  of  each  cell,  many-seeded. 

While  the  Ohl  World  aliounds  in  species,  only  one  or  two  are  indigenous  to  the  New.  Even 
tlie  eonimon  Toad-llax  of  Europe,  Z.  vahjarus,  which  is  a  pernicious  although  liandsonie  weed  in 
the  Atlantic  States,  is  happily  yet  unknown  in  California. 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Dum.  A  .slender  and  nearly  glabrous  annual  or  bieniual,  a 
spnn  to  2  feet  high,  with  liiieur  alternate  leiives  tm  the  erect  liowering  stems,  but 
tile  smaller  and  broader  oncjs  crowded  on  procumbent  radical  shoots  oftener  opposite 
or  whorled  :  flowers  small,  blue,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  on  erect  pedicels  not  longer 
than  the  slender  curved  spur. 

Sandy  ground,  less  conniion  than  in  tlie  Atlantic  States,  extending  far  into  South  America. 

3.   ANTIRRHINUM,  Tourn.        Snai'UUA(;on. 
Like  Linaria,  except  that  the  corolla  has  merely  a  sac-like  ])rotuberance  or  gib- 
bosity at  base  in  front,  instead  of  a  spur.     Sometimes  the  cells  of  the  capsule  oi)cn 
by  two  holes.  —  For  N.  American  species,  see  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  372. 

A  genus  of  soveral  Old  World  species  and  of  as  many  ('alifornian  ones,  none  in  the  Atlantic 
States,  except  that  the  cultivated  Smipdragon,  A.  imjus,  and  the  insignilicant  A.  OroiUiuin,  aro 
disposed  to  escape  from  gardens. 

A.  cvAriiiKKiuiM,  M(Mitii.  Mot.  Sulph.,  is  disscribod  from  bower  California,  an  annual,  willi 
eupshaped  seeds.     Nothing  like  it  has  been  detected  in  the  State  or  on  its  bordeis. 

§  1.  Herbs,  with  entire  leaves  short-petiokd  or  sessile,  all  hut  the  lowest  alternate: 
corolla  with  very  protuberant  palate  closing  the  throat  or  nearly  so  :  seeds  not 
eupshaped  nor  maryiued,  but  ruyose-pitted  or  tuberculate :  capsule  oblique,  the 
persistent  style  or  its  base  bent  forwards.  {Ours  are  all  annuals,  so  far  as 
the  root  is  known ;  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  sjireadiny,  and  the  lobes  of 
the  lower  dejlexed.)  —  Antikhhinastuum,  (Jhavannes. 


Antirrhinum.  SCROniULARIACEyE.  549 

*  Fred,  3  to  b  feet  high,  destitute  of  prehensile  branchiets:  flowers  crowded  in  a  spike 

or  raceme,  mostly  rose-colored. 

1.  A.  virga,  Gray,  1.  c.  Glabrous  :  stem  strict  and  simple  (its  base  unknown)  : 
upper  leaves  linear,  gradually  diminished  upwards  into  sulndato  or  setaceous  bracts 
of  the  long  and  naked  spike-like  raceme  :  flowers  mostly  secund,  soon  horizontal : 
corolla  with  narrow  tube  (half  an  inch  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  lips  : 
dilated  tip  of  the  longer  filaments  broa<ler  than  the  anther. 

Known  only  in  a  collection  made  by  tho  lato  Thomas  lhid(jcs,  the  .station  luiknown. 

2.  A.  glandulosum,  Lindl.  A  tall  and  rather  coarse  herb,  very  glandular- 
pubescent  and  viscid  throughout,  branching  and  leafy  :  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly 
sessile,  gradually  passing  into  bracts  of  the  (lenso  spike  or  raceme  :  sepals  unequal  : 
corolla  (over  half  an  inch  long)  ])ink  with  a  yellowish  palate  :  capsule  tipped  with 
a  long  persistent  style.  —  Ijot.  Reg.  t.  1893. 

Gravelly  beds  of  streams,  from  Santa  Cniz  southwards. 

*  *  Erect,  a  sj^an  or  two  high,  destitute  of  prehensile  or  tortile  hrnncMets :  Jioivers 
small,  yellowish  or  didl-colored,  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  axiLi  of  the  almost  uni- 
form leaves,  beginning  nearly  at  the  base  of  the  stem :  sepals  equal,  linear :  whole 
style  indurated  and  persistent. 

3.  A.  COrnutum,  Benth.  Villous  and  viscid,  simjily  branched  :  leaves  linear- 
oblong  or  lanceolate  (an  inch  long),  tho  lower  tapering  into  a  short  petiole  :  fila- 
ments all  dilated  at  tip  :  style  rather  longer  than  the  capsule  :  seeds  echinate  and 
pitted.  —  n.  Hartw.  328. 

Vftlloy  of  tlio  Sacraninnto,  Ifnrlurrf.  No  ouo  oIho  lina  yi^t  fonnd  il.  Tovolla  loss  lluiii  lialf  nn 
inch  long  ;  tho  lips  nearly  as  long  a.s  tlio  tube  ;  the  sac  at  base  prominent. 

4.  A.  leptaleum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  viscid-pubescent,  mostly  simplo-stomincd: 
lower  leaves  almost  linear  (less  than  an  inch  long);  tho  upi)er  and  smaller  spatulate- 
oblong:  shorter  fdaments  hardly  at  all  dilated:  style  rather  shorter  than  tho  capsule: 
seeds  rugose-pitted.  —  A.  cornntum,  Durand,  Pacif.  IL  \\q\\  v.  t.  10,  not  Benth, 

Banks  of  streams,  Mariposa  to  Kern  counties,  Bolander,  &c.     Corolla  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long. 

*  *  *  Erect  or  spreading,  branching,  slendei',  producing  filiform  and  at  length  tortile 
axillary  branchlets,  by  which  the  plant  is  disposed  to  clim'h :  calyx  unequal:  corolla 
(small)  short,  both  lips  spreading,  the  lower  larger  and  as  long  as  the  tube. 

4-  Floivers  in  a  naked  spike  or  dense  raceme :  bracts  minute. 

5.  A.  Coulterianum,  Benth.  Stem  weak,  2  to  4  feet  high,  gaining  support 
by  its  numerous  filiform  tortile  branchlets  acting  as  tendrils,  glabrous  below,  as  are 
the  linear  or  narrow-oblong  and  distant  leaves  :  spike  villous-pubescent  and  viscid, 
virgate,  2  to  10  inches  long:  pedicels  usually  shorter  than  tho  linear  or  lanceolate 
obtuse  sepals,  which  are  shorter  than  the  ovate-oblong  capsule  :  style  short.  — 
])C.  Prodr.  X.  592. 

Santa  Ikrhara  Co.  to  San  Piego,  Coultrr,  IVallnce,  CJcvchml,  kc.  Corolla  either  vlolot-pnrplo 
or  white,  with  a  yellowish  palate,  this  and  tho  lower  lip  forming  the  larger  y)art  of  the  flower, 
the  tube  only  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long.  Tendril-shoots  mostly  below  the  inllorescence,  some- 
times from  the  lower  part  of  it. 

-H  ■¥■  Flotvers  {purple  or  blue,  rarely  white)  scattered  along  the  slender  difuse  branches, 
in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  leaf  like  bracts,  some  of  them  often  accompanied  by  tortile 
prehensile  branchlets  :  upper  sepal  conspicuously  larger  than  the  others  ':  leaves 
short,  from  linear  to  ovate. 

++  Peduncles  mostly  shm-ter  than  the  calyx,  sometimes  hardly  any  :  tube  of  the  corolla 
rather  longer  than  the  lips  :  seeds  tuberculate. 

G.    A.  vagans,   Gray,    1.   c.       Very  diffuse,   sparingly   bristly,   often   glandular. 


550  SCKUl'lIULAJilAClOJO.  Autlrrluuiu,,. 

varying  to  glabrous  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate  :  llowers  comparatively  large 
(half-inch  long)  :  sepals  or  at  least  the  oblong  upper  one  equalling  the  tube  of  tlie 
corolla,  the  others  linear :  saccate  base  of  the  corolla  broad  :  style  sleuiler,  as  long 
as  the  ca])sule.  —  A.  CouUerlamim,  var.  appeiu/iciilatum,  Durand,  1.  c.  11,  t.  11. 

Var.  Bolanderi,  (aay,  1.  c,  a  form  growing  in  tlie  shade  of  ]{ed\voods,  has 
broader  and  tlninu;r  leaves,  those  on  tortile  branchlets  orbicular,  and  an  unusually 
lai'ge  })osterior  sepal.  —  A.  Breiveri,  var.  (I)  ovali/oliiim,  Gray,  1.  c.,  n\ay  be  a  form  of 
this  with  shorter  calyx. 

Wooded  ])laecs,  ajiiiaruiitly  cominon  tlaoughout  the  western  part  of  the  State  ;  the  variety, 
Marin  Co.,  liolmukr. 

7.  A,  Breweri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slemler,  paniculately  branched,  more  or  less  viscid- 
jHibescunt  or  puberulcnt,  at  first  erect  and  with  few  tortile  branchlets  :  leaves 
from  oblong-linear  to  oval  (half  an  inch  long):  tube  of  the  corolla  (3  linos  long) 
considerably  longer  than  the  moderately  unequal  sepals,  narrowly  saccate  at  the 
base  :  style  subulate,  glandular,  at  length  strongly  deHexed,  and  rather  shorter  than 
the  capsule. 

Lake  to  ileudocino  and  I'lumas  couulies,  rutber  conuaon. 

-h+  -I-+  Feduncles  inostly  slender,  many  of  them  longer  than  the  flower :  tube  of  the 
corolla  rather  shorter  than  the  sjireadiiKj  lips :  capsule  tipped  u>ith  the  nearly 
straight  style  or  its  jicrsistent  base. 

8.  A.  Nuttallianum,  r.enth.  Viscidly  soft-pubescent,  or  below  glabrous,  at 
length  a  foot  or  two  high  and  dill'usely  much-branched  ;  the  tortile  bmnchlets  few 
or  more  leaf-bearing  than  in  the  precetling  :  leaves  ovate  or  the  lowest  slightly  cor- 
date (an  inch  long),  those  of  the  branchlets  gradually  much  diminished  and  nearly 
sessile  :  some  of  the  lower  peduncles  longer  than  the  flowers,  often  tortile  :  sepals 
ovate  or  oblong,  shorter  than  (or  the  broader  upper  one  almost  equalling)  the  tube 
of  the  corolla;  this  2  or  3  lines  long,  merely  gibbous  at  base:  capsule  oblong:  seeds 
sharply  and  strongly  ribbiul. 

Coiiiniou  ill  the  soullieni  part  of  tlio  State,  about  Los  Angeles,  San  Diego,  &c. 

y.  A.  Kingii,  Watson.  (Uabrous,  slender,  a  span  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  loosely 
branching,  at  length  ])roducing  more  or  less  tortile  branchlets  :  leaves  linear  or  the 
lower  lanceolate,  tapering  more  or  less  into  a  petiole  :  peduncles  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  sometimes  fully  as  long  as  the  llower:  sepals  linear-oblong,  slightly  glandular; 
the  upper  one  as  hmg  as  the  corolla  (2  or  3  lines  long' and  obtuse);  the  others  about 
the  length  of  its  tube,  which  is  nusrely  gibbous  at  base  :  capsule  globose  :  .seeds 
pitted  and  tuberculate. —  Hot.  King  Kxii.  215,  t.  21. 

Diy  valleys,  along  tbe  western  boiders  of  Nevada  ( Walson,  Leinmon),  and  east  to  Salt  Lake. 

§  2.  Herbs,  with  entire  or  lobed  leaves  and  no  jn-ehensile  branchlets,  mostly  climbing  by 
tortile  filiform  petioles  or  peduncles,  or  by  both,  mainly  glabrous :  corolla  ivitk 
the  prominent  palate  wholly  or  jtartly  closing  the  throat:  capsule  and  calyx 
ec/ual-sided  or  nearly  so :  seeds  as  in  the  j>receding :  all  hut  the  loiver  leaves 
alternate.  —  Mauhandella,  (Iray. 

*   Annuals,  tvith  narrow  and  short-pet ioled  leaves,  but  long  and  filiform  prehensile 
jH'dnnrtrs  :  calyx  ndher  shorter  than  the  globose  capsule. 

10.  A.  Strictum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Erect,  nearly  simple,  a  foot  or  two  high,  some- 
what pubescent  below  :  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper  linear,  and  the  upper 
floral  ones  filiform;  the  latter  much  shorter  than  the  tortuous  racemose  peduncles: 
corolla  violet-purple,  half  an  inch  long,  gibbous  at  base ;  the  palate  hairy  :  capsule 
crustaceous,  tii)])ed  with  a  straight  style  of  equal  length.  — .  Maurandia  stricta, 
Hook.  &  Arn.  J3ot.  Beechey,  375. 

Mountains  behind  Santa  Barbara,  Douglas,  Brewer. 


Mohavea.  SCROl'llULARIACE.E.  551 

11.  A.  Cooperi,  Cray,  1.  c  {;iiiiil)iiij,'  (2  or  3  i'vH)  by  tlio  long  filiforn)  i)c- 
tlimclcs  :  steins  very  slender,  at  longlli  nincli  l)rancli('(l  :  lowest  leaves  ovale  or 
oblong,  the  others  linear,  and  the  upper  floral  minute  :  corolla  bright  yellow  (liaU" 
an  ineh  long),  conspicuously  saccate  at  base;  the  palate  hairy:  stylo  deciduous  from 
the  thin-walled  capsule  :  seeds  rough-rugose  and  with  3  or  4  corky  ribs. 

I?aviiic3  on  tho  Moliavo,  Conpr.r,  Abnrndingcr.     Also  Southern  Utali,  Parry. 

12.  A.  filipes,  Gray.  More  delicate  Clian  the  preceding,  with  broader  and 
tliinner  leaves,  very  capillary  tortile  peduncles,  and  very  small  llowers':  corolla 
"white,"  little  exceeding  tho  calyx.  —  Dot.  Ives  Colorado  Kxp.  ID. 

Desert  arroycs  on  the  Arizona  .side  of  the  Colorado.  Perhaps  a  deiiaupci-ate  form  of  A.  Cooperi, 
with  imperfectly  developed  corolla. 

*   *  Perennial,  climbing  by  the  sle)id.er  tortile  petioles  and  axillary  peduncles :  leaves 
lobed  or  cordate  :  cali/x  longer  than  the  globular  capsule. 

13.  A.  maurandioides,  r.ray.  Either  low  or  tall-climbing,  glabrous,  slender  : 
leaves  triangular-hastate  or  more  cordate,  tho  lobes  at  base  often  Avith  a  posterior 
tooth:  corolla  (purple  or  sometimes  white,  6  to  12  lines  long);  its  palate  nearly 
closing  the  throat :  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute  :  style  slender  :  seeds  corky-ribbed. 

Proc.  1.  0.  vii.  374.      listeria  antirrhinijiora,  Poir.     Maurandia  antirrldniflora, 

Willd.  Ilort.  Berol.  t.  83;  Bot.  l\ii».  t,  1643. 

A  Mexican  and  Texan  species,  common  in  cultivation,  extending  wostwnnl  through  Arizona  to 
or  near  the  Colorado. 

§  3.  Shrubbi/  and  erect :  leaves  mostly  opposite  or  in  threes,  evergreen,  entire :  corolla 
tubular  with  short  lips:  the  smooth  palate  prominent,  but  not  closing  the 
throat :  capsule  globose,  not  oblique :  style  straight,  slender :  seeds  as  of  the 
preceding  sections.  — Gamhelia,  Gray.     {Gambelia,  Nutt.) 

14.  A.  speciosum,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  much-branched  shrub,  3  or  4  feet  high  ; 
the  young  parts  soft-pubescent,  the  older  glabrous,  at  least  the  oval  or  oblong 
thickish  and  firm  leaves  (these  an  inch  or  two  long  and  half  to  an  inch  wide) : 
flowers  in  short  terminal  racemes  and  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  :  pedicels  like 
the  leaves  or  l)racts  usually  verticillato  :  corolla  scarlet,  liardly  an  inch  long;  the 
tube  cylindrical  except  the  gibbous  base,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  narrowly 
lanceolate  soimLs,  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  tho  short  lips  :  stigma  entire  or  emargi- 
iiate  :  capsule  ))ubescent,  opening  by  a  chink  on  each  side  of  the  slender  straight 
stylo  :  seeds  oblong,  truncate,  strongly  rugoso-ribbed.  —  (^anibrUa  speciosa,  Nutt. 
PI.  Gamb.   149,  t.  22. 

Island  of  Catalina,  Gamhd.  Also  Guadalupe  Island,  off  Lower  California,  in  flower  and  fruit. 
Palmer.  A  showy  slirub,  with  bright  red  flowers  ;  these  pubescent  outside  :  the  foliage  not  un- 
like that  of  Ccstrum  diurnum.  • 

15.  A.  junceum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Perhaps  shrubby,  glabrous,  2  feet  high:  leaves 
small,  oblong-linear  :  tube  of  the  corolla  8  lines  long.  —  ^f.  juncea,  Benth.  Bot. 
Sulph.  41. 

From  iSan  Diego  to  Bay  of  Mngdalena  in  Lower  California,  Hivds.  Not  since  seen  ;  perhaps 
same  ns  tho  pre(!eding. 

SACotTi-AUIA  A^RATrnil,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Aca<l.,  from  fVrros  Islund,  off  Lower  California, 
"  which  has  been  conjectured  to  be  a  Jlussdlin,  is  probably  a  form  of  Gulvcsia  Limctisls,  a  shrubby 
plant  of  the  Pacific  coast,  near  the  last  section  of  Anlirrhinunu 

4.   MOHAVEA,  Cray. 
Calyx  of  5  lanceolate  ac\nninato  and  nearly  equal  sepals.    ('oroUa  with  short  tube 
merely  gibbous  at  base  in  front,  and  a  very  ample  and  bilabinle  bid.  somewhat  cam- 
panulate- erect  limb ;  the  lips  bntad  and  almost  fan-shaped  ;  uppin-  one  2-lobed  ;  the 


55'2  SCKorHULAKlACE^'E.  Aloliuvm. 

lower  3-lobed  and  bearing  a  prominent  but  comparatively  small  palate,  bearded 
down  its  middle;  all  the  lobes  bruad,  erose-denticulate  and  abruptly  short-acumi- 
nat6.  Fertile  stamens  2,  with  anthers  one-celled  by  conlluence  :  the  other  pair 
reduced  to  rudimentary  sterile  iilaments.  IStiyma  depressed-capitate.  Capsule 
globular,  thin-walled,  tipped  with  the  persistent  style,  the  nearly  ecpud  cells  open- 
ing near  the  top  by  a  transverse  chink.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong,  smooth  on  the 
back,  cupshaped  and  with  thickened  corky  sides  on  the  inner  iace.  A  single 
species.  —  Gray  in  Pacif.  II.  Hep.  iv.  122,  Bot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  19,  &  I'roc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  377. 

1.  M.  viBcida,  Cray,  1.  c.  An  erect  annual,  a  span  to  2  feet  high,  borym- 
bosely  hrancluul,  pubescent  and  very  viscid  :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  (2  inches 
long),  tapering  into  more  or  less  ot"  a  j)etiole;  the  lower  opposite,  the  ui)per  alternate: 
ilowers  in  the  axils  ol'  the  upper  leaves  and  corymbose  or  at  length  racemose  at 
the  summit,  short-pedicelled  :  corolla  sulphur-colored  and  somewhat  purple-dotted 
(an  inch  and  a  half  long).  —  Antirrhinum  coufertijiorum,  lienth.  in  DC. 

Gravelly  banks,  from  Foit  Mohave  to  Fort  Yuma  on  the  Colorado,  and  adjacent  parts  of 
Arizona,  lirst  found  by  Cuidlcr  and  FreiiiwU. 

5.  SCROPHULARIA,  Touiu.        Fujwour. 

(.'alyx  deeply  r)-cleft,  the  lobes  usually  broad  and  rounded.  Corolla  short,  with  a 
ventricose  globular  or  oblong  tube,  unequally  5-lobed  ;  4  of  the  lobes  erect  (the  two 
upper  longer),  the  fifth  or  lower  one  recurved  or  spreading.  Stamens  4  in  two 
pairs,  inserted  low  down  on  the  corolla,  shorter  than  the  lobes  :  anthers  transverse 
and  by  confluence  one-celled  ;  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth  stamen  conspicuous  in  the 
form  of  a  scale  borne  on  the  upjter  side  of  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Stignm  entire 
or  emarginato.  Capsule  ovate,  septicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  tuberculato-rugose. 
—  Chieily  perennial  herbs,  of  homely  aspect;  with  opposite  leaves,  and  loose  cymes 
of  small  flowers  in  a  narrow  terminal  panicle  or  thyrsus. 

1.  S.  Californica,  Cham.  Nearly  smooth  perennial,  2  to  5  feet  high  :  pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  of  the  open  panicle  minutely  glandular  :  leaves  oblong-ovate  with 
a  truncate  or  cordate  base,  or  narrowly  deltoid,  coarsely  doubly  toothed  or  incised, 
sometimes  laciniate;  the  lower  ones  occasionally  with  a  pair  of  detached  lobelets 
near  the  summit  of  the  petiole  :  rudiment  of  the  sterile  stamen  spatulato  or  luir- 
rowly  cuneiform,  either  rounded  or  somewhat  pointed  at  the  apex.  —  Linniea,  ii. 
585.     S.  nodosa,  var.,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.,  &c. 

Moist  grounds,  from  San  f)iego  to  San  Francisco,  &c.,  and  east  to  Nevada.  Varialile  in  the 
foliage  and  size  of  flowers  and  capsules.     Corolla  3  to  5  lines  long,  dull  or  lurid  purple. 

S.  NODOS.'V,  Linn.,  of  the  Atlantic  States  and  Europe,  extends  west  to  Utaii  and  apparently  to 
Oregon.  It  may  therefore  occur  in  the  northern  jtart  of  the  Stiite.  It  is  distinguished  by 
the  larger  and  orbicular  sterile  stamen-rudiment,  and  the  leaves  are  merely  serrate,  rarely  at  all 
incised. 

6.  COLLINSIA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  dec|>Iy  5-cleft,  .sonunvhat  campanulato.  Corolla  with  tube  more  or  less 
ventricose  and  gibbous  or  saccate  on  the  upper  side,  more  commonly  declined,  con- 
spicuously bilabiate;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  and  its  lobes  more  or  less  recurving;  the 
lower  3-lobed  and  larger,  its  lateral  lobes  pendulous-spreading,  the  middle  one 
comluplicate  into  a  keel-shaped  sac  and  including  the  declined  stamens  and  style. 
Stamens  4  in  two  pairs,  with  long  Iilaments ;  the  lower  or  anterior  pair  inserted 


CoUinmi.  i=!CROriI  II L  A  RT  A  CE/K 


;r,3 


Irife'her  on  tlio  corolla  timn  tho  otlior  :  anthers  rnmidrciiironii,  tlimr  two  cells  con- 
fluent at  tho  apex  into  one.  A  gland  at  tho  haso  of  the  corolla  on  the  upper  side 
answers  to  tho  fifth  stamen.  Stylo  (iliform  :  stigma  small,  entire  or  minutely 
2-cleft.  Capsule  ovate  or  globose,  at  first  sopticidal,  but  the  valves  soon  2-clcft. 
Sce<ls  few  or  several  in  each  coll,  aniphitropous  and  peltate ;  the  face  concave.  — 
Winter  annuals  (all  North  American  and  mainly  western)  ;  with  Himplo  opposite 
sessile  leaves,  or  the  lowest  petiolcd  and  the  upper  whorled,  and  usually  handsome 
flowers  in  their  upper  axils  :  pedicels  solitary  or  cymosely  umbellate-clustered,  or  in 
whorls ;  the  upper  tiers  commonly  naked  by  the  diminution  of  the  later  leaves  into 
small  bracts.  Corolla  blue,  purple,  or  white,  sometimes  yellowish,  commoiily  two- 
colored.     The  plants  mostly  spring  from  seed  in  autumn  and  flower  early  the  next 

season.     In  garden  cultivation  the  Californian  species  flower  directly  as  annuals. 

The  stamens  and  style  not  rarely  rise  out  of  the  sac  of  the  corolla  into  a  more  erect 
position  boforo  all  tho  pollen  is  shod.  —  Cray,  Prnc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  91. 

Tho  short  haso  of  tho  corolla  holow  tho  Imlgiup  wo  will  cull  i]w  tube,  nnd  tho  whole  in natod 
am  l.ulginf5  poitio.i  up  to  tho  clH't,  tho  IhronL  The  little  organ  which  ataiids  in  place  of  tlio 
fifth  stamen,  wo  call  sunply  the  gland.  ^ 

*  Flozversshort-pedicened  or  nearly  sessile,  mostly  6  or  more  in  each  dose  and  ichor l- 
like  or  head-like  cluster,  only  the  lowest  clusters  subtended  by  leaves,  the  others  bit 
small  brads. 

■k-  Corolla  strongly  declined ;  the  much  inflated  and  saccate  gibbous  throat  fully  as 
broad.^  as  long  and  forming  an  obtuse  or  right  angle  tvith  the  very  short  proper  tube: 
gland  short  and  small,  sessile:  upper  pair  of  filaments  viore  or  less  bearded  toivards 
the  base. 

I.e.  bicolor,  Benth.  A  foot  or  so  high,  from  nearly  glabrous  to  hirsute  and 
above  somewhat  viscid-hairy  :  leaves  more  or  less  toothed  and  oblong  or  lanceolate  • 
the  upper  usually  ovate-lanceolate  and  sessile  by  a  broad  often  subcordate  and 
nervose-veuied  base  :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  acute  lobes  of  the  calvx  :  corolla 
party-colored  the  lower  bp  violet  or  rose-purple  and  the  upper  paler  or  nearly  white), 
occasionally  allw'hite;  tho  saccate  throat  very  oblique  to  tho  tube;  tho  rccurve.l- 
aproading  upper  lip  a  little  shorter  than  tho  lower.  —  Hot.  Reg  t  17:14  •  ]hit  Y\ 
Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  307 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3488.  C.  hderophylla,  Graham  in  licit.  Mag.  t." 
3695,  tt  form  with  3-cleft  lower  loaves,  whicli  is  rare. 

fli'r^  ni'i'l^°'''  «"=•;  foV"'.''"g,^!i'-o"gJ>  ill  tho  woatorn  part  of  tho  State.     A  puro  white- 
S^^IJrt&frttfoVL"!^^^^^^  '^'  ^''^  '^-^  ^«^''-)  -•^'''    ^^'-  --t  «1-T  specie:, 

2.  C.  tinctoria,  Hartweg.  Foliage,  <^c.,  like  the  preceding,  above  generally 
more  visc.d-inibescent :  flowers  almost  sessile  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear  or  oblon/- 
l.near,  mostly  obtuso  :  corolla  yellowish,  cream-color,  or  white,  usually  with  smno 
purple  <!<;  3  or  hneg  ;  the  axis  of  tho  strongly  snccate-ventricoso  throat  at  right 
'Ztw%fi  ito  ^'V^^';''''^,5  the  upper  lip  ami  its  lobes  very  short.  -  Benth.  Bl. 
Hartw.  328  (1849).  G.  barbata,  Bosse  in  Verhand.  Gartenb.  Preuss.  1853,  &  Bot. 
Zeit.  xii.  905.      C.  septemnervia,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  224,  lig.  G9. 

Moist  grounds  and  hanks  of  streams,  along  tlio  western  slopes  of  tl,e  Sierra  Neva.la  and 
through  Its  foo  -h.lls.  The  yellowish  or  brownish  and  visei<lglnndulnr  Sseenr;  som^^^ 
¥}Te  nntff '"^T1'?'^V'^'■'^''^'"^    *''^   «"«'"•«'    ^'^'^"'^'^    Vyoh^^M  the    specfic    name 

-•--I-  Corolla  less  declined  or  cni-ved  ;  the  gibbous  but  not  saccate  throat  much  lovqer 
than  broad:  loiv  species,  a  span  or  so  high  :  leaves  crenate  or  obtusely  toothed,' ob- 
tuse, often  thvhsh  m  texture,  sddom  over  an  inch  long. 


554  SCROl'llULArtlACE.E.  ColliusUi. 

++  Filaments  and  interiur  of  the  throat  of  the  corolla  somewhat  bearded:  ajijier  lip  of 
the  latter  crtstless :  calyx-lobes  broadish,  obtuse. 

3.  C.  bartsiaefolia,  iV-ntli.  ruberulent  and  somewhat  glamlular,  rarely  liairy 
ul)ove  :  alum  sLiicL  ami  riimpli;  (ir  iDoaely  branclieil  :  leaves  from  ovalc-obloii','  to 
linear :  llower-wlmrls  2  to  5,  rarely  only  one  :  calyx  either  naked  ur  villous  :  upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  about  the  lenyth  of  the  curved  gibbous  throat ;  the  lower  narrow 
at  the  base,  ita  lateml  lobes  emarginate  or  obcordate  :  gland  sessile  and  elongated, 
porrect.  —  DC.  Trodr.  x.  318.  C.  bicolor,  var.,  Eenth.  PI.  llartw.  328,  no.  1881. 
C.  hirsata,  Kellogg,  1,  c.  110,  hg.  3-1,  hairy  form. 

Common  throughout  the  central  ami  westoni  parts  of  the  State  to  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierni 
Nevuila,  mostly  in  sandy  soil,  (omlla  lioni  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  iiuriilish,  [laio 
violet,  or  whitish  :  npiu-r  lip  with  a  low  tiansvuise  callosity  at  the  origin  of  the  Ihnb,  bordering 
u  snuill  hot'ded  de[iression. 

4.  C.  corymbosa,  Herder.  Minutely  i)uberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  branched 
from  the  base  and  dilluse  or  decumbent,  tufted  :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  very  obtuse, 
rather  lleshy :  llowers  mainly  in  a  single  terminal  and  leafy-bracted  capitate  cluster : 
upper  lip  of  the  stmightish  corolla  very  short,  its  limb  (spreading  above  the  trans- 
verse callosity)  almost  obsolete  ;  lobes  of  the  elongated  lower  lip  entire  :  gland 
small,  oblong,  llattish,  short-slipitate.  — Ind.  Sem.  Tetei-sb.  18C7,  &  CJurtonli.  18G8, 
35,  t.  5G8  ;  Clray,  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  378. 

Coaat  of  the  nortliern  part  of  the  State  ;  on  the  beach  nt  Fort  Hrngg,  Humboldt  Oo.,  Bolnndcr. 
Described  from  cultivated  specimens,  the  eeed  said  to  come  from  Me.xico,  which  is  most  unlikely. 
Corolla  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long  ;  lower  lip  white  or  somewhat  cream-colored,  the  very  short 
upper  one  blue  or  bluish. 

+-^  -^-^  Filaments  and  interior  of  the  corolla  ylabrous :  xqjper  lip  of  the  latter  promi- 
nently crested. 

5.  C.  Greenei,  Gray.  Small  and  slender,  glandidar-puberulent :  leaves  oblong- 
linear  and  tai)ering  to  the  base,  rather  coarsely  and  sparsely  dentate  :  ilowei's  few 
(2  to  G)  in  the  clusters,  on  pedicels  sometimes  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  lobes  of  the 
latter  acutish  :  ui)per  lip  of  the  violet  purple  corolla  much  shorter  than  the  oblong 
throat,  about  half  the  length  of  the  lower,  crested  above  the  gorge  and  under  the 
origin  of  the  limb  with  a  pair  of  conspicuous  callous  teeth  on  each  side,  which  are 
connected  by  a  less  elevated  transverse  ridge ;  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip 
small :   gland  small  and  sessile.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.   75. 

Crevices  of  rocks,  bake  Co.,  E.  L.  Orcevc.  Corolla  5  linos  long  :  the  callosity  of  the  ujiper 
li|>,  whicii  is  obvious  in  some  oilier  species,  is  in  this  developed  into  a  projecting  '2-loolhid 
crest. 

*   *   Flowers  slender-pedicelled,  solitary  or  lanbellate-tvhorled. 

+■  Glabrous  or  minutely  more  or  less  puberulent :  at  least  the  lowest  leaves  broadish  or 

roundish  and  more  or  less  toothed:  lobes  of  the  calyx  acute,  longer  than  the  capsule. 

G.  C.  grandiflora,  iJougl.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  in  lieight :  upper  leaves  from 
spatulate-oblong  to  lineardanceolate ;  the  ilornl  mostly  in  whorls  of  3  to  7 :  i)edicel3 
at  least  as  many  in  the  whorls,  not  longer  than  the  flowers  :  calyx-hjbes  tapering 
from  a  broad  base  to  a  slender  subulate  point :  corolla  strongly  declined  ;  the  very 
saccate  throat  broader  than  long,  and  with  its  axis  almost  transverse  with  that  of 
the  tube,  about  the  length  of  the  pale  or  white  upi)er  lip  ;  the  larger  lower  lip  deep 
bright  blue  or  violet :  lilaments  glabrous  :  gland  sessile  and  cai)itate.  —  Lindl.  J5ut. 
Keg.  t.  1107. 

Shady  liillsides,  Mendocino  Co.  (Bolnndcr,  Kelhnig) ;  thence  north  to  Washington  Tenitory. 
Corolla  about  half  an  in('h  long  ;  the  lobes  a  little  undulate  or  merely  emarginate  :  a  pair  of 
strong  and  hood-like  callosities  on  the  upper  lip.  Nearest  C.  viulacea  of  Arkansas,  which  has 
obcordate-cleft  lateral  lobes  to  the  corolla  and  much  less  acute  calyx-lobes.  Notwithstanding 
the  name,  this  is  iiy  no  means  the  largesl-ilowered  species,  but  the  blossoms  are  numerous 
and  showy. 


Tondla.  SCROPIIULAlirACE.E.  55.3 

7.  C.  sparsiflora,  Fisclif^r  <^  Meyer.  Slender,  diU'iisc  or  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot 
hif:;li  :  upper  li^ives  linear-obloii^'  or  linear-lanceolate,  seldom  taperiii*,'  at  base, 
merely  opposite,  or  the  minute  upper  floral  ones  in  threes  :  pedicels  solitary,  in 
pairs,  or  some  ot"  the  upper  in  whorls  of  three,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  liower : 
calyx-lobes  from  ovate  to  deltoid-lanceolate  :  corolla  (mostly  violet)  strongly  de- 
clined ;  the  inllated  saccate  throat  very  oblique  on  the  tube,  about  the  length  of  the 
upper  lip  :  lilaments  hairy  below:  gland  sessile  and  projecting  forwards,  cylindricjil- 
subulato.  —  Jnd.  Som.  Petcrsb.  (18;{r))  ii.  33.  C.  jmrvijiom,  var.  sjimsijiura,  iJcnth. 
in  ])U.     C.  solifnria,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  ii.  10. 

Sliaded  l\illsi(les,  kc,  from  near  San  Francisco  noithwnid.  Corolla  4  to  0  lines  long:  the  upper 
lip  and  the  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  commonly  yellowish  and  pnriilo-dotted,  or  paler  than  the 
ample  and  violet  lateral  lol)e3.     Calyx-tnljc  conuiioiily  tinged  with  pnrple. 

8.  C.  parviflora,  Dongl.  Low,  at  length  diil'use,  a  span  high  :  leaves  mostly 
oblong  or  lanceolate  ;  the  upper  narrowed  at  base  and  entire  ;  the  floral  often  in 
threes  or  fours  or  even  fives  :  pedicels  1  to  5,  mostly  longer  than  the  small  flowers  : 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  blue  moderately  obli(}ue  corolla,  the 
oblong  gibbous-saccate  throat  of  which  is  longer  than  the  lips  :  filaments  all  gla- 
brous :  gland  small  and  cai)itato,  short-stipitato  :  stigma  2-clel't.  —  Lindl.  Dot.  Reg. 
t.  1802;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  94,  by  misprint  as  C.  jmncijfora.  C.  minima,  Nutt.  in  Jour. 
Acad.  Philad.  vii.  47. 

Shady  moist  gronnds,  from  the  coast  north  of  San  Francisco  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  thence 
northward  to  Washiti^ton  Territory  and  Lake  Snperior.  Corolla  2  to  4  lines  long,  rather  narrow. 
Nuttall's  C.  minima  is  a  depauperate  form,  early  flowering  from  the  seed,  with  corolla  (3  or  4 
lines  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  shortish  calyx. 

4-  -♦-  Glandular:  leaves  entire,  narrow:  hhru  nf  the  aihjx  ohdinr,  slmrtcr  than  the 

capsule. 

9.  C.  Tonreyi,  Oray.  Slender,  erect,  a  span  or  so  high,  divergently  branched  : 
leaves  thickish  ;  the  lowest  narrowly  spatulate  ;  the  others  linear  with  a  tapering 
base,  maiidy  opposite,  or  the  floral  in  threes  or  fours  ;  all  the  uppermost  of  these 
reduced  to  minute  bracts:  pedicels  2  to  7  iji  a  whorl,  rather  longer  than  the  flowers: 
corolla  deep  violet-blue,  almost  thrico  the  lengtli  of  the  calyx,  moderately  declined, 
the  gibbous  throat  with  the  tu])o  about  the  length  of  the  lower  lip  :  filaments  gla- 
brous :  gland  sessile,  subulate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  378. 

Common  in  tho  higher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  Nevada  Co.,  Tnrrry, 
Bohuukr,  WaLwn,  &c.  Somewhat  viscid,  heset  with  minute  dark  glands.  Corolla  3  or  4  lines 
lonw  ;  the  plaits  forming  the  margins  of  the  sac  of  the  lower  lip  terminating  below  in  a  spur-like 
projection.  Seeds  oblong,  more  terete  than  usual,  and  large  lor  the  size  of  the  capsule,  a  line 
long. 

7.  TONELLA,  Nutt. 

Corolla  obscurely  bilabiate  ;  the  5  more  or  less  unequal  lobes  somewhat  rotately 

spreading,  the  lower  not  complicate  nor  enclosing  the  soon  ascending  stamens  and 

stylo ;  tho  tube  slightly  gibbous  posteriorly.     Ovules  and  seeds  from  one  to  four 

in  each  coll.     Caulino  leaves  mainly  tornately  divided  or  3-parted.     Otherwise  as 

in  Collinsia.  —  Nutt.  ex  r>enth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  593  ;  Oray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii. 

378,  &  xi.  92. 

1.  T.  COllinsioides,  Nutt,  1.  c  Slender  annual,  diHTusoly  branched  from  the 
base,  nearly  glabrous  :  branches  filiform,  a  span  to  a  foot  long  :  radical  and  lowest 
caulino  leaves  ovato  or  rotmdish,  somewhat  lobed,  erenatn  or  ontiro  (a  (pmrter  to 
half  an  inch  long),  on  slender  petioles;  the  others  shorter-pctioled  or  sessile,  3-]iarted 
or  divided  into  oblong  or  lanceolate  divisions  or  leaflets  ;  tho  floml  ones  sometimes 
in  whorls  of  three,  and  the  uppermost  simple,  and  shorter  than  the  slender  filiform 
pedicels  ;  these  solitary,  or  in  pairs,  or  .sometimes  3  in  a  whorl  :  flowers  minute,  at 


fJ56  SCRoniULAlUACE.'E.  PentsUncn. 

most  a  line  and  a  half  long  :  corolla  a  little  longer  than  tlie  calyx  ;  its  5  lobes  of 
ecjiuil  lengtli,  but  the  unterior  one  transversely  oval  or  roundish,  very  much  larger 
than  the  lateral  ami  i)i)sterior  oblung  ones,  and  sepurated  fruni  theuj  by  ileeper 
sinuses  :  ovuli-s  suHtaiy  in  each  cell  :  cajisulo  considerably  exceeding  the  calyx.  — 
Colliusia  (eiitl/ii,  Hcnth.  in  DC.  I'rudr.  1.  c. 

Moiulocuio  Co.,  iieur  Ukiiili,  in  shady  giiuuid  {KcUoijij,  Jhlandcr) ;  also  in  Oiugon,  where  it  was 
first  collected  by  Natlull  and  later  by  E.  Hall. 

T.  FLOKiBUNDA,  Gray,  the  other  species,  has  been  collected  only  in  Idaho,  on  the  Koos- 
kooskie  River,  by  S/ialdiiii/,  (leyer,  kv..  It  is  nuieh  larger,  a  loot  or  two  liigh  ;  the  sterna  termi- 
nating in  a  rather  erowiled  racenio  of  whorls,  each  of  \i  to  (i  conijiurutivoly  showy  flowers ;  the  ojien 
(iinrple)  corolla  over  a  iinarler  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  the 
tiu'co  lobus  answering  to  the  lower  li|i  iibovate  and  nearly  alike,  smuUcr  thuu  those  of  the  V!-cleft 
\i[)[wv  li[i ;  the  ovnlcs  and  seeils  3  or  4  in  each  cull. 

8.  PENTSTEMON,  Mitchell. 
Calyx  R-parted.  Oondla  with  a  cuii.sjjicuons  and  mostly  elongated  or  ventricoso 
tube  ;  the  throat  gibbous  on  the  lower  if  on  either  side ;  the  limb  more  or  less 
bilabiate;  upper  lip  2-lobed ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  recurved  or  spreading.  Stamens  4, 
declined  at  base,  ascending  above ;  the  lifth  (posterioi)  stamen  represented  by  a 
conspicuous  sterile  fihinient :  anthers  with  tluiir  cells  mostly  united  or  confluent  at 
the  summit.  Style  long  :  stigma  entire,  (^'apsule  ovate,  septicidal,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  angled,  wingless.  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  a  few  shrubby  ;  with  opposite  (rarely 
verticillate)  leaves,  the  upper  sessile  or  partly  clasping^  the  floral  gradually  or 
abruptly  reduced  to  bracts.  Flowers  (appearing  in  summer)  commonly  showy 
and  racemose-panicled,  the  peduncle  from  tlu)  axil  of  the  floral  leaves  or  bracts 
generally  2-bracteolato  when  single-flowered,  oftener  cymosely  few-seveml-flowerod. 
Corolla  red,  blue,  purple,  or  white,  rarely  yellow.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi. 
56  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  456. 

A  well-marked  g(>uns  of  nearly  70  sjjecios,  nil  North  American  with  a  few  Mexican,  mucli  more 
nnnierous  in  the  i'acilic  than  tii'e  Atlantic  States,  most  so  in  the  intermediate  region.  Several 
are  common  in  ornamental  cultivation.  In  a  few  instances  the  rudimentary  stamen  has  been 
found  to  be  antheriferous. 

CiiELONE  NEMOKosA,  Dougl.,  a  native  of  the  woods  of  Oregon,  has  been  met  with  in  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains  about  200  miles  north  of  the  California  line.  It  would  be  taken  for  a  Fcntstcmon 
except  for  the  seeds,  which  arc  broadly  winged. 

§  1.  Anthers  ivith  cells  at  length  diverging  or  divaricate,  so  as  to  become  transverse, 

and  opening  for  their  whole  length, 

*  Anthers  long-woolly  :  stems  suffrutescent. 

1.  P.  Menziesii,  Hook.  Branching  and  tufted  at  the  woody  base,  a  span  to  a 
foot  high,  nearly  glabrous ;  the  flowering  shoots  erect :  leaves  coriaceous,  oval  or 
oblong,  mostly  beset  with  some  small  rigid  teeth,  an  inch  or  less  in  length  :  pedun- 
cles almost  always  l-ilowered,  and  forming  a  short  somewhat  glandular  raceme  : 
corolla  about  an  inch  long,  pink-red ;  the  narroAV  but  gradually  expanding  tube  and 
throat  much  longer  than  the  li))s.  —  Gerardia  frulicosa,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  423,  t.  18. 
P.  Neioherryi,  Gmy,  in  Pacif.  li.  Pep.  vi.  82,  t.  14,  the  var.  Newherryi,  Gray, 
Proc.  1.  c. 

On  rocks,  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  5,000  to  12,000  feet ;  thence  north  to  British  Columbia 
and  the  northern  Kocky  Jlountains.  Showy  in  blossom,  running  into  several  varieties ;  the  Cali- 
fomian  form  apparently  always  with  pink  or  rose-red  corollas. 

*  *     Anthers  glabrous,  or  sometimes  with  a  few  scattered  beard-like  hairs. 

•¥■  Stems  woody,  at  least  the  base :  leaves  somewhat  coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  small, 

mostly  very  short -jxt ioled :  Jllaments  all  bearded  at  base. 


PenMemon.  SCROI'IIULAUIACK.IO.  rr7 

00  / 


++  Corolla  red,  loncf  and  narrow-tuhular  {an  inch  or  more  in  lenpth)  •  (he  vpper  lip 
erect;  loiver  more  or  less  spreading:  injlorescence  somervhat  glandular,  paniculate 
or  cj/mnse :  sterile  ji lament  bearded  down  one  side. 

to  \of.:  f^°'^^°li"S.  ^^«"th  Scrn,n1,Iinrr  over  bushes  by  long  sannentose  branches 
to  sevei-al  ieet  in  height,  scabrous-puberiilent,  very  leafy  :  leaves  somewhat  cordate, 
^hnrn  r'"''w  Ti  1^'""''''^''  ''''■'^'  ''^"^^'^  '"^'^"te  and  serrate  or  denticulate  with 
sharp  salient  teeth  :  the  veins  impressed  on  the  u,)per  aiul  prominent  on  the  lower 
lace :  flowers  ma  somewhat  leafy  i.anicle  :  i)ed.incles  divaricate  :  calyx-lobes  ovate- 
lancoolato:  corolla  scarlet  (an  inch  and  a  half  long,   the  upper  lip  over  half  nn 

bea^"led'fl'oin''H.!:T*'  Y""  ^^"'  ^:^?>'^'^  \-  Santa  P.arbara.  Sterile  filament  densely  vcllowish- 
ueauiea  iiom  the  apex  for  some  distancie  downward.  " 

nnb;.^;  f  ^'^"'^OSUS  IJentli.     Lower  than  the  foregoing,  a  foot  or  two  high,  soft- 

o  tut  h  ZT^^^fT''  ''^^  '"/'^^  '•''••  ^"^^^^  "^^^'^"S  «^  °^'^>'  obtuse, 'acute 
or  acutish  at  base  slightly  and  sparsely  denticulate  (half  an  inch  to  nearly  2  inches 
iong;  the  veins  disposed  to  be  parallel  :  flowers  few  or  rather  numerous  in  a  close 
corymbiform  tennmal  cyme  :  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate  :  corolla  scarlet  (an  inch 
long).  —  lorr.  J5ot.  Wilkes  Exp.  395. 

Inif  Hfe*stat'io,?,mi'rtw,"''  '  "^'^V""?*.''!  '^^  ^T^^''  ^'""""  ^'""'"^'•"^  '''  domuperate  specimens), 
boartirvTanfspS^  ^°  '''''  ^"'^^^^"'^  '  *^'°  sterile  lilanlt  abo'ut  e,ualli 

4.  P.  ternatus,  Torr.     Glabrous,  the  long  virgate  shoots  glaucous,  2  to  4  feet 

J  igU  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  or  denticulate  with  sharp  rigid  teeth,  all  but 

ho  upponnost  in  whorls  of  throe  :  flowers  in  a  more  nako.l  long  ami  narro^  virgate 

puiclo:  calyx-lobesovato  or  broadly  lanoeoluto:  corolla  pale  scarlet  (an  inch  lon^, 

the  lobes  or  lips  3  lines  long).  —  Bot.  Mox.  r.ound.  115. 

Mountains  east  of  San  Diego  {Pamj,  Cleveland),  and  Fort  Tcjon,  XaiUus. 

"^IL^^f  r  7""  T  ^T  '^'^^7  ""  /"'-^'^  ""''^^  ^''''P^'  (^^(f  '0  *^o  thirds  of  an  inch 
long),  the  tube  much  shorter  than  the  widely  gaping  lips,  of  which  the  npver  is  arch 
mg  and  merely  notched,  and  the  loxver  pendulous-recurved  ^^ 

=et:"f  „:,ri's  tt^^ '  ">^-  -™--"  °"  ^^  X^  ^^ 

Dry  hill,  .„d  b.„ks,  throughct  the  rooLhill,  of  th,  Sierr.  Ncvad,  „„d  the  Const  l!a„<-c 

upper  ax  Is  .  calyx-lobes   roundish-ovate  :  corolla   very   broad   for  its   lonatb    nnr« 

I30C.  Mag.  t.  bl57.     P.  Lobbii,  of  the  gardens," Illust.  Ilort.  1862   t   315 

yelbw  fl:weS!^'  "'  ''"  ^'""'^^  ""*  '^'^  "'^"*  ^-^  ^'^"-  -"^  «-  I^-'-^l-    'Po-ulia;  for  its  clear 

......Cornnajlesh.color  or  purplish  {half  an  inch  long):  the  tube  aud  throat  longer 

tlian  the  short  spreading  lips 


558  SCliOriiUL  Alii  ACE  J^.  Ptnlslemon. 

sliarply  and  sparsely  denticuliite  (al)out  an  inch  or  less  long),  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes  :  panicle  virgate  and  rac(!iiioso,  loose  :  peduncles  long»;r  than  the  subtending 
lloral  leaves,  cyniosely  2  -  7-llowered  :  very  short  pedicels  and  calyx  glandular: 
sterile  lilanient  strongly  yellow-beanled  on  one  side  of  the  curveil  ui)ex. 

Long  Viilley,  Munilociii.i  ("o.  (/w7/(«7(/,  1869) ;  Phiiims  Co,  {Lemmmi,  1874).  llcscmljlcis /^. 
brevijiuriis  in  Iniliit  uiid  loliugo  ;  but  the  leiivus  proportionally  broader  and  the  llowers  fewer  ;  the 
form  of  tlie  corolla  nearly  that  of  the  suceeeding  s))ecies.  Divisions  of  the  calyx  ovate-lanceolate 
and  gradually  much  acuminate,  rather  dry.  Corolla  in  Dr.  Kellogg's  specimens  "  llesh-eolored, 
inclining  to  pink  veins,  with  red-pur[)le  throat,"  externally  somewhat  glandular,  not  bearded,  the 
general  form  campanulate,  the  lips  about  2  lines  long  ;  upper  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-lobed.  ilaia 
peduncles  an  inch  or  more  long. 

-H-  -»—  /Stems  herbaceous,  generalli/  sim2)le. 

+-^  Corolla  at  least  an  inch  Ioikj,  showy,  never  red ;  the  short  inhe  abrupfli/  dilated 
■into  an  ample  and  wide  ventricose  throat ;  the  broad  and  roundish  lobes  spreaditij  : 
plants  ylabroas  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate  :  jjajiicle  naked  and  elongated. 

=  Leaves  all  entire  and  distinct  at  the  base :  panicle  strict  and  racemedike  or  spicate; 
the  ])eduncles  and  pedicels  both  short. 

8.  P.  glaber,  J'ursh.  Very  smooth  throiigliont,  n  foot  or  two  liigh :  leaves 
mostly  lanceolate  or  the  lowest  oblong  or  spatnlate,  the  upper  closely  sessile:  panicle 
very  narrow,  a  span  to  a  foot  long  :  corolla  l)luo  or  violet,  or  varying  to  purplo, 
ventricose-oblong  or  between  <;anipanulate  and  funnelfoim  above  the  narrow  tube  : 
anthers  either  glabrous  or  with  some  scattered  short  hairs ;  the  cells  not  dehiscent 
quite  to  the  tip,  so  that  they  never  open  widely  :  sterile,  lilament  either  naked  or  a 
little  bearded  on  one  siile  at  the  apex.  —  F.  glabra,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  738 ;  Eot.  Mag. 
t.  1672.  F.  Erianthera,  Nutt.  in  Eraser  Cat.  P.  speciosus,  Dough;  Lindl.  Bot. 
Keg.  t.  1720.      P.  Gordoni,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4319. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Nevaila  Co.  northward  to  Oregon  (mainly  the  western  form  with 
narrow  leaves  and  wholly  naked  sterile  filament  and  anthers,  the  F.  spcciosus  of  Douglas);  thenco 
eastward  to  ami  much  beyontl  the  llocky  Mountains. 

=  =  Leaves  or  some  of  them  beset  ivith  rigid  sharp  teeth ;  the  upper  connate-per- 
foliale :  panicle  long  and  open,  most  of  the  peduncles  and  pedicels  of  the  several- 
Jloioered  cymes  being  slender. 

9.  P.  Palmeri,  Hray.  Glaucous,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate,  or  the  lower 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  pairs  broadly  united  :  panicle  ami  calyx  conimoidy 
puberulent  and  a  little  glandular  :  corolla  white  or  cream-color  partly  suil'used  with 
pink  or  ros(*,  very  abruptly  dilated  and  broad-campanulato  above  the  narrow  short 
tube,  the  lind)  an  inch  broad  :  sterile  lilament  densely  yellow -bearded  above.  — 
Proc.  1.  c.  vii.  378,  &  viii.  291  ;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  G064. 

Native  of  Arizona,  Utah,  and  Nevada,  in  the  latter  found  on  the  foot-hills  of  Trinity  Moun- 
tains {JViitison)  so  near  the  eastern  hue  of  California  that  it  doubtless  occurs  within  it. 

10.  P.  spectabilis,  Thurber.  Smooth  throughout,  inclined  to  be  glaucous,  2  to  4 
feet  high:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  the  upp(;r  pairs  united  into  a  roundish  or  oblong 
disk  with  acuminate  ends  :  ])anicle  often  2  feet  long,  loosely  many-flowered  :  corolla 
abruptly  oblong-cam|)anulate  beyond  the  narrow  tulu^,  i)ur])le  and  tla;  hibi's  often 
blue:  sterile  fdament  naked.  —  (Jray  in  Pacif.  U.  h'ep.  iv.  119,  ifcBot.  Mex.  Bound. 
113;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  52G0. 

Dry  plains  and  hills,  Ventuia  Co.  to  San  Dit^go  (fii-st  collected  by  W.  A.  Wallace),  thence  to 
the  northern  part  of  Arizona.     One  of  the  handsomest  siiecies. 

■^■^  ■^■'r  Corolla  two  thirds  or  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  not  scarlet-red;  the  tube 
gradualli/  and  moderafelg  enlarged  above  ;  the  rountiish  lobes  short  and  s/>7'eading  : 
plants  glabrous  throughout  and  glaucous  :  leaves  thicklsh,  closeli/  sessile. 


PenMcmon.  RCROPIIULARIyVCE/K  559 

11.  P.  Cleveland!,  Gray.  About  3  foet  liigh,  ratlier  leafy:  leaves  oblong,  irreg- 
nlarly  and  shar[)ly  toothed  (2  inches  long);  tlie  floral  merely  small  ovatc-siibulato 
bracts  of  the  loose  and  naked  virgate  panicle:  few-flowered  peduncles  and  pedicels 
slender:  calyx  iK^rbaceous;  the  lobes  ovate:  corolla  crimson  (three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long),  tubular-fiinnelform,  distinctly  bilabiate  ;  the  lobes  barely  one  cpiarter 
of  the  length  of  the  tid)o  including  the  throat  :  sterile  filament  moderately  bearded 
at  and  below  the  dilated  tip. —  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  94. 

Cnfion  Taiitillns,  in  Tiowcr  Caliroviiin,  about  25  miles  below  tlic  State  boundary  {Cleveland, 
Palmer) ;  ca-st  of  Snii  Heniaidino,  Parry. 

12.  P.  acuminatUS,  Dougl.  A  foot  or  so  high,  leafy:  leaves  from  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate  (an  inch  or  two  long),  entire;  the  upper  and  the  floral  ones  inclined 
to  be  cordate-clasping  :  flowers  numerous  in  a  long  and  mostly  interrupted  virgate 
spike-like  panicle,  the  base  of  which  is  usually  leafy,  mostly  several  in  the  floriferous 
axils  :  i)edicels  and  especially  the  peduncles  short :  lobes  of  the  calyx  narrow  or 
acuminate  :  corolla  lilac-pnri)le  or  violet,  with  open  throat  and  widely  8i)reading 
lobes  :  sterile  filament  strongly  bearded  at  the  dilated  tip  (rarely  naked)  :  capsulo 
lirm-coviacooufl  and  acuminato.  —  liindl.  But.  Ifng.  t.  1285.  J\  nidilnx,  ]3ougl. 
J\  FemUeri,  Gray  in  I'acif.  Ji.  Rep.  ii.   108,  t.  f). 

Near  lIuinl>ol<lt  I,akc,  Nevada,  IFatson.  Tlieroforo  not  improliably  roaeliinf^  the  bovdei-s  of 
the  State.  A  neat  species,  widely  diffused  northward  and  eastward  through  the  interior  region 
to  and  beyond  the  Rooky  Mountains. 

++  ++  ++  Corolla  half  an  inch  or  leas  in  length,  blue,  purplish,  or  whitish,  moderaieh/ 

enlarging  above  ;  the  roundish  lobes  spreading. 

=  Leaves  serrate  or  toothed. 

13.  P.  deustus,  Dougl.  A  s[)an  to  a  foot  high,  in  tufts  from  an  almost  woody 
branching  base,  glabrous  :  leaves  all  sessile,  from  ovate  to  linear-oblong,  sehkuu  over 
an  inch  long,  sharply  serrate  Avith  many  or  rarely  few  narrow  teeth  (occasionally 
some  of  them  entire)  :  narrow  and  virgate  or  spike-like  panicle  mostly  leafy  below  ; 
the  clusters  several  —  many-flowered,  close  :  peduncles  and  pedicels  short :  corolla 
cream-color  or  buff,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  rose  :  sterile  filament  naked.  —  Lindl. 
Bot.  Keg.  t.  1318.     P.  heterander,  Torr.  Sc  Gray,  in  Pacif.  I?.  Rep.  ii.  123,  t.  8. 

Diy  rocks  and  banks,  eastern  side  of  the  Sieira  Nevada  (Sierra  Valley,  Lemninn,  kc),  to  the 
Ulterior  borderH  of  IhitiHli  Colunibin  and  Wyoming  Terr,  VnrioH  much  \u  (lie  folinge  and  more 
or  IcHH  deimo  or  interrn|>tnd  iiilloroHcenuo  ;  also  In  tlia  sepnU,  which  uni  conuminiy  InncoolaUt 
luid  rather  long,  sometimos  shorter,  rarely  almost  ovate.  /'.  lirlennitler  is  a  narrow-leaved  and 
strict  form,  from  Heckwith's  Pass,  in  which  tho  Htorilo  filamont  was  fftund  to  be  antheril'erous  ; 
but  this  occasionally  happens  in  cultivated  plants  of  other  simcics,  and  has  not  been  found  a 
second  time  in  this. 

V.  ovATUS,  Dougl.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  290.1,  a  native  of  the  woods  of  Oregon,  may  reach  Talifornia  : 
it  is  a  foot  or  two  high,  minutely  pubescent,  has  thiniiish  and  bright  green  ov.^te  or  somewhat 
cordate  and  acutely  serrate  leaves,  and  a  rather  open  naked  iianicle  of  blue  flowers. 

=  =  Leaves  quite  entire. 

14.  P.  Gairdneri,  Hook.  A  span  high,  in  tufts  from  a  somewhat  woody  base, 
minutely  cinereous-puherulent  throughout :  leaves  all  linear  or  the  radical  linear- 
spatulato,  seldom  an  inch  long,  the  margins  sodii  rovolute  :  flowers  few  and  almo.<5t 
simply  racemose  :  calyx  somewhat  glandular  :  sterile  fdament  bearded  down  one 
side.  —  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  321. 

Virginia  City,  Nevada  (Bloomrr),  doubtless  also  within  the  State  line  :  nl«o  in  tho  dry  interior 
of  Oregon. 

I'.  I.AIMOIFOUI'S,  Tlook.  k  Am.,  a  still  dwnrfer  species,  wliolly  glubrons,  with  simple  .stems 
and  leaves  almost  filiform,  sparingly  inhabits  the  same  interior  region,  and  may  reach  tlie  north- 
eastern borders  of  the  State. 

I'.  AMniouiis,  Torr.,  also  with  liliforni  leaves  ami  riieemose  (lowers,  but  tidier  nnd  brniudiing, 
is  of  more  southern  range  through  (he  interior,  and  is  not  known  Curt  her  west  tintn  Southein 
Utah. 


560  SCRorilULAllIACJ-LW.  I'tnldeiuon. 

15.  P.  confertus,  Duugl.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  liigh,  wholly  glabrous: 
stem  strict  ami  siiii|)k', :  leaves  lanceolate  or  ol)l()ng-liinceolate,  or  the  lower  spatulate- 
oblong,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  the  upper  pairs  often  distant :  flowers  numerous  and 
crowded  in  sliort-[)eilunclcd  or  sessile  clusters  ami  very  shortpediceHed,  furniing  an 
iuterruitted  s[)iivo  of  2  to  f)  api)areut  whorls,  or  sometimes  a  solitary  terminal  lu^ad  : 
edges  of  the  calyx-lobes  usually  scarious  and  lacerate  :  corolla  (a  third  to  half  an 
inch  long),  either  yellowish  cream-color,  violet  or  blue,  the  short  lower  lip  bearded 
inside:  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  tip.  —  JJot.  Eeg.  t.  12G0.  P.  procerus, 
Dougl.  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  21)54  ;  the  var.  avrulto-parpureus,  Gray,  1.  c. 

Moist  grounds,  coiimioii  in  the  liigher  portions  of  the  Sieira  Nevada  ;  tlionco  north  to  Wasli- 
ingtoii  Territory  and  east  to  the  Kocky  Mountains.  Only  violet-  or  blue-liowered  forms  yet  found 
in  California,  but  .some  are  pule. 

++  +-f  ++  ++  Corolla  deep  and  brujlit  red,  tuhular,  fully  an  inch  long :  the  short  lobes 
or  lips  less  spreadlny^  hardly  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  throat :  pertfectly 
glabrous  plants :  leaves  thickish,  all  but  the  loivest  closely  sessile  by  a  broadish 
base,  the  upjjer  pairs  more  or  less  cordate-clasping :  stamens  included:  slender 
sterile  filament  naked. 

IG.  P.  centranthifolins,  Benth.  Glaucous,  strict  and  virgate,  very  leafy,  1  to 
3  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  the  lower  lanceolate-oblong  or  narrower  : 
])aniclo  narrow,  commonly  a  foot  or  two  htng:  pedicels  slemler:  corolla  very  narrow- 
tubular  and  okscurely  bilabiate  ;  the  short-oblong  lobes  alike  except  that  the  pos- 
terior are  united  higher  :  anthers  opening  widely  (in  the  usual  way).  —  Hook.  liot. 
Mag.  t.  5142. 

Open  and  dry  grounds,  from  Monterey  ?  and  Santa  Barbara  southward.  A  showy  species  ;  the 
narrow  corolla  bright  verniiliou-colored.  Tlic.  name  comes  from  the  resemblance  of  the  foliage  to 
that  of  Centranthus  ruber. 

17.  P.  Eatoni,  Gray.  Hardly  if  at  all  glaucous,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves 
from  lanceolate  to  Jiearly  ovate:  panicle  narrow  and  racemose,  a  span  to  a  foot  long: 
corolla  gradually  a  little  broadening  upwards ;  the  roundish-oval  lobes  nearly  alike 
except  that  the  two  of  the  ui)per  lip  are  uniteil  higher,  all  nearly  erect :  cells  of  the 
anther  diverging  from  the  first  or  divaricate,  never  spreading  open,  the  line  of  dehis- 
cence stopping  short  of  the  apex.  —  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  395.  P.  centranthifoiius, 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Kxj).  219. 

Oiien  dry  gnunid,  from  thr  south(!vn  part  of  the  State  (Walliicc)  to  Utah.  Also  a  very  showy 
species,  with  bniMdcr  corollas  than  the  last,  in  c(d()r  h^ss  verging  to  scarlet.  It  belongs  to  the 
same  group  as  J',  liarlnilns  (which  is  connnon  in  cultivation)  and  1'.  ttnUrbis,  natives  of  the 
southern  llocky  Moiuitains  and  Northern  Me.xico. 

1'.  I'UNicicus,  (Iray,  is  another  red-llowered  species  in  Arizona,  but  it  has  not  been  found  veiy 
near  California. 

§  2.  Anthers  hoi'seshoe-shajJicd,  reniform,  or  sagittate  ;  the  cells  opening  from  the  con- 
fluent apex  dotvii  only  to  or  below  the  middle,  leaving  the  bases  saccate  (the 
edges  (f  the  chink  usually  denticulate  or  bristly-ciliate). 

*   Leaves  entire :  corolla  scarlet,  tubular. 

18.  P.  Bridgesii,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  up  to  the  inflorescence  glabrous  : 
leaves  j)ale  or  glaucous,  thickish,  spatulate-lanceolate  or  linear,  or  tlie  lowest  ob- 
long-spatulate  ;  the  upper  not  broadened  at  base  (as  in  the  two  preceding)  :  flowers 
in  a  loose  virgate  naked  panicle  or  raceme;  the  clusters  1-5-llowered:  slu)rt  pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  as  Avell  as  calyx  somewliat  glandular-i)ubescent :  corolla  slightly 
and  gradually  enlarging  upwards,  an  inch  long  ;  the  short  lips  3  or  4  lines  long, 
npper  one  erect  and  2-lobed  at  apex,  the  lower  3-parted  and  its  oblong  lobes  recurved : 
anthers  deejdy  .sagittate. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  379. 

Kocky  1)anks,  Voscmite  Valley,  &e.  (.liridips,  lUdnmlcr),  to  Kern  Co.  {Rothrock) ;  and  itast- 
ward  to  Hill  Williams  Mountain,  in  N.  Arizona  (Palmer),  and  S.  W.  Colorado,  Brandeijee. 


Pentstemon.  SCROPIIULARIACEJC.  561 

*   •-;■-    Leaves  entire :  corolla  purple  or  blue. 

+-  Corolla  rathei-  slender,  half  an  inch  or  so  long :  sterile  filament  cojnmonli/  a  little 
bearded  down  one  side. 
19.  P.  gracilentus,  (hay.  A  foot  or  moro  liigli,  up  to  the  inflorescence  gla- 
brous :  stems  slender,  lew-leaved  and  with  long  internode.s  above,  terminating  in  a 
loose  mostly  naked  and  short  panicle  :  leaves  lanceolate,  or  the  upper  ones  linear 
and  the  lowest  oblong:  slender  2-6-llowered  peduncles  and  short  pedicels  as  well 
as  tlio  calyx  glandular-puhoscent :  corolla  bright  violet-blun,  tubular  and  gradually 
broadening  upwards;  the  lij)s  (2  lines  long)  moderately  siiroading,  —  Tacil".  K.  Kop. 
vi.  82,  &  rroc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  75. 

Shaded  ground  or  banks,  througli  tlie  noitliern  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Newberry  An- 
derson, &c.),  and  on  Mt.  Shasta  above  8,000  feet,  Brewer. 

+■   -t-  Corolla  larger  and  ventricose-dilaled  above ;  the  broad  lips  widely  spreading : 
sterile  filament  glabrous  :  fiowers  racemose-panicled,  shotvi/. 

20.  P.  heterophyllus,  Lindl.  Glabrous  or  minutely  lioary-puberulent,  not 
glandular,  pale,  and  sometimes  glaucous,  sending  up  many  virgate  leafy  stems,  2  to 
5  feet  high  from  a  persistent  woody  base  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  floral  diminishing  into  narrow  subulate  bracts  :  peduncles 
1  -  3-flowered,  mostly  short  and  erect  :  corolla  pink  or  rose-purple,  or  with  shades 
of  violet,  fully  an  inch  long,  ventricose-funnelform  above  the  narrow  rather  slender 
base.  — Bot.  lleg.  t.  1899;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3853. 

Dry  banks  of  streams,  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  from  San  Diego  to  Mendocino 
Co.  Tlie  anthers,  as  ni  all  the  following,  are  ciliate  witli  short  and  stiff  bristles  along  the  line 
of  openmg,  and  otherwise  cither  glabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute  underneath.  All  these  are  showy 
species  ;  and  they  seem  to  run  into  one  auotlier.     The  calyx  is  variable. 

21.  P.  azureus,  Benth.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  as  in 
the  preceding,  or  inclined  to  be  more  lanceolate  or  with  a  broader  base:  corolla 
similar,  but  azure-blue  or  approaching  violet,  sometimes  with  red-purple  tube, 
mostly  rather  broader  and  larger.  —  ]M.  Ilartw.  327 ;  Gray,  I'roc.  1.  c.  vi.  75. 

Var.  Jaflfrayanus,  Gray.  A  foot  high  :  leaves  broader ;  the  lower  spatulate- 
ol)]ong,  tho  upper  from  oblong-lanceolato  to  ovate.  —  P.  glancifolins,  Gray  in  Pacif. 
K  ]{op.  vi.  82.  P.  JaJ'rai/anus,  Hook.  Jiot.  Mag.  t.  5045.  'j\  hderoplu/llus,  var 
lati/olins,  Wataon,  Bot.  King  Kxi).  222. 

Common  through  the  interior,  from  tho  Sacramento  Valley  eastward  :  the  vanetv  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  ;  also  m  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  of  Utah. 

22.  P.  laetus,  Gray.  Cinereoiis-puberulent  or  pubescent  and  above  glandular 
a  foot  high  :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  linear  or  below  to  spatulate  •  panicle  more 
open;  tho  peduncles  and  pedicels  often  spreading:  corolla  as  of  the  preceding  or 
smaller,  an  inch  long,  blue.— Jour.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  147  c^-  Proc  Am 
Acad.  vi.  76.  ,  .         . 

Near  I.os  Angeles  ( ll^allacc)  and  Tejon  {Xa7itiis)  to  the  Sierra  above  tho  Yosemite  Valley,  &c. 

23.  P.  Roezli,  Pegel.  Smaller,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  below  glabrous  or 
minutely  puberulent,  above  (at  least  the  inflorescence)  glandular-pubescent  •  leaves 
all  lanceolate  or  linear  (an  inch  or  more  long)  :  panicle  open  and  often  compound  ; 
the  few-flowered  or  loosely  several-flowered  peduncles  and  tho  jiedicels  commonly 
diverging  :  corolla  from  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  bluish  or  pale  violet  — 
Kogol  in  Proc.  St.  T^etersb.  Bot.  Gard.  ii.  320.  P.  heterophyllus,  var.  (?),  Terr.  & 
(Jray  in  Pacif.  Ii.  \h^\).  ii.  122.  ' 

Higher  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Nevada  nnd  RleiTa  counties,  IlrrhHth,  Lnnnwu,  kc.     Also  Wafihoo 
Valloy,  Nevada,  Sfrdcli,  kc.     |{oH(.uil)IeH  a  reduced  form  of  /'.  UvIh!,,  but  moro  glahrons,  and  tho 
owors  much  smaller,     i^ogol  Ihids  occasionally  some  scattered  hairs  on  the  sterile  fdnmont'  wo 
lind  none. 


fjg2  SCROPIIULAJilACE.E.  Peutslemon. 

*  *  *  Leaves  all  or  some  of  them  sharply  serrate  or  laciniate :  corolla  purple  or 
mostly  violet,  with  ample  ventricose-iitjlated  throat ;  the  upper  lip  somewhat  and  the 
lower  mure  widely  sjircadiin/  ;  the  lobes  short  and  roundish. 

21.  P.  triphyllus,  Dougl.  A  loot  or  two  high,  nourly  gluljioua:  stems  slender, 
piuiiciilalcly  braiiclii'tl,  k-al'y  :  leaves  liiiiceoliito  or  linear,  slmrply  loothoil  or  liiciniule- 
piiinatiliii,  about  an  inch  long,  many  of  the  middle  ones  in  whorls  of  three  or  four, 
and  of  the  upi)ermot)t  alternate  :  peduncles  1  -  3-llowered  in  a  simple  or  compuund 
loose  and  sometimes  leafy  panicle  :  corolla  fully  half  an  inch  long,  less  enlarged  in 
the  throat  than  the  following  :  sterile  lilament  densely  bearded  at  the  tip.  —  Liudl. 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  1245. 

Not  rare  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory  ;  said  in  tlie  Botanical  Register  to  have  been 
found  by  Dutujlus  in  Is'oithern  Calilornia  also. 

25.  P.  Richai'dsonii,  Dougl.  Like  the  preceding,  but  more  branched  and 
dilfu.se,  2  feet  or  more  higli  :  h-aves  ovate-lanceolate  or  narrow,  acute,  laciniate- 
toothed  or  pinnatilid,  an  inch  or  two  long,  oi)pusite  or  on  the  branchlets  alternate  : 
panicle  loose  and  irregular,  glandular  :  corolla  an  inch  long,  much  enlarged  at  the 
throat,  violet  :  sterile  lilament  slightly  bearded  at  the  tip.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  lieg.  t. 
1121  ;  Hook.  Bot.  I\lag.  t.  3;i'Jl. 

Norlliurn  i>iut  of  the  .Stale,  Kclloij;/  &  IJur/onl.  Tlienco  throiigli  Oregon  to  Washington  Torr. 
—  The  lluvu  following  Oregon  Hpucies  liuvo  not  been  detected  in  Culiforniu,  but  iiro  so  likely  to 
uccur  thai  their  names  and  ntain  disdnelions  aru  aii{iundud. 

P.  uiKKi'sus,  Dougl.  (ilulirous  or  merely  puberulent  above,  2  or  3  feet  high  ;  the  ascending 
stems  simple  or  branching  at  the  sunmiit  :  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  or  finely  ser- 
rate, the  upper  slightly  cordate  and  clasping  at  base  :  panicle  rather  leafy  ;  peduncles  and  pedicels 
ratlier  short  :  corolla  over  half  an  inch  long,  light  purple  :  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  tip.  — 
Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1132  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3645.     In  aspect  most  like  P.  ovatus. 

P.  VENUSTUS,  Dougl.  Glabrous  throughout:  stems  strict  and  simple,  erect,  very  leafy:  leaves 
narrower  than  in  P.  diffusus,  of  firmer  texture,  mostly  oblong-lanceolate,  beset  with  close  sharp 
teeth  :  panicle  narrow  or  thyrsiibrm,  usually  naked  :  corolla  usually  more  than  an  inch  long, 
violet-purple;  the  lobes  ciliate.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1309. 

P.  Gi.ANDTTi.osrs,  Dougl.,  is  a  rather  large-leaved  and  large-flowered  species,  probably  growing 
in  shade,  clothed  with  a  short  anil  soft-downy  more  or  less  glandular  pubescence  :  leaves  thin, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  moderately  serrate;  the  upper  cordate-clasping,  acuminate,  often  nearly 
entire  ;  the  floral  ones  nio.slly  longer  than  the  short  peduncles  in  their  axils  :  pedicels  very  shoi  t  : 
corolla  pale  violet,  I'ldly  an  ini;h  long,  much  brondeneil  above  :  sterile  filament  glabrous. 

P.  CANOS()-B.\i'.iiATUM,  Kellogg  in  Proe.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  15, — described  from  a  .specimen  col- 
lected in  the  Sierra  Nevada  by  Mr.  I/v/cIihu/s,  said  to  have  "scarlet  or  red"  peduncles,  a 
"colored"  corolla  with  "lower  lip  slightly  2-notelied,  eariuate,  densely  bearded  below,  mostly  at 
the  extremity,  with  whit(!  or  long  transpaicnt  frosted  hairs," — is  a  complete  ]iu/./le.  As  the 
tube  iif  tlic'iiiroUa  i.s  siiiil  to  bu  "nhoit,  like  that  of  P.  brcvijbrus,"  it  nniy  belong  to  that 
species. 

P.  KOSTUiFLOiui.M,  Kellogg,  1.  c,  from  the  same  source,  — said  to  have  linear-lanceolate  leaves, 
narrow  creamy-yellow  corolla,  with  linear  and  acute  lobes  to  the  lower  lip,  — is  wholly  confound- 
ing in  its  characters. 

9.  MIMULUS,  Linn.  Monkey-flower. 
Calyx  tubular-prismatic  or  campanulato,  mostly  plicately  5-angled,  5-toothed, 
rarely  5-cleft,  often  ohliiiuo.  Corolla  funnelform,  with  included  or  rarely  prolonged 
and  oxserted  tube,  bilabiately  0-lobed ;  the  upper  lip  2-  and  the  lower  3-lobed  or 
parted ;  the  lobes  plane  or  roundish,  more  or  less  s])reading  or  those  of  the  upper 
lip  turned  back;  a  pair  of  jjalatino  ridges  (either  bearded  or  naked,  and  more  or 
less  intruded)  running  down  the  lower  side  of  the  throat.  Stamens  4  :  the  anthers 
oftener  approximate  in  pairs,  their  cells  divergent.  Style  filiform :  stigma  bilamellar, 
with  the  lips  or  lobes  commonly  petaloid-dilated,  or  more  or  less  entire  and  peltate- 
funnelform.     Capsule  loculicidally  2-valved,  the  placentie  either  remaining  united  in 


.Uinndns.  SOUOPTIUI-AniACE/K  568 

the  axis,  or  separating  and  borno  by  the  lialf-paititioiis  on  tho  middle  of  the  valves. 
Seeds  very  numerous,  small,  oval  or  oblong,  mostly  with  a  close  smooth  coat,  often 
apiculate  at  each  end.  —  Herbs,  or  one  peculiar  species  shrubby  ;  with  opposite 
simple  leaves,  and  axillary  flowers  on  simple  peduncles,  wholly  destitute  of  bractlets, 
sometimes  becoming  racemose  by  the  diminution  of  the  upper  leaves  to  bracts ;  the 
flowers  various  in  color,  commonly  handsome,  usually  appearing  in  long  succession. 
— Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  95,  Mimulm,  Diplacus  (Nutt.),  ^  Eanamis  (Honth.), 
with  Herpestis  §  Mimuloides,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  3G8. 

A  genns,  as  here  maintained,  of  40  or  50  species,  far  the  greater  number  Pacific-North 
Ameiican,  a  few  extending  to  extra-tropical  South  America,  one  or  two  Asiatic,  Australian,  or 
even  South  African.  Several  species,  chiefly  indigenous  to  California,  are  prized  in  ornamental 
cultivation. 

In  this  and  rchited  genera,  tlie  lips  of  the  stigma  close  with  a  (jaick  movement  ujwn  leceiving 
pollen  or  being  otherwise  touched. 

§  1.  Corolla  tvith  a  lonp  filiform  tube,  very  much  ej-Kcrted  hei/ond  the  iiarrotv  pria- 
viatic  oblique  cali/x :  stamens  stronr/li/ didi/nanioiis ;  the  anthers  approximate 
in  pairs,  forming  crosses:  style  ptd>escent  above:  stigma  variable:  capsule 
cartilaginous,  filling  the  calyx  or  its  lower  2^(f>'t,  gibbons  at  base,  sulcate  at  the 
septiferous  sutures,  very  tardily  dehiscent;  the  valves  bearing  the  placenta;: 
dwarf  Californian  annuals,  in  the  earlier  stage  the  {purple  or  variegated) 
corolla  much  longer  than  all  the  rest  of  the  j^lcf-nt :  leaves  entire  or  obscurely 
few-toothed.  —  (Enoe,  Gray. 

M.  liATiFoiJUR,  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c,  a  species  recently  discovered  by  Dr.  Palmer  on 
Onadiilupe  Island,  Lower  California,  accords  with  this  section  except  in  having  a  shorter  and 
barely  oxsortod  tube  to  the  oorolla  (which  otherwise  is  nearly  that  of  M.  Doxglnsii):  so  that  this 
section  might  as  well  bo  merged  in  Eunnnns,  to  which  Hontham  referred  it ;  but  the  very  long  and 
slender  tube  of  the  corolla  in  tho  two  following  species  is  very  chamcteristic. 

1.  M.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  .^-^-ncrvod  at  base,  mostly 
contracted  abruptly  into  a  short  petiole  :  calyx  soon  very  gibbous  at  base  on  the 
upper  side  :  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  very  much  shorter  than  the  ample  erect  upper 
one,  sometimes  almost  wanting  :  capsule  linear  or  linear-oblong,  nearly  terete  but 
strongly  4-sulcate,  gibbous  or  somewhat  in  flexed  at  tho  very  base  :  seeds  oval, 
apiculate  at  both  ends.  —  J/",  nanus,  var.  subunijlorus,  Ilook.  k  Am.  Bot.  Beechey, 
378.     Eunanus  Douglasii,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  374.- 

Gravelly  hills  and  banks,  rather  common  through  nearly  tlie  whole  length  of  the  State.  Stems 
at  first  flowering  half  an  inch  or  less,  soon  rising  to  a  span  in  height.  Later  flowers  distinctly 
peduncled.  Calyx  about  half  an  inch  long  ;  its  orifice  very  oblique  and  the  teeth  short  and 
obtuse.  Corolla  with  tube  -an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long  ;  the  funnelfonn  dilated  throat 
about  3  lines  long,  deeper  pink  or  pur[)le  or  spotted,  with  some  yellow  below  ;  the  broad  and 
2-cleft  upper  lip  as  long  as  the  throat.  Stigma  in  some  specimens  with  a  long  and  lanceolate 
upper  lip  and  a  very  short  and  obtuse  lower  one,  or  with  two  broad  and  une(iual  connate  lips,  or 
eccentrically  disk-shaped,  or  sometime^  with  very  broad  and  equal  connate  lips  and  appearing 
saucer-shaped  or  centrally  peltate  when  expand*^ed,  in  tho  manner  of  tho  next  section  :  tho 
dincri'iii-oM  uniiccoinpanied  by  other  distinctions.  Capsule  .T  to  f)  lines  long.  Seeds  hardly  half  a 
lino  long. 

2.  M.  tricolor,  Lindl.  Leaves  from  oblong  to  linear,  with  narrowed  base  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  obscurely  nerved  :  calyx  hardly  gibbous  at  base,  ampler  toward  the 
very  oblique  orifice,  and  the  teeth  longer  :  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  about  the  length 
of  the  upper;  the  5  lobes  somewhat  similar:  capsule  somewhat  comjjressed,  short- 
oval  or  ovato,  very  obtuse,  tho  anterior  and  posterior  edges  acute  :  .seeds  obovatn, 
oblicpio. — Joiir.  Ilort.  Soc.  iv.  222,  .lune,  181!).  ICuuanus  doulteri,  Gray  ox  Bouth. 
PI.  Uartw.  320,  Aug.,  1849. 

Var.  angustatus,  (?ray.  Leaves  small  and  narrow  :  tube  of  corolla  (2  inches 
long)  very  slender.  —  Eunanus  Coulteri,  var.  anqustatus,  ( Jrav,  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  38 L  '  ■ 


564  SCROPIIULAKIAOE/E.  Miinulus. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento  to  Plumas  and  Mendocino  counties.  The  slender  var.  in  Long  Valley, 
Plumas  Co.,  Bolandcr.  Muuli  like  the  preceiliu'^,  except  in  the  points  noted.  Tube  of  the 
corolla  from  1  to  2  inches  loii^  ;  the  limb  obliiiue,  but  the  roundish  lobes  of  the  two  lij)s  nearly 
ctfual,  "  pink  with  adccji  ( riiuson  spot  upon  the  buso  of  each  lube,  and  a  bri{^ht  yellow  slain  along 
tliu  lower  lip"  {Liiullii/ ;  htnuo  the  nanio).  Slif,niia  of  two  broad  and  rounilod  und  numtly  etpial 
lip.s,  which  lire  uiiilnd  ho  iih  In  form  wlioii  nxpandud  n  Hiuiccr-Hhapud  dUk.  CapHuhi  alinoHl  bony, 
only  i!  or  li  lines  hmg,  and  about  2  lines  wide,  furnlsliud  wllli  a  groove  at  the  He|illferous  suture 
on  the  sides.  JSeeds  ilouble  the  size  of  those  of  M.  JJutiylasii.  —  It  is  well  that  Lindley's  ajjpro- 
priate  name  is  the  earlier ;  as  there  was  a  mistake  in  supposing  this  species  to  have  been  in  Coul- 
ter's collection. 

§  2.  Corolla  from  tabula r-funnel/orm  to  nearly  campanulate ;  its  lobes  about  equal 
■in  leu(/lh  :  calyx  camjuimdate  or  barely  ohlumj,  angled  in  the  manner  of 
Miviulus  proper  :  style  gland  alar-pubescent  above  :  stigma  a  peltate-funnelfoi-vi 
and  entire  or  obscurely  2-lubed  dilated  disk :  capsule  between  membranaceous 
and  coriaceous ;  the  valves  in  dehiscence  bearing  the  placentce :  dwarf  or 
low  annuals,  viscid-pubescent  or  glandular.  —  Eunanus,  Gray.  {^Euuanus, 
Beiith.  ill  part.)  Cluscly  cuuiiccta  tliu  piecediug  soctiun  with  truu 
Mimidus. 

*  Small-  and  sltnder-Jiowered :  corolla  3  io  G  lines  long :  calyx-teeth  nearly  equal. 

3.  M.  leptaleus,  Gray.  At  length  mucli  branched,  1  to  3  inches  high  :  leaves 
from  spatulatti-oblung  to  lanceolate-linear  (half  an  inch  or  less  long) :  teeth  of  the 
campanulate  calyx  ovate  or  triniigulai',  a  quarter  or  one  tliird  the  length  of  the  tuhe, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  oblong-ovate  obtuse  capsule  :  corolla  crimson-red,  slender, 
•with  hliform  tube,  little  enlarged  throat,  and  oblique  limb  (IJ  to  3  lines  wide). — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  9G. 

Sierra  Nevada,  in  gravelly  soil,  above  the  Yoseniite,  at  about  6,000  feet  {Miss  Dix,  Gray), 
and  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon.     Capsule  2  lines  long. 

*  *  Large-Jlowered  for  the  size  of  the  plant  {an  inch  to  a  span  high) :  corolla  7  to  \l 
lines  long,  fiinnelf arm,  with  widely  spreading  limb;  the  proper  tube  not  much  if  at 
all  longer  than  the  calyx:  calyx  hardly  at  all  oblique,  the  teeth  almost  equal. 
(Species  seemingly  too  nearly  relateil.) 

4.  M.  Bigelovii,  Gray.  An  inch  to  a  span  high  :  leaves  oblong  and  the  upper 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate  (about  2  lines  long  when 
well  developed),  half  the  length  of  the  broadly  campanulate  tube ;  the  lower  ones 
shorter  :  corolla  with  cylindraceous  or  narrow  throat  and  ample  rotate-spreading 
limb  :  capsule  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish,  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  the 
valves  membranaceous.  —  Eunanus  Bigelovii,  Gray  in  Pacif.  li.  Rep.  iv.  121. 

Gravelly  hills  and  ravines,  on  the  Mohave  and  Colorado  {Bitjelvw,  Cooper),  and  Tcjon  (Xontun), 
to  Western  Nevada  {Bloomer,  Torrcij),  and  Southern  Utah,  Parry.  Corolla  crimson  or  purple, 
with  yellow  centre. 

5.  M.  nanus,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Prom  an  inch  to  at  length  a  span  in  height : 
leaves  from  oblong  or  the  lowest  obovate  to  lanceolate  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  broadly 
lanceolate  or  triangular,  acute  (a  line  long,  fully  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  tube) : 
corolla  (either  deep  crimson-] uu-ple  or  yellow)  with  narrow  tube  rather  longer 
than  the  calyx,  and  a  gradually  dilated  fuunellbrm  tliroat :  capsule  with  tapering 
Qj)ox  rather  exceeding  the  calyx;  valves  chartacuous.  —  Hot.  ik'ochey,  .'JTH  (var.  pln- 
rijlorus).    Eunanus  Tulmiad,  Ueuth.  1.  c.    J'J.  Fremonti,  "Watson,  Bt)t.  King  Exp.  22G. 

*  Var.  (1)  bicolor,  Gray  :  a  duubtful  form,  with  throat  of  the  corolla  abruptly  much 
dilated  and  "  dark  purple,  the  limb  yellow."  —  Eunanus  bicolor,  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.   vii.   381. 

Hillsides  and  banks,  throughout  the  Sierra  Nevada,  extending  more  or  less  into  the  western 
part  of  the  State,  and  into  Nevada,  the  eastern  borders  of  Oregon,  and  to  Wyoming.  The  gieater 
part  of  Hooker  and  Arnott's  description  of  M.  lumiis  relates  to  var.  subimijloriis,  i.  c.  to  M. 
Douglaaii.  The  var.  bicolor,  from  the  higher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Fresno  Co.  (^Brewer), 
is  known  only  from  scanty  young  specimens,  and  may  be  i^uito  distinct. 


Mimulm.  SCROrHULARIACEyE.  565 

G.  M.  Fremonti,  Gray.  Two  to  four  inches  liigh  :  loaves  narrowly  oblong,  or 
the  lowest  spatulati",  obtuse  :  teeth  of  tlio  calyx  (less  than  a  line  long)  ovate,  ohtuso 
or  acutish,  less  than  a  quarter  of  the  length  of  the  tube,  surpassing  the  proper 
tube  of  the  crimson  corolla  :  throat  of  the  latter  gradually  dilated,  funnelform,  — 
Eunanua  Fremonti,  Benth.  1.  c. 

Southern  part  of  the  State,  Cotdfrr,  Fremont  (his  specimens  probably  from  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley  or  further  south),   Wallace,  &c. 

«  *   *  A7iiple-Jlowered :  calt/x  with  nianifestb/  ohlique  orijice  and  unequal  teeth,  the 
upper  larger  ;  propei-  tube  of  tlie  corolla  short  and  included. 

7.  M.  Parryi,  Gray.  Less  than  a  span  high,  slightly  glandular  :  leaves  oblong 
or  oblanceolate,  entire  (half  an  inch  long)  :  teeth  of  the  canipanulate  oblique  calyx 
acute ;  the  upper  and  larger  one  ovate ;  the  others  subulate  from  a  broad  base,  a 
third  or  a  fourth  the  length  of  the  cainpanulato  tube  :  corolla  yellow  or  sometimes 
pitik,  funnelform,  two  thirds  of  an  incli  long :  capsule  oblongdanceolate,  not  longer 
than  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  97. 

Gravelly  hills,  near  St.  George,  Southern  Utah,  Parry  (No.  147).  Beginning  to  flower  at  tho 
first  or  second  pair  of  loaves. 

8.  M.  Torreyl,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  epan  to  a  foot  liigh,  eimplo  or  loosely  branching, 
viscid-pubescent :  leaves  oblong  or  almost  lanceolate,  entire  (half  to  a  full  inch 
long) :  teeth  of  the  moderately  oblique  calyx  all  very  broad  and  obtuse,  the  upper 
and  larger  one  barely  a  line  long  :  corolla  funnelform,  from  half  to  three  fourths  of 
an  inch  long,  pink-purple  :  capsule  lanceolate-oblong,  chartaceous.  —  Eunanus  Fre- 
monti, Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep,  vi.  83,  not  of  Eenth. 

Through  tho  Riorra  Nevada,  in  niotst  grounds,  at  4,000  foot  and  \ipwiudfl,  f?oni  l^faripoaa  Co. 
nortli wards  :  fust  collected  by  Ncwherry  m  Phunas  Co.,  and  next  by  Torrcy  and  othere.  Calyx 
teeth  fully  as  broad  as  long.     Capsule  3  or  4  lines  long. 

9.  M.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  A  foot  or  less  high,  somewhat  simple,  viscid-pubes- 
cent :  leaves  oblong,  entire  or  sharply  denticulate  (one  or  two  inches  long),  tho 
lower  exceeding  the  flowers  :  teeth  of  the  very  oblique  calyx  lanceolate  ;  the  upper 
and  longer  one  3  lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  tube  ;  corolla  purple, 
about  an  inch  long,  with  short  wholly  included  tube  and  ample  throat :  capsule 
fusiform-subulate,  somewhat  coriaceoiis.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  380.  M.  hrevipes. 
Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  120,  not  of  Benth.,  a  largo  form. 

Foot-hills  and  lower  port  of  tho  Sierra  Nevada,  Bridge^  JMandcr  (at  Clark's),  Uiijchw  (at 
Knight's  Ferry  on  tlie  Stanislaus).  Lobes  of  the  corolla  rather  short.  Stigma  sometimes  un- 
equally bilamellate  or  very  obliquely  peltate. 

10.  M.  brevipes,  Benth.  A  foot  or  two  high,  viscid-pubescent :  stem  mostly 
simple :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  somewhat  oblong,  entire  or  sharply 
denticulate  with  salient  teeth  (from  1  to  4  inches  long)  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  very 
unequal,  acuminate,  the  upper  one  fully  half  tho  length  of  the  broadly  "canipan- 
ulate tube  :  corolla  yellow,  with  very  short  included  tube,  campanulate-ventricose 
throat,  and  ample  rounded  lobes,  when  expanded  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter: 
capsule  ovate,  acuminate,  firm-coriacoous. — DC.  Prodr.  x.  309;  Gray,  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  IIG. 

Hillsides,  San  Diego  to  Santa  Barbara.  A  very  large-flowered  species,  quite  unlike  tho  rest  of 
the  section,  but  connected  with  it  through  the  immediately  precednig  species. 

§  3.   Corolla  funnelform.,  inith  the  proper  tube  little  or  not  at  all  erceedinrj  the  lon(j  and 

»  narrow  prismatic  calyx :   sti/le  glandular  :    stigma  almost  equally   2-lipped  : 

placentiv  meeting  but  not  cohering  in  the  axis,  in  dehiscence  borne  on  the  linear 

firm-coriaceous  valves :  shrubby  plants,  with  glutinous  exudation  and  thickish 

firjn  leaves.  —  T)ipr,ACUS,  Gray.     {Diplacus,  Nutt.) 

11.  M.  glutinOBUB,  Wondland.  Two  to  six  feet  high,  nearly  glabrou.s  or  mi- 
nutely pubescent :  leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  and  from  minutely 


566  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Mimulus. 

dentate  to  nearly  entire  (1  to  4  inches  long),  the  margins  in<;lined  to  be  rcvolute  : 
peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  either  a  little  or  much  shorter  than  the  narrow 
prismatic  calyx  :  corolla  ^  to  2  inches  long,  in  the  typical  form  buif  or  salmon- 
color;  the  lobes  either  erose-tootheil  or  eniarginate. — Jac{i.  llort.  Scha-nb.  iii.  3G4. 
M.  aurantittcus,  (Iiirt.  lUit.  Mag.  t.  'i^^\.  Diplacns  (/liilinostis  \:  lallj'olius,  Niilt.  in 
Ann.  A;  JNlag.  Is'at.  Hist.  i.  137.  D.  stdUUus,  Kellogg,  Troc.  Calif.  Acail.  ii.  l.S. 
A  common  and  very  polymorphous  species,  which  runs  into  the  following  principal 
but  indejinite  varieties. 

Var.  puniceus,  willi  red  or  scarlet  flowers  on  mostly  slender  peduncles  :  lobes 
of  the  corolla  simj)ly  obcordate  or  eniarginate,  or  sometimes  irregularly  toothed  : 
calyx  glabrous.  —  Diplacus  puniceus,  Nutt.  1.  c.;  Hook.  Eot.  Mag.  t.  3G65.  J), 
glutinusus,  var.  puiiiceuti,  Uenth.  in  DC 

Vur.  linearis,  witii  red-brown  or  sulmon-coloreil  llowors  on  very  short  pedun- 
cles: calyx  commonly  pubescent:  leaves  linear  and  with  nearly  entire  soon  revolute 
margins,  more  rigid.  —  M.  linearis,  lienth.  Scioph.  Ind.  27.  Diplacns  leiAanthus, 
Nutt.  1.  c. 

Var.  brachypus,  with  salmon-colored  flowers  of  pretty  large  size  (fully  2  inches 
long),  on  very  aliort  peduncles  :  calyx  viscid-pubescent  or  villous  :  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so. — Diplacus  lonyijiorus,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Dry  uiul  rocky  hanlcs,  &c.,  counnon  (Voni  San  Diego  to  San  FrancLsco  Iky  ;  coniuion  niid  very 
ornanientul  in  luillivation,  especially  .;h  ii  green-liouse  plant :  llowering  almost  tlirou^'h  the  year. 
Kven  in  tlio  wild  state  it  exliiliits  a  great  diversity  of  colors  ;  but  it  seems  imiiossiWc  to  distin- 
guish the  loniis  as  sjieeies.  The  last  variety  eolJeeted  by  Coulter  (No.  &M),  near  Santa  Barbara 
by  Nutlall,  and  a  form  of  it,  eonue.;tiii<;  with  ordinary  .")/.  yluiinusus,  in  San  J-uis  Oliispo  Co., 
by  Brewer. 

§  4.  Corolla  iiriih  short  and  included  proper  tube:  calyx  ivith  plaited-carinate  salient 
angles,  5-toothed,  the  strong  nerve  traversing  the  teeth:  style  glabrous:  stigma 
2-lippe(l,  the  li]is,  ovate  or  roundish  and  equal :  placentit  remaining  united  in 
the  axis  of  the  capsule,  or  dividing  merely  at  top  (in  M.  rubellus  sometimes 
completely)  ;  the.  thin  and  often  membranaceous  valves  tardily  separating  from 
the  axis  :  annual  or  perennial  herbs.  —  MlMULUS  proper. 

*  Large-flowered :  corolla  1  |^o  2  inches  long,  red  or  rose-color,  with  cylindrical  tube 
and  throat  longer  than  the  limb  :  calyx  oblong-prismatic  ;  the  short  teeth  nearly 
equal :  anthers  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous  in  the  same  species  :  peduncles  elongated : 
seeds  ivith  a  loose  dull  epidermis  wrinkled  lengthwise :  leaves  several-nerved  f  rum  the 
base :  root  perennial. 

12.  M.  cardinalis,  Dougl.  Villous  with  viscid  hairs:  leaves  ovate  and  the 
upper  often  connate,  the  lower  commonly  obovate-lanceolate,  all  erosely  dentate  : 
corolla  scarlet,  witli  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  the  limb  remarkably  oblique, 
the  upper  lip  nearly  erect  with  the  lobes  turned  back,  the  lower  reflexed  :  stamens 
projecting.  —  l.indl.  in  Ilort.  Trans,  ii.  70,  t.  3  ;  J)rit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  358  ; 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  35G0. 

Common  along  water-couises  throughout  the  State  and  in  Oregon  ;  much  prized  in  cultivation. 
Capsule  oblong,  tluu-chartaceous  when  dry  ;  the  valves  tardily  separating  from  the  placenta- 
bearing  a.xis. 

13.  M.  Le"wisii,  Pur.sh.  More  slender  than  the  foregoing,  greener,  minutely 
somewhat  viscid-pubescent :  leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  hmceolato,  merely  denticu- 
late :  corolla  rose-red  or  jialer  (the  throat  spotted  witli  yellow)  ;  its  tube  longer  than^ 
the  calyx ;  the  roundish  lobes  all  si)reading  :  stamens  included.  —  Pursh,  Fl.  ii. 
427,  t.  20.  M.  roseus,  Dougl.  in  Lot.  Peg.  t.  1501;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3353;  Brit. 
Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  210. 

Shady  or  damp  places  and  along  streams,  tbroughoiit  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State,  extendinf;  through  Oregon  and  to  the  hocky  Mountains.  Capsule  as  in  the 
preceding. 


Mimulus. 


scRoriiuLARiACE/!*;.  567 


*   >k  SvmlI.er-fiowered  or  .winll-Jfmvnrd,  but  ihe  yMow  (sometimes  coppery  or  reddish) 

cnrolUi,  often  a  fidl  inch  or  more  iony  in  M.  lutens :  seeds,  except  in  ihe  first  species, 

ivith  smooth  and  thin  polisheil  coat. 

+-   Leafy -stemmed,  glahrovs,  or  merely  ptdjescent  or  glandular. 
++ Ca/y.r  ohliqne  at  the  orifice,   especially  in  fruit;    the  upper  tooth  largest:   leaves 

viosily  broad  and  thiii,  at  least  the  lower  very  distinctly  or  abruptly  petioled,  all 

3  -  several-nerved  at  base. 

14.  M.  luteus,  Linn.  Erect  or  difruse,  from  a  fibrous  annual  root,  and  com- 
monly pero.nuial  by  sbort  stolons,  glabrous  or  merely  puberulcnt  ;  the  ordinary 
erect  form  a  foot  or  two  or  even  3  or  4  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate,  oval  or  roundish, 
sometimes  cordate,  several-nerved  from  base  and  near  it,  sliarply  and  irregularly 
dentate,  or  the  lower  occasionally  lyrate-laciniate  ;  the  upper  sessile ;  the  Horal 
becoming  small  and  bract-like,  often  connate  :  peduncles  becoming  racemose,  equal- 
ling or  shorter  than  the  flower  :  calyx  becoming  ovate-inflated  in  fruit  and  the 
upper  tooth  conspicuously  largest:  corolla  from  IJ  to  f  of  an  inch  long,  yellow, 
often  (lotted  within  and  soraotimoa  blotcliod  with  brown-rod  or  purple.  —  Bot.  l^Iag. 
t.  1501,  33G3;  IJot.  Keg.  t.  1030,  17UG;  Andr.  J5ot.  l{op.  t.  0(51.  M.  gutlatas, 
DC. ;  Hook.  El.  ii.  99.  M.  variegatus,  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1872.  M.  nvnlaris, 
Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1575  ;  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  47.  M.  lyratus,  Benth. 
Scroph.  Ind.  1.  c,  a  state  with  lower  leaves  lyrately  laciniato  at  base.  M.  Scouleri, 
Hook.  1.  c,  a  narrow-leaved  form.  M.  glabrains,  HBK.  (1)  M.  Roezli,  Regel. — Runs 
through  numerous  and  very  various  forms.  The  following  are  dwarf  or  depauperate 
varieties. 

Var.  alpinus,  Gray.  A  span  or  less  bigli,  equably  leafy  to  the  top  :  loaves  lialf 
an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  ovate  or  oval,  denticulate  or  some  of  them  entire  :  stems  1-4- 
flowered:  corolla  proportionally  largo  (an  inch  or  loss  long).  — Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1863,  71;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  224.  M.  Tilingii,  Pogel,  Oartenll.  18G9,  t. 
631,  —  the  same  plants  the  second  year  developing  into  the  ordinary  condition  of 
the  species,  and  figured  by  Regcl,  1.  c.  1870,  290,  t.  GG5.  M.  cupreus,  Veitch,  in 
Gard.  Chron.  1864,  2;  Regel,  1.  c.  1864,  t.  422  {M.  luteus,  var.  cuprea,  Hook.  f. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  5478), — a  form  with  the  corolla  turning  orange  or  copper-red. 

Var.  depauperatus,  Gray.  Slender,  mostly  smooth,  and  Avith  sharply-toothed 
or  laciniato  leaves  (from  a  fourth  to  half  an  inch  long),  slender  i)otiolos,  and  filiform 
peduncles  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  small  flowers  :  corolla  only  a  third  or 
half  an  inch  long:  Bomo  forms  much  approaching  M.  alsinoides ;  but  the  calyx  is 
that  of  M.  luteus,  except  in  size.  —  M.  inicrophyllus,  Bonth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  M.  tend- 
lus,  Nutt.  herb.,  not  of  Bunge. 

Moist  or  wet  grounds,  very  common,  cxtendins;  north  to  the  Alaskan  Islands,  east  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  sotitii  along  the  Andes  to  the  extremity  of  Chih.  The  var.  alpinus  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  &c.  The  var.  dcjm.uperattis  consists  of  reduced  forms,  flowering  as  tiny  or 
slender  annuals,  in  Oregon  and  California. 

M.  DKNTATUS,  Nutt.,  fron\  the  woods  of  Oregon,  if  a  variety  of  this  species  is  a  peculiar  one, 
glowing  in  much  shade.  Tlio  jdaiit  so  named  in  tlic  l^otniiy  of  'Wliiiiples  Expedition  (Pacif.  R. 
Rep.  iv"  64)  is  a  smaller-flowered  and  depauperate  form  of  M.  hitcvs. 

M.  AUSiNOinEs,  Dough,  of  Oregon  and  British  Columbia,  resemhles  the  last  variety  of  M.  Ivtcns, 
but  is  known  by  the  narrower  calyx,  in  fruit  oblong  (3  or  4  lines  long),  and  tlie  teeth  very  short ; 
also  by  the  filiform  at  length  divaricate  peduncles,  of  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  and  nearly  all  of 
them  longer  than  the  ovate  or  roundish  leaves,  tlieso  nil  i)etio]ed.  The  Inrgest  forms  are  a  foot 
high,  and  dillusely  much  branched,  with  narrow  corolla  half  an  inch  lung.  The  smallest  (var. 
mtniimis,  Benth.)  are  minute,  with  corolla  only  2  lines  long. 

15.  M.  laciniatUS,  Gray.  Annual,  glabrous,  small  and  very  slender,  a  si^n  or 
loss  in  height,  dilfusn  :  caulino  loaves  oblong  or  si>atulate,  mostly  laciniately  few- 
toothed  or  lobed,  sometimes  hastate,  1-nervod,  a  (piarter  to  half  an  inch  long  and 
with  filiform  petiole  of  equal  or  greater  length  :  petl  uncles  about  the  length  of  the 


668  SCROPIIULARIACE.E.  Mimulus. 

leaf:  flowers  very  small :  calyx  short,  ovate  in  fruit,  the  upper  tooth  prominently 
largest :  corolla  yellow,  barely  2  lines  long.  — Proc.  Am.  Acail.  xi.  98. 

Mariposa  Co.,  oa  the  south  fork  ol"  the  Morced,  at  Clark's  Ranch,  Oraij.  A  peculiar  littlo 
species. 

++  ++  C<ili/x  nut  (iUi(/iic  or  scared i/  so,  the  teeth  all  equal :  erect  and  small  auuitahi. 
=  Leaves  all  distinctly  petioled. 

IG.  M.  Pulsiferae,  Gray.  Puberulent-glamlular  throughout  and  viscid,  branclied 
from  the  base,  baiuly  a  span  high  :  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  or  the 
radicfd  roundish,  sparingly  denticulate  or  entire,  3-nerved  at  the  acute  or  cuiieato 
base,  about  half  an  inch  long  (on  petioles  of  2  to  4  lines),  about  the  length  of  tlu) 
peduncles  :  calyx  with  very  short  ovuto-triangular  teeth,  the  tube  oblong  in  fruit 
(3  or  i  lines  long) :  corolla  yellow  (5  lines  long),  barely  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acatl.  1.  c. 

Sierra  ami  Indian  Valleys  in  the  Sienu  Nevada,  Bolander,  Mrs.  Puhifcr  Ames. 
=  =  Leaves  all  but  the  loiuest  sessile. 

17.  M.  inconspicuus,  Gmy.  Glabrous  throughout,  2  inches  to  a  span  high, 
simple  or  branched  from  the  base  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  entire,  more  or  less 
3-5-nerved,  all  but  the  lowest  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base  (a  quarter  to  half  an 
inch  long),  e(iualling  or  shorter  than  the  peduncles  :  calyx  with  minute  teeth,  in 
fruit  oval  and  ai)pearing  truncate  (4  or  5  lines  long)  :  corolla  about  5  lines  long, 
yellow  or  rose-color.  —  Pacif.  R.  Pep.  iv.  120. 

Damp  hillsides,  iVom  Los  Angeles  to  the  Sacramento  River,  Bigelow,  Bridges,  Rattan.  An 
ambiguous  Ibrni  with  more  evident  calyx-teeth.  Contra  Costa  Mountains,  southwest  of  Monte 
Diablo,   Brewer. 

18.  M.  bicolor,  Benth.  Viscid-pubescent,  from  2  inches  to  a  span  or  more 
high,  simple  or  branched  from  the  base  :  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  with 
tapering  base,  denticulate  or  toothed,  very  obscurely  3-nerved  at  base,  seldom  an 
inch  long  ;  the  lower  ta])ering  into  somewhat  of  a  margined  petiole ;  the  upper 
shorter  than  the  ixuluncles  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  cons})icuou.s,  triangular  (about  a  lino 
long)  ;  the  tube  oblong,  4  lines  long  in  fruit :  corolla  more  than  twice  the  length  of 
the  calyx ;  the  limb  comparatively  am})le,  yellow,  or  the  lower  lip  usually  white. 
—  PI.  liartw.  328.  M.  Frattenii,  Durand  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  n.  ser.  ii.  98 
(1855). 

Moist  banks,  not  uncommon  in  the  foot-hilla  of  the  Siena  Nevada,  and  through  the  centml 
part  of  the  State.  Calyx  commonly  dotted  with  puri)le.  Corolla  two  thirds  to  three  fourths  of 
an  inch  long. 

19.  M.  rubellus,  ( Jruy.  Viscid-puberulent  or  even  pubescent,  varying  to  glabrous 
with  some  viscidity,  1  to  G  inches  high,  branched  from  the  base  :  leaves  from  spatu- 
late-oblong  to  linear,  narrowed  at  base,  entire  (rarely  with  one  or  two  denticulations, 
a  quarter  to  two  tliirds  of  an  inch  long) ;  the  lowest  often  obovate  or  roundish,  and 
tapering  into  somewhat  of  a  p<;tiole  ;  the  nerves  obscure  and  the  texture  rather 
fleshy  :  peduncles  about  the  length  of  tlie  flower :  calyx  oblong  (mostly  3  lines  long 
in  fruit) ;  the  teeth  short  and  usually  roundish  :  corolla  either  little  or  else  double 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  yellow,  red  or  crimson-purple.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  UG; 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  225.  M.  montioides,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  380,  in 
l)art. 

Var.  latiflorus,  Watson,  1.  c.  A  low  and  large-flowered  form,  blossoming  almost 
from  the  ground,  nearly  glabrous  :  corolla  much  surpassing  the  calyx,  often  half  an 
inch  long,  with  narrow  exserted  tube  rather  abruptly  exi)anded  into  an  ample  lind), 
deep  yellow  with  jturple  spots.  —  M.  montioides,  Gray,  1.  c,  mainly. 

Conmion  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  its  foot-hills,  and  through  the  dry  interior  to  the 
Roi'ky  MounluihH  luid  Nc^w  Mi-\ifo.  Tlio  vuricty  nour  t 'iirMon,  and  in  the  hi«h  Noulhurn  Siorin.s. 
A  i»olymorphouh  littlo  spocios,  the  size  of  the  Howor  varying  wonderfully.     There  is  also  a  form 


Mimnlus.  SCROPHULARIACE/I'l  569 

with  calyx-tenth  as  long  in  proportion  as  those  of  M.  hirohir.  In  tlie  rlehisccncc  of  the  nieni- 
branaceous  capsule  the  placenta  sometimes  splits  into  two  ptirtions  adiiate  to  the  valves,  but  as 
commonly  is  barely  2-cleft  at  the  summit.     The  whole  plant  is  often  purj)lisli. 

-(-  -(-  Leafystemmed,  viscidly  villous  or  pilose :  leaves  all  petioled,  thin  and  broad, 
toothed,  more  or  less  pinnately  veined :  corolla  yellow :  calyx  slightly  if  at  all 
oblique. 

20.  M.  floribundus,  I)ou<fl.  Animal,  ornct  or  wiMi  iniinornus  ascondiiig 
limiic.linH,  II  Hi)iiii  or  two  lii^li,  llowdriiig  from  tll(^  \i\m\ :  l(>iiv(w  oviild  (half  to  a  full 
inch  long),  tlio  lower  slightly  cordate  :  \\\)\\{\v  pndiinclds  longer  iliaii  llio  hwvm  : 
calyx  sliort-campaiiulato,  becoming  ovato  in  fruit  -{liarely  a  (juarlor  of  an  inch 
long) ;  tlio  toetli  short,  equal,  broadly  triangular :  corolla  barely  half  an  inch  long  : 
capsule  globose-ovate,  obtu.se.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1125. 

Moist  ground,  throughout  the  Sierra  Nevada  region  (Bigelow,  Lemvwn,  Rothrock)  ;  thence  to 
Oregon  and  tlie  Rocky  Mountains. 

21.  M.  moschatUS,  Dougl.  Annual,  or  perennial  by  the  creeping  stems,  diffuse 
and  decumbent,  beset  with  very  soft  long  hairs,  strongly  niusk-scented  :  leaves  ovate 
or  oblong,  short-pctioled  (an  inch  or  two  long),  mostly  exceeding  the  peduncles  : 
calyx  short-prismatic,  oblong-campanulato  in  fruit  (a  tliird  of  an  inch  long) ;  the 
teeth  somewhat  unequal,  rather  long,  acuminate  :  corolla  two  thirds  to  a  full  inch 
long  :  capsule  ovate,  acute.  — Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1118. 

Wet  and  nnuldy  ground  ;  common  in  the  mountains,  especially  northward,  extending  to 
British  Columbia,  and  eastward  to  Utah.  The  Californian  specimens  of  this,  the  Mxisk-plnnl  of 
the  gardens,  incline  to  have  a  longer  corolla,  fully  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  and  twice  the 
size  of  that  of  the  plant  in  conunon  cultivation. 

4-  ■+-  -i-  Scapose. 

22.  M.  primuloides,  Benth.  Perennial  by  stolons,  <lwarf  :  loaves  sessile,  from 
broadly  obovato  to  linear-oblong,  entire  or  toothed,  3-5-nerved,  obtuse  (a  quarter 
to  a  full  inch  long),  all  crowded  \\\  a  radical  tuft  at  the  base  of  the  iiliform  (1  to  3 
inches  long)  scape,  or,  in  large  and  vigorous  plants,  in  several  approximate  ])airs 
on  a  stem  which  is  as  long  as  the  one  or  two  peduncles  (1  to  4  inches)  :  calyx 
narrow  (in  fruit  oblong  and  at  most  3  linos  long),  with  short  and  equal  teeth,  less 
than  half  the  length  of  tlio  fuimolform  golden  yellow  corolla.  —  l^ogol,  (Jm'tonfi. 
1872,  t.  739. 

Wet  meadows  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mount  Wliitney  northward  to  Oregon,  and  in 
Nevada  ;  only  at  considerable  elevations.  Leaves  at  first  villous  with  long  and  soft  jointed 
hairs  :  peduncles  and  calyx  glabrous.     Corolla  varying  from  3  to  8  lines  in  length. 

§  5.  Corolla,  dec,  of  Mimulus  proper :  calyx  short  and  ^-cleft,  not  prismatic  nor  toith 
carinate  angles  or  lobes  :  capsule  and  divided  placenta;  as  of  the  section 
Eunamis  :  lotv  animal.  —  Mimuloides,  Benth.  under  Ilerpestis. 

23.  M.  pilosus,  Watson.  Annual,  a  span  or  more  high,  much  branched  from 
the  base,  leafy,  villous  throughout  with  long  and  soft  white  and  somewhat  viscid 
hairs,  flowering  from  almost  all  the  axils  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  almost  oblong,  entire, 
sessile,  the  later  ones  about  the  length  of  the  peduncles  :  calyx  oblique,  the  upper 
tooth  longest  and  about  the  length  of  the  tube,  all  oblong  or  ovate  :  corolla  yellow, 
3  or  4  lines  long,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  the  lips  short  and  Avitli  equal  lobes,  a 
pair  of  brown-purple  spots  on  the  lower  :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  acute.  —  Bot.  King 
liXp.  225.  Ilerpestis  {Mimuloides)  pilosa,  Benth.  in  ('omp.  l?o|,.  T\Iag.  ii.  57,  ^ 
])C.  1.  c.  394.     Mimulus  exilis,  Durand,  in  l»acif.  !{.  Hep.  v.  12,  t.  12. 

Gravelly  banks  of  streams  ;  very  common,  extending  into  the  borders  of  Ncvndn.  bobes  of 
the  calyx  plane  and  nearly  nerveless;  the  tube  without  rilis,  a  slight  inflexion  corresponding 
with  the  sinuses.  The  anther-cells  are  oblong,  not  "linear."  The  stigma  is  lulanieliate,  as  in 
the  genus,  not  "entire." 


570  SCR0r.IIULARIACE.4i;.  Str.iuodiu. 

10.   STEMODIA,  I.iim. 
Calyx  deeply  S-parted  ;  tho  tlivisions  luuruw  and  nearly  e(^ual.     Corolla  short; 
the  upper  lip  2dobed ;  tlie  lower  3-parted.     Stamens  4,  included  :  cells  of  the  an- 
thers 8(fparat(!d  and  even  short  stalktul.     Stiynia  2  lobed.*      (Japsule  short,  .sopticidal 
and  tho  valvus  at  ]uii;_;th  ^iiaitcd  :  tho  placenta  left  in  the  axia.      Seeils  numerous. 

—  Viscid-pubescent  herbs,  chielly  tropical,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and 
solitary  llowers  in  their  axils ;  these  sometimes  becoming  spicate  or  racemose  at  the 
sumniit  of  the  stems  :  a  \ya\v  of  bractlets  at  tho  base  of  tho  calyx. 

1.  S.  dui'antifolia,  Swartz.  Krect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high:  leaves  lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  mostly  narroAved  below  and  then  with  a  dilated  partly  clasping 
base  :  llowers  sessile  :  corolla  pur|)lish,  a  (piarter  of  an  inch  long.  — S.  vciiicUlaris, 
Link;  lieichenb.  Ic.  Exot.  ii.  t.  14'J. 

Wet  grouuda  :  suutlieiu  boideii  uf  thu  Slate,  Coullcr,  Paimcr.     Extends  to  S.  America. 

11.  GRATIOLA,  Liiiu.  IIkdok-IIvssui-. 
Calyx  5-parted ;  the  divisions  narrow  and  hardly  unequal.  Corolla  with  upper 
lip  entire  or  2-lol)ed  ;  lower  one  3-clt'.i't.  Stamens  included,  only  2  fertile  ;  thciir 
anthers  with  2  transverse  (tells  on  a  broad  connective  ;  the  anterior  jiair  reduced  to 
simple  sterile  lilaments  or  wanting.  Style  commonly  bent  at  the  tip  :  stigma  of  2 
flat  lobes  or  lips.  Capsule  many-seeded,  4-valved,  leaving  the  thick  placenta  in  the 
axis.  —  Low  and  branching  herbs ;  with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  small  solitary 
flowers  on  simple  naked  peduncles  in  their  axils,  with  or  without  a  pair  of  bractlets 
under  tho  calyx  :  flowering  in  summer ;  tho  corolla  in  ours  whitish  and  yellowish. 

A  gcnu3  of  iil)oiit  20  speiits,  widely  distributed  over  tho  world,  iiiaiiily  in  teiiii»enitu  climates, 
inliaLitiiig  wet  plmcs. 

1.  G.  Virginiana,  Linn.  ^Minuti-ly  viscid-])uberulont,  a  span  high,  dilfuse: 
leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate,  mostly  narrower  below  :  ])eduncles  e([nalling  or 
surpa.ssing  the  ieiives  :  u  pair  of  conspicuous  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx  : 
corolla  ('I  lines  long)  twice  tlie  length  of  the  calyx  :  capsule  ovate. 

Ill  the  Siena  Nevada,  I'lamas  Co.,  &c.  (Lciniuou) ;  thence  tlaough  Oregon  to  tlie  Atlantic  States. 

2.  Gr.  ebracteata,  Uenth.  Lower  and  more  erect,  glabrous,  obscurely  viscid  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  oftener  entire :  no  bractlets  to  tho  calyx,  which  about  e(pials 
the  small  corolla  :  calyx  globose.  —  DC.  JVodr.  x.  51)5. 

Northern  part  of  the  State  (Ukiah,  Bohmdcr),  and  in  Oregon.     Root  annual. 

12.  ILYSANTHES,  Raf. 
Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  divisions  narrow  and  nearly  equal.  Corolla  with  a  short  and 
erect  2-lobed  iq)})er  lip  ;  the  larger  lower  one  3-cleft  and  spreading.  Stamens  only 
2  fertile,  included,  with  2-c,elled  anthers;  tho  anterior  pair  slerile,  inserteil  high  up 
on  tho  throat  of  tho  corolla,  consisting  each  of  an  unequally  2-lobed  lilament ;  the 
Mhorter  lobe  smooth  and  tooth-like,  tho  longer  one  glandular.  Stylo  straight:  stigma 
of  two  small  flat  lobes  or  lips.  Cajisule  small,  many-seeded,  2-valved  ;  the  edges  of 
the  valves  separating  from  tlu;  jiartition,  which  is  left  with  the  un<livide(l  placenta. 

—  Small  and  low  annuals,  glabrous ;  with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  solitary 
1 -flowered  Aliform  and  naked  peduncles  in  their  axils,  the  upper  becoming  racemose 
by  the  reduction  of  the  subtending  leaves  to  bracts.     Flowering  all  summer. 

A  genus  of  several  species,  distrilmted  over  the  worhl  in  the  manner  of  OraHoJd. 


Synthyrh.  SCROPIIULARIACE^.  571 

1.  I.  gratioloides,  Honth.  Diirnsoly  liranchiii,^',  about  a  span  h'v^h  :  leaves 
ovate  or  ublcng,  spaiiiigly  toothed  or  entire  :  podiincles  mostly  twice  the  length  of 
the  leaves,  divergent  in  t'riiit:  corolla  violet  or  purple,  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Capraria 
gratioloides,  Linn. 

Wet  places,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Lcmvion)  :  tlicnce  to  Oregon  and  through  the  Atlantic 
States  ;  also  in  S.  America.     Occurs  on  the  coast  of  France,  but  probably  a  casual  introduction. 

13.   LIMOSELLA,  Linn.         Munwoitr. 

Calyx  cnrtipannlato,  H-toothod.  Corolla  bctwoon  rotate  ai\d  eanipaniilato,  5-cloft, 
nearly  regtdar.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal :  anthers  coufluently  1-celled.  Style  short, 
club-shaped:  stigma  thickish.  Capsule  globose,  many-seeded,  2-valved ;  the  edges 
of  the  valves  separating  from  the  delicate  or  evanescent  partition :  the  thick  placenta 
left  in  the  axis.  —  Diminutive  and  glabrous  annuals,  rooting  and  creeping  in  mud, 
especially  when  saline;  with  narrow  entire  fleshy  leaves,  in  clusters  around  the 
simple  1-llowcrcd  podunclos  or  scapes,  and  nt  the  end  of  tho  runners,  or  when  scat- 
tered alternate.     Flowers  small :  corolla  white  or  purplish. 

1.  L.  aquatica,  Linn.  An  inch  to  a  span  high  :  petioles  longer  and  in  water 
much  longer  than  the  linear  or  spatulate-oblong  or  oval  blade,  and  longer  than  the 
peduncles. 

Along  the  sea-shore,  also  in  and  beyond  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  brackish  mud  or  sand,  or  in 
apparently  fresh  water  ;  thence  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Common  in  the  Ohl  World.  In 
our  broadest-lcavod  form  (Sierra  Valley,  Lc.mmmi),  the  blade  is  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long  and 
one  third  wide,  in  the  narrower  and  smaller  less  than  a  line  wide.  L.  icnnifoUn,  Nutt.,  wiiich 
takes  its  place  in  tho  Atlantic  States  and  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  has  fleshy  petioles  with 
no  distinct  blade. 

14.  SYNTHYRIS,  Benth. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  Avith  4  slightly  spreading  more  or  less 
unequal  lobes,  or  sometimes  divided  irregularly,  sometimes  wholly  wanting.  Sta- 
mens 2,  inserted  on  the  upper  side  of  the  throat  (rarely  a  lower  pair  inserted  near 
tho  base  of  tho  corolla  on  tho  lower  sido) :  anthora  2-collpd ;  tho  cells  parallel  and 
distinct.  Stylo  slender :  stigma  small,  undivided.  Capsulo  flattened,  obtuse  or 
emarginate,  loculicidal;  the  valves  cohering  below  by  the  partition  to  tho  central 
many-seeded  placenta.  —  Perennial  herbs  (all  North  American,  and  chiefly  west- 
ern), with  alternate  and  crenate  leaves,  the  radical  roundish  or  cordate,  and  a  spike 
or  raceme  of  small  purplish  or  greenish  flowers,  terminating  a  leafy  stem  or  a  naked 
scape. 

L  S.  reniformis,  I'enth.  Slightly  hairy  or  glabrous  :  loaves  all  radical,  round- 
reniform,  thin  :  scape  when  in  blossom  hardly  surpassing  the  leaves  (3  to  8  inches 
high),  bearing  a  short  and  loose  raceme  of  several  flowers:  corolla  "blue,"  about 
twice  tho  length  of  the  calyx.  —  DC.  Prodr.  x.  454.  Wulfenia  reniformis,  Benth. 
Scroph.  Ind.;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  t.  171. 

Var.  cordata :  a  form  with  rather  coriaceous  and  smaller  leaves ;  the  blade  an 
inch  long  and  ovate-cordate  :  probably  growing  in  a  more  exposed  situation. 

Tho  spocioa  occurs  in  tho  woods  of  Oregon.  This  variety,  on  gravelly  hillsides,  Red  Mountain, 
Mondocino  Co.,  Kellogg. 

8.  nunnA,  Ronth.  1.  c.  (Oumvmidrn  rvhrn,  Tlook.  1.  c.  lOn,  t.  172),  belongs  to  Oregon,  hut 
may  inhabit  tho  northern  part  of  tho  State,  it  is  stouter  and  coiuser,  imbcscent  wlicn  yonnp, 
has  ovate  or  oblong  thickish  leaves,  those  of  the  flowering  stem  several  and  sessiln,  tho  flowers  m 
a  donso  spike  and  destitute  of  corolla.     The  other  species  are  more  eastern. 


572  SCR0PHULARIACEJ3.  Veronica. 

15.  VERONICA,  lanii.        Speedvveli-,  Buooklime. 

Calyx  4-piirtoil.  CmoUa  rotate,  4-j)iu'tod ;  tho  lower  lobo  and  suiuetiraea  tho 
lateral  onoa  narrower  than  tho  otliei-s.  Staiuena  2,  inaerted  on  tho  throat  of  the 
corolla,  Olio  each  hide  of  ita  uii[K)r  lobo,  oxaortod !  colls  of  Iho  anthor  conlliuint  at 
the  apex,  Style  tipped  with  a  somewhat  capitate  stigma.  Capsule  compressed, 
few- many-seeded  ;  the  dehiscence  generally  loculicidal.  —  Leaves  opposite  or  some- 
times in  whorls,  or  in  one  species  mostly  alternate.  Flowers  small,  in  racemes  or 
spikes,  or  sometimes  solitary  in  the  axils,  blue,  purplish,  or  white. 

A  genus  of  about  150  species,  distributed  ahnost  tlirougbout  the  world,  mainly  in  temperate 
and  Irigid  redons,  not  largely  represented  in  North  America,  and  scanty  in  California.  In  hi"h 
latitudes  of  tlie  aoutheru  hemisphere  several  are  shrubs  or  trees :  one  or  two  of  these  are  in  orifa- 
mental  cultivation. 

*   Low peretmials,  ivith  opposite  leaves. 

+-  Racemes  axiliary :  plants  ylabruus,  decumbent  or  ascending,  rooting  at  base. 

1.  V.  Americana,  Schweinitz.  Stems  a  span  to  2  feet  long  :  leaves  ovate  or 
mostly  oblong,  seirate,  rather  succulent,  short-petioled,  the  base  slightly  cordate  or 
truncate  :  racemes  op|»osito,  slcnder-pcduncled,  mauy-Uowered  :  j)ediccls  slender, 
diverging  :  corolla  bluish  with  purple  stripea  :  caiKsule  turgid,  many-soedod. 

^  In  broolvH  and  dilc.lie.s,  not  anoommon  :  extending  nortii  lo  Alaska  and  cast  to  the  Atlantic. 
Formerly  confounded  with  the  V.  licanbuntja  of  Europe. 

V.  Anaoallis,  Linn.,  like  the  preceding  but  with  sessile  and  mostly  clasping  acute  leaves, 
occurs  both  north  and  east  of  California. 

V.  scuTEi.LATA,  Linn.,  growing  in  cold  swamps  northward,  is  also  in  Oregon.  It  is  well 
marked  by  its  linear  sessile  leaves,  louse  racemes  from  alternate  axils,  filiform  divaricate  pedicels, 
and  very  Hat  few-seeded  deeply  notcheil  cajisules. 

-J-  -H  L'aceme  terminal,  leafy  below :  pedicels  short,  erect:  cajjside  flat,  several-seeded. 

2.  V.  alpina,  Linn.  Pubescent,  or  becoming  glabrous  below  :  simple  stems 
erect  from  a  somewhat  creeping  base,  a  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  oval,  oblong,  or 
the  lowest  roundish,  somewhat  toothed  or  entire,  sessile  :  raceme  spike-like,  few- 
flowered  :  corolla  blue:  capsule  obovato  or  oblong,  slightly  notched.  —  The  (h'een- 
land  and  American  form,  var.  Warmskioldii,  Hook.  JJot.  Mag.  t.  2795.  V.  Worms- 
kioldii,  lioemer  &  Schultes. 

High  portions  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  8,500  to  10,000  feet  {Brewer,  Bolandcr):  also  in  the 
alpine  region  of  tho  Rocky  J\lountuins,  of  the  White  Mountains  in  New  Hampshire,  and  through 
tho  arctic  rcgiuns. 

3.  V.  serpyllifolia,  Linn.  ]\Iinutely  pubescent  or  glabrous,  branching  and 
creeping  at  base,  leafy  :  llowering  shoots  about  a  span  high  :  leaves  round-ovate  or 
oblong,  obscurely  crenate,  thickish,  barely  half  an  inch  long ;  the  lower  short- 
petioled  ;  the  upjjer  gradually  diminished  into  lanceolate  or  oblong  bracts  :  raceme 
strict:  corolla  whitish  or  bluish  with  deeper  stripes:  capsule  strongly  notched, 
broader  than  long. 

Not  yet  received  from  tho  State,  but  doubtless  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  as  it  occurs  northward 
and  eastward,  extending  through  tho  cooloi-  parts  of  tho  northern  hemisphere. 

*  *   Low  annual:  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate. 

4.  V.  peregrina,  Linn.  ]\Iinutely  pubescent  or  glabrous,  a  span  or  more  high, 
erect,  branching  :  leaves  rather  succulent,  mostly  linear-oblong,  obtuse  ;  the  lower 
commonly  toothed  ;  the  upper  entire  and  narrower,  gradually  dinunishing,  but  all 
longer  than  the  very  short-pedicelled  flowers  in  their  axils  :  corolla  inconspicuous  : 
capsule  rounded-obcordate,  many-seeded. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  especially  near  habitations,  everywhere  aitpearing  like  an  intro- 
duced weed,  but  doubtless  of  American  origin. 


CastiUeta.  SCllOPHULARIACE.E.  573 

16.  CASTILLEIA,  Linn.  f.  rAiNTiTD-Ctir. 
Calyx  tubular,  more  or  less  cloft  either  in  front  or  behind,  or  Loth  ;  tlie  lobes  2 
and  lateral,  or  4.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  less  laterally  c.oni pressed,  especially  the 
long  and  conduplicate  or  carinato-concave  upper  lip  (galea) ;  the  lower  lip  short  or 
minute,  always  small  in  comparison  with  the  upper,  3-toothed,  3-carinate  or  some- 
what saccate  below  the  short  teeth ;  the  tube  usually  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 
Stamens  4,  enclosed  in  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  2-cellcd  ;  the  cells  oblong  or  almost 
linear,  unequal,  the  outer  one  fixed  by  its  middle,  the  inner  one  smaller  and  pendu- 
lous. Style  long  :  stigma  capitate,  sometimes  2-lobed.  Capsule  loculicidally  2- 
valved,  the  valves  bearing  the  jjlacenta  on  their  middle.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a 
loose  and  cellular  favose  coat.  —  Herbs,  disposed  to  turn  blackish  in  drying,  perennials 
and  sometimes  a  little  woody  at  base,  or  a  few  annual ;  most  of  the  leaves  alternate, 
all  sessile,  the  floral  ones  or  their  tips,  as  well  as  the  calyx-lobes,  commonly  petaloid- 
colored  (red,  sometimes  whitish  or  yellowish).  Flowers  in  terminal  and  simple 
spikes,  without  bractlets.  —  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xxxiv.  335  ;  Watson,  Bot. 
King  Exp.  456. 

A  genus  of  30  or  more  species,  all  American,  except  one  in  Northern  Asia,  the  greater  jiait 
North  American  west  of  the  Mississippi  and  in  the  Andes.  The  brightly  colored  floral  leaves  or 
bracts  of  most  of  them  are  more  showy  than  the  flowers,  the  corolla  being  commonly  yellowish  or 
greenish. 

§  1.  Annual:  leaves  all  entire  and  linear-lanceolate;  or  the  npj^er floral  sometimes  a 
little  dilated  and  incised :  calyx  narroiv,  as  deepli/  cleft  behind  as  before  and 
usually  more  so  :  all  the  lower  flowers  pedicdled. 

1.  C.  affinis,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Pubescent  :  stem  strict  and  mostly  simple,  a  foot 
to  a  yard  high  :  flowers  scattered  or  the  upper  crowded  in  the  leafy  spike,  curving  : 
calyx  and  the  upper  bracts  tinged  with  red  :  corolla  an  incli  or  more  long,  yellowish, 
or  the  tip  reddish,  surpassing  the  calyx  ;  lower  lip  very  short  but  ]irotuberant,  its 
callous  oblong  teeth  rather  shorter  than  the  keels  beneath  them,  the  upper  lip  almost 
as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Beechoy,  154. 

Moist  gronnds  or  along  stroiuns,  fron\  Sun  Diego  to  tlio  Snoranionto.  Tlin  ]ilnnt  figiu-od  under 
this  name  liy  the  lato  0.  A.  Moycr,  in  the  Sertum  Potrop.  ii.,  is  apparently  a  conunon  large- 
flowered  form  of  C.  parvijiora,  i.  e.  0.  Douglasii,  Benth. 

2.  C.  minor,  Gray.  More  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high,  simple  or  paniculately 
branching,  the  pubescence  somewhat  viscid  :  flowers  at  length  scattered  in  a  virgate 
leafy  spike,  straight :  upper  bracts  red-tipped,  slender  :  corolla  little  exceeding  the 
green  calyx,  6  to  9  lines  long,  yellowish  ;  its  lower  lip  extremely  short  and  not 
j)rotuberant,  its  teeth  thin  and  rounded  ;  the  upper  lip  rather  broad  and  not  half 
the  length  of  the  tube.  — C.  aflinis,  var.  minor,  Gray  in  r>ot.  Mex.  Bound.  119,  & 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c. 

Not  yet  found  within  the  limits  of  the  State,  but  near  by.  in  Nevada,  at  Carson  City  (Andfrson) 
and  Truckeo  Valley  (  Watson) ;  also  in  Arizona,  and  east  to  New  Mexico  and  Nebraska. 

§  2.  Perennial :    leaves  all  narrow :    calyx  narroir,  deejily    cleft    before,    A-toothed 
behind;  the  teeth  subulate. 

3.  C.  linarisefolia,  Bonth.  Glabrous  below,  morn  or  loss  woolly-puboscont  at 
summit,  2  to  3  or  oven  0  f('(>t  higli,  slender,  sometimes  iianiculntdy  branched  above: 
leaves  not  broadened  at  base,  linear,  entire,  or  some  of  th(>  upper  and  lh)rnl  3-ch'ft  : 
spike  dense,  or  below  loose  :  flowers  soon  curved,  the  lower  s]iort-])edicell('(l  :  corolla 
an  inch  or  two  long,  narrow,  scarlet  or  red,  as  are  also  the  calyx  and  the  lobes  of  the 
bracts ;  the  falcate  upper  lip  commonly  yellow   or  yellowish,  as  long  as  the  tube, 


574  SCKOPllULAKIACE-E.  CuslilUiu. 

wliolly  exserteJ  ;  the  lower  lip  extruiiiuly  short,  callous  and  protuberant.  —  C.  cau- 
(Jens,  DuranJ  in  Pacif.  1{.  l{ej».  v.  12. 

Sides  of  rocky  liills,  lu'iir  Fort  'J\-jon  lunl  iii  the  Sierra  Novudn,  chiefly  in  the  eastern  ranges 
anil  at  about  8,000  I'ett ;  lliunco  alony  Ihu  niuiintains  to  Now  Mtxieo,  (Colorado,  and  Wyonung. 

§  .'i.  Pti'tiuiinl:  ai/t/x  cleft  more  tti'  lens  behind  an  veil  as  be/ore;  the  lobes  therefore 
r'ujht  and  left,  two  and  entire  or  notched,  or  else  '1-parted,  maklug  4,  variable 
in  this  resptct. 

*    White-woolly,  rather  shrubby  at  base. 

4.  C.  foliolosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  foot  or  two  higli,  clothed  with  a  matted  white 
■wool  (cunaistiuj,'  of  intricately  branched  hairs),  which  becomes  loose  M'ith  age  : 
leaves  rather  sliort  and  very  uumeruiis,  being  often  in  fascicles  in  the  axils,  linear 
and  entire,  or  with  a  pair  of  linear  divaricate  lobes;  the  upjjer  iloral deft  and  their 
lobes  with  more  or  less  dilated  yellowish  or  red  tips:  the  2  calyx-lobes  broad,  retuse 
or  merely  notched,  nearly  eepudling  the  corolla,  the  lower  lip  of  which  is  very 
small.  —  liot.  Beechey,  154  ;  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  118. 

Hillsides,  Mendocino  Co.  to  San  Diego,  most  eoiniuon  southward.  Seeds  elongated-oblong, 
somewhat  club-shaped. 

*   *  Fabesctnt  or  villoiis-hirsate  with  simple  hairs,  or  below  glabrous,  herbaceous. 

+-  Leaves  short  and  small,  broad  and  obtuse. 

5.  C.  latifolia,  Hook.  &  Arn.  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high,  diffusely  branched  from 
the  base,  the  copious  soft-hirsute  pubescence  viscid  :  leaves  from  round-obovate  to 
oval,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  sometimes  3  -  5-lobed,  especially  the  dilated 
floral  ones,  the  uppermost  red  ;  tlie  2  calyx-lobes  broad  and  nt)tched  or  2-lobed  at 
the  summit,  hmger  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ;  the  loAver  lip  of  which  is  very 
short,  callous,  and  the  teeth  inilexed. 

Along  and  near  the  coast,  Mendocino  Co.  to  Monterey.  Corolla  about  two  tliirds  of  an  inch 
long  ;  the  narrow  u])per  lip  rather  longer  than  the  tube. 

+■  +-  Leaves  or  their  lobes  from  lanceolate-oblong  to  narrowly  linear.     {^The  species 
variable  and  difficult.) 

++  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  elongated,  as  long  us  or  longer  than  the  tube,  many  times 
longer  than  the  very  short  lower  Ujj:  Jloral  leaves  or  their  lobes  dilated  and  petaloid, 
scarlet  or  crimson,  rarely  yelloivish  or  whitish  :  calyx  mostly  tinged  with  the  same 
color :  corolla  yelloivish  often  tinged  with  green,  sometimes  with  red. 

6.  C.  parviflora,  Bungard.  Inom  villons-pubescent  to  hirsute,  especially  above, 
a  span  or  two  to  a  loot  or  two  higli  :  leaves  laciniate-cleft  or  incised,  sometimes 
entire  :  corolla  an  inch  to  half  an  inch  in  length ;  the  lower  lip  not  callous-saccate 
and  protuberant. — A^eg.  Sitcha,  157;  Cray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  C.  Toluccensis, 
Cham,  ik  ISchlecht.  in  Linuiea  ii.  579  ((),  not  of  HBK.  C.  coccinea,  Lindl.  Bot.  l\eg. 
t.  11 3G,  not  of  Spreng.  6".  hispida,  Benth.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  105.  C.  Douglasii, 
Benth.  in  DC.  ]^odr.  x.  530.  LJuchrorna  angustifolia  &  E.  Bradburii,  Nutt.  in  Jour. 
Acad.  Pliilad.  vii.  4G  ;  small  forms. 

Open  grounds,  from  the  mountains  behind  San  Diego  nortliwanl  throughout  the  State,  extend- 
ing to  Silka,  and  tlirougli  tlie  nioiMit.iius  to  Diikotuli,  ke..  The  earlier  name  is  the  least  nppro- 
])rialo  antl  is  uvea  misU^Miliiig;  liio  lluwiMs  wlicu  well  ilevelnpcd  being  as  largo  as  in  the  eiislmn 
C.  aicciiica,  or  even  largiu',  except  in  some  dwiirl'ed  mountain  forms.  Sac  below  the  leetli  of  the 
lower  lip  thin  and  little  projecting,  longer  than  deep,  3-carinate  ;  the  teeth  (at  first  involute  and 
always  small),  remarkably  variable,  sonietinu-s  lanceolate  and  acute  and  as  long  as  the  saccate 
portion,  or  the  ndddle  one  shorter  or  obsolete ;  sometimes  all  short  and  ovate  or  deltoid;  occa- 
sionally all  three  truncate  and  extremely  short. 

7.  C.  miniata,  Dough  Glabrous  below,  more  or  less  pubescent  above,  commonly 
2  feet  higli,  strict,  often  slender :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  almost  always 
entire ;  the  bi-oader  floral  ones  or  bracts  of  the  clo.se  spike  at  most  incised  or  3-cleft, 


Orthocarpus.  SCROniULARIACE.E.  575 

flliortcr  than  tlid  flowors  :  c.orolliv  inoro  tlmn  an  incli  lon;^,  narrow  ;  llio  linoar-lan- 
ccolato  u])por  lip  consi)icuously  lun^'  and  oxscjrlod  ;  tlio  lower  very  pmUihorant,  as 
(loop  as  long,  calloius  and  nianininjibrni,  witii  tho  ovaLo  short  tcu-th  involuLo. — 
Hook.  Fl.  ii.   lOG.      C.  pallida,  var.  mininta,  (Jlray  in  Amor.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  other  mountainous  districts,  extending  northward  and  eastward 
through  the  same  range  as  the  preceding. 

++  ++  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  considerably  shorter  than  the  tube,  barely  twice  or  thrice 
the  length  of  the  comparatively  conspicuous  lower  lij). 

8.  C.  pallida,  Kunth.  A  foot  or  so  high,  above  commonly  villous  with  long 
and  weak  cobwebby  hairs,  especially  tho  dense  leafy-bracted  spike  :  leaves  all  or 
mainly  entire,  membranaceous ;  the  lower  linear ;  the  upper  from  narrowly  to  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  the  iloral  or  bracts  often  sparingly  laciniate  or  cleft,  colored  usually  with 
"white  or  yellowish,  e(i|ualling  tho  flowers  (these  commonly  an  inch  long)  :  lower 
lip  of  the  corolla  only  one  third  or  half  shorter  than  tho  upper.  —  C.  Sibirica, 
Lindl.      Baitsia  pallida,  Linn.      This  is  Siberian  and  Arctic  N.  W.  American. 

Var.  septentrionalis.  Commoidy  less  pubescent,  often  almost  glabrous,  a  span 
to  two  feet  high  :  bracts  not  rarely  tinged  with  purple  :  corolla  two  thirds  to  three 
fourths  of  an  inch  long ;  its  lower  lip  loss  large,  from  one  third  to  half  tho  length 
of  the  upper.  —  C.  septentrionalis,  Lindl.  Bot.  .I\og.  t.  925  (1825).  C.  acuminata, 
Bpreng.  Syst.  ii.  775  (1825,  Bartsia  acuminata,  Pursh,  unless  this  be  C  miniata,  a 
slender  pale  form  of  which  comes  from  Sitka,  &c.). 

Var.  OCCidentaliS.  Barely  a  span  high,  tufted  :  leaves  rather  rigid,  narrow ; 
the  \ipper  canline  as  well  as  the  sparingly  colored  (pale)  bracts  often  3-cleft :  corolla 
a  third  to  half  an  inch  long ;  its  lower  lip  about  half  tlio  longth  of  tho  upper.  C. 
occidentalis,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  230. 

Even  the  var.  septentrionalis,  which  abounds  on  the  liigher  moinitnins  north  and  cast  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  extends  across  the  continent  liigh  northward  to  Labrador,  lias  not  been  met  with 
in  the  State.  Var.  occidentalis  (belonging  to  the  higlier  alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains), 
on  the  higher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Tulare  Co.  to  Sierra  Co.,  Brewer,  Bolander, 
Lemmon. 

17.  ORTHOCARPUS,  Nutt. 
Calyx  short-tubular  or  oblong-campanulate,  4-cleft,  or  sometimes  cleft  before  and 
behind,  and  the  two  lateral  divisions  2-clcft  or  parted.  Corolla  tubular;  tho  upper 
lip  (galea)  little  or  not  at  all  longer  than  tho  lower,  like  that  of  Casiilleia  but 
shorter,  small  in  comparison  with  the  inflated  1  -  3-saccate  lower  one.  Stamens  as 
in  Castilleia,  or  the  lower  and  smaller  anther-cell  sometimes  wanting.  Style,  cap- 
sule, &c.,  similar.  —  Low  annuals,  with  two  exceptions  (of  the  Californian  region 
and  one  South  American),  more  or  less  resembling  Castilleia  in  foliage  and  inflores- 
cence, very  nearly  related  to  it  through  the  first  of  the  following  species,  although 
tho  later  onos  are  conspicuously  dillVrent. 

§  1.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  simply  or  someichat  triply  saccate,  and  hearing  3 
conspicuous  mostly  erect  teeth  or  lobes;  the  np])er  lip  broadifh  or  narrow: 
stigma  capitate:  anthers  all  2-celled :  sced-cont  very  loose,  cellnlarfavose  and 
arilliform :  bracts  tt>i(k  more  or  less  of  colored  tips.  —  Castilleioides, 
Gray. 

Closely  connof'tfl  with  nnstillrin,  through  C.  hrri/lnrn,  the  porpiniinl  specii'q  truly  nmbiguous 
between  tlio  two  genera,  but  retnined  here  on  ncrount  of  the  size  ol'  (Ik-  iowi-r  lip.  whit-li  nearly 
equals  the  short  upper  one.  hi  extending  I^cnthain's  section  OncorrlnixrhuR  (so  called  because  it 
inchi(les  Lehmann  s  genus  Oncorrhynchns),  the  sectional  nainn  is  chnngrd  on  account  of  its  inap- 
propriateness  :  for  the  galea  is  not  hooked  in  the  original  South  American  species,  nor  in  any 
other,  except  in  the  anomalous  0.  purpurascens. 


576  SCR0P11ULARIACE.E.  Orthocarpiuf. 

*  Root  perennial ! :  lips  of  the  short  and  yellowish  corolla  somewhat  equal,  the  upper 
beincj  hroadish  and  blunt  (straight)  and  tlie  lower  rather  obscurely  saccate :  Jila- 
vieuts  (/labrous. 

1.  O.  pilosus,  Watson.  A  spun  or  two  high,  uuuiy-stenuiieil  from  the  linn  root, 
citlier  solL-villous  or  hirsute,  very  Jealy  :  Iwives  rather  rigid,  at  least  wlien  old  ;  the 
lowest  linear  and  entire;  the  others  3-5-parted  into  narrowly  linear  diverging  lobes; 
the  lower  tloral  similar,  the  upper  ones  Avith  more  or  less  dilated  and  sparingly 
colored  (white  or  yellowish)  tips  :  spike  dense,  rather  short  :  calyx  somewhat 
etpially  4-elert  into  narrow  linear  lobes  which  nearly  equal  the  corolla,  or  theso 
united  at  base  in  pairs  :  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  at  lirst  equalling,  at  length  a  little 
shorter  than  the  ujjper ;  its  lobes  ovate,  shorter  than  the  slightly  saccate  portion 
beneath.  —  0.  jKillescens,  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xxxiv.  3liU,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acail. 
vii.  384,  except  a.s  to  Nultail's  i)lunt.  0.  j)allescens  (iho  more  rigid  form)  &  0. 
pilosus  (the  softer  villous  form),  Watson,  iJot.  King  Exp.  231,  459. 

Higlier  parts  of  the  Siena  Nevada,  from  Tulare  Co.  to  Sierra  Co.,  and  on  Mount  Shasta,  at 
5,000  to  9,000  feet  (Brewer,  Torreij,  Kcllotjff,  Lcmmon,  kc);  and  in  the  interior  of  Oregon  and 
Idaho.  CoroUa  d  to  8  lines  long  ;  the  lips  only  2  lines  long  ;  lower  with  the  slightly  ventricose 
portion  rather  longer  than  tlie  lohes,  obscurely  callous  below  the  base  of  these,  within  more  or 
less  plaited-tri&iccate.     Stigma  large,  strongly  capitate. 

0.  P.A.LLESCENS,  Gray,  1.  c,  as  to  Nuttall's  Euchroma  pallcsccns  only  (and  wliieh  may  best 
retain  the  name,  since  one  is  provided  for  the  species  confounded  with  it),  proves  to  be  identical 
with  0.  Parriji,  Gray  in  Amer.  Nat.  viii.  *2U,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Western  Wyoming. 
It  is  distinguished  by  a  minute  and  somewhat  hoary  pubescence  (even  the  inflorescence  destitute 
of  villous  or  hirsute  hairs),  less  leafy  stems,  looser  spike,  and  the  pair  of  calyx-lobes  broader  and 
united  liigh  up,  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  rather  more  ventricose,  and  the  floral  leaves  or  bracts 
nearly  if  not  absolutely  without  colored  tips. 

*   *  Root  annual,  as  in  all  the  following  species. 

+-  Filaments  glabrous  :  vpper  lip  of  the  corolla  straight  or  nearly  so,  naked,  narrow, 
lanceolate-triangular  or  broadly  subulate ;  the  lowei-  moderately  ventricose,  and 
ivithin  somewhat  jtlnittil-trisaccate  for  its  whole  length;  its  teeth  or  lobes  erect  and 
coHSj)iruous,  obtoiig-Hncar :  cajtsule  oblong  or  oval. 

2.  O.  attenuatUS,  Gray.  Slender,  strict,  a  sjjun  or  two  high,  mostly  simple, 
above  hirsute-pubescent :  leaves  linear-attenuate  with  a  few  .setaceous  lobes,  or  the 
lower  entire  :  spike  virgate,  loosely-flowered  below,  in  small  specimens  Avith  few 
and  rather  scattered  flowers :  bracts  Avith  tlieir  slender  divisions  barely  Avhite-tijjped  : 
corolla  narroAv  throughout,  only  half  an  inch  long,  white  or  Avhitish,  Avith  oiie  or 
two  purple  spots  on  the  lower  lip,  the  narrow  teeth  of  Avhich  nearly  equal  the 
upper.  —  Pacif.  K.  Pep.  iv.  121. 

Borders  of  San  Francisco  Hay,  &c.  Also  Oregon  (E.  Hall)  to  Puget  Sound,  Lynll.  Resembles 
a  slender  form  of  0.  hispidus,  but  in  character  more  like  a  dejiauperate  0.  densiflorus,  into  which 
it  may  pass. 

3.  O.  densiflorus,  Benth.  Erect  or  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  a  span 
to  a  foot  high,  above  soft-pubescent :  lea\'es  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  and  gradually 
attenuate,  Avith  a  few  slender  lobes,  or  the  lower  entire:  spike  dense,  many-flowered, 
at  length  cylindrical,  or  the  lower  floAvers  somewhat  scattered  :  bracts  3-cleft,  about 
equalling  the  flowers ;  the  linear  lobes  Avith  jiurplish  and  Avhito  tips  :  corolla  from 
two  thirds  to  near  an  inch  long,  purpU;  and  white  (the  lips  or  their  tips  usually 
purple),  the  teeth  of  the  moderately  dilated  lower  lip  shorter  than  the  upper.  — 
Scroph.  Ind.  &  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  53G. 

Low  grounds  along  the  coast,  from  San  Luis  Obisi)o  to  Sonoma  Co.  Tlie  stem  is  commonly 
erect,  rather  than  "difliise"  ;  and  the  van  hUifolius,  Benth.,  with  few  or  no  lobes  to  the  cauline 
leaves,  is  the  conunoner  form.  Seeds  small,  short-oval,  the  mature  nucleus  very  loose  in  the 
cellular  coat. 

4.  O.  castilleioides,  Benth.      At  length  diffusely  much  branched,  a  span  or 


OrthocarpuH.  SCROPIIITLARIACE.1^.  577 

two  liigli,  soniewliiit  piiboscent  or  in  tlie  mostly  (louse  short  spikes  sometimes  vil- 
lous-hirsute  :  leaves  from  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong,  entire  or  laciniate-incised 
into  rather  short  and  blunt  lobes ;  the  upper  and  the  bracts  more  cuneate-dilated, 
equalling  the  flowers,  herbaceous,  the  blunt  tips  whitish  or  yellowish  :  corolla  near 
an  inch  long,  dull  white,  often  purplish-tipped  ;  the  lower  lip  considerably  dilated. 

Pine  woods  and  low  groiiiids  near  the  sea-shore,  Monterey  to  HumhoMt  Co. ,  and  along  the 
coast  to  Washington  Territory.  Seeds  oblong,  twice  or  thriee  larger  than  tliose  of  the  preceding, 
to  which  the  species  is  much  more  nearly  related  than  to  the  next. 

+■  +-  FilamenU  pubescent :  upper  Up  of  the  corolla  long  and  almost  linear,  obtuse 
and  hooked  at  the  apex,  densely  red-bearded;  lower  lip  with  three  very  small  and 
somewhat  didymous  little  sacs  at  its  broad  apex,  directly  under  and  not  larger  than 
the  short  and  rounded  recumbent  teeth  or  lobes :  stigma  very  large,  dejn-essed-capi- 
tate :  capsule  ovate. 

5,  O.  purpurascens,  Benth.  Erect,  at  length  diffusely  much  branclied  at  the 
base,  rather  stout,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  hirsute  :  leaves  above  tlio  lanceolate  or 
linear  base  laciniately  once  or  twice  ])iiinatcly  parted  into  narrow  linour  or  filiform 
divisions  :  spiko  dense  and  thick,  oblong,  at  length  cylindrical :  bracts  about  the 
length  of  the  flowers;  their  laciniate-lobed  divisions  or  their  tips  and  those  of  the 
calyx-lobes  crimson-purple  and  rose-color  :  corolla  about  an  inch  long,  the  tube 
yellowish  or  whitish,  the  summit  crimson  or  red. 

Common  along  the  hills  and  moimtains  of  the  coast,  from  Monterey  to  TInmholdt  Co.,  so 
abundant  as  to  give  the  ground  a  purple  hue  for  miles  in  some  places  :  occasionnlly,  with  duller 
or  only  pallid  color,  in  salt  marshes.  The  reddish  soft  and  copious  beard  of  the  narrow  and 
liooked  upper  lip,  which  marks  this  species,  is  composed  of  many-  ami  close-jointed  hairs.  Seeds 
oval  ;  the  loose  arilliform  coat  deeply  favose. 

§  2.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  simply  saccate  or  nearly  so,  its  3  teeth  very  short  and 
inconspicuotis  or  obsolete;  the  upper  lip  moderately  smaller,  short,  ovate-tri- 
angular ;  the  tube  hardly  if  at  all  sinyassing  the  calyx :  stigma  small  and 
entire :  anthers  cdl  2-celled :  seeds  with  a  very  loose  costate-reticulated  coat  : 
bi-acfs  all  herbaceous.  — True  Orthocarpus.     (Orthocarpits,  Nutt.) 

G.  O.  luteus,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  with  strict  simple  or  virgately 
branclied  stem,  minutely  pubescent  and  nioro  coarsely  hirsute:  flowers  leafy-spicate : 
loavos  linoar-lancoolato,  ontiro  or  3-cloft ;  tlio  floral  onos  Himilnr  or  often  broader : 
onlyx-tooth  lunceolnto,  acuto :  corolla  goldon  yellow  (half  an  inch  long),  iu)t  ox- 
cooding  tliG  iloral  loaves  or  bracts ;  the  lips  of  equal  length  and  not  very  diflbreiit 
in  size.  —  0.  strictus,  Benth. ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  t.  172. 

Dry  banks  and  plains,  along  the  northeastern  borders  of  the  State  (Carson  and  Lake  Washoe, 
Nevada,  Anderson,  Torrey) ;  thenco  northward  and  eastward  to  British  Cohmibia  and  to  the 
Upper  Mississippi. 

7.  O.  tenuifolius,  Benth.  A  span  or  more  high,  somewhat  hairy  or  glabrate  : 
flowers  in  a  dense  thick  spike  :  leaves  or  at  least  the  upper  ones  hispid-ciliate  ;  the 
lower  linear  and  mostly  3-5-cleft,  with  the  divisions  linear-filiform;  the  floral  or 
bracts  broadly  ovate,  incisely  2  -  3-cleft  or  toothed,  or  often  entire,  becoming  thin 
and  reticulated  in  age,  usually  imbricated  over  the  flowers  or  fruit :  calyx-teeth 
subulate  :  corolla  purplish  ;  the  upper  lip  becoming  longer,  slightly  hooked  at 
the  tip.  —  Bartsia  fenvifolia,  Pursh.     O.  imbricatus,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  458. 

Dry  ridges,  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Summit  {E.  L.  Greene),  and  Lassen's  Peak  (Lemmon)  ;  thence 
to  British  Columbia  and  Montana.  Spikes  from  1  to  at  length  .1  or  4  inches  long  ;  the  broad 
imbricated  bracts  strikingly  and  abruptly  dilferont  from  the  leaves  below.  The  Califoniian 
specimens  arc  of  the  sinootiier  form,  very  nearly  that  described  as  0,  ixihricnlits. 

8.  O.  bracteoSUS,  Benth.  In  foliage  and  as|ioct  resondiling  the  jireceding,  but 
the  bracts  deeply  3-cleft  and  with  triangular-lanceolate  lobes  (their  pubescence  rather 
hirsute),  shorter  than  the  bright  rose-purple  corolla  :  lower  li]>  of  this  ampler  and 
more  saccate ;  the  upper  with  narrower  and  more  decidedly  hooked  tip. 


578  SCROrilULARlACEJ!;.  Orlhumr^ju.i. 

Plumas  Co.,  Lemmon.  Thence  north  to  British  Cohnnhia.  Corolla  over  half  an  inch  long, 
slightly  or  decidedly  pubescent. 

0.  ToLMiEi,  Hook.,  is  a  .snioothish  and  loosely  branching  species  of  this  section,  with  attenu- 
ate and  mostly  entire  lisivcs,  Howcrs  in  short  and  at  Icnglli  loose  spikes,  and  smooth  yellow 
corolla  seldom  hall'  an  incli  long.     It  inhabits  Utah  and  tlie  interior  of  Oregon. 

0.  I'liuruuKO-Ai-uii.s,  dray  (Watson,  iJot.  King'  Kxp.  4r>8),  the  only  remaining  sjieeics  of  this 
section,  is  a  native  of  New  iMe.Kico  and  S(jutlieni  Utah.  It  is  known  by  its  attenuated  and  uniform 
leaves,  slender  loose  spike,  and  especially  by  tiie  more  exserted  and  slender  tube  of  the  (pui  [.lo 
and  white)  corolla,  the  galea  also  rather  narrower  ;  so  that  it  connects  with  the  next  section, 
with  some  species  of  which  it  agrees  in  having  the  loose  seed-coat  coarsely  reticulated,  but  not 
eostate  nor  with  the  areolations  in  longitudinal  rows. 

§  3.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  conspicuously  3-saccate,  and  vei'y  much  larger  than  the 
slendtr  ii/iper  one;  its  teeth  small  or  mi  mite ;  the  tuhe  Jili/orni  or  slender: 
stiyma  capitate,  suinetimcs  'l-lobed :  bracts  (dl  herbaceous  and  like  the  leaves,  or 
their  tips  somewhat  colored  in  0.  yracilis  and  the  last  species.  — Tuu'iiYSAmA, 
lientlj.     {Triphysaria,  I'iscliei'  &  Meyer.) 

*  Anthers  one-celled :  lower  lip  of  corolla  saccately  3dobed  from  the  end :  seed-coat 
close,  conformed  to  the  1  -  2-apiculate  nucleus. 

+■  Stamens  soon  free  from  the  less  involute  oblony-lanceolale  upper  lij)  (f  the  corolla. 

IJ.  O.  pusillus,  lii'iith.  Weak  and  diU'iiso,  Imiiiclied  irom  tlio  base,  2  to  (i 
incliea  liigli,  suiiiewhat  hirsute:  leaves  1  -  2-i>iiiiiatilid  or  lloml  ones  3-f)-purted 
into  lilitbiiu  or  almost  setaceous  divisions,  exceeding  the  scattered  and  inconspic- 
uous flowers  :  corolla  purplish,  glabrous,  2  or  3  lines  long ;  the  tube  not  exceeding 
the  calyx  and  little  longer  than  the  ]ii»s;  the  ujiper  lip  considerably  lunger  than 
the  moderately  3-lobed  lower  one,  a  little  surpassing  the  longer  stamens  :  capsule 
globular.  —  Scroph.  Ind.  12,  &  DC.  Prodr.  x.  535. 

Low  ground,  around  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  in  Oregon.  Lower  lip  rather  open  und  with 
beardless  throat ;  the  sacs  short. 

10.  O.  floribundus,  Benth.  1.  c  Slender  and  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high, 
almost  glabrous,  iastigiately  branched  :  upper  part  of  the  leaves  jiinnately  i)avted 
into  linear-lililorm  divisions,  some  of  them  incisetl  :  spike  many-Uowercd.  dense 
above  :  bracts  of  the  upper  flowers  not  exceeding  the  calyx  :  stamens  about  the 
length  of  the  soon  open  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  ;  the  lower  lipt  with  3  diverging 
oval  sacs ;  their  scarious  teeth  lanceijlato  and  erect. 

Hillsides,  common  around  San  Francisco  Bay.  Corolla  white  or  cream-color,  half  an  inch 
long,  glabrous  or  the  tulie  .slightly  jiubcscent  ;  this  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  two  longi- 
tuilimil  villous  lines  on  the  inside  of  the  lower  lip  corresponding  to  the  sinusea  between  the  sacs. 

"t-  -»-  Stamens  more  strictly  enclosed  iu  the  acute  involute-subulate  upper  lij) :  lower 
lip  of  3  obovate  or  ylobular-injlated  sacs,  tomentose-puberulent  underneath  or  gla- 
brous, not  more  than  a  quarter  of  the  length  of  the  filiform  and  mostly  densely 
pubescent  tube;  the  tivo  folds  ivithin  separating  the  sacs  villous-bearded :  jloivers 
numerous  in  a  rather  dense  spihe :  upper  bracts  not  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  the  lower 
and  tite  cauline  leaves  above  the  broader  entire  base  pinnateiy  parted  into  slender 
setaceous  or  jiliform  divisions. 

1 1.  O.  erianthus,  iHUith.  1.  c.  Erect,  fastigiately  nuich  branched  from  near  the 
base,  soft-pubescent,  a  span  or  two  high  :  corolla  sulphur-color,  witii  the  very 
slender  and  acute  slightly  falcate  up])er  lip  (and  sometimes  the  throat)  dark  purple; 
the  tube  tbi'icc  the  Icngtii  of  the  calyx  (half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long). 

Var.  roseus,  with  rose-colored  corolla  (or  white  turning  rose-purple  % )  ;  tin;  tube 
shorter.  —  TripJiysaria  versicolor,  Fischer  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Seni.  I'etersb.  ii.  52? 

Moist  grounds,  common  from  Monterey  Bay  northward.  The  variety  in  sandy  fields,  Noyo, 
Mendocino  Co.,  Bohuulcr.  Fischer  and  Meyer  describe  their  plant  above  cited  (which  must  have 
come  from  north  of  San  Francisco)  as  having  a  white  corolla  changing  to  rose-color,  and  the 
tube  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.     The  beard  within  the  lower  lip  is  denser  in  this  than  iu  the 


nrthocarpm.  SCROPHULAKIACE.K.  579 

12.  O.  faucibarbatUS,  (Jrny.  Nculy  <^MaI irons,  or  tlu;  Imicts,  <tc.,  witli  some 
short  liirsutc  i)ut)o.scoiice,  rather  stout,  and  tlio,  hranclios  fewer  :  leaves  rather  coarser: 
corolla  aiiparcntly  white  and  with  sniall<>r  sacs  ;  the  he;ird  within  less  conspicuous; 
the  strai<j;ht  upper  lip  barely  tinj^'ed  with  purple  :  otherwise  nearly  as  0.  erianihns. 
—  Pacif.  K\  IJep.  iv.  121  ;    Watson,  T.ot.  King  Kxp.  4r)7. 

Moist  giouiKlH,  aioinul  San  I'^rancisco  l'>ay  ami  iiorthwanl  to  Mciidociiio  Co.,  aiipaicntly  not 
rare. 

*   vc   Anthers  2-ceUed;  the  lower  cell  mostly  small  and  imperfect  in  the  first  two  species: 
seed  with  an  outer  loose  and  arilliform  coarsely  reticulated  coat. 

+-  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  very  broad ;  the  sacs  deeper  (horizontally)  than  long, 

+4-  ComjxirdtivcJy  small :  narroio  vpper  lip  truncate  at  the  tip :  capsule  oblong,  obtuse. 

I'i.  O.  gracilis,  Pxinth.  Minutely  ])uhc.sceiit,  or  below  ^dabrous,  branched  from 
the  l)as(' ;  the  slender  branches  a  span  or  more  high:  leaves  .3-parted  into  linear- 
liliform  divisions,  or  some  of  the  lower  nearly  entins  :  np])er  l)raets  shorter  than  the 
rather  closely  S]ncate  flovvcr.s,  the  tii)s  of  their  lobes  puriilish-tinged  :  corolla  pubes- 
cent, purplish  ;  its  slender  tube  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  lower  lip  decidedly 
shorter  than  the  upper ;  its  sacs  small  but  deep,  somewhat  conical. 

Califoiiiia  (near  Montcroy?),  Plouglns,  Nittfall.  Wc  have  only  specimens  from  Douglas. 
Corolla  7  lines  long;  the  npper  lip  2  lines  ;  lower  one  a  line  deep.  Seeds  broadly  oval,  in  a  very 
loose  and  lacc-likc  arillil'onu  coat. 

++  ++  Sacs  ampile :  upper  lip  subulate :  capsule  ovate  :  stem  simple  or  few-branclied  : 
spike  thickish  and  commonly  dense,  at  least  above. 

14,  O,  campestris,  Penth.  (Jlabrous  or  nearly  so  below,  above  (the  calyx  and 
base  of  bracts)  hirsute  or  hispid,  2  to  4  inches  high  :  leaves  and  bracts  narrow-linear 
and  entire,  rarely  Avith  a  lobe  or  two  :  calyxdobes  lanceolate,  often  united  in  pairs  : 
corolla  white ;  the  erect  and  scarious  teeth  of  the  lower  lip  slender  and  rather 
conspicuous.  —  PI.  Ilartw,  329. 

Fields  in  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento,  Hartnrtj.  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Pitlsifer  Ames.  Corolla 
about  throe  fonrtlis  of  an  imli  long  :  lower  lip  2  lines  d(!cp. 

15.  O.  lithospermoides,  P)enth.  Hirsute  above,  pubescent  below,  about  a 
foot  high,  strict  and  simple  or  with  some  erect  brandies,  very  leafy  :  leaves  lance- 
olate or  lanceolatedinear  and  all  but  the  lower  with  few  or  several  slender  lobes; 
the  floral  with  a  dilated  base  and  somewhat  palmate  lobes  almost  eipialling 
the  crowded  Uowers  :  calyx-lobes  linear:  corolla  cream-color,  "often  turning  pale 
rose-color  "  ;  the  sacs  very  ventricose  (fully  3  lines  wide) ;  the  teeth  short  and  incon- 
spicuous. 

Hillsides,  and  moist  meadows  ;  connnnn  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  from  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  and  the  Sacramento  northward.     Corolla  an  inch  long  or  rather  less. 

-t-  -t-  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla,  less  ample,  surpassed  by  the  subulate  upper  one ;  the  sacs 
vol  deeper  than  fonp :  hirsute,  strict  and  simple,  or  the  larr/er  plants  branching,  tcith 
leaves  and  lobes  linear  and  mostly  attenuated :  spikes  leafy :  calyx-lobes  slender. 

U).  O.  lac  ems,  P>enth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  rather  softdiir.sute  and  above 
viscid  :  leaves  mostly  ])innately  parted  or  the  ujiper  floral  pnlmately  3  -  7-cleft  into 
long  and  narrow  divisions  or  lobes  :  leafy  spikes  at  first  dense,  at  length  loose : 
calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  yellow,  its  sacs  about  as  deep  as  long, — 
PI.  Ilartw.  329.      0.  hispidm,  Watson,  P.ot.  King  Kxp.  230,  in  i)art,  ^'c. 

Open  grounds,  from  tlie  valley  of  tlie  Sacramenfo  {Ifur/irrif)  and  tlirougli  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
where  it  abounds  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  Sierra  Valley.  Corolla  two  thirds  or  half  an  inch  long  ; 
the  tube  little  or  considerably  longer  than  the  calyx,  lielated  on  one  hand  to  0.  lilhoxpcrmoidrjt 
in  its  larger  forms,  in  the  smaller  ones  to  0.  his/ndus,  with  which  it  has  lieen  confounded. 


580  SCKUPIIUi.ARIAC.lKJ-:.  Urlhoauyus. 

17.  O.  hispidus,  Death.  Strict,  mostly  slendei  ami  little  bmnclied,  hirsute: 
leaves  witli  lew  slender  ilivisioiis,  ur  the  lower  entire  :  leafy  spike  virgate  :  calyx- 
lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube  :  corolla  whitish  or  pale  yellow,  its  sacs  rather 
narrow  and  longer  than  deep. 

Common  in  Oregon,  as  far  south  as  Klamath  Valley  {Cronkhtte)  ;  therefore  jtrobably  in  C'ah- 
fornia.     Corolla  half  an  inch  long  ;  the  lower  lip  much  smaller  than  in  the  precuiling. 

18.  O.  linearilobus,  IJenth.  A  foot  hiyh,  above  with  hirsute  or  somewhat 
hispid  pubescence  :  leaves  with  few  or  several  long  and  slender  divisions  ;  lloral  ones 
equalling  the  densely  s|)icate  llowers,  the  tips  of  their  divisions  conunonly  tinged 
with  purple  :  calyx-lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube  and  equalling  that  of  the 
(purplish/)  corolla:  sacs  of  the  latter  narrow,  tapering  gradually  downward,  mucli 
longer  tlian  deep  ;  the  ovate-subidate  teeth  thickish  and  shoit.  —  I'l.  Hartw.  350. 

Mountain  pastures  of  the  Sacramento  district,  llarlwaf.  In  gmiu-lieltls,  Andcison  N'iilley, 
Mendocino  Co.,  Bulandtr.     Corolla  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long. 

18.  CORDYLANTHUS,  Nutt. 
Calyx  spatliaceous,  of  an  anterior  and  a  i)osterior  leaf-like  division,  or  tlie  anterior 
one  wanting.  Corolla  tubular,  a  little  enlarging  upward,  bilabiate  ;  the  lips  short 
and  nearly  of  equal  length  ;  the  lower  very  obtusely  antl  crenulately  3-toothed  ;  the 
upper  straight  and  compressed,  with  the  a]jex  more  or  less  uncinately  incurved. 
Stamens  as  in  Orthocarpus :  cells  of  the  anthers  either  ciliate,  or  minutely  bearded 
at  base  and  apex.  Stylo  mostly  hooked  at  the  ti]),  ami  more  or  less  thickened  under 
the  entire  terminal  stigma.  Capsule  compressed,  loculicidal.  Seeds  several  or 
rather  numerous,  with  a  loo.se  coat,  tipped  with  a  point.  • —  Ihanching  annuals  ;  with 
alternate  narrow  leaves,  either  entire  or  3  -  r)-i)arteil,  the  iloral  ones  or  bracts  not 
brightly  colored.  Flowers  one  to  each  bract,  not  showy,  yellow  or  purplish,  capi- 
tately  or  spicately  crowdeil,  or  sometimes  loosely  paniculate.  —  tJray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  381  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  231,  459. 

The  species  are  all  Californian  and  of  the  interior  region  eastward,  one  extending  to  the  western 
frontiers  of  Texas.  The  genus  was  lirst  named  ^'Idctiudcijiii,  by  lientham  ;  but  as  this  name  was 
only  partially  applicable,  the  author  himself  adopted  Nuttali's  name,  CordjliUilhus. 

§  1.  Calyx  2-leaved :  Jlowtrs  sliort-pedictlltd  or  ultnoat  stsaile,  subttndt'd  by  2  ^o  4 
hractltts  :  jiural  leaots  and  bracts  wlUi  tht  truiicatt  reluse  ur  2  -  [\  toolhed  apex 
tipped  with  a  callous  (/laud.  —  Adenostegia,  Cray. 

*   Stamens  2  :  anthers  \ -celled:  fdainents  nearly  (/hdruus  :  posterior  division  of  the 
calyx  2-nerved  and  2-clc/t. 

1.  C,  capitatus,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  two  high,  paniculately  much  branched, 
finely  st)ft-pubescent,  rather  hoary:  leaves  very  narro^wly  linear,  or  the  Horal  broader 
and  3-5-cleft :  llowers  few  or  several  in  a  capitate  cluster  at  the  end  of  the  branch- 
lets  :  corolla  purjjlish,  half  an  inch  long  :  capsule  8-see(led.  —  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr. 
X.  597  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

"California,  Nuthill"  ;  but  more  pn.bably  cnlliM^lcd  by  bim  in  tbe  interior  region.  Itcdis- 
eovered  by  ira/.intv  in  tbe  ('lovir  iMuiinlains  hi  tli<'  noitb.aslern  part  of  Nevada,  ih.I  lav  .soulli  of 
Nuttall's  route  in  crossing  tbe  continent. 

*   *   Stamens  4  :  anthers  2-celled  :  fdaments  villous  :  both  calyx-leaves  5  -  ij-nerved. 

2.  C.  ramosus,  Nutt.  A  span  or  two  high,  dilfusely  branched  from  the  base, 
hoary-puber\deut  :  leaves  mostly  3  -  7-parted  into  iiliform  divisions,  Avhich  are 
hardly  at  all  glanduhir  or  dilated  at  the  a])ex  :  llowers  few  in  a  terminal  fascicle  or 
in  the  upper  axils  :  corolla  yellow  :  capsule  20-seeded.  —  Watson,  1.  c. 


Cordylanthm.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  581 

Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada  (Tonr.y,  kc.)  ;  prnl)al)ly  loacliinR  tlio  adjacent  borders  of  Cali- 
fornia :  not  raro  tbro\i^li  tlio  interior  logion  to  tlin  holders  of  Wyoming. 

3.  C.  filifolius,  Nutt.  Paniculately  bifinclied,  a  foot  or  two  liigli,  puberulent 
and  somewhat  viscid,  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  sometimes  si)arsely  hispid  : 
leaves  liliform  or  linear-filiform  ;  the  Uiwer  entire,  the  upper  3  -  5 -parted,  tlie  lloral 
with  cuneato  base  and  bristly-ciliatc!  margins  ;  tlie  divisions  with  dilated  and  rctuso 
or  notched  gland-bearing  ti])  :  ilowers  ratlier  numerous  in  terminal  heads  :  corolla 
purplish,  G  to  9  lines  long.  —  Nutt.  ex  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  Adenosteyia  rigida, 
J?cntli.  in  Lindl.  Syst.  Nat.  &  DC.  1.  c.  537. 

San  Diego  f'o.  to  San  Francisco,  &c.,  and  east  to  JIariposa  Co.  • 

4.  C.  pilosus,  Gray.  Paniculately  branched,  2  to  4  feet  high,  soft-villous  and 
more  or  less  hoary  :  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  ctitire  ;  the  upper  and  floral  ones 
usually  broader  and  notched  or  3-toothed  at  the  tip  :  flowers  crowded  two  or  three 
together  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  or  becoming  scattered  or  paniculate  :  corolla 
yellowish  with  some  purple,  less  than  an  inch  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  383. 

Var.  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Little  or  not  at  all  villous,  glandular-pubescent : 
flowers  more  pnniclod  or  Bcatlorod. 

Opeti  grounds,  Santa  Clara  Co.,  to  tho  Sacramento  and  to  Mnndoc-ino  Co.,  liraucr,  Bolanda-, 
Kellogg,  &c. 

5.  C.  tenuis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
from  very  minutely  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous  :  branches  filiform  :  leaves  entire, 
filiform  or  very  narrowly  linear ;  the  upper  sometimes  dilated  or  tridenticulate  at 
the  tip ;  the  floral  sometimes  3-parted  :  flowers  more  or  less  scattered  :  corolla 
purplish  and  yellowish,  6  or  7  lines  long. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mariposa  to  Plumas  Co.,  and  adjacent  frontiers  of 
Nevada:  also  Red  Mountain,  Mendocino  Co.,  Kellogg  or  Boland-cr. 

§  2.  Caii/x  one-leaved  (the  anterior  division  luantinff)  :  florvers  destitute  of  hractlets, 
each  one  sessile  in  the  axil  of  a  clasping  bract :  herbage  not  glandular  but 
sometimes  viscid-pubescent :  no  callous  gland  at  the  tips  of  the  leaves.  — 
Hemistegia,  Gray. 

*  Stamens  4,  all  with  villous  ^filaments  and  2-celled  anthers ;  their  cells  bearded  at 

base  and  apex :  leaves  mostly  Z-cleft. 

6.  C.  Kingii,  Watson.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  much  branched,  -vnscidly  pubes- 
cent :  divisions  of  the  leaves  linear-filiform  :  bracts  3  -  5-cleft :  flowers  crowded  at 
the  summit  of  the  branchlots  :  corolla  pubescent  above,  mostly  purple,  less  than  an 
inch  long.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  1.  c.  t.  22. 

Monitor  Valley,  Nevada  ( Watson),  and  Southern  Utah  :  not  yet  known  in  California. 

*  *  Stamen^  4,  ivith  glabrous  filaments :  anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  2-celled,  of  the 
shorter  with  a  small  lower  cell  only  ;  merely  the  base  of  the  anther-cells  ciliolaie  or 
bearded :  leaves  all  entire. 

7.  C.  canescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  About  a  foot  high,  corymbosely  branched,  rather 
stout,  hoary-pubescent  :  leaves  linear-lanceolato,  acute,  rather  erect  :  bracts  lanceo- 
late :    flowers  few  in  a  close  capitate  cluster  :  corolla  puri)lish. 

Washoe  Co.,  Nevada  {Anderson,  Torrcy,  kc),  near  the  California  line,  and  doubtless  also 
within  it. 

8.  C.  maritixnus,  Nutt.  1.  c.  A  foot  or  less  high,  corymbosely  branched  from 
tho  base,  pale,  less  hoary-pubescent  than  the  preceding,  which  it  rcsemble,s  :  tho 
leaves  and  bracts  similar  ;  inflorescence  similar  or  more  sjucate  :  corolla  dull  pur- 
plish :  filaments  in  very  unequal  pairs. 

Sandy  salt-marshes  along  the  coast,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  to  San  Diego. 


582  SCROPIIULAIIIACE/E.  Cordylanlhus. 

«   *   *  Stamens  only  2,  xirith  glabrous  filaments :  anthers  unequally  2-celled :  -upper 
leaves  and  bracts  incisely  pinnatifid  or  toothed. 

9.  C.  mollis,  CI  ray,  1.  c.  Barely  a  foot  high,  with  numerous  branches,  viHous- 
hireute  :  leaves  oblong  hnear  ;  the  lower  entire  and  obtuse ;  the  ui)per  and  tlie 
bmcts  with  '1  to  1  pairs  ol*  laeiniato  obtuse  teeth  or  lobes  :  Uowers  in  short  tliickisli 
spikes  :  corolla  whitish  or  yellowish,  with  some  dull  purple. 

Salt-marshe3  of  Saii  Fiaiicisco  J^ay,  at  Mare  Island  and  Vallejo,  C.  Wright,  E.  L.  Greene. 
Corolla  tluee  fourths  of  an  inch  long.  Seeds  somewhat  reuiform,  with  a  loose  and  thick  cellular- 
reticulated  coat. 

19.  PEDICULARIS,  Tourn.  Lousewort. 
Calyx  2-5-toolluid,  irregular.  Corolla  strongly  l)iLd)iate  ;  the  upper  lip  (galea) 
arched  and  laterally  compre.sscul,  sometimes  beaked;  the  lower  erect  at  base,  li-crested 
above,  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  enclosed  in  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  transverse,  equally 
2-celled,  all  or  in  pair-s  closely  approximate.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  small,  entire. 
Capsule  ovate  or  lanceolate,  oblique,  compressed,  more  or  less  loculicidal.  Seeds 
several  or  numerous,  comparatively  large,  ovoid.  —  Perennial  herbs  ;  with  alternate 
or  sometimes  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  those  mostly  pinnately  divided  or  lobed, 
the  lloral  ones  commonly  reduced  to  bracts  ;  the  llowers  commonly  spicate,  some- 
times mcemose,  of  various  colors,     'riie  Uiaves  in  ours  all  or  mostly  alt.ernate. 

A  genus  of  nearly  150  species,  widely  distributed,  but  chiefly  in  the  northern  lieniis|ihere  and 
in  cool  temperate  or  arctic  regions,  more  numero\is  from  Oregon  iiortliwaid  and  in  tiie  Kocky 
Mountains  than  in  California,  which,  however,  has  two  or  three  peculiar  species. 

*  Leaves  undivided,  merely  serrate :  fioivers  racemose :  corolla  beaked. 

1.  P.  racemosa,  Dougl.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  numerous  in  a  cluster, 
a  foot  or  two  high,  A'cry  leafy  :  leaves  lanceolate,  with  narrowed  base  more  or  less 
petioled,  closely  and  often  doubly  crenate-serrate ;  the  upper  floral  or  brads  linear 
and  entire  and  shorter  than  the  flowers,  but  the  raceme  leafy  below  :  calyx  split 
down  the  front,  2-toothed  posteriorly  :  corolla  white  or  purplish,  with  tube  hardly 
exceeding  the  calyx  ;  the  upper  lip  strongly  incurving  and  tapering  into  a  subulate 
beak  which  touches  the  broad  lower  lip  :  anthers  pointed  at  base.  —  Hook.  Fl. 
ii.  108. 

Mountain  woods,  Sierra  and  Bear  Valleys,  Lcmmon,  Bolandcr.  Also  Utah  and  Colorado  in  the 
higher  mountains,  and  north  to  British  Columhia. 

*    v<    Leaves  at  least  once  pinnatifid. 
+■  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  tipped  with  a  long  and  slender  proboscis ;   its  base  with  a 
tooth  on  each  side :  anthers  very  blunt :  stem  and  virgate  spike  strict,  together  from 
a  s-/)an  to  2  feet  high. 

2.  P.  Groenlandica,  Retz.  Glabrous  :  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnately 
parted  ;  the  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  sharply  and  sometimes  incisely  serrate:  calyx 
campanulate;  the  5  teeth  short:  corolla  rose-colored,  short,  barely  half  the  length 
of  the  fdiform  deflexed  and  then  ascending  or  recurved  beak,  this  nearly  half  an 
inch  long.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  IIGG,  poor.  P.  incarnata,  Iictz,  Obs.  iv.  27,  t.  1.  J',  sur- 
recta,  Benth.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  107,  &  Prodr.  x.  5GG  ;  the  larger-flowered  form,  which 
prevails. 

Higher  jtarts.of  the  .Sierra  Nevada  from  Placer  Co.  (Turret/)  east  to  the  Kocky  Mountains,  and 
north  to  British  Columbia,  Labrador,  and  Greenland  i 

3.  P.  attollens,  Gray.  Glabrous  below  :  the  dense  spike  rather  woolly  :  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear  in  outline,  pinnately  parted,  with  linear  or  somewhat  oblong 
divisions,  some  of  the  lowest  leaves  nearly  bipinnatitid  ;  the  upper  scattered,  gradu- 


Pedicularis.  0R0BANCIIACE.1<:.  583 

ally  sinallcr  nnd  simplor  ;  tho  lohos  sharply  sorrate  :  calyx  iinoq\ially  r)-toothc(l ;  tlio 
teeth  almost  ns  \oiv^  as  tho  tube,  :  corolla  i)urplo  ;  tlic  upper  lip  littli;  cxscrtcd  out  of 
the  calyx,  iinich  shorter  than  tho  broad  h)\ver  one,  and  only  about  half  the  length 
of  its  abrupt  upturned  or  retrocurved  liliform  beak,  this  2  or  3  lines  long.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  384. 

Moist  meadows  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  5,000  to  10,000  feet,  from  Mariposa  to  Placer  Co., 
Bridges,  Brewer,  Bolandcr,  Torrcy. 

+.  +.   Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  blunt  and  brakless :  radical  leaves  ample,  nearly  equal- 
linrj  or  exceedinr/  (lie  spike  or  dense  raceme. 

4.  P.  densiflora,  Bonth.  Pubescent  wlion  young,  or  nearly  glabrous,  stout,  a 
span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves  oblong-lance.olatc  or  broader  in  general  outline, 
twice  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted,  and  the  divisions  irregularly  and  sharply  in- 
cised and  toothed  ;  the  ui>per  simpler  and  reduced  to  foliaceous  bracts  of  the  dense 
or  in  age  more  lengthened  and  looser  spike  or  raceme  :  calyx-teeth  5,  lanceolate  or 
subulate  :  corolla  red  or  scarlet,  straight  and  narrow,  slightly  clavate,  an  inch  or  more 
long  ;  tho  lower  lip  very  small,  inconspicuous,  only  a  quarter  of  the  lengtii  of  the 
upper  :  anther-cells  with  tapering  or  acute  base.  —  /'.  densijlora  k  P.  aftenuata, 
Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  574. 

Common  throughout  tho  western  and  middle  portions  of  the  State.  Spike  at  first  2  or  3  inches, 
in  age  often  a  foot  or  more  in  length  :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx,  sometimes  very  short. 
Tube  of  the  corolla  either  little  or  considerably  exserted. 

5.  P.  semibarbata,  Gray.  Somewhat  pubescent,  or  at  length  glabrate,  almost 
stemless  :  leaves  crowded  next  the  ground,  slender-petioled,  much  exceeding  the 
short  anil  nearly  sessile  spikes,  twice  ])innatoly  ])art(Ml  into  small  and  sliort  mostly 
few-toothed  or  incised  lobes:  calyx  unequally  r)-toothed  :  corolla  yellowish,  oxtor- 
nally  pubescent,  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  moderately  enlarging  upward,  straight ; 
tho  short  obtuse  upper  lip  a  little  incurved,  slightly  longer  tlian  the  almost  erect 
lower  one  ;  tho  two  longer  filaments  villous  above  the  middle  ;  tho  otluirs  nearly 
naked  :  anther-cells  abruptly  pointed  at  the  base.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  385. 

Open  woods  through  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  5,000  to  10,000  feet,  from  I\Iariposa  to  Placer  Co. 
(Brewer,  Bolandcr,  Gray)  ;  also  found  near  Carson  City  by  Anderson. 

P.  CENTUANTHERA,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  120,  is  a  somewhat  similar,  but  more  peculiar, 
nearly  stemless  species,  with  once  pinnatifid  leaves,  longer  and  purnlo  corolla,  and  awned  anthers. 
It  was  discovered  in  New  Mexico,  but  hns  recently  boon  detected  in  tho  southwestern  part  of 
Utah,  so  that  it  may  reach  the  borders  of  California. 


Order  LXIX.     OROBANCHACE^. 

Root-parasitic  herbs,  destitute  of  foliage  and  green  color,  with  irregular  chiefly 

bilabiate  corolla,  didynamous  stamens,  and  one-celled  ovary  and  capsule  with  two  or 

more   parietal  many-seeded  placentrc,  —  by  the  latter  character  only  distinguished 

from  Scroplmlariaceae.  —  Seeds  very  small  and  numerous,  anatropous,  with  a  minute 

embryo  at  the  base  of  transparent  albiimcn.     Calyx  and  corolla  persistent,  hypogy- 

nous.     Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  2-celled.     Style  long  :  stigma 

2-lobed  or  nearly  entire.     Capsule  2-valved  :  each  valve  bearing  one  placenta  or  a 

pair.     Dry  or  fleshy  scales,  in  place  of  leaves,  alternate. 

A  flmnll  onlor  mainly  of  tlio  northern  tompcrnto  zone,  of  11  genera  nnd  about  150  sjieeies,  nil 
except  n  dozen  belonging  to  the  Old  World,  only  two  gcnnra  roprescnted  in  or  ncnr  Cuhrornia. 

1.  Aphyllon.     Stamens  included:  colls  of  iho  anthers  pointed  nt  base.     Calyx  fi-cleft. 

2.  Bosohnlakla.    Stamens  protruded:  nnther-cells  closely  parallel  and  blunt  nt  base.     Calyx 

tnincnto  posteriorly,  the  teeth  anterior  and  lateral. 


584  OROBANCHACE^i.  Aphyllon. 

1.  APHYLLON,  Mitchell.  Canceh-root. 
Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-piiiUMl,  regular  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  luoro  or  less  tubular  and 
curvoil,  cither  uhuost  regular  or  bilabiate.  Stamens  included  :  cells  of  the  anther 
deeply  separated  IVoin  hdow  upwaril,  niucronato  at  baso.  Stylo  long  :  stigiua  disk- 
shaped  and  pelLaLe,  or  umro  or  less  bilaniellar  ;  the  lobes  anterior  and  posterior.  A 
double  placenta  or  a  pair  of  contiguous  placenta)  on  the  middle  of  each  valve  of  the 
capsule.  Low  and  commonly  viscid-pubescent  or  glandular,  pale  or  brownish  in 
hue,  some  with  slender  naked  scai)cs  or  peduncles,  others  with  spicate  llowers  : 
corolla  purplish  or  yellowish.  — Gray,  Man.  Bot.  ed.  1,  290,  ed.  5,  323;  Benth.  & 
Hook.  Gen.  PL  ii.  983.  Atioplanihus  §  Euanoj^lon,  Endl.,  Renter  in  DC.  Prodr. 
xi.  41,  with  species  of  Phelipoea. 

A  Nortli  American  genus,  to  wliich  must  be  added  two  or  three  species  w]uch  had  been  referred 
to  Phelijjcvii  iis  that  genua  liud  been  understood.  The  original  Phelipaui,  on  the  other  hand,  is 
more  like  the  original  Ajjltijllon  in  habit. 

§  1.  Scapes  or  peduncles  naked,  long  and  slender,  from  a  loosely  scaly  rootstock  or  short 
ascending  stem,  and  no  hractlets  at  the  base  of  the  Globed  calyx :  corolla  with 
an  almost  regular  and  equally  spreading  b-lobed  border.  — True  ArnYLLON. 

1.  A.  uniflorum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Scapes  few  aiul  barely  a  span  high  from  a  nearly 
subterranean  sIkuL  ronLslock  :  lobes  (if  the  ctdyx  longer  than  its  tube,  subulate  : 
corolla  (about  an  inch  long)  bluish-jjurple  or  })urplish.  —  I'acif  \i.  liep.  iv.  118. 
Orobanche  unijiora,  Linn. 

Parasitic  on  roots  of  various  plants,  not  rare  in  California,  and  north  to  British  Columbia,  east 
to  tho  Atlantic.     Flowers  vernal,  with  the  odor  of  violets. 

2.  A.  fasciculatum,  Gray,  1.  c,  IMore  pubescent  and  glandular  :  scaly  stem  ris- 
ing out  of  ground  2  t)r  3  inches,  bearing  numerous  fascicled  peduncles  of  about  the 
same  length  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  not  longer  than  its  tube,  broader  and  shorter  than 
in  the  preceding:  corolla  j)urplish  or  sometimes  sulphur-yellow.  —  Orobanche  fas- 
ciculata,  Nutt.  ;  Hook.  PI.  ii.  93,  t.  170. 

Sandy  ground  :  commoner  than  the  other,  extending  eastward  to  tho  Mississippi  and  the  upper 
Great  Lakes. 

§  2.  Stems  rising  above  the  ground :  Jtowers  racemose,  panicled,  or  spicate,  mostly  luith 
one  or  two  bractlets  close  to  or  rarely  below  the  calyx :  corolla  plainly  bila- 
biate;  np2)er  lip  '1-lobed  or  notched  ;  lower  i-j^arted.  —  Nothaphvllon,  Gray. 

*  Flowers  racemose,  distinctly  pedicelled,  2^etty  large  {an  inch  or  more  long) :  the  lobes 
of  t/ie  corolla  more  or  less  spreading :  calyx  b-parted  into  long  and  slender  lobes. 

3.  A.  comosum,  Gray,  Low,  branching  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  : 
flowers  oil  sleudm-  and  mostly  naked  pedicels  in  a  corymb  or  short  raceme:  bractlets 
at  the  calyx  often  wanting,  when  present  very  slender:  corolla  rose-colored  or  purple, 
with  oblong  spreading  lobes.  —  Orobanche  comosa,  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  1G9. 

Dry  hills  ;  parasitic  on  Arlonisna  and  other  ]>lants  ;  on  tlio  Coast  Kango  back  of  Monterey 
(Brcu)cr)  to  Washington  Territory.  Pedicels  sometimes  nearly  an  inch  long.  Calyx  half  tho  length 
of  tho  corolla,  which  is  not  rarely  l.J  inches  long  and  broad  at  tho  throat.     Authors  woolly. 

4.  A.  Califomicum,  Gray.  Stem  stout,  a  span  or  more  high,  simple  or  branch- 
ing :  llowers  crowded  in  an  at  len«^th  elongated  and  dense  sjjike-like  raceme  :  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  calyx,  which  is  commojdy  2-bracteolato  and  its  slender  divisions 
almost  as  long  as  the  yellowish  or  purplish  corolla,  the  lobes  of  which  are  rather 
shorter  and  less  spreading  than  in  the  preceding.  —  Orobanche  Californica,  Cham.  & 
Schlecht.  Phelipcea  Californica,  Don  ;  Ileuter  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  11.  P.  erianthera, 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  225,  not  of  Engelm. 

Dry  hills,  from  near  the  coast  to  Nevada.     Anthers  naked  or  slightly  hairy. 


Boschniakia.  OROBANCHACEyE.  585 

«  *■  Flowers  mainli/  sessile,  croivded  in  a  simple  or  branching  spike  :  lobes  of  the 
corolla  short  and  less  spreading:  calyx  deejdy  5-cleft  into  linear-lanceolate  divisions, 
2-bracteolate. 

5.  A.  Ludovicianum,  Gray.  More  pubescent,  a  ^^nn  to  a  foot  liigli  :  calyx 
about  half  the  length  of  the  dull  purple  or  sometimes  yellowish  corolla  :  anthers 
(before  opening)  glabrous  or  slightly  woolly.  —  Orobanche  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.  Gen. 
ii.  58.     PhelipoEa  Ludoviciana,  Walp. ;  licuter,  1.  c. 

Near  Fort  Mohavo,  Cooper.  Tlmnco  tliroiigli  New  Mexico  to  Texas,  Illinois,  and  Minnesota. 
"Rootstock  bitter,  but  eaten  by  the  Mohavcs."  Corolla  barely  tlirco  fourths  of  an  inch  long: 
upper  lip  occasionally  entire  :  calyx  often  rather  irregular. 

A.  MULTIFLOUUM,  Gray  {Orohanclw  viulliflora,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  179,  &  P/wlipoca  criani/iera, 
Engelm.),  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  which  resembles  the  preceding  species,  has  larger  flowers, 
the  lower  ones  more  or  less  pedicelled,  longer  calyx-lobes,  and  very  woolly  anthers.  It  may  also 
reach  California. 

*  *  *  Floivers  mainly  sessile,  in  a.  pani/^le  or  thyrsoid  cluster,  small,  at  most  half  an 
inch  long :  calyx  2-bracteolate  ;  its  lobes  rather  short :  corolla  ivith  short  a)id  hardly 
spreading  lobes  :  anthers  glabrous  or  nearly  so :  stems  from  a  thick  and  firm  tuber- 
ous base. 

6.  A.  tuberosum,  Gray.  Minutely  puberulent,  low  and  stout,  the  thickened 
base  witli  firm  imbricated  scales  :  flowers  in  a  compact  cluster  :  calyx  unequally 
cleft,  a  little  shorter  than  the  yellowish  corolla.  —  Phelipcea  tnberosa.  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  371. 

Sandy  soil  on  dry  ridges,  Gavilan  Mountains  east  of  Monterey,  Brewer.  Specimens  mainly  in 
fruit. 

A.  PlNKTonuM,  Qrny  {Phrlijma  pivetnrnm,  Gray,  1.  c,  and  Orohanrlie  pivrtornm,  Goyerin  Hook. 
Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  297),  of  the  Columbia  IJivcr  region,  another  species  of  this  section,  lias  more 
tapering  stems  and  a  looser  panicle,  often  a  foot  high,  and  c(\nn\  calyx-lobes  rather  shorter  than 
its  tube. 

2.   BOSCHNIAKIA,  C.  A.  Meyer. 

Calyx  short  and  cupahaped,  oblique,  or  the  upper  side  truncate,  the  lovrer  side 
with  about  3  distant  teeth  :  no  bractlots  at  its  base.  Corolla  ventricose ;  the  upper 
lip  erect  or  somewhat  arched  and  entire ;  the  lower  3-partcd,  sometimes  very  short. 
Stamens  somewhat  protruded  :  anthers  blunt  at  base.  Seeds  Avith  a  thin  and  retic- 
ulated coat.  —  Short  and  stout  simple  stems  from  a  tuberous  base,  thickly  beset 
with  scales,  glabrous  throughout ;  the  flowers  in  a  dense  scaly  spike,  yellowish  or 
brownish.  —  Bongard,  Veg.  Sitcha,  158. 

B.  GLABRA,  C.  A.  Meyer,  the  original  species  (which  is  figured  in  Hooker's  Flora  Bor.-Am.), 
inhabits  Siberia  and  the  high  northern  parts  of  this  continent.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  ex- 
tremely short  lower  lip  to  the  corolla. 

B.  HooKEiu,  Walp.  (figured  by  Hooker  as  Orobanche  tiihrrosa),  known  only  by  a  .siwcimcn 
collected  by  Menzios  on  the  N.  W.  Coast,  must  bo  near  the  following,  but  has  short  and  blunt 
calyx-teeth  and  narrow  bracts  to  tho  spike. 

1.  B.  Strobilacea,  Gray.  A  span  high,  thick  and  stout,  with  broad  and 
rounded  dark-brown  scales  overlying  one  another,  so  as  to  resendile  a  spruce-cone, 
floriferous  from  near  tho  base  :  calyx  truncate-entire  on  the  po.'^torior  side,  on  the 
anterior  with  3  linear-subulate  teeth  longer  than  tho  tube  :  lower  li]>  of  the  corolla 
as  long  as  the  ujiper,  of  ;?  obhuig  spreading  lobes  :  filaments  strongly  boarded  at 
base:  placenta;  4,  equidistant.  —  Pacif.  R.  Kep.  iv.  118. 

On  dry  steep  hills  of  the  South  Yuba,  Biqrlow.  Sta.  Lucia  Mountains,  parasitic  on  roots  of 
Manzanita,  Brewer.  "Scales  brownish-red  with  light  margins  :  corolla  striped  with  white  and 
brownish-red." 


586  Ll'LNTIBULARIE.E.  Utricularia. 

Order  LXX.     LENTIBULARIEiE. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  bihibiate  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  personate  and 
spurred  or  saccate  on  the  lower  side,  only  2  stamens,  their  anthers  conlluently 
1-celleil,  and  the  iVee  ovaiy  1 -celled,  with  u  free  central  placenta.  Ovules  numerous, 
anatropous.  Capsule  many-seeded,  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  destitute  of  albu- 
men :  the  embryo  thick,  almost  entire,  a  mere  notch  for  the  cotyledons.  Flowers 
perfect,  on  a  scape  or  scape-like  peduncle. 

Tlio  iniucipal  genera  uru  I'iiKjuicula  or  lUittcrwort,  iiihaliiliiig  wot  rocks,  one  bpeciua  in  Oregon, 
uiul  the  rather  large  genus,  -  ■ 

1.   UTRICULAEIA,  Linn.         Bladueuwort. 

Calyx  persistent,  its  lips  entire.  Corolla  with  very  short  tube  and  ample  lips ; 
the  lower  larger,  3-lobed,  bearing  a  prominent  and  usually  bearded  palate,  decid- 
uous. Stamens  borne  in  the  base  of  the  corolla,  connivent :  anthers  approximate. 
Style  short :  stigma  1  -  2-lii)ped.  —  The  commoner  species  are  immersed  in  still  or 
slow-flowing  water,  have  branching  stems,  and  capillary  dissected  leaves,  and  on 
some  of  them  bladders  with  a  valvular  opening,  in  which  minute  aquatic  animals 
are  caught  and  retained. 

A  genus  of  numerous  species,  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  several  in  the  Atlantic  United 
States,  but  only  the  following  known  in  California,  both  ranging  round  the  worlil. 

1.  U.  vulgaris,  Linn.  Stems  1  to  3  feet  long,  swimming  free  under  water,  beset 
with  twice  or  thrice  ])innately-parted  capillary  leaves  bearing  many  bladders  : 
])eduncles  rising  out  of  the  water  G  to  12  inches  high  :  flowers  5  to  12  in  a  ra(;emo, 
(I  inch  broad) ;  the  conical  curved  spur  rather  shorter  than  the  lower  lip  of  the 
corolla  :  ])e(licels  nodding  after  flowering. 

bakes  and  pools,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  in  tho  northwestern  counties  ;  the  var.  Americana, 
Gray,  having  a  narrower  and  less  blunt  spur  than  in  tho  European  plant. 

2.  IT.  minor,  Linn.  Stems  a  few  inches  long,  slender,  swimming  free,  branch- 
ing, beset  witli  short  and  2  to  4  times  forked  leaves  having  linear-flliform  divisions  : 
peduncle  slender,  rising  out  of  the  water,  and  bearing  3  to  8  flowers  in  a  raceme  : 
corolla  3  lines  long,  with  very  short  and  blunt  spur  or  sac  :  pedicels  nodiling  after 
flowering. 

Hig  Spring  in  Indian  Valley,  Lcmmon.  Collected  by  Watson  in  Nevada  and  Utah,  but  only 
sterile. 

Order  LXXI.     BIGNONIACE^. 

Woody  plants,  erect  or  climbing,  with  more  or  less  bilabiate  corolla,  didynamous 
or  by  abortion  diandrous  stamens,  a  free  ovary  with  two  parietal  placentie  but  very 
commonly  2-celled  by  a  false  partition,  and  numerous  seeds  with  a  flat  embryo  and 
no  albumen.  Leaves  various,  hut  commonly  opposite.  Flowers  usually  largo  and 
showy,  [jerfect.  Corolla  5-lobed,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  three  lobes  of  the 
lower  lip  covering  the  others.  Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  alternate 
with  the  lobes ;  the  anterior  pair  always  fertile  and  rudiments  of  the  3  others 
present,  or  4  fertile,  the  uppermost  rudimentary  or  wanting  :  anthers  2-celled.  A 
fleshy  annular  disk  around  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Style  single  :  stiguia  of  2  broad 
lips.     Ovules  anatropous  or  amphitropous.      Fruit  mostly  a  capsule,  opening  by  2 


Chihj.sis.  ACANTIIACEyE.  587 

valvca  wliicli  full  away  from  the  j)lacf>ntifcrnus  pnrlitioii  or  ropliini.  Seeds  largo, 
winged  or  appendaged  ;  the  kernel  consisting  of  tlio  (lat  embryo  :  cotylcdona  broad 
and  foliaceous  :  radicle  short. 

A  large  order  in  the  tropins,  and  with  a  few  representatives  in  the  temperate  zones,  especially 
in  America,  such  a.s  the  Tninipet-Creeiier  (Trcoma  rndimns)  and  the  (,'atjilpa-tree  in  tiie  Atlantic 
States.  There  are  some  tnie  Jiiffnoyiinccrc  in  the  soutlicrn  part  of  Lower  California  ;  but  in  our 
State  only  one,  and  that  barely  along  the  southeastern  frontiers. 

Matitynia  (Unicorn-plant)  is  represented  by  a  species  or  two  in  Lower  California  and  Arizona, 
but  none  is  known  along  or  near  our  boundtiry.  '1  ney  are  viscid  and  nink-scented  herbs,  with  a 
sort  of  drupaceous  imperfectly  'i-.'l-celled  fruit,  and  thick-coated  wingless  seeds.  M.  I'UOBOS- 
ciDEA,  Glox.,  the  common  Unicorn-plant,  sometimes  cultivated  in  gardens,  is  not  unlikely  to 
occur  in  California  as  an  introduced  ])lnnt.  These  plants,  with  Sesamum  and  some  other  genera, 
constitute  the  order  or  suborder  PKnAMNE,?;. 

1.    CHILOPSIS,  Don.  I)KSKin-Wii,i,ow. 

Calyx  membranaceons,  ovate  in  the  bud,  irregularly  bilal)iate,  often  split  deeper 
on  one  side.  Corolla  funnclforra,  ventricose  above,  with  an  ample  bilabiately 
5-lobed  spreading  limb ;  the  rounded  lobes  erose  and  undulate.  vStamens  4  and  a 
sterile  lilament :  cells  of  the  anther  naked  and  diverging.  Capsule  long  and  linear, 
terete,  resembling  that  of  Catafpa,  2-celled  with  the  at  length  loose  narrow  partition 
contrary  to  the  valves.  Seeds  oblong,  thin,  with  the  wing  at  each  end  dissected 
into  a  woolly  or  fine  bristly  tuft.  Cotyledons  2-lobed.  —  Don  in  Edinb.  Phil.  Jour, 
ix.  261  ;  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  227.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  C.  sallgna,  Don,  1.  c.  Shrub  or  tree,  10  to  20  foot  high,  with  hard  wood, 
willow-like,  pubescent  when  young,  soon  glabrous,  with  slondor  branches  bearing 
numerous  leaves  :  these  linear  or  linear-lanc(>olato,  4  to  0  inchos  long,  opposite, 
whorlcd,  or  mostly  irregularly  alternate,  entire,  slightly  glutinous  when  old :  llowers 
in  a  short  terminal  raceme  :  corolla  one  or  two  inches  long,  Avhite  and  jnirplish  :  cap- 
sule 6  to  10  inches  long.  —  C.  linearis,  ])C.  1.  c.  Bignonia  (?)  lincark,  Cav.  Ic.  iii. 
t.  269. 

Along  water-courses,  San  Bernardino  and  San  Diego  counties,  .and  through  the  arid  interior 
region  to  the  borders  of  Texas  and  the  northern  part  of  Mexico. 

Order  LXXII.    ACANTHACEiE. 

Like  Scrophulariace(B  in  general  character,  except  in  the  capsule  and  seeds. 
Flowers  perfect,  mostly  with  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  2-celled, 
with  placenta  in  the  axis,  bearing  few  or  definite  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Capsule  2-celIed,  few-seeded.  Seeds  borne  on  hook-like  or  rarely  cupshapod  pro- 
cesses of  the  placenta  (retinacnla),  destitute  of  albumen.  Cotyledons  broad  and 
flat.     Corolla  with  lobes  either  imbricated  or  convolute  in  the  bud. 

A  very  largo  family,  chiefly  in  nnd  near  the  inter-iropicnl  regions  ;  a  few  in  tlio  Eastern  United 
States  extemling  even  to  the(!reat  Lakes;  a  larger  number  along  (he  southern  border  of  tho 
United  States  ;  one  or  two  only  known  to  occur  within  the  borders  of  Ihe  State  of  California,  but 
several  not  far  distant.  One  or  two  species  of  Thiinhrrrjia  commonly  lepresent  the  order  in 
cultivation.     Tho  herbage  is  bland  or  slightly  bitter,  and  destitute  of  active  properties. 

*  Stamens  4  :  corolla  hardly  or  only  slightly  bilabiate. 

1.  Ruellla.     Anthers  2-celled.      Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.     Ca))Mide  sevetal-.seedeil. 

2.  Berglnia.     Anthers  1 -colled.     Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Capsule  4-secded. 

*  *  Stamens  only  2  :  anthers  2-celled  :  corolla  strongly  bilabiate  :  capsule  4-seeded. 

3.  Beloperone.     Anthers  with  lower  cell  spurred  or  pointed  at  base.     Flowers  1-bracted. 

4.  Dicliptera.     Anther-eells  pointless.     Flowers  1  to  3  between  a  pair  of  valvate  bracts. 


588  ACANTHACE.E.  Raellia. 

1.  RUELLIA,  Limi. 
Calyx  5-parted  into  narrow  and  nearly  equal  divisions.  Corolla  broadly  I'unuel- 
form,  almost  regularly  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  broad  and  Hat,  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included  :  lUanients  united  at  the  base  in  pairs  :  anthers 
sagittate,  2-celled  ;  the  cells  nearly  parallel  and  equal.  Capsule  obloiig  or  club- 
shaped,  nearly  terete,  8-  IG-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  rounded  or  somewhat  lieart-siiai)ed. 
—  Perennials  and  chiclly  herbs;  with  ovul  or  oblong  and  petioled  leaves,  and  rather 
largo  blue  or  i)urple  Uowers ;  many  of  the  most  fertile  ones  never  unfolding,  being 
close- fecundated  in  the  hud. 

1.  R.  tuberosa,  Linn.  Pubescent,  2  or  3  feet  high:  loaves  oval  or  ovate: 
llowers  in  a  nearly  naked  tcirminul  panicle:  corolla  (1|  to  2  inches  long)  with  a 
slender  tube  suddenly  expantled  into  an  ample  throat :  stigma  single  (the  other  fork 
wanting)  :  capsule  12  —  16-seeded.  —  Cryphiacaathus  liurbadeasis,  Nees, 

California,  Coidter.  But  his  plant  (No.  556)  very  likely  collected  in  Arizona,  whence  thia 
species  extends  to  Texas,  and  is  common  in  ilcxico,  W.  Indies,  kc. 

2.    BERGINIA,  Harvey. 

Calyx  5-parted  into  narrow  chartaceous  and  striate  nearly  equal  divisions.  Corolla 
with  tube  about  equalling  the  calyx  and  the  irregular  rather  bilabiate  limb ;  upper 
lip  nearly  erect,  2  parted,  the  lobes  oblong,  interior  in  the  bud ;  lower  longer  and 
spreading,  3-parted  or  eleft ;  the  lobes  somewhat  obovate,  the  middle  one  with  a 
bearded  patch  at  and  below  its  base.  Stamens  4,  inserted  in  the  throat :  filaments 
subulate,  the  anterior  pair  bearded  inside  next  the  anther  :  anthers  ovate-lanceolate, 
tho  acute  tips  at  first  lightly  cohering  by  a  minute  board.  Stylo  thickened  at  aj)ex: 
stigma  naked,  truncate  and  a  little  cui)ped.  Caps\do  not  at  all  stalk-liko  or  nar- 
ntwod  at  base,  ovate,  appurenlly  thin-walled  and  not  compressed,  4-8eodi!d  from 
near  tho  base.  — A  single  species. 

1.  B.  virgata,  Harvey,  in  herb.  Apparently  a  low  and  somewhat  shrubby 
plant,  minutely  puberulent,  with  slender  branches  :  leaves  linear-obhjng,  entire, 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  scabrous  (half  an  inch  or  so  in  length),  with  midrib  prominent 
underneath  ;  tlie  upper  reduced  to  ovate-lanceolate  bracts  of  the  loose  interrupted 
spike,  barely  o(iualling  the  2-bracteolato  calyx  :  corolla  ajjjjarently  white,  less  than 
half  an  inch  long.  —  l^jnth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  J'l.  ii.  lODG. 

California,  No.  (503,  Cuallcr.  Not  sinco  met  witli ;  more  probably  collected  in  Arizona  or 
within  the  borders  of  Mexico. 

3.   BELOPERONE,  Nees. 

Calyx  equally  5-parted,  subtended  by  a  pair  of  small  bractlets.  Corolla  tubular, 
bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  interior  in  the  bud,  concave,  erect  or  arching,  entire  or 
emarginato;  the  lower  sprea<ling  and  3-lobed.  Stamens  2:  anthers  2-celled  ;  tho 
cells  disjoined,  one  higher  than  the  other,  the  lower  one  with  a  short  spur  at  base. 
Style  filiform  :  stigma  mostly  entire.  Capsule  clavate,  having  a  long  empty  stalk- 
like base ;  the  short  cells  each  2-seeded.  —  ^lostly  shrubs,  of  Tnqjieal  America; 
with  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes ;  the  briicts  and  bractlets  small  and  narrow.  — 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  1110. 

1.  B.  Californica,  IJenth.  Tomentose  or  hoary :  stems  shrubby,  slender,  often 
becoming  leafless  :  leaves  ovate,  round-oval,  or  somewhat  cordate,  nearly  entire, 


Didipiera.  LAHIAT^I^:.  589 

slender-potiolcd  :  racemes  short  and  loose  :  bracts  and  bractlets  deciduous  :  calyx- 
lobes  subulate  :  corolla  dull  red,  narrow,  an  inch  long ;  the  lips  truncate  :  cells  of 
the  anther  nearly  equal  in  size,  the  lower  witli  a  short  blunt  spur  :  capsule  tomen- 
tose,  club-shaped,  the  stalk-like  empty  V)ase  lonjrpv  than  the  seed-bearing  portion.  — 
Lot.  Sulph.  38.  Jacobinia  Calif nrnica,  Nees  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  729.  ^ericoffraphis 
Californir.a,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  125. 

Along  the  southeastern  borders  of  the  State  (Fre/)wnt,  Neivberry,  Parry,  kc),  in  Aiizona,  and 
through  Lower  California.  Capillary  style  rather  persistent,  at  length  separating  by  a  joint  above 
the  base. 

4.  DICLIPTERA,  Juas. 

Bracts  a  pair,  valvately  enclosing  1  to  3  flower-buds.  Corolla  tubular,  bilabiate  ; 
the  upper  lip  interior  in  the  bud,. flat  or  concave,  eniarginate  or  entire  ;  the  lower 
spreading,  3-toothed  or  lobed.  Stamens  2  :  anthers  with  2  cells,  one  higher  than 
the  other,  both  pointless.  Capsule  short,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  4-seeded, 
the  base  floodloss  and  stalk-liko  :  the  strong  .  procossos  that  boar  the  seeds  curving 
upward  and  becoming  hook-liko  at  doliiscoiico.  Seeds  flat.  —  Mostly  herbs ;  with  0- 
anglod  stems,  broadish  and  petioled  leaves,  and  cither  scattered  or  clustered  flowers : 
mainly  tropical,  two  or  three  species  reaching  the  United  States. 

1.  D.  resupinata,  Juss.  Nearly  glabrous  :  stems  slender,  loosely  brandling  : 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  slender-petioled  :  peduncles  scattered,  bearing  a  pair  of 
cordate  or  rounded  foliaceous  bracts,  and  between  them  a  single  flower  or  rarely  a 
pair  :  corolla  purplish,  half  an  inch  long.  —  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  125.  J),  thlns- 
pioides,  Nees  in  DC.  1.  c.  474. 

California,  No.  557,  Coulter :  but  perhaps  only  in  Arizona,  where  it  abounds,  as  also  in  Lower 
California,  in  the  form  of  D.  thlmpioidcs ;  so  called  because  the  flattened  pair  of  bracts  (3  to  5 
lines  in  diameter),  terminating  a  peduncle  of  about  the  same  length,  may  be  likened  to  the  silicle 
of  a  Thlaspi  In  most  species,  when  the  flowers  are  in  clusters,  many  of  the  corollas  appear  to 
be  reversed  (resupinate),  the  3-lobed  lip  seemingly  the  upper  one  as  respects  the  main  axis. 

Order  LXXIII.    LABIATE. 

Herbs,  or  chiefly  so,  mostly  aromatic,  with  square  stems,  o})posito  simple  loaves 

and  no  stipules,  bilabiate  corolla,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  and  an  ovary 

parted  into  4  lobes  around  the  single  style,  forming  1-seeded  seed-like  nutlets  in  the 

bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  3  -  5-toothed  or  cleft,  or 

bilabiate.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed  or  entire ;  the  lower  3-cleft  or  parted 

(or  in  the  first  tribe  as  if  4  in  the  upper  and  one  in  the  lower  lip).    Stamens  on  the 

tube  of  the  corolla.    Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  often  unequally  so,  or  one  of  the  lobes 

obsolete  :  stigmas  minute.     Seed  erect  from  the  base  of  the  nutlet,  mostly  without 

albumen.     Embryo  straight  (except  in  Scutellaria) ;  the  radicle  inferior.  —  Foliage 

mostly  dotted  with  impressed  glands,  producing  the  volatile  oil  upon  Avhich  depends 

the  aroma  and  warm  pungency  of  a  large  part  of  the  order.     Inflorescence  axillary, 

the  flowers  when  clustered  cymose,  the  cymes,  clusters,  &c.,  sometimes  racemose  or 

spicate  at  the  upper  portion  of  the  stem  or  branches. 

A  largo  order,  found  in  nil  countries,  but  most  abundnnt  in  wann-tcnqicnito  rr;jioiis.  All  tlio 
plants  innocent,  but  some  aroniatic-]iungcnt ;  several  used  in  medicine  or  for  condiments;  otliei's, 
with  brilliant  blossoms,  such  as  Mexican  and  nrazilian  Snfjcs,  ciiltivnted  for  ornament.  Many 
Old-World  species,  such  as  Marjoram,  Savory,  Thyme,  several  Mints,  Cat-Mint,  Motherwort,  &c., 
are  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  States,  b\it  have  not  been  met  with  on  the  Californlan  side. 


590  LABlAT^t;. 

Hyssoi'us  officinams,  Liiiii.,  the  Hyssoi»  of  the  OKI  World,  which  has  sparingly  eacai»ctl  from 
ganlens  to  roadsides  at  the  East,  has  once  been  received  from  riiuuas  Co.,  California;  hut  prob- 
ably it  is  not  there  naturalized. 

Nki'ETA  Catauia,  Linn.,  tlie  Catnip,  and  perhaps  N.  Gi.kchoma,  Bentli.,  the  Grounti  Ivy, 
also  Gai.koi'sis  Ti;riiAniT,  l.inn.,  the  llemp-Netlie,  LEoNiiiuis  Caudiaca  &.  L.  SimKicu.s, 
Linn.,  Motherwort,  and  I.amium  a.mi'I.kxhaiii.k,  Linn.,  &c.,  Doad-Nottle, —  weeds  from  lim  Ohl 
World,  —  are  to  be  e.\peclid  in  California,  but  apparently  have  not  yet  found  their  way  thither. 

1.  Nutlets  not  reticulated,  (juite  distinct  and  attached  at  the  very  base  :  corolla  not  more  deeply 
cleft  down  the  upper  side. 

Tkibk  I.  OCBIOIDE.K.  Stamens  declined  towards  or  resting  upon  the  lower  lip  of  the 
corolla,  nil  four  fertile.  Corolla  declined,  the  -1  somewhat  e([Ual  lobes  forming  the  upper 
lip,  and  the  liftli  dissimilar  one  the  lower.  {Ocimuia  JJasiiicam,  Linn.,  the  Sweet  liasil, 
cultivated  as  a  sweet  herb,  is  the  type  of  this  tribe.) 

L  Hyptia.    Calyx  5-toothe-l.    Lower  lobe  of  the  corolla  saccate,  abruptly  deflexod  at  the  base. 

Tkibe  1L  SATUREIEiE.  Stamens  erect  or  ascending  ;  the  })osterior  pair  shorter  or  wanting : 
anthers  2-celled,  and  the  short  cells  never  far  separated,  sometimes  partly  conlluent  but  not 
blended.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  never  hooded  :  all  the  lobes  fiat  or  flattish. 

♦  Corolla  (small  and  short)  about  equally  4-lohed  and  calyx  4  -  5-toothed  :  tube  naked  within. 

2.  Mentha.     Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  erect,  straight  and  distant. 

3.  Lycopus.     Stamens  "2  with  anthers  :  the  posterior  pair  sterile  or  wanting. 

*   *  Corolla  with  border  bilabiate,  and  no  hairy  ring  within  the  base  of  the  tube. 
+-  Calyx  about  cipially  fj-toothed  and  13-nerved:  style  heardle-ss. 

4.  Pycnanthemum.    Flowers  glomerate-capitate.    Stamens  4,  straight,  distant  and  divergent  : 

anther-cells  parallel.     Corolla-lips  and  lobes  short. 

5.  Monardella.     E  lowers  glomerate-capitate.     Stamens  4,  straight,  exserted  :  anther-cells  at 

length  divergent.     Corolla-lobes  narrow. 

6.  Micromeria.     E  lowers  solitary  or  loosely  clustered  in  the  axils.     Stamens  4,  curving  and 

ascending,  shorter  than  corolla. 

-t-  -t-  Calyx  distinctly  bilabiate  :  style  beardless. 

7.  Calamintha.    Flowers  scaiterwl  or  loosely  clustero.l.    Stamens  4,  the  shorter  pair  sometimes 

sterile,  conniving  in  pair.s  or  ascending  jiarallel. 

+■  -t-  +■  Calyx  uncipuilly  and  deeply  5-cleft,  mostly  L'i-norved;  style  bearded  above. 

8.  Pogogyne.     Stamens  4,  sometimes  the  up2)er  pair  steiile,  ascending. 

»   ♦   »  Corolla  not  manifestly  bilabiate  :  a  hairy  ring  at  the  base  of  the  tube  within. 

9.  Spbacele.     Calyx  campanulate,  deeply  and  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  membranaceous  and 

enlarging  in  fruit,   oidy  10-nerved,   reticmlated.      Stamens  4,   distant.      Corolla  with 
5  roundish  lobes,   the  lower  longest. 

TiuiiK  III.  MONAKDE-E.  Stamens  only  2  ftrtiie,  the  niiper  pair  rmlimentary  or  wanting  : 
ant  hers  uppartiitly  or  really  of  a  singh'  liniuir-idjlong  ceil,  or  of  2  cells  very  widely  sepa- 
rated upon  the  two  ends  of  a  lihiment-liko  connective. 

10.  Salvia.     Connective  longer  than  the  fdament  itself,  which  it  strides,  a  narrow  anther-cell  at 

its  upper  end,  a  smallei'  one  or  a  long  process  at  the  lower. 

11.  Audibertria.     Connective  much  shorter  than  the  filiform  filament  and  continuous  or  barely 

articulated  with  its  apex,  or  apparently  none  :  anther  1-celled,  no  rudiment  of  the  second 
cell  below. 

Tkibe  IV.  NEPETEili.  Stamens  all  four  with  good  anthers,  ascending  or  divergent ;  the 
posterior  pair  surpassing  the  anterior.  Corolla  distinctly  bilabiate  :  calyx  15-nerved. 
(Nki'ETA,  the  type  of  this  tribe,  would  be  expected  to  give  two  European  weeds,  the  Cat- 
nip and  Ground  Ivy  ;  but  they  have  not  yet  been  seen  in  collections.) 

12.  Lophanthus.     Calyx  15-nerved,  5-tootlied.      Stamens  divergtmt,  the  jjairs  crossing  :  anther- 

cells  parallel. 

Tkibe  V.  STACIIYDIJ/E.  Stamens  all  4  witli  good  anthers,  ascending  and  parallel  under 
the  concave  or  galeate  upi)'jr  lip  of  the  corolla.  Calyx  5 -10-nerved.  Herbage  much  less 
aromatic  than  in  the  i)reccding  tribes,  the  glandular  dots  or  oil-glands  scanty. 

♦  Anthers  of  the  lonj^er  jjair  of  stamens  with  one  cell  abortiv(!  or  wanting,  as  also  is  the  uj)])er 
fork  of  the  stylo  :  embryo  curved  ;  the  short  radicle  resting  against  one  of  the  cotyledons  : 


Men  (ha.  LABIATJ^J.  591 

lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  commonly  uintod  rather  to  the  upper  than  to  the  lower  :  calyx 
with  short  entire  lips. 

13.  Scutellaria.     Calyx  with  a  strong  projection  on  the  upper  side,  becoming  casque-shaped, 

linaily  splitting  and  the  upper  part  usually  falling. 

14.  Salazaria.     Calyx  with  no  projection  on  the  back,  eidargcd  and  bladdery-inflated  in  fruit. 

*   ♦  Anthers  all  alike  2-celled.     Embryo  straight,  as  in  the  order  generally. 

15.  Brunella.     Calyx  reticulate-veiny,  strongly  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  truncate-3-toothed,  lower 

2-('loft.     Filaments  2-forkod  nt  apex,  one  fork  bearing  the  anther. 
1(5.  Marrublum.    Calyx  6-10-iiorvod,  lO-toothod.     HUinioiiH  onchisml  hi  llm  nliort  tubo  of  tho 
corolla. 

17.  Btaohys.     Calyx  5-  lO-nervod,  5-toothod.     Slamons  rising  out  of  Iho  throat  and  under  the 

upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 

II.  Nutlets  rugose-reticulated,  somewhat  united  at  base  or  obli(|uely  fixed  :  corolla  most  deeply 
cleft  between  the  two  upper  lobes. 

Tribe  VI.  A-IUGOIDE/E.  Stamens  ascending  parallel,  and  protruded  from  the  cleft  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  corolla,  which  thus  divides  completely  the  upper  lip  :  the  anterior  longer 
than  the  posterior  pair. 

18.  Trichoatema.     Calyx  camj>aniilate,  5-cleft.    Corolla  with  ^  somewhat  similar  oblong  lobes  ; 

the  limb  oblique  in  the  bud  and  containing  the  spirally  coiled  stamens. 

1.  HYPTIS,  Jacq. 
Calyx  somewhat  equally  5-tootlied.  Corolla  short ;  the  lower  lohe  saccate, 
abruptly  deflexed  at  the  contracted  and  callous-margined  base ;  the  other  4  lobes 
nearly  equal  and  flat.  Stamens  4,  declined,  included  in  the  sac  of  the  lower  lobe. 
—  Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  of  very  many  South  American  and  ^rexicuji  species,  a  few 
reaching  the  United  States. 

1.  H.  Smoryi,  Torr.  Minutely  scurfy-tonicntoso  and  cancscont,  shrubby,  4  or 
5  feet  high,  with  slender  branches  :  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  obscurely  crcnate,  an  inch 
or  less  in  length,  slender-petioled :  flowers  in  loose  short-pcdunclod  axillary  clusters: 
pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  somewhat  turbinate  calyx,  both  densely  scurfy.  — 
Eot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  20.  //.  lanata,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  129,  a  slip  for 
//.  lanijlora,  excl.  syn. 

Gravelly  ravines  of  tlio  Mohavo  {Fremont,  Cooper)  and  eastward,  Kinorij,  Newberry,  kc.  Carton 
Tantillas,  within  the  borders  of  Lower  California,  Palvur.  "Fragrant."  Corolla  2  or  3  lines 
long,  apparently  purplish. 

H.  ALBIDA,  HBK.,  a  related  Mexican  species,  sparingly  occurs  in  Arizona,  but  no  nearer  than 
Camp  Grant,  Palmer, 

H.  LANiFLORA,  Beuth.,  and  H.  tephrodes,  Gray,  are  known  only  from  the  southern  part  of 
liOwer  California. 

II.  roi.YSTACiiYA,  IIRK.,  which  is  probably  only  //.  spicata,  Poiteau,  an  annual  species,  of 
Mexico,  &c.,  is  doubtfully  enumerated  in  Bot.  Beechey's  voyage ;  but  nothing  like  it  is  known 
from  California. 

2.  MENTHA,  Linn.  Mint. 
Calyx  about  equally  5-toothcd.  Corolla  with  a  short  included  tube,  and  a  cam- 
panulate  almost  equally  4-cleft  border ;  the  upper  lobe  broadest,  cither  entire  or 
sometimes  emarginate.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  erect,  distant. —  Odorous  perennial 
herbs,  usually  multiplying  by  creeping  shoots  or  rootstocks  ;  with  very  small  flowers 
in  dniifto  clust(«r.s,  tho  two  oppo.>*it(i  ones  forming  an  apparent  whorl,  either  in  the 
axils  or  else  spicate  at  the  top  of  the  branches  :  corolla  whilish  or  ptirplish. 

1.  M.  Canadensis,  Linn.  About  a  foot  liigli.  sweet  scented,  pomntimos  soft- 
pubescent,  sometimes  almost  glal^rous:  leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  almost  lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  acute,  short-petiolcd  :  flowers  all  in  short  axillary  clusters,  the  sum- 
mit of  the  stem  being  sterile  :  calyx  hairy,  its  teeth  short. 


592  LABIAT.E.  I^jcojHis. 

Border  of  streams  ami  s|iriiigs,  San  Francisco  Bay  and  eastward  to  Nevada,  &c.  Extemls 
uorthwurd  to  riigcl  Sound,  and  cast  to  the  Atlantic. 

M.  rii'KitiTA,  Liiiii.,  tilt!  rtiiiK'indnt,  wldcli  is  glabrous,  the  leaves  pctioled,  and  the  llowcrs 
crowded  iu  a  tcrnunal  sjiikc,  is  proinibly  in  cultivation,  and  theret'oro  likely  to  bo  naturalized. 

M.  viuiKis,  liinn.,  tlio  S|icarniint,  like  the  lust,  but  with  veiny  leas  smooth  and  sessile  leaves, 
jnobabiy  in  huge  demand  lur  juli'iis,  is  sure  to  be  naturalized  bel'oro  long. 

3.  LYCOPUS,  Tourn.        Wateu  Hokkhounu. 

Like  Mentha,  but  the  posterior  p;iir  of  stamens  ^Vantillg  or  sterile.  Calyx  in  the 
same  species  either  5-toothed  or  4-tootheJ.  Corolla  apparently  regular,  being  about 
equally  4-lobed.  Nutlets  with  thickened  margins  at  the  top.  Flowers  white  or 
nearly  so,  in  close  sessile  whorl-like  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  — A  genus 
of  few  species,  widely  dispei-sed.  —  Cray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  285, 

1.  L.  sinuatus.  Ell.  Not  stoloniferous  nor  tuberiferous,  but  with  rootstocks 
more  or  less  creeping,  glabrous  or  minutely  roughish-jjubescent,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
loosely  branching  :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  laciniate-pinnatitid  or 
irregularly  incised,  or  merely  sinuate,  petioled  :  outer  bracts  barely  equalling  the 
ilowers  :  calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate  and  cuspidate,  rigid,  nearly  equalling  the 
corolla,  in  fruit  .surpas.sing  the  iiutlids  :  ruilimenta  of  sterile  stamens  sli^iuler  and 
with  a  IhickoniHl  tip. 

Wet  groumls  ;  rare  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  not  uncommon  iu  Oregon,  extending 
through  the  Atlantic  Stales. 

2.  L.  lucidus,  Turcz.,  var.  Americanus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Somewhat  stoloniferous 
from  the  base  of  the  stem,  and  with  stouter  subterranean  runners  producing  large 
tubers,  nearly  glabrous,  or  usually  puberulent-hirsute :  stem  stout  and  strictly 
erect,  2  or  3  feet  high,  very  leafy,  acutely  angled  towards  the  sunmiit :  leaves  lan- 
ceolate (2  to  4  inclies  long),  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate  with 
ascending  teetli,  sessile  or  nearly  so  :  subulate  outermost  bracts  as  long  as  the 
Ilowers  :  calyx-teeth  slender-subulate,  equalling  the  corolla,  not  exceeding  the  nut- 
lets :  rudiments  of  sterile  stamens  slender  and  with  a  thickened  tip. 

l-ow  grounds  near  Sun  Kraneiscu  (A'<;/%.(/,  &c.):  also  from  Arizona  and  Now  Mexico  to  Sas- 
katchewan.    Foliage  not  at  all  lucid  us  in  the  Siberian  plant. 

L.  ViKGiNieus,  Linn.,  in  a  large-leaved  form  (L.  oiutcrophyllus,  Benth. )  occurs  in  Oregon  and 
eastward.  It  may  be  known  by  the  abundance  of  liliform  runners  produced  during  the  summer, 
and  the  pointless  calyx-teeth,  which  are  mostly  4,  while  5  hugely  prevails  in  the  other  species. 
An  unusual  bitterness  gave  tliis  plant  a  certain  repute  in  medicuie,  but  it  is  of  no  account. 

4.  PYCNANTHEMUM,  Michx. 

Calyx  ovate-oblong  or  short-tubular,  ours  with  5  short  equal  teeth  ;  the  throat 
naked  within.  Corolla  short,  with  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx,  and  a  distinctly 
2-lipped  border ;  both  lips  nearly  Hat ;  the  upper  entire  or  nearly  so  and  rather 
erect ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cloft  into  short  and  obtuse  lobes.  Stamens  4, 
straight,  distant  and  divergent ;  the  anterior  pair  slightly  longer  :  anther-cells  close 
and  parallel.  —  Perennial  erect  herbs,  with  densely-crowded  flowers  (whence  the 
name);  consisting  of  IG  species  of  the  Atlantic  United  States,  and  one  in  California. 

1.  P.  Californicum,  Torr.  About  2  feet  high,  corymbosely  branched,  sweet- 
odorous,  wliitenud  with  a  fine  and  soft  close  })ubescence,  or  in  age  sometimes 
smootliish  and  greener  :  leaves  from  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  closely  sessile  by  a 
roundish  or  slightly  cordate  base,  si)aringly  denticulate  or  entire  (1  to  3  inches 
long)  :  heads  of  flowers  very  dense  at  summit  and  in  2  or  3  upper  pairs  of  axils, 
compacted  Avith  slender  bracts,  white-villuus  :  flowers  whitish. — Pacif.  It.  Pep. 
iv.  122. 


Monardelhi.  LABIATJ'].  5^3 

Diy  ami  01)011  ground  ;  common  nearly  t.hrougliout  tlio  Stato  to  tlin  soiillicin  boundarv  and  the 
frontiers  of  Nevada.  The  var.  (jlabcllum  is  a  green  and  glabrate  sUte,  hardly  needing  a  distinc- 
tive name.  '       n  ^  o 

6.  MONARDELLA,  Benth. 
Calyx  tubular,  narrow  or  elongated,  10  -  13-nerved,  5-tootlicd  ;  the  teeth  short, 
straight,  and  nearly  equal ;  the  throat  naked  within.  Corolla  with  the  tube  either 
slightly  or  manifestly  longer  than  the  calyx,  glal)rous  within  ;  the  2-cleft  upper  lip 
and  the  lobes  of  the  3-parto(l  lower  one  all  Hat  and  linear  or  oblong.  Stamens 
4,  exserted,  either  strongly  or  moderately  unequal  :  anther-cells  often  divergent  or 
divaricate. —  Annual  or  perennial  sweet-odorous  herbs  (all  Californian,  oiie°or  two 
extending  to  Oregon) ;  with  the  aspect,  inflorescence  and  calyx  of  Afonarda,  and  the 
corolla  rather  of  P ycnanthemnm,  but  mostly  on  a  larger  scale  :  the  flowers  compacted 
in  terminal  heads  involucrate  with  bracts,  rose-color,  purple,  or  white.  Leaves 
entire  or  obscurely  toothed.  —  Lab.  331,  &  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  190. 

§  1.  Flowers  comparatively  few  and  loose  in  the  head,  large:  corolla  mostly  with  long- 
exserted  tube  :  anther-cells  oval-oblong,  divaricate. 

1.  M.  macrantha,  Gray.  Perennial,  tufted,  a  span  high  from  creeping  rather 
woody  rootstocks,  puberulent  or  pubescent:  leaves  thickish,  ovate,  obtuse  (6  to  10 
lines  long),  glabrate,  slender-petioled  :  bracts  of  the  10- 20-f lowered  head  ovate  or 
oblong,  obtuse,  thin-membranaceous  or  somewhat  scarious,  sometimes  whitish  or 
purplish-tinged,  externally  like  the  calyx  villous-i)uboflcont :  tooth  of  the  latter  lan- 
ceolate, merely  acute  :  corolla  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  glabrous,  oran-e-rod  • 
Its  tube  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  the  lobes  lanceolate.  —  Pro?  Am' 
Acad.  XI.  100.  ■         ■ 

Cuiamnra  Mountains  and  near  Julian  City,  northeast  of  Snn  Diogo,  Cfrrehvd,  Pahnrr  Calyx 
three  fourths  or  ,n  fruit  even  a  full  inch  long.  Corolla  often  nearly  2  inches  oner  a,  parent^ 
bright  orange-colored  with  the  limb  scarlet,  the  tube  gradually  enlarging  upward.     "   ''1'^^'^^""^ 

2.  M.  nana,  Gray,  1  c.  Resembles  the  j.receding,  with  somewhat  hirsute  pu- 
bescence :  flowers  smaller:  corolla  not  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  white  or 
tinged  with  rose-color;  the  slen.ler  tube  pubescent :  bracts  wl.itisli  and  rose-color 

Mountains  behind  San  Diego,  C/arlnnd.  Spociniens  har.lly  sumcient.  Calyx  barelv  two 
sSime:'2  I'ini's'lZg-r.*"'^  "'  ''''  ''''  ^"^^"^  ^"^^*""-  ^-''•^  ---'-g  ^^  lUloAX 

§  2.  Flotvers  numerous  and  densely  capitate:  calyx  from  a  fourth  to  a  third  of  an 
i7ich  long :  anther-cells  shorter  arid  less  divaricate. 

*  Perennial  in  tufts  f7-07n  a  procumbent  and  almost  woody  base,  or  from  i^omewhat 
creeping  slender  rootstocks :  corolla  from  flesh-color  to  purple,  the  tube  little  if  at  all 
exceeding  the  calyx.  •' 

3  M.  viUoaa,  Honth.  Soft-puboscont  or  villous,  a  foot  or  two  high  •  joavos 
ova  e,  Often  with  a  few  obtuse  teeth,  veiny  (G  to  10  li„os  lo„g),  po.tioled  •  bmcts 
ovate  fohaceous  p.nnately  veined. -Lab.  332,  k  J5ot.  8ulph.  42,  t  21  -  VarW 
greatly,  especially  m  the  pubescence.  '        ""^'"K 

\ZT  ^®Pf°«jP^°°f  '[""•  =  "^  ^f «  pubescent  form,  with  thinner  and  almost  entire 
Irx   hount'l29  1"""^*^'"""^  ^^"^"''^^  '^"^«  «^-««^t«'l  tube  to  the  corolla. -Bot 

Var.  glabeUa,  Gray:  a  form  with  nearly  oblong  loaves,  somotimos  almost  ses- 
sile, varying  from  5  to  18  lines  in  length  ;  the  pube.^-ence  very  clos  ,  and  nute  !1 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  386.     M.  Sheltoni,  Torr.  in  Durand,  Pf  Prattou 

su^tS^l^':S^^!^.E;iy^;Z3."'^°"^^'  ^"^  '^^^  =  ^'-  "--  ^"•"-  ^••■"'  ^^^'^^'^ 


594  LABIAT/E.  Monurdtlia. 

4.  M.  odoratissima,  licntli.  Pale  and  nearly  glabrous,  or  cancscently-tonien- 
tulose,  a  sjian  to  a  loot  high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  entire  (-t  to  15  lines 
long),  and  short-jietioleil ;  the  veins  not  i)roininent :  bracts  thin-niembranaceous 
and  colored  (whitish  or  pinkisli),  inclining  to  parallel-veined,  ciliate  or  villous  : 
culyx-teotli  short,  triangular-lanceolate,  hirauto  without  and  within. 

Dry  hills  iiloiifr  the  Siciiii  Nevada  ut  5,000  to  10,000  foot,  and  through  the  interior  of  Oregon 
to  Wasiiingtou  Tenitoiy.  Plant  with  a  strong  scent  of  Pennyroyal  :  in  California  it  is  hardly  if 
at  all  pubescent,  except  tlie  head. 

5.  M.  linoides,  <  i ray.  ^linutely  canescent,  but  the  pubescouco  imperceptible  : 
stems  more  erect  and  rigid,  u  foot  high,  slonilor :  leavers  small  (about  hull'  an  inch 
long),  lanceolate,  or  tlie  uppi-r  linear  and  sessile  and  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate,  ob- 
tuse, the  veins  very  obscure  :  bracts  nearly  aa  iu  tlio  preceding  but  barely  ciliate  : 
culyx-teoth  narrowly  lauceolate,  merely  pubescent.  —  I'roc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  iUl. 

Mountains  east  of  San  Diego,  near  the  Orollamme  mine.  Palmer.     Redolent  of  Berganiot. 

*   *   Annual,  less  Uafij:  Uaves  entire  or  merely  undulate. 

+-  Corolla  {from  Jlesh-color  to  rose  or  purple)  with  tube  slightly  or  moderately  ex- 
serted  from  the  calyx  :  the  lobes  linear  or  elongated-oblong. 

++  Bracts  jiointlt'ss,  jjaralld-veiued  or  chiefly  so:  calyx-teeth  rather  broad  and  blunt. 

G.  M.  undulata,  lienth.  A  ii\Kin  to  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves  from  oblong- 
spatulate  to  nearly  linear  with  a  narrowed  base,  obtuse,  undulate-margined  (com- 
moidy  an  inch  long),  tapering  into  a  jietiole,  minutely  jiubescent  or  glabrous:  bracts 
and  calyx  villous ;  the  former  broadly  ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  thin-niend>rana(;eous  or 
scarious,  destitute  of  cross- veinlets  between  the  nerves  ;  corolla  rose-color. 

Not  luicommon  in  tlio  western  part  of  the  State,  from  near  San  Francisco  to  its  soutiiern  bor- 
ders.     "  F.xhules  a  strong  odor  of  Peppermint. " 

7.  M.  lanceolata,  ( I  my.  A  foot  or  ao  high,  bracliiately  brancheil,  gnum  aiul 
ahaost  glabrous,  or  the  stem  puberulent :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolato  (an 
inch  or  two  lojig),  tapering  below  into  slender  pi^tioles  ;  the  upper  acute  ;  all  with 
entire  and  even  margins:  brai^ls  foliaceous  or  nearly  so,  ovate  or  olilong,  mostly 
acute,  copiously  reticulated  between  the  ascending  or  parallel  ribs  or  primary  veins 
by  cross  veinlets  :  calyx  inconspicuously  nerved  ;  the  short  teeth  densely  hirsute 
■within,  sparsely  if  at  all  so  Avithout  :  corolla  bright  rose-color  or  purple,  sometimes 
spotted  with  darker  dots.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  102. 

Dry  giound,  common  along  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Plumas  Co.  to  Tejon 
and  San  l^iego  Co.  It  h.as  been  confounded  both  wilii  Af.  undulata  and  M.  cundicans.  Apparently 
mncli  handsomer  tlian  eitlier. 

8.  M.  candicans,  Benth.  A  foot  or  so  in  height,  at  lengtb  loo.sely  branched, 
canescently  soft-puljcrulent,  at  least  above  :  leaves  oblong  or  lauceolate  (about  an 
inch  long),  commoidy  obtuse,  rather  abruptly  ct)ntracted  at  the  base  into  a  slender 
juitiole,  the  margins  even  :  bracts  thin-membranaceous  or  almost  scarious,  ovate, 
obtuse,  reticulated  by  some  cross-vein  lets  between  the  parallel  ribs:  calyx  evidently 
nerved  ;  the  teeth  very  villous  both  within  and  without :  corolla  pale  or  white,  the 
tube  not  exserted.  —  1^1.  Ilartw.  330. 

Koot-hills  on  the  Sacramento,  Stani.shui.s,  Cosumnes,  &c. 

+-h  +-^  Bracts  cuspidate,  mostly  scarious  except  the  strong  ribs  :  calyx-teeth  subulate. 

1).  M.  Breiveri,  (Jray.  A  span  or  more  high,  ituberulent :  leaves  oblong  or 
ovate,  abruptly  petioled,  pinnately  veined  (the  larger  an  inch  long)  :  bracts  broadly 
ovate,  abruptly  acuminate-cuspiciate,  whitish-scarious,  the  outer  pinnately  and  the 
inner  nervosely  7-9-ribbed,  most  of  the  ribs  converging  into  the  pt)int :  corolla 
rose-purple,  the  tube  surpassing  the  calyx. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  386. 

Corral  Hollow,  Contra  Costa  Co.,  soutli  of  Monte  Diablo,  on  a  very  dry  sandy  hill,  Brewer. 
The  plant  hiis  the  ns|ject  of  a  small  Munanhi  fmliihtmi. 


Micromerw.  LABIATvl<:.  51)5 

10.  M.  Douglasii,  I'onth.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  liigli,  loosely  branched, 
pubcrulctit  and  above  birsuto  :  loaves  lancoolato  (about  an  incb  loiij;),  tapering  intd 
tbo  petiole,  tlio  veins  inconspicnous  and  nsopiiding  :  bracts  ovat(j  and  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, gradually  aeuminate  to  a  cuspidate  point,  wbolly  or  mainly  transparent- 
scarious  (silvery  wliite  or  tinged  purplisli),  except  tlie  strong  midrib  and  divergent 
pinnate  veins  wliicli  all  run  into  a  marginal  false  vein  of  o(pial  strengtb,  forming  a 
rigid  framework  :  corolla  deep  rose-color,  tbo  tube  little  exserted  beyond  tlic  sba"-p- 
jiointod  calyx-teetb.  —  Lab.  332,  ^  DC.  Prodr.  I.e.  M.  candicam,  var.  vemsa, 
Torr.  I'acif.  K.  Kep.  iv.  123. 

Hills  and  piniiis,  nrouiul  Sail  Franoisco  Bay  and  nortli  to  Yuba  Co.  Plant  stiong-sccnted.  Tlio 
very  thin  and  transparent  veinless  substance  of  tJ)e  bracts  set  as  in  frames  formed  of  the  ribs  and 
simple  veins. 

-t-  ■«-  Corolla  {tvliite  ?)  small,  nith  tvholly  included  tube  and  short  ovate-ohlomj  lobes. 

11.  M.  leucocephala,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  liigb,  minutely  cinereous-pubes- 
cent :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire,  abort-petioled  :  bracts  orbicular-ovate, 
pointless,  tbin-scarious,  brigbt  wbito,  7-9-norvod,  and  witli  a  few  indistinct  vein- 
lots  :  calyx  birsute,  finely  and  closely  nerved  ;  tbo  tooth  subiilato  and  whitish.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  385. 

Plains  near  Merced,  Brewer.  Bracts  4  or  5  lines  long,  the  veins  minutely  hispid  underneath. 
Calyx  2i  lines  long.  Corolla  probably  more  conspicuous  in  other  specimens.  The  species  is  a 
very  peculiar  one. 

6.   MICROMERIA,  Bentb. 

Calyx  oblong  or  tubular,  about  13-striate,  terete,  not  gibbous  nor  declined,  about 
equally  5-tootbed.  Corolla  short,  uaked  within,  distinctly  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  erect, 
flattish,  entire  or  eraarginato  ;  lower  spreading,  3parted.  Stamens  4  :  fdamonts 
arcuate-ascending ;  the  anterior  pair  longer  :  anthers  2-celled.  Style  glabrou.s.  — 
Low  plants,  sweet-odorous,  various  in  habit,  with  small  Howers  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves. 

A  ^enus  of  numerous  Old  World  and  several  South  American  species,  one  of  wiiich  (of  the 
peculiar  section,  HicsrEitoniYMUs)  reaches  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  and  has  a  relative 
on  the  Tacifio  Coast. 

1.  M.  Douglasii,  Bentb.  Perennial  herb,  slightly  pubescent,  with  long  and 
slender  creeping  and  trailing  stems  :  leaves  round-ovate,  thin,  sparingly  toothed  (an 
inch  or  less  in  diameter)  short-petiolcd  :  flowers  mostly  solitary  in^he  axils,  on  a 
long  and  filiform  2-bracteolate  peduncle  :  calyx-teeth  subulate  :  corolla  purplish,  4 
lines  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  tube  exserted.— Lab.  372.  Thymns 
J)ouf/lasii  &  Chamissonis,  Bentb.  \\\  Linuaea,  vi.  82.  Micromeria  harbata,  Fischer 
<fe  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  viii.  G7. 

.    Y°"'!;^  "^^''^  ^^^^}'  '^"^"g*^^-  '""stly  in  sandy  soil,  from  Santa  Barbara  Co.  northward  to  Wash- 
mgton  territory.     A  sweet-scented  herb,  tiie  well-known  Verba  Bucna. 

2.  M.  purpurea,  Gray.  Erect  and  much  branched,  a  foot  or  two  high,  rather 
finely  and  loosely  pubescent :  leaves  sbort-petioled,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sparsely 
serrate  with  sharj)  appressed  teeth  (an  incb  long) :  flowers  numerous  in  umbel-liko 
sessde  or  short-{)eduncled  fascicles  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  :  calyx  oblong-campanu- 
late,  about  the  length  of  tbo  pedicels,  naked  in  the  throat ;  the  slender-Rubulate  teeth 
one  third  the  length  of  the  tube  :  corolla  "  purplo-bluo,"  2  lines  long,  little  exceed- 
ing the  calyx.  —  lledeoma  purpurea,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  r)2. 

Webb's  Landing,  on  an  island  in  the  San  Joacpiin  Tlivor,  AV/%r/.  Plant  with  "the  strong 
odor  and  carminative  properties  of  the  ooinmon  IVnnyroyal."  Not  otlicrwise  met  with,  and 
rather  obscure.  It  is  in  no  respect  a  Ikdroma:  in  miexpandod  (lowci-budH  ail  four  filamoiits 
bear  fertile  and  similar  anthers. 


506  LABIAT.-E.  Calamiul/ui. 

7.  CALAMINTHA,  Meeuch.        Calaminth. 

Calyx  oblong  or  tubular,  often  gibbous,  about  13-striate,  bilabiate  ;  the  upper  lip 
3-tootlied  or  3-clct't ;  lower  3-parted  ;  tlio  throat  either  naked  or  bearded.  Corolla 
with  a  straight  tube  juostly  exceeding  the  calyx,  un  enlarging  throat,  and  a  distinctly 
bilabiate  limb ;  ujiper  lip  erect,  Hattish  or  concave,  entire  or  emarginate,  the  lower 
spreading,  3-lobed  or  parted.  Stamens  4  ;  the  upper  pair  sometimes  smaller  and 
sterile  :  filaments  ascending  parallel  under  or  beyond  the  upper  lip,  or  conniving  in 
pairs  :  anthers  2-celled,  with  or  without  a  thickened  connective.  —  Herbs  or  some- 
what sulfruticose  plants,  of  various  habit,  forming  four  or  five  very  distinct  sections ; 
the  ypecius  dispersed  around  the  northern  hemis])here. 

C.  I'Ai.MKiii,  Cimy,  is  II  new  species  of  the  Acinos  sootion,  alow  and  small-flowered  aiuiuul, 
with  wholly  the  aspect  of  a  Ilcdcomu.  It  was  recently  discovered  on  Guadalupe  Island  off  Lower 
California,  by  JJr.  E.  Palmer. 

1.  C.  mimuloides,  Eenth,  Erect,  2  feet  high,  somewhat  viscidly  villous: 
leaves  ovate,  thin,  coarsely  serrate,  an  inch  or  two  in  length,  slender- petioled:  flowers 
nearly  solitary  in  the  axils;  their  slender  peduncle  leafy-bmcteate  at  the  base:  calyx 
tubular,  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  nearly  naked  in  the  throat,  barely  bilabiate, 
the  three  teeth  of  the  upper  lip  united  higher  than  the  two  lower,  all  cuspidate 
from  a  broadly  triangular  base  :  corolla  orange,  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  its  cylin- 
drical tube  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Tl.  Ilartw.  331. 

Shady  places,  Cainiel  liiver,  Monterey  Co.,  llarlwcy. 

2.  C.  (1)  ilicifolia,  Cray.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base,  3  to  G  inches  high, 
rigid,  puberulent  or  glabrate  :  leaves  coriaceous,  ovate-spatulate  or  cuneate,  coarsely 
few-toothed,  about  half  an  inch  long  and  with  a  petiole  of  equal  length  :  biacts 
nearly  as  large  as  the  leaves,  but  closely  sessile,  rigid-coriaceous,  broailly  ovate  or 
roundish,  callous-margined ;  the  stout  midrib  and  3  or  4  paira  of  pinnate  divaricate 
veins  projecting  into  long  prickles  :  flowers  several  and  sessile  in  each  axillary 
cluster,  each  pair  of  clusters  (making  a  false  whorl)  involucrate  by  4  bracts  :  calyx 
oblong,  villous-i)ubescent,  moderately  bilabiate ;  the  teeth  spinulose-subulato  from  a 
broad  base  :  corolla  apparently  j)urplish  or  white  (half  an  inch  long)  ;  the  tube  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  upper  lip  erect,  oblong  and  concave,  entire;  the  lower  broad 
and  spreailing,  3-lobed  ;  the  lobes  short  and  rounded  ;  middle  one  deeply  and  the 
lateral  ones  slightly  emarginate  :  stamens  inserted  high  in  the  enlarged  throat ; 
the  pairs  very  unecpial ;  anterior  i)air  with  stout  filaments  and  divaricate  almost 
confluent  anthers ;  posterior  pair  with  slender  filaments  and  much  smaller  or  abor- 
tive anthers.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  368. 

California,  Major  Rich,  in  herb.  Torrey.  Near  Saii  Diego,  D.  Cleveland.  Described  as  consti- 
tuting a  peculiar  section,  Acantudmintha.  Additional  specimens,  from  Mr.  Cleveland,  show 
abortive  anthers  to  the  upi»er  pair  of  stamens  (and  no  villosity  to  the  fertile  stamens,  as  described 
from  Kich's  specimen  in  the  Torreyan  herbarium);  and  the  upper  lip  is  so  concave  that,  taking 
the  singular  bracts  and  the  habit  into  view,  the  plant  may  with  reason  be  ranked  as  a  genus. 

8.  POGOGYNE,  Iknth. 

Calyx  uucipially  and  deeply  5-cleft ;  the  lanceolate  teeth  longer  than  the  campan- 
ulate  or  turbinate  niostly  15-nervetl  tube,  the  two  h)wer  longer;  throat  naked.' 
Corolla  straight,  tubular-funnelform,  with  short  lips ;  the  erect  and  entire  upper  lip 
and  the  three  lobes  of  the  spreading  lower  one  oval  and  somewhat  alike.  Stamens 
4  with  anthers,  or  the  upper  and  shorter  pair  sterile,  ascending,  and  above  more  or 
less  approximate  in  pairs  :  anthers  2-celled  ;  the  cells  parallel  and  pointless.  Style 
somewhat  exsertcnl,  bearded  above  with  hirsute  hairs.  —  Low  annuals  (all  Calil"<'i'nian), 


Pofjogyne.  LABIATyE.  597 

sweet-aromatic  ;  with  oblong  or  ohlanceolate  mostly  entire  leaves,  narrowed  into  a 
petiole ;  flowers  mostly  crowded  and  interrupted  spicate  ;  bracts  and  calyx  liireute- 
ciliate,  the  teeth  of  the  latter  mostly  3-nerved;  the  corolla  blue  or  purplish. —  Benth. 
Lab.  414. 

§  1.  Stamens  all  four  viith  antJiers :  style  conspicuously  bearded  above,  and  its  subulate 
lobes  almost  equal :  corolla  (6  to  9  lines  long)  tubular-funnel/orm,  the  tube 
stirpassing  the  calyx  {calyx-teeth  variable). 

*  Flower-clnsters  densely  crowded  into  an  oblont;  or  cylindrical  spike,  which  is  con- 
spicuously white-hirsute  tvith  the  long  and  stiff  ciliate  hairs  of  the  bracts  and 
calyx. 

1.  F.  Douglasii,  Benth.  Rather  stout,  a  span  to  a  foot  high:  leaves  oblong, 
spatulate,  or  oblanceolate,  veiny,  sometimes  sparingly  toothed:  spikes  dense  :  bracts 
linear,  acute  :  lower  divisions  of  the  calyx  twice  or  thrice  the  Icngtli  of  tlie  tube 
and  much  longer  and  narrower  than  the  others  :  corolla  half  to  throe  fourtlis  of  an 
inch  long,  blue,  or  sometimes  purplish. — Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  588G.  P.  muUiJhra, 
Benth.  Lab.  kc,  a  smaller  form  with  rather  shorter  bracts. 

Open  and  shady  grounds,  throughout  the  western  part  of  tlio  State  and  into  tlio  foot-liills  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

2.  P.  parviflora,  Benth.  More  slender,  5  to  8  inches  high  :  leaves  narrower  : 
spike  shorter  :  bracts  mostly  obtuse  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  rather  broad,  the  lower 
hardly  longer  and  the  upper  shorter  than  its  tube  :  corolla  barely  half  an  inch  long. 

San  Francisco  Bay  to  Mendocino  Co.,  Douglas,  Bolandcr,  he. 

*  *    Whorl-like  flower-clusiers  more  or  less  di.siant  :  bracts  and  calyx  sparsely  and 

rather  slightly  hirsnte-ciliate. 

3.  P.  nudiuscula,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  higli,  with  slender  puberulont 
branches  :  leaves  spatulate  or  linear-spatulate,  obtuse  (an  inch  or  less  in  length), 
glabrous  :  bracts  linear-subulate  and  cuspidate  :  corolla  half  an  inch  long,  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx  :  anthers  of  the  posterior  stamens  usually  smaller  than  the 
others,  but  polliniferous. 

Near  San  Diego,  7).  Cleveland.  Calyx-loboa  lancoolato-anlmlato  or  linear-sulnilate,  in  the  later 
flowers  nil  twlco  or  thrlco  tl>o  length  of  the  tube,  but  in  mmio  of  tlio  earlier  onoH  little  longer  than 
the  tul)o. 

§  2.   Upper  stamen  sterile:  style  sparingly  hairy,   its  lobes  very  xinequal :  flowers 
small.  —  IIedeomoides,  Gray. 

«    Tube  of  the  corolla  slender  and  manifestly  exceeding  the  calyx,  4  or  5   lines   long  : 
inflorescence  capitate. 

4.  P.  tenuiflora,  Gray.  A  span  or  less  in  height,  pubcrulent  or  at  the  summit 
pubescent,  corymbosely  branched  or  simple  :  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  their  peti- 
oles and  the  narrow  bracts  slightly  and  sparsely  and  somotiines  not  at  nil  hriatly- 
ciliate  :  calyx-lobes  unequal,  linear-lanceolate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  filiform 
tube  of  the  corolla  :  sterile  filaments  tipped  with  a  small  capitate  gland.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  100. 

,     Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California,  Dr.  Palmer.    Added  to  complete  the  account  of  the  genus. 
*   *    Corolla  at  most  2  lines  long,  little  if  at  ail  surpassing  the  calyx. 

5.  P.  ziziphoroides,  Benth.  Stems  2  to  0  inches  high  :  leaves  ovate  or  oval, 
thickish  ;  the  iloral  with  the  rigid  narrow  bracts  and  the  calyx  hirsute-ciliate  with 
strong  white  hairs  :  inflorescence  capitate  or  spicate,  sometimes  interrupted,  or  with 
a  few  solitary  flowers  in  the  lower  axils  :  calyx-lobes  .slightly  unp(|ual,  broadly  lan- 
ceolate, very  acute,  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  tube,  the  longer  equalling  the 


598  LABIATE.  Pofjocjyne. 

corolla  :  posterior  filaments  not  reduced  in  size,  but  bearing  only  abortive  anthers.  — 
PI.  Hartw.  33U. 

Valley  of  tiiu  Saciaineiito,  Harlwecj,  Andrews,  Bolander. 

G.  P.  serpylloides,  Oray.  Stems  slender,  difluse,  3  to  G  inches  hi^di  :  leaves 
(»l)ovaLe-uvul  or  s|iuLiiluLt!  :  lower  Mowers  roiiioto  ami  often  solitary  in  thea.xils,  leat'y- 
hracted  ;  the  upi)er  usually  interruptedly  spicate  :  calyx-lobes  unequal  and  with  the 
bracts  more  minutely  anil  sparsely  ciliate,  all  much  longer  than  the  tube,  the  largcsr 
fully  etjualling  the  violet  or  hluisii  corolld  :  sterile  iilaments  of  the  posterior  stamens 
tipped  with  minute  rudiments  of  anthers:  stylo  bearded  above  with  very  few  and 
coarse  hairs.  —  i*roc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  38G.  lledtuma  (])  serpylloides,  Torr.  I'acif. 
R  Kep.  iv.  123. 

Mouteruy  to  Mutulociiio  V,o. :  iippareiitly  couiinon.  Lcavea  2  or  3  liii03  long,  bosides  the  petiole. 
Corolla  iiicouspicuous. 

9.  SPHACELE,  Iknth. 

Calyx  carapanulate,  nearly  ecjually  5-clett,  thin-membranaceous  and  reticulated, 
especially  when  enlarged  in  fruit,  irregularly  about  10-nerved,  naked  within.  Corolla 
cylindraceous  or  oblong-campamdate,  with  5  broail  and  roundish  rather  erect  lobes, 
the  lower  one  longest :  a  hairy  ring  at  the  base  of  the  tube  within.  Stamens  4, 
distant,  somewhat  ascending  :  lilanuuits  nakiid ;  the  jwsterior  i)air  shorter  :  anther- 
cells  diverging.  —  Somewhat  shrubby,  veiny-leaved,  and  rather  large -flowered.  All 
Soutli  American  and  ^lexican,  excepting  one  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  and  the 
following. 

1.  S.  calycina,  Benth.  Shrubby  only  at  the  base,  2  to  5  feet  high,  villous- 
pubescent  or  tomentose,  leafy  :  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly 
obtuse,  crenato  or  serrate,  soiuetimes  almost  entire,  thinnish,  either  roundish,  cuno- 
ate,  or  occasionally  obscurely  cordate  at  base,  usually  petioled ;  the  floral  ovate-lan- 
ceolate and  sessile  :  flowers  an  inch  long,  mostly  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  forming 
a  short  leafy  raceme  ;  calyx  a  little  shorter  than  the  purplish  or  lead-colored 
corolla,  soon  inflated;  the  lobes  triangular-lanceolate. — Lab.  568,  &  in  DC. 
Prodr.  xii.  25.'). 

Var.  glabella,  Cray  :  a  form  with  pubescence  minute  or  hardly  any,  the  veinlets 
sometimes  inconspicuous,  sometimes  more  prominently  reticulated. 

Var.  Wallacei,  (^Jray  :  loosely  villous  :  lower  leaves  with  truncate  or  sometimes 
liastate-subcorilale  base  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  attenuatoly  linear-lanceolate  from  a 
broader  base. 

Not  uncommon  on  hillsides,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  southward  :  the  var.  glabella  collected 
by  Bridges  and  S.  F.  Beckham  (Santa  Barbara  Co.)  :  var.  IVallacei  only  by  IFallace,  near  Loa 
Angeles  ? 

10.   SALVIA,  Linn.        Sage.     Chia. 

Calyx  bilabiate;  its  upper  lip  (2-)  3-toothed  or  entire,  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla 
deeply  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  straight  or  falcate,  entire  or  emarginate,  or 
rarely  2-lobed ;  the  lower  spreading  or  drooping,  its  middle  lobe  sometimes  notched 
or  obcordate,  commonly  large.  Stamens  2,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla : ' 
fllaments  short,  sometimes  very  short,  apparently  forked,  i.  e.  a  slender  connective 
attached  by  the  middle  to  its  apex,  its  posterior  portion  ascending  and  bearing  a 
linear  anther-cell ;  its  anterior  or  descending  end  bearing  a  smaller  and  deformed 
anther-cell  or  a  mere  rudiment.  Posterior  stamens  mere  vestiges  or  none.  Nutlets 
when  wetted  mostly  developing  abundant  mucilage  and  long  spiral  threads.  —  Her- 


Salvia.  LABIATE..  500 

baceous  or  suffruticose  plants,  aromatic  and  bittorisli,  of  various  as[)cct,  many  witli 
sliowy  flowers. 

A  genus  of  about  4r>0  species,  fouml  in  nil  pnrts  of  the  world,  but  mainly  in  wnnn  temperate 
and  subtropical  regions.  There  are  about  two  dozen  species  in  the  United  States,  but  only  two, 
and  of  a  peculiar  section,  have  yet  been  met  with  in  the  State  of  California. 

§  1.  Throat  of  the  calyx  viflonsor  naked;  its  upper  lip  much  longer  than  the  lower, 
more  or  less  incurved,  ?>-%tonthed;  the  lower  2-pnrted ;  the  teeth  all  s^pin- 
nlose-awned  :  cm-olla  riixjent,  blue  or  jnn-ple ;  its  tiihe  with  a  hairi/  riiif/  inside, 
and  the  7ipper  lip '1-lobed :  xtamens  distant  from  the  upper  lip,  unconnected; 
the  lower  fork  of  the  long  filiform  connective  hearing  a  polliniferous  anther- 
cell:  root  miiiual  or  perhaps  biennial :  leaves  pinnatifid  :  fowers  in  solitary  or 
2  to  i  proliferous  dense  capitate  clusters,  whirji  are  involucrate  tvtth  j^ersist- 
ent  bract-like  floral  leaves.  —  EciliNOSniACE.  (§  Echinosjihace  &  Pycnosphace, 
JJonth.) 

1.  S.  carduacea,  Bentli.  White-woolly  with  lax  cobwebby  hairs  :  stem  stout, 
.simple,  a  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  naked,  at  base  surrounded  by  a  cluster  of  oblong 
sinuate-pinnatilid  and  spinuloso-toothed  Thistle-like  leaves  :  head-like  false  whorls  1 
to  4,  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  very  many-flowered,  equalled  or  surpassed  by  the 
involucrate  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  spinescently  pectinate-toothed  bracts  : 
calyx  long-woolly,  many-nerved  ;  its  ample  upper  lip  strongly  3-toothed,  the  middle 
tooth  much  the  larger,  the  lateral  ones  distant ;  the  throat  villous  :  tube  of  the 
corolla  slightly  exserted  ;  its  upper  lip  erose-denticulate  and  2-cleft ;  the  lower  with 
small  lateral  lobes  and  a  larger  tlabeliiform  and  fimbriately  many-cleft  nnddle  one  : 
l)ropor  filaments  hardly  any  :  anthor-coUs  hairy.  —  Jlook.  Hot.  Mug.  t.  4874.  8.  gos- 
sypina,  Bonth.  PI.  Hartw.  3.30. 

vSandy  soil,  not  uncommon  throughout  the  western  and  middle  parts  of  the  State  to  San  Diego. 
Corolla  an  inch  long. 

2.  S.  Columbarise,  Benth,  Minutely  tomentose  or  soft-pubescent  :  stem  com- 
monly sleniler,  branching,  and  leafy  below,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  two  high  from  an 
annual  root,  naked  and  peduncle-like  below,  terminated  by  a  solitary  or  two  prolif- 
erous head-like  false  whorls  :  leaves  deeply  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  or  parted  into 
oblong  and  crenately-toothed  or  incised  divisions,  pointless,  rugose  :  involucrate 
floral  leaves  bract-like  and  short,  ovate,  entire ;  bracts  similar  but  membranaceous, 
sometimes  purplish,  abruptly  acuminate-awned  :  flowers  small :  calyx  naked  within  ; 
its  largo  upper  lip  arched,  hispid  at  base  outside,  tipped  with  a  pair  of  connivent 
and  partly  connate  short-awned  teeth,  much  exceeding  the  two  small  and  ])orrected 
teeth  of  the  lower  lip :  corolla  (blue)  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  its  upper  lip 
merely  notched  ;  the  lower  with  small  lateral  lobes  ;  the  middle  one  mucli  larger, 
transversely  oval,  on  a  short  claw,  2-lobed,  and  otherwise  nearly  entire  :  fdaraenta 
slender. 

Common  through  the  State,  Nevada,  and  Arizona,  especially  southward.  Corolla  3  or  4  lines 
long.  Calyx  with  middle  tooth  of  the  u]^)per  lip  always  wanting.  This  is  the  "  Chia"  of  the 
aborigines  :  the  sood-liko  nutlets,  infused  m  water,  form  a  pleasant  mucilaginous  drink,  which  is 
largely  used. 

§  2.  Throat  of  the  calyx  naked:  anthers  with  only  one  polliniferous  cell;  the  lower  fork 
of  the  connective  naked,  deflexed  into  the  throat  of  t/ie  corolla,  linear  or  oblong ; 
the  pair  more  or  less  united  lengthwise  or  at  the  tip.      (None  indigenous.) 

S.  cocoiNRA,  Linn.,  an  horbaeoous  scarlet-flowered  species  of  tropical  America,  with  green  and 
deciduous  bracts  and  loose  inflorescence,  is  not  unlikely  to  bo  spontaneous  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  State,  as  it  is  in  the  Gulf  States. 

S.  SPLKNDENS,  with  floral  leaves  or  bracts  and  calyx  also  bright  scarlet,  and  S.  fiti.okns,  with 
these  nearly  green  and  corolla  red-hairy,  are  the  common  Scarlet  Sages  of  cultivation  :  but  they 
seem  not  to  have  become  spontaneous. 


600  LABIATE.  AudiherUn. 

R.  I'lATYCiiElLA,  Gray,  Pioc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  292,  a  shrulihy  and  hoary  liluish-flowered  species, 
tlio  luuiiolforin  dilatud  caly.x  with  ovato  lips,  was  discovered  hy  7>r.  Palmer,  at  Caniieii  Island, 
Lower  Calilornia,  lat.  20'.  It  is  related  to  S.  liALLoTiKi'LOKA,  Iknth.,  of  New  Me.vico  and 
Texas. 

11.  AUDIBERTIA,  Uenth. 
Calyx  nearly  as  in  Salvia,  or  more  cleft  ou  the  lower  siile,  as  if  spulhaceous. 
Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  spreading,  2-lobed  or  einarginate  ;  the  lower  spreading 
and  3-lobed,  the  l)roiid  middlo  lobe  oiuarginato.  Stamens  2  :  filaments  slender,  ox- 
sorted,  apparently  simple  and  bearing  a  linear  ono-collod  anther,  or  with  an  articula- 
tion, showing  tliat  the  portion  above  it  answers  to  a  liliform  connective,  the  lower 
end  of  wliich  sometimes  projects  into  a  subulate  point,  but  never  shows  any  trace  of 
a  second  anther-cell.  Vestiges  of  the  posterior  stamens  often  present.  Perennial 
aromatic  herbs  or  undershrubs  (all  Californian  extending  into  the  regions  adjacent), 
hoary ;  witli  rugose-veiny  mostly  crenulato  leaves,  resembling  those  of  Sage,  and 
capitate-glomerate  or  sometimes  a  more  open  and  paniculate  inflorescence  :  the 
liowei-s  prized  for  bees. 

§  1.  Flowers  J tiisely  capitate-ylomerate :  bracts  crowded  and  conspicuous. 

*  Large:  corolla  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  a-imson-purple ;  its  npptr  lip  rather  erect 

and  short :  lowei-  leaves  cordate  or  hastate  at  base. 

1.  A.  grandiflora,  Benth.  Stem  villous  and  glandular,  stout,  1  to  3  feet  high 
from  a  scarcely  wooily  base  :  leaves  very  rugose,  sinuately  crenate,  white-tomentose 
beneath ;  the  lower  hastate-lanceolate  and  obtuse,  3  to  8  inches  long,  on  margined 
petioles ;  the  ui)per  oblong  and  sessile ;  floral  ones  and  bracts  broadly  ovate,  mem- 
branaceous, villous,  cuspidate-tipped  :  lieada  large,  interruptedly  spicate  :  stamens 
much  exserted  :  ii  conspicuous  slender  tooth  representing  the  lower  fork  of  the 
connective. — Torr.  Jiot.  Mux.  Hound.  13'J,  t.  38,  the  sterile  filaments  incorrectly 
re])roscuted. 

On  the  Coast  lliuiges,  lioni  San  Mateo  Co.  southward.     A  sliowy  plant. 

*  *  Smaller-jloivered :  corolla  from  half  to  three  fourths  of  an   inch  long,  violet  or 

bluish-purple:  leaves  not  cordate. 

-t-  Jh-acts,  most  of  tlii'  jloral  leaves,  and  the  bilabiate  calyx  scarious-membranaceous, 
reticulated,  more  or  less  colored;  the  tip  obtuse,  jmintless,  or  at  most  mucronate: 
dense  heads  interrupted-spicate  or  rarely  solitary :  corolla  not  over  half  an  inch 
long  :  low  species  of  the  interior  arid  region. 

2.  A.  incana,  Benth.  Shrubby,  a  foot  or  so  in  height,  finely  tomentose-canescent, 
leafy :  leaves  sputulatc  or  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  entire,  not  rugose,  glandular-dot- 
ted, seldom  an  inch  long,  all  but  the  uppermost  tapering  into  a  petiole  :  bracts  and 
upper  floral  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  tlie  innermost  spatulate,  pubescent  and  ciliate, 
tinged  with  rose  or  purple  :  calyx  turbinate,  its  ovate  or  oblong  anterior  teeth  nearly 
equalling  the  very  broad  truncate  and  cmarginate  upper  lip:  stamens  much  exserted. 
—  Lindl.  Dot.  Keg.  t.  MG9. 

From  San  Diego  Co.  along  the  eastern  borders  of  the  State,  and  from  S.  Utah  northward  to 
the  Upper  Columbia  River. 

3.  A.  capitata,  Gray.  Cinereous-pubescent :  leaves  oblong,  acutish,  very  rugose, 
crenulate,  somewhat  abruptly  petioled  :  flowers  usually  in  a  single  terminal  head  : 
bracts  and  floral  leaves  apparently  whitish,  ovate  or  oval,  minutely  glandular  :  other- 
wise resembling  the  preceding.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  387. 

Summit  of  Providence  Mountains,  San  Bernadino  Co.,  Cooper. 


Audiberfia.  LABIATJC.  GOl 

+-  +■  Bracts  more  or  less  herharenns  :  leaves  minutely  rugose  and  crennlate. 
++  Corolla  half  an  inch  or  less  in  length  :  all  the  calyx-teeth  and  the   bracts  subidate 

or  awn-2)ointed. 

4.  A.  humilis,  Benth.  A  span  higli,  tonientulose-canescent,  cespitose:  flowering 
stem  soape-like  :  leaveH  mainly  radical,  oblanceolatc  or  spatulate-oblong,  very  obtuse, 
tapering  into  a  slender  petiole  :  spike  of  3  or  4  small  and  closely  sessile  head-like 
clusters  :  bracts  lanceolate  or  ovato,  villous-hirsute,  their  tips  ami  the  calyx-teeth 
subulate,  not  rigid  :  stamens  and  stylo  long-exscrtod. 

Near  San  Francisco  or  Monterey,  Douglas.  Ilillaidos  near  Nevada,  Bigdow.  Mountains  of  San 
Diego  Co.,  Palmer. 

5.  A.  Stachyoides,  Benth.  Decidedly  shrubby,  3  to  8  feet  high,  rigid,  with 
herbaceous  flowering  branchlets,  leafy,  cinereous-tomentulose,  becoming  greener  and 
glabrato  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  into  more  or  less  of  a  petiole,  obviously 
crenate,  the  upper  surface  glabrous  witli  age  :  bracts  of  the  3  to  5  dense  sessile  and 
mostly  remote  heads  ovato  or  oblong,  and  with  tlio  calyx-teeth  abruptly  cuspidate  or 
avvnod  :  stylo  and  ospocially  thn  stamons  little  oxaortod. 

Common  from  the  Contra  Co.<»ta  Mountains  to  the  southern  borders  of  the  State. 

++  ++  Corolla  two  thirds  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  its  tube  much  exceeding  the 
calyx  and  the  short  bracts:  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  barely  \-?>-mucronate,  the  teeth 
of  the  lower  more  pointed  :  stamens  and  style  moderately  ex.ferted :  stents  i  to  S  feet 
high,  with  paniculate  and  virgate  herbaceous  remotelydeaved  fowering  branches  ; 
the  stem  beloiv  woody. 

G.  A.  Palmeri,  Gray.  Minutely  tonientulose-canescent :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  (the  larger  2  or  3  inches  long)  :  head-like  clusters  of  flowers  5  to  8,  remote  in 
the  elongated  "virgate  naked  spike:  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate  into  a  slen- 
der cuspidate  tip :  lower  calyx-teeth  subulate-setaceous. 

Near  Tighes  Ranch  in  the  mountains  northeast  of  San  Diego.  "Corolla  a  delicate  blue.''  In 
some  respects  intermediate  between  the  foregoing  and  the  following.  The  virgate  much  inter- 
rupted spikes  often  a  foot  or  more  in  length  ;  the  whorl-like  capitate  clusters  from  3  inches  to 
half  an  inch  apart. 

7.  A.  Cleveland!,  Gray.  ]\rinutoly  tomontuloso-canescont :  loaves  oblong  or 
tho  upper  lanceolate-oblong,  all  obtuso  (an  inch  or  two  long):  hoad-liko  chislors  oio 
or  two  (mroly  3)  and  rathor  distant,  or  singlo  terminating  ])(Mlunclo-liko  branch- 
lets  :  bracts  ovato  or  oblong,  merely  raucronato  or  abruptly  short-pointed,  viscid- 
pubescent,  as  is  the  calyx  :  upper  lip  of  the  latter  short  and  subulate.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Aca(].  x.  76. 

Mountains  northeast  of  San  Diego,  at  about  2,200  feet,  Cleveland,  Palnyi:  The  latter  found 
it  growing  in  or  near  the  habitat  of  the  preceding  and  closely  related  species. 

++  ++  ++  Corolla  barely  half  an  inch  long,  its  tube  hnrdly  exceeding  the  herbaceous 
blunt  and  pointless  bracts  and  calyx. 

8.  A.  nivea,  Benth.  Shrubby,  3  or  4  feet  high,  leafy,  moaly-tomeiitose,  and 
very  white  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  very  short-pctioled,  the  upper  trun- 
cate at  base  :  bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  much  imbricated  :  calyx  splitting  down  tho 
front  and  at  length  notched  posteriorly:  corolla  "light  purple";  the  tube  hardly 
longer  than  the  lips  :  stamens  and  style  conspicuously  exsorted. 

Dry  hillsides  from  Santa  Rarbai-n  southward.  Full-grown  ca]iitate  nower-clustcrs  nn  incli 
broad  (rather  lorger  than  in  tho  two  pi-ece<ling  species),  from  2  to  4  in  the  interrupted  spike. 

§  2,  Floivers  thyrsoid-paniculate:  the  floral  leaves  and  the  few  bracts  nf  the  small  and 

numerous  clusters  lanceolate  or  subulate. 
'     9.  A.  polystachya,  Benth.     Shrubby,  3  to  10  foot  high,  closely  and  finely 
tomentose-canescent :  herbaceous  flowering  branches  virgate  :    loaves  lanceolate  or 


602  LABIAT.E.  Audibtrtiu. 

tlie  lower  oblong,  luinutely  rugose,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  the  florul  small  and 
bract-like ;  the  uppermost  minute  :  open  tiiyrsoiil-virgute  inHorescenuo  a  loot  or  so 
in  length,  naked  :  Uowi-rs  nearly  sessile  :  the  broad  upi)er  lip  of  the  calyx  entire  or 
obsoletely  3-toothed,  double  tlie  length  of  the  triangular  subulate  teeth  of  the  lower 
lip:  corolla  aj)pareutly  uhito  or  i)al(',  with  very  short  tube  and  ample  lower  lip: 
stamens  and  style  loiig-exserted. 

Dry  hills  uiid  baiika,  S:mta  Miubaiu  to  San  Dii-go  and  eastward,  where  it  is  one  of  tlie  various 
shrubs  called  Urease-wood.  Corolla  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length.  The  open  inlloresceuce  of 
this  species  gives  it  a  peculiar  aspect. 

12.  LOPHANTHUS,  Benth. 
Calyx  tubular-campaindate,  15-nerved,  rather  oblique,  5-toothed,  Corolla  with 
tube  not  surpassing  the  calyx  :  upper  lip  nearly  erect,  2dobed ;  the  lower  some- 
what spreading  and  3-cleft,  its  broad  middle  lobe  crenate.  Stamens  4,  exserted, 
straight ;  the  upper  pair  declined  and  the  lower  and  shorter  pair  ascending,  so  that 
tiio  pairs  cross  :  anthers  short,  2-celled,  tlio  cells  nearly  parallel.  —  1  all  perennial 
herbs,  mostly  coai'sej  with  ovate  and  serrate  potioled  leaves,  and  small,  purplish, 
violet,  or  whitish  llowias,  crowdtid  into  termiiud  spikes. 

A  small  genus,  of  two  N.  K.  Asiulic,  tlirci;  K,a.stiirn  Noitli  American  species,  and  one  in  Oregon 
nnd  ('alifornia.  L.  anis/ilufi,  Dentil.,  the  swect-si-ented  species  of  the  LJj)per  Mississippi  region, 
is  in  Bohinder's  published  list  of  plants  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco  ;  but  the  fol- 
lowing was  doubtless  intended. 

1.  L.  urticifolius,  Benth.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  4  to  6  feet  high:  leaves  ovate 
and  cordate,  coarsely  or  crenately  toothed  (2  to  4  inches  long,  pleasantly  scented), 
rather  short-petioled  :  flower-clusters  compacted  in  a  close  oblong  or  cylindrical 
pedunculate  spike:  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  subulate-acuminate,  membranaceous,  whit- 
ish and  purplish  :  corolla  light  violet-purple. 

Througli  the  wooded  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward,  extendino^  to 
Oregon  and  to  the  Kocky  Alountains. 

13.  SCUTELLARIA,  hinn.  '  Skui.l-cap. 
Calyx  in  flower  cauij)anulate,  with  two  entire  lips  and  a  gibbous  projection  on 
the  back,  closed  and  with  the  dorsal  j)r(jjection  enlarged  after  flowering,  Ijecoming 
cus(]ue-shaped,  at  length  splitting  to  the  base,  and  the  upper  or  casque-shaped  por- 
tion usually  falling  away.  Corolla  with  an  elongated  and  curved  ascending  tube, 
n  dilated  throat,  naked  within,  an  erect  arched  or  galeate  u\)\)ov  lip  (entire  or  barely 
notched),  with  which  the  lateral  lobes  belonging  to  the  lower  lip  appear  to  be  more 
or  less  connected ;  the  anterior  lobe  (convex  or  with  the  sides  recurved  and  apex 
notched)  appearing  to  form  the  whole  lower  lip.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the 
upper  lip  of  the  corolla ;  the  lower  or  anterior  pair  longer  and  with  one-celled  (or 
half-)  anthers  ;  the  posterior  pair  with  2-celled  cordate  anthers  :  these  in  all  ours 
ciliate  or  bearded.  Upjier  fork  of  the  style  very  small  or  abortive.  Nutlets  gran- 
ulate or  tuberculate.  Embryo  curved!  —  Bitterish  herbs,  not  aromatic,  chiefly 
perennial ;  with  single  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  bracts ;  the  corolla  more 
commonly  blue  or  bluish. 

A  genns  of  almost  100  species,  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  most  largely  in  temperate 
regions,  well  represented  in  the  Atlantic  United  States,  but  few  in  California,  none  of  tliem  with 
racemose  or  spicate  intlorescence. 

S.  I.ATEUIFLOUA,  Linn.,  well  characterized  by  its  small  flowers  in  axillary  one-sided  racemes,' 
extends  northwardly  across  the  coutuieut  to  Oregon,  and  may  therefore  reach  the  northern  por- 


Scutellaria.  LABIATyR.  (',Q3 

tion  of  California.  — The  following  all  hear  singlo  and  aliort-ppdunrlnd  flowers  in  the  oJcils  of 
ordinary  cauline  lenvea,  hut  the  uppermost  leaves  are  sometimes  a  little  reduced,  giving  a  ten- 
dency to  racemose  inflorescence. 

*   Leaves  all  broad  and  xnmewhat  cordate  or  truncate  at  base:  stents  very  leafy :  propa- 
gating by  filiform  subterranean  shoots:  tubers  none  or  hardly  any. 

1.  S.  galericulata,  Linn.  Minutely  pubescent  or  partly  glabrous  :  stem  a  foot 
or  two  high,  simple  or  iit  lengtli  loosely  branched  :  leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
the  upper  lancoolnte,  nil  inch  or  two  long,  acute,  pinnately  veiny,  all  but  the  upj)er- 
most  serrate  :  corolla  pubescent,  light  blue  (about  two  thirds  or  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long),  with  slender  tube  and  enlarging  throat ;  the  lower  lip  nearly  erect  and 
larger  than  the  upper. 

Wet  grounds  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Plumas  Co.,  Lemmun):  extending  north  to  British  Columbia 
and  east  to  the  Atlantic.     The  only  species  common  to  America  and  the  Old  World. 

2.  S.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Minutely  soft-pubescent  :  stem  a  foot  high,  simple  or 
branched  from  the  base,  equally  very  leafy  to  the  summit :  leaves  tliinnish,  oval, 
obtuse,  with  subcordate  ba.se,  closely  sessile,  an  inch  long  or  less,  entire,  or  the 
lower  sparingly  .somewhat  crenately  toothed,  a  j)air  of  veins  from  the  base  on  each 
side  :  corolla  whitish  or  cream-colored,  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  much  enlarged 
above  from  a  short  tube ;  the  lower  lip  ample.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  387. 

Wooded  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  at  Clark'.s,  Mariposa  Co.,  Bolamlcr.  Also  Indian  Valley, 
Plumas  Co.,  Lrmmon.  Leaves  18  to  22  pairs,  mostly  longer  than  the  intemodca.  Neither  tubers 
nor  fdiform  subterranean  shoots  have  been  seen. 

*   *   Leaves,  at  least  the  upper  ones,  narrowed  or  merely  obtuse  at  base, 

-»-  From  oblong  to  linear,  entire  or  nearly  so :  sterns  erect :  filiform  subterranean 
shoots  abundant,  hut  slightly  if  at  all  tuberifa'ous. 

3.  S.  angUStifolla,  Pursh.  ^linutely  cinercoiis-pubescent  or  almost  glabrous, 
a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  stems  simi)lo  or  branching  from  below  :  leaves  from  linear  to 
narrowly  oblong  (about  an  inch  long),  all  but  the  lower  acute  at  the  sessile  base  or 
tapering  into  a  slight  petiole ;  the  radical  leaves  often  roundish  or  even  cordate  and 
sometimes  toothed  :  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  corolla  blue  or  violet,  an  inch 
long,  Avith  slender  tube  and  moderately  enlarged  throat ;  lower  lobe  villous  in.side. 

Var.  canescens,  Gray  :  a  form  with  soft-hoary  pubescence,  and  the  tube  of  the 
corolla  often  with  recurving  base,  and  above  this  erect  or  thrown  somewhat  back- 
ward. —  S.  siphocampyloides,  Vatke  in  Lot.  Zeit.  xxx.  7 1 7. 

Sierra  Nevada  and  foot-hills,  from  Placer  Co.  northward,  extending  to  British  Columbia.  The 
var.  canescens  along  the  mountains  from  Monterey  Co.  to  Lake  Co. 

4.  S.  antirrhinoides,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  resembles  the 
])recctling,  but  witli  broader  and  oblong  leaves  abruj)tly  short-pctioled  ;  the  upper 
sometimes  lanceolate  ;  the  lower  often  serrate  :  corolla  shorter  and  broader  through- 
out, from  half  to  three  fourths  of  an  incli  long,  apparently  paler.  —  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  396.     S.  resinosa,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  in  part. 

Var.  Californica,  Gray,  1.  c.  Stems  more  rigid  :  corolla  apparently  yellowish, 
more  ventricose,  its  tube  more  enlarging  immediately  above  the  calyx.  —  -S'.  angusti- 
folia,  Benth.  PI.  Ilartw.  331  (No.  iOlS),  is  a  narrow-leaved  form  of  this. 

Along  streams,  Alameda  to  Mendocino  Co.     Also  in  Oregon  and  the  mountains  of  Nevada. 

+-  -^Leaves  ovate,  petioled :  stems  loir  or  difuse:  propagating  by  filiform  subterranean 

shoots  terminated  by  monitiform  tuber's. 

5.  8.  tuberosa,  Tlonth.  Soft-villous  or  pubescent,  an  inch  or  two  high,  or  at 
length  with  diffuse  or  trailing  stems  a  foot  long,  slender  :  leaves  thin,  from  cordato- 
ovate  to  obovate  or  the  upj)er  cuneate-oblong,  slender-petioled,  coarsely  more  or  less 
toothed:  corolla  pubescent,  blue  or  violet,  over  half  an  inch  long,  and  with  rather 
slender  tube. 


G04  LAlilAT.E.  Scutellaria. 

Plains  and  liillsiiles,  rather  common  from  Monterey  Co.  nortliwanl  ;  beginning  to  blossom  in 
February.  Varying  grwitly  in  size.  Upper  tlowers  in  vernal  siwciniens  sometimes  nmch  exceeding 
the  leaves,  on  the  longer  Iruiliiig  stems  much  exceeded  by  them. 

().  S.  nana,  ^'iny.  I)fiir().sa(Hl,  inimrooUH-imluinileiit  tliri)\igluHit;  st^ina  tul'tcMl  on 
tlio  lililoriii  Hulit*<rritiiiMin  hIiooU,  'J  or  I)  iiiulioH  lii^'li:  Iimivkh  tliiukitHli,  olxiviiUMir 
ovuto,  very  ubtiisci,  tiiitiri!,  IniU"  iiii  inch  lon^',  tiipuring  into  ii  aliorl  petiult),  e(|iiulling 
the  ilowers  :  peeliculs  very  ahovt :  corolla  "  white,"  half  un  inch  long,  rather  broad, 
and  with  short  equal  lips.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  100. 

On  a  clay  ridge,  Winnemueca  Valley,  near  Pyramiil  Lake,  N.  "W.  Nevada,  Lemmon.  Tul)ei-8 
copious,  monililorm,  an  inch  or  two  long.  Corolla  appearing  purplish  in  the  dried  specimens, 
said  to  be  white. 

14.   SALAZARIA,  Torr. 
Calyx  at  fii-st  campan\ilate  or  oblong,  with  two  entire  lips  and  no  gibbous  projec- 
tion on  the  back,  in  IVnit  much   enlarged  and   globose-infhited,  thin  and  bladdery, 
reticulated,  closed.    Corolla,  stamens,  &c.,  as  in  Scutellaria.    Upper  fork  of  the  stylo 
wanting.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  S.  Mexicana,  'J'oir.  Shrubby,  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  slender  and  divaricate 
straggling  branches,  somewhat  sarmentose,  canescent :  leaves  becoming  green  and 
glabrate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  mostly  entire,  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  on  short 
slender  i)etioles ;  those  of  the  ilowering  branches  reduced  to  bracts  of  the  loose 
raceme  or  spike  :  corolla  purple  or  whitish,  nearly  an  inch  long,  pubescent :  scarious 
fruiting  calyx  over  half  an  inch  in  diameter  :  nutlets  depressed,  minutely  muricate. — 
Bot.  Mox.  Bound.  133,  t.  39. 

S.  E.  borders  of  the  State,  on  the  Mohave,  &c.,  to  S.  Utah,  and  south  to  the  adjacent  pait  of 
Mexico,  FrcmmU,  Parry,  Cooper,  &c.  Named  in  honor  of  Signor  Salazar,  Mexican  Boundary 
Commissioner. 

15.   BRUNELLA,  Touru.        SiiLK-UKAL. 

Calyx  oblong,  about  10-norved  and  roticulato-voiny,  bilubiato;  tho  lips  flattened 
and  closed  in  fruit ;  tho  upper  dilated,  truncate  and  3-toothed,  its  teeth  very  broad 
and  short  ;  lower  2-cleft,  the  teeth  lanceolate.  Corolla  with  ascending  tube,  open 
lips,  and  slightly  contracted  oritice  :  upper  lip  arched  and  entire ;  lower  3-lobed,  its 
middle  lobe  drooping,  rounded,  concave,  denticulate.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under 
the  lower  lip  :  fdainents  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  lower  tooth  bearing  the  2-celled 
anther,  the  cells  of  which  are  divergent.  Nutlets  smooth. — Low  perennials,  of 
two  or  three  very  similar  species:  the  flowers  crowded  in  a  terminal  oblong  or  cylin- 
draceous  head  or  spike. 

1.  B.  vulgaris,  Linn.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  roughish-pubescent  or  almost 
glabrous  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  slender-petioled,  entire  or  toothed  :  corolla  violet, 
purple,  or  rarely  white,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  purplish  calyx. 

Open  grounds  or  borders  of  woods,  near  San  Fiancisco  and  near  the  Yosemitn,  jM'obably  in- 
digenous, us  it  ceituinly  is  in  Oregon,  Ihilish  Columbia,  and  eastward:  extending  round  tlio 
norlhorn  hemispliere. 

16.  MARRUBIUM,  Linn.  Hokeuouni). 
Calyx  cylindraceous,  5-10-nerved,  of  firm  texture,  10-toothed  ;  the  alternate, 
(accessory)  teeth  shorter,  spiny-tipped  and  recurved  at  maturity.  Corolla  short,  its 
tube  included  in  the  calyx  ;  the  upper  lip  erect  and  concave,  narrow,  2-lobed  at  the 
tip ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  included  in  the  tube  of  the 
corolla :  anthers  2-celled,  but  the  cells  confluent.  —  Bitter-aromatic  whitish-woolly 


Stachys.  LABIATJ^>.  (jQfj 

perennials,  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  rugose  :  flowers  small,  much  crowded  in 
axillarj^  false  wliorls  or  heads. —  An  Old  "World  genus,  a  single  species  naturalized 
in  the  New,  used  in  popular  medicine. 

1.  M.  vulgare,  Linn.  A  foot  or  two  high,  hoary-woolly  :  leaves  roundish, 
crenate  :  flowers  crowiled  in  the  u]>per  axils  :  corolla  small,  white  :  calyx-teeth  and 
bracts  hooked  at  the  tip. 

Waste  and  diy  grounds  near  tlio  const:  imturnlizcd  from  Kiuopo. 

17.  STACHYS,  Linn.  IIkdch-Nkttle. 
Calyx  tubular-campanulato  or  turbinate,  5-  10-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed  ; 
the  teeth  sometimes  rigid  or  spiny-pointed.  Corolla  with  cylindrical  tube,  not 
dilated  at  the  throat;  the  upper  lij)  erect  and  concave  or  arched,  entire  or  merely 
emarginate;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe  larger.  Stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip  :  fdaments  naked  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs, 
2-cclled ;  the  cells  either  parallel  or  divergent.  Nutlets  obtuse,  not  truncate.  — 
Herbs  (or  a  few  undershndis),  not  aromatic;  with  flowers  clustered,  capitate,  or 
scattered,  often  spicate  or  racemose  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  or  branches:  ours  all 
perennials,  and  the  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

*   Tube  of  the  corolla  little  if  at  all  longer  than  the  calyx. 

■«-  Corolla  white  or  whiti»h  ;  the  upper  lip  bearded  or  ivoolly  on  the  hack  :  herba</e 

tomentose  or  soft-hairy. 

1.  S.  ajugoides,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  villous  or  silky-hirsute  with 
whitish  hairs:  heaves  oblong,  very  obtuse,  crenatoly  toothed  (1  to  3  inches  long), 
the  base  either  obtuse  or  tapering  into  the  petiole  ;  the  upper  sessile  :  flowers  about 
3  in  the  axils  of  the  distant  upper  oniinary  leaves,  and  loosely  leafy-spicate  at  the 
summit,  mostly  surpassed  by  tlie  floral  leave.'^ :  calyx  short-campanulate,  very  hairy; 
its  teeth  ovate  and  merely  mucronate-acuminate.  —  Prodr.  xii.  474. 

Moist  grounds,  common  from  Alonterey  to  Lake  Co. 

2.  S.  albens,  Gray.  Tall  (3  to  5  feet  high)  and  mther  strict,  soft-tomento.so 
throughout  with  white  or  whitish  wool,  leafy  :  leaves  oblong  or  ovate  and  mostly 
cordate,  obtuse,  crenate  (2  or  3  inches  long),  the  lower  short-pctioled,  the  upi^-r 
nearly  sessile  :  flowers  several  or  numerous  in  tlie  capitate  clusters,  which  mostly 
exceed  the  floral  leaves  and  form  an  interrupted  at  length  elongated  virgate  spike 
(from  3  to  9  inches  long):  calyx  turbinate-campanulate,  its  teeth  triangular  and 
awn-pointed  :  corolla  white  with  purjde  dots  on  the  lower  lip,  glabrous  except  the 
villous  beard  on  the  back  of  the  upper  lip.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  387. 

Moist  and  rich  soil,  on  the  mountains  and  foot-liills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Fort  Tejon  to 
Santa  Clara  and  Tuolumne  Co. 

3.  S.  pycnantha,  P.enth.  Two  feet  high  or  more,  very  hii-sute  or  villous  with 
long  and  mostly  soft  spreading  hairs,  not  white  :  leaves  oblong-ovate  and  somewhat 
cordate,  obtuse,  crenate  (2  to  4  inches  long),  all  but  tlio  floral  ones  rather  long 
petioled  :  flowers  in  a  dense  cylindraceous  naked  spike  (an  inch  or  two  long),  ex"- 
ceeding  the  small  bract-like  floral  leaves  except  in  the  lowest  and  sometimes  rather 
distant  clusters  :  calyx-teeth  triangular  and  slightly  muoronato  :  comlla  appai-ently 
white  or  creain  color  with  purple  on  the  lower  lip,  the  upper  lip  stroULrlv  boarded 
on  the  back.  —  PI.  Ilartw.  331. 

Monterey  Co.  {Hartwrg)  to  near  San  Francisco,  Kcllogq. 
■«-  •+-  Corolla  purjyle,  the  upper  lip  more  or  less  hairy  on  the  back  :  pubescence  hirsute 
or  hispid,  at  least  on  the  stem ;  vo  tomeutinn. 


606  LABIAT.E.  Stuck  i/s. 

4.  S.  bullata,  r»eiitli.  .SU'iu  retrorsoly  hispid  or  hirsute  esiiecially  on  llie  an«^les, 
a  foot  or  two  higli  :  leaves  ovate  or  (.»vate-obloiig,  at  least  the  lower  more  or  less 
cordate,  coarsely  cienate,  obtuse,  veiny,  sometimes  rugose,  nearly  all  petioled  (an 
inch  or  two  long),  most  of  the  lloral  much  reduced  and  shorter  than  the  calyx  : 
ilowers  usuidly  0  in  the  false  whorls,  these  rather  distant,  fonning  a  narrow  much 
interiupted  spike:  calyx  turbinate-campanidate,  mostly  .  hirsute  or  villous  with 
widely  s{treading  hairs  ;  the  teeth  triangular-ovate  and  subulate-cuspidate,  rigid  : 
lower  lip  of  the  corullu  fully  as  long  as  the  tube,  much  larger  than  the  upper.  — 
>S'.  bullata,  &  *S'.  Califuniica,  Benth.  in  DC.  aS',  Nuttallii,  var.  Uptodachya,  Benth. 
ri.  llartw.  331. 

MlikIocIiio  Co.  to  Sun  Dii-j^o  ami  Fort  Muliuve  ;  aiiparciitly  a  very  common  a.s  well  as  wide- 
sjuoad  uiul  variultle  siKioios ;  tlio  paljescunce  of  the  leaves  ol'len  soft.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  4 
or  D  lilies  long,  the  iip[iei'  2  or  '6. 

S.  I'ALUsTius,  Liim.,  hi  some  of  its  forms  occurs  in  Oregon,  and  may  reach  the  northern  Iwr- 
deis  of  California. 

*   «    Tube  of  the  red  corulla  much  surpassinci  the  calyx,  over  half  to  three  fourths  of 
an  inch  lony  :  jiowers  mostly  G  in  the  false  ivhorls. 

f).  S.  Chamissonis,  Denth.  8tem  li  to  5  feet  high,  stout,  mostly  rough-hispid 
with  rigid  rctroise  brisLli;s,  at  least  on  the  angles:  leaves  (2  to  S  inches  long)  oblong- 
ovate  and  mostly  a  little  cordate,  crcnately  serrate,  usually  villous  or  hirsute  above 
and  villous-tomentose  beneath,  nearly  all  i)etioled;  all  but  the  lowest  lloral  ones 
shorter  than  the  loosely  interrui)ted  spieate  Ilowers :  calyx  tubular-campanulate ;  its 
triangular-ovate  teeth  cuspidate-tipped :  corolla  rose-red  ;  its  tube  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx  ;  the  lips  pubescent  outside. 

AVet  grounds  ;  common  around  San  Francisco  Hay. 

S.  CILIATA,  Dougl.,  a  smooliier  and  thinner-leaved  species  of  tliis  section,  with  the  lower 
flowei-s  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves,  belongs  to  the  coast  of  Oregon  and  northward,  perhaps 
also  in  the  northern  i)ait  of  California. 

S.  cocuiNKA,  Jucf].,  a  haiidsomo  Mexican  species,  with  a  tubular  sciulet  corolla,  occurs  in 
Arizona  and  may  perhaijs  inicli  tiio  lower  Itordei's  of  California. 

18.  TRICHOSTEMA,  Linn.  Bi.uk-cuiils. 
Calyx  campanulate,  in  mas  little  oblique  and  almost  equally  5-cleft.  CoroHa  with 
short  or  rather  slender  tube  and  almost  equally  5-parted  limb,  wliich  is  gibbous  or 
oblique  in  bud  ;  the  lobes  oblong  and  similar.  Stamens  4  :  hlaments  long  and 
capillary,  spirally  coiled  in  the  bud,  long-exserted  from  the  upper  side  of  the  corolla, 
sometimes  monadelphons  at  base  :  anther-cells  divergent  or  divaricate,  and  soon 
confluent.  Nutlets  coarsely  rugose-reticulated.  —  Sweet-aromatic  herbs  or  suifrutcs- 
cent  plants  (all  North  American) ;  with  entire  leaves,  and  blue  or  purple  corolla 
and  stamens.  —  The  two  sjjecies  of  the  Atlantic  United  States  have  scattered  and 
pedunculate  flowers,  with  a  very  oblique  and  unequally  2-lipped  calyx;  the  inter- 
mediate T.  Arizonicnvi  has  tlie  loose  inllorescence  of  the  foregijing  with  the 
almost  regular  calyx  of  the  western  species,  all  which  Imvo  very  short  axillary 
jieduncles,  bearing  scsveral  or  numerous  flowers  in  dense  and  mostly  unilateral 
cymose  clusters. 

*   Corolla  hardly  if  at  all  surpassiuff  the  calyx. 

1.  T.  oblonguiu,  Benth.  Annual,  soft-villous  :  stem  a  span  or  two  high, 
diflusely  branching,  eipially  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  oval-oblong,  thin,  contracted 
at  base  into  a  short  petiole,  much  exceeding  the  small  and  dense  cluster  of  nearly 
sessile  flowers  :  calyx  very  villous,  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  lanceolate-subulate.  — 
Lab.  G59  S:  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  573. 


Trichoskma.  VERBENACE^E.  GOT 

Woodral  portion  of  the  Siorra  Novadn,  from  Mniiposn  to  Slinsta  Co.,  nnd  in  Oregon.  Plant 
with  a  jiungcnt  and  very  pleasant  aroma.  Leaves  barely  an  inch  long  ;  the  pinnate  veins  ascend- 
ing.    Corolla  barely  3  lines  long,  and  the  stamens  2  lines  longer. 

*  *   Corolla  with  slender  tube  exceeding  the  calyx :  cymose  flower-clusters  disposed  to 
fork  and  to  become  raceme-like  in  age. 

2.  T.  laxum,  Clray.  Annual,  niinntoly  soft-pulicscnnt,  about  a  foot  higli,  simple 
or  loosely  branched  from  tlie  base  :  leaves  rather  distant,  lanceolate  and  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rather  obscurely  pinnately  veined  (an  inch  or  two 
long),  tapering  at  the  base  mostly  into  a  slender  petiole  :  axillary  cymose  clusters 
distinctly  peduncled,  usually  forked  and  in  age  e(|ualling  the  leaves ;  the  flowere 
pedicelled :  calyxdobes  ovate-triangular  and  equalling  the  tube:  corolla  almost 
glabrous,  3  or  4  lines  long,  and  the  stamens  lialf  an  inch  longer.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  387. 

Dry  OT-ound,  from  Marin  Co.  to  Humboldt  Co.  ;  apparently  a  rather  common  species.  Flowers 
indigo-lilue. 

3.  T.  lance olatum,  Bonth.  Annual,  cino.reous-pul)osoent  or  villous,  a  span  to 
a  foot  or  more  in  height,  with  virgato  stem  or  bninchcs  very  leafy  :  leaves  much 
longer  than  the  internodcs,  lanceolate  or  ovatn-lancoolate,  Rossilo  by  a  broad  base, 
gradually  acuminate,  traversed  by  3  to  5  strong  and  almost  parallel  nervose  veins 
or  ribs  (an  inch  or  less  long) :  cymose  axillary  clusters  nearly  sessile,  short,  one- 
sided :  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate  :  corolla  somewhat  pubescent,  half  an  inch  long, 
the  tube  almost  filiform. 

Dry  ground,  chiefly  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  rather  conunon  from  Los  Angeles  Co. 
northward  and  in  Oregon. 

4.  T.  lanatum,  Benth.  Shrubby  below,  2  or  3  feet  high,  very  leafy  :  branches 
and  foliage  canescently  puberulent  or  tomentulose  and  glabrate  with  age  :  leaves 
very  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  1 -nerved  and  with  revolute  margins,  Jiosemary-like, 
many  fascicled  in  the  axils ;  the  floral  ones  mostly  small  and  bract-like  :  llower- 
clusters  glomerate  and  sessile,  numerous  in  a  virgate  interrupted  purple-woolly  spike 
(of  a  foot  or  less  in  length):  corolla  very  woolly,  nearly  an  inch  long,  and  the  stamens 
and  style  an  inch  or  two  longer. — Torr.  Bot.  Max.  Bound,  t.  40. 

liocky  ledges,  Monterey  ?  or  Santa  Rarlmra  to  San  Diego  Co.  Flowers  violet.  Very  striking 
for  the  imritlo-wooUy  spiko  and  long  capillary  stamens  nncl  stylo. 


Order  LXXIV.    VERBENACEiE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  differing  from  Labiatce  mainly  in  the  ovary  and  fruit,  which 
is  undivided  and  2  -  4-celled,  at  maturity  either  dry  and  splitting  into  ivs  many 
1-seeded  nutlets,  or  drupaceous  containing  as  many  little  fstones.  —  Calyx  persistent. 
Corolla  either  bilabiate  or  merely  somewhat  irregular ;  the  lobes  imbricate  in  aestiva- 
tion. 'Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Stylo  single  :  stignm  entire  or  2-lobcd.  Solitary 
ovule  erect  or  ascending  and  anatropous.  Seed  with  a  straight  embryo,  its  radicle 
inferior,  and  no  albumen.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  very  rarely  alternate,  with- 
out stipules,  sometimes  aromatic,  but  not  glandular-punctate  in  the  manner  of  most 
Labiativ.      Flowers  perfe(;t :  inflorescence  various. 

An  order  of  moderate  extent  in  tropical  and  warm-tempemto  regions,  a  few,  chiedy  weeds,  in 
the  c()ol-tenipomt<s  of  no  striking  sensible  properties  or  cconomii-nl  importniicp,  excepting  the 
American  Verbenas  so  conunon  in  ornamental  cultivation,  and  a  few  species  of  Lnnlana.  The 
Californian  representation  of  the  order  is  feeble. 

L  Verbena.     Fruit  of  4  united  nutlets.     Calyx  tubular  or  prismatic. 
2.  Llppia.     Fruit  of  2  united  nutlets.     Calyx  2-clert. 


608 


VEUBENACE.'E.  Verbena. 


1.  VERBENA,  Linn.        Vervain. 


Calyx  tubular  or  plioately  prismatic,  5-tootlie<l,  ouo  tooth  often  shorter.  Corolla 
salvorforui ;  the  tube  souR'tinies  curved ;  the  limb  more  or  less  uneciually  5-cleft. 
Stamens  -1,  inchule»l  j  the  upi)i'r  pair  sometimes  sterile.  Stigma  of  two  dissimilar 
lobes,  one  of  them  smaller  and  mostly  aU)rtive.  Ovary  4-celled,  in  fruit  splitting 
into  4  one-seeded  little  nutlets.  —  Herbs  (or  a  few  South  American  species  shrubby); 
•with  the  llowers  in  single  or  panicled  spikes  or  heads,  small,  or  in  some  showy. 
The  commoner  species  are  apt  to  hybridize  naturally,  and  the  hybrids  are  not  rarely 
fertile. 

Chiefly  an  American  genus,  mainly  South  American ;  the  few  Californiau  representatives  weeds 
or  weedy,  and  only  two  or  three  truly  indigenous. 

§  1.   Flowers  small  in  proportion  to  the  spike:  anthers  glaTidless. 

*  Stem  erect :  spy'ihs  filiform  and  with  the  flowers  or  fruits  at  length  more  or  less 
scattering :  bracts  usually  shorter  than  the  fronting  calyx. 

-t-  Annual,  or  the  base  becoming  ligneous  and  of  longer  duration:  stems  a  span  to  2 
feet  high,  slender :  some  of  the  leaves  pinnalijid,  tapering  at  base,  the  lower  into  a 
viargined  j>etiole. 

1.  V.  canescens,  1115K.  Hoary-hirsute:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and  cuneate- 
obovate,  rigid,  sharply  incised  or  pinnutihd  :  spikes  mostly  solitary,  terminating  the 
branches ;  some  of  the  bracts  exceeding  the  ilowers  :  corolla  bluish,  the  limb  a  line 
or  so  in  diameter. —  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  ii.  274,  t.  13G.  V.  remota,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw., 
from  Mexico,  is  a  simple-stemmed  form. 

CuRon  Tiintillas,  south  of  San  Diego  Co.,  Pidmcr.  Probably  extends  withui  the  State,  as  it 
does  eastward  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

2.  V.  officinalis,  Linn.  Minutely  roughish-pubescent,  loosely  branched  :  leaves 
obovate  or  oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  some  merely  incised,  others  once  or  twice 
liiunatilid  or  3 -5-cleft :  bracts  all  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  corolla  purplish  or  lilac, 
the  limb  2  lines  in  diameter,  sumetimes  moie. 

Dry  waste  giounds  througli  the  western  jiiut  of  the  State,  i>robably  naturalized,  but  the  species 
occurs  round  the  world.  A  stouter  lorm,  and  with  limb  ot  corolla  3  or  more  lines  in  diameter, 
answering  to  V.  sororiu,  Don,  was  sent  from  San  Diego  by  JJr.  Hilclicock. 

■^  +-  J'erennial,  2  to  b  feet  high:  leaves  serrate  or  merely  incised. 

3.  V.  polystachya,  IIHK.  Scabrous  with  very  sliort  i)artly  hispid  pubescence, 
green,  jjauicuhitely  Ijrauched  :  leaves  from  oblong  to  lanceolate  (mostly  about  2 
inches  long),  sessile  by  a  narrowed  base,  or  the  lower  sliort-petioled,  coarsely  sen-ate 
or  sparingly  incised  :  spikes  loosely  panicled  or  sometimes  solitary  :  corolla  pin-plish 
or  nearly  white,  the  limb  about  a  line  in  diameter.  —  V.  polystachya,  V.  biserraia.  A; 
(according  to  Schauer)  V.  va'onicaffulia,\U\K.  1.  c.  V.  Carolinensis,  »kc.,  Dill.  Hort. 
Elth.  407,  t.  301.  V.  Carolina,  Linn.,  but  it  is  a  Mexican,  not  a  Carolinian  spe- 
cies. V.  Caroiiniana,  Spreng.  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Lot.  Leechey,  156  ;  Schauer  in  DC. 
l»rodr.  xi.  54G. 

Monterey  or  San  Francisco,  according  to  Hooker  k  Arnott  in  the  Botany  of  Beechey's  Voyage. 
Los  Angeles,   IVallace  ? 

V.  unriciFOi.iA,  Linn.  Orcen,  minutely  rougiiish-pubesccnt  :  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceo- 
late, mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate,  all  but  the  uppermost  with  lounded 
base  and  a  slender  petiole,  the  larger  4  or  5  inches  long  :  panicled  spikes  very  slender  :  corolla 
mostly  white. 

A  common  weed  in  the  Atlantic  SUites,  extending  into  Mexico,  &c.  ;  very  likely  to  reach  Cali- 
fornia :  the  specimen  sent  by  Wallace,  mentioned  under  the  prcceiling,  is  too  incomplete  to  deter- 
mine whether  it  belongs  to  that  or  the  present  species. 


J^ippin.  VERBENA  CE/K 


609 


*   *   Stem  erect:    spikes  slei)der-c;/lindr{cal,  demely-flowered ;    the  flowers   and  fruit 
overlappincf :  bracts  short. 

i.  V.  hastata,  Linn.  Pprennial,  minutely  pubescent:  stem  stouter,  3  to  G  feet 
high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  coarsely  or  incisely  serrate, 
petioled,  some  of  the  lower  ones  commonly  hastate-3-lobed  :  spikes  numeroiis  in  a 
terminal  panicle,  2  to  4  inches  long  :  corolla  blue,  2  lines  long,  and  the  lin)b  as 
broad. — V.  panicidata,  Lam.,  the  name  given  to  the  form,  not  uncommon,  which 
has  no  lobos  to  tho  leaves. 

Marsliofl  on  tlio  Lower  Sacramento,  according  to  Torroy,  liot.  Wilkos  Kxp.  403.  rrol)al)Iv  oIho- 
whom  in  tho  State.  ^ 

Ak  *  *  Steim  spreading  or  merel.i/  ascending :  spikes  not  filiform. 

5.  V.  prostrata,  R.  Brown.  Soft-hirsute  or  villous  :  stems  at  first  erect  or 
ascending,  a  foot  high,  at  length  widely  branched  and  diffuse,  raVely  prostrate  : 
leaves  obovato,  ovate,  or  oblong,  with  cuneate  base  tapering  into  a  margined  ])etiole, 
sharply  serrate,  incised,  or  S-G-cleft :  spikes  solitary  or  paniclcd,  rather  slender  but 
dense  when  in  flower,  becoming  4  to  10  inches  long,  hirsute  or  villous  :  bracts 
subulate,  not  longer  than  the  calyx  :  corolla  violet  or  blue,  2  lines  long.  —  Ait. 
Hort.  Kew;  ed.  2,  iv.  41.     V.  lasiostachys,  Link;  Hook,  k  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  156. 

Common  in  diy  ground  througli  the  western  parts  of  the  State.  Root  Piobably  perennial 
llant  very  variable.  From  Jamuel  Valley,  below  San  Diego,  Dr.  Palvier  sends  a  more  uprirrht 
and  thickish-spiked  plant,  which  might  be  a  cross  between  this  and  F.  stricla,  if  the  latter  w^re 
Laiitornian  ;  or  porliaps  it  has  some  T.  hastata  in  it. 

6.  V.  bracteosa,  Michx.  Perennial,  hirsute,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length 
diflusoly  much  branched  :  loaves  cunoato-oblong  or  obovato,  iiinnatnly  iucisotror 
3-cloft  and  coarsely  toothed;  tho  lower  narrowed  into  a  short  margined  poiiole;  tho 
uppermost  passing  into  bracts :  apikos  tormiimting  tho  branches,  thickish,  rither 
douse,  and  squarroso  with  tho  rigid  lanccolnto  or  linear  acmninuto  and  spars,>ly  his- 
pid foliaceous  bracts,  which  surpass  the  flowers  :  corolla  purplish  or  blue,  small  and 
Blender.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2910. 

Near  Monterey  in  alkaline  soil,  Bolander:  a  peculiar  and  rigid  form,  with  bracts  or  bract-like 
leaves  lar  down  the  stem.    The  orduiary  form  occurs  in  Oregon,  and  e.xtends  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

§  2.   Flotvers  more  showy:  spike  at  first- short  and  capitate:  connective  of  the  anthers 
of  the  longer  stamens  tipped  with  a  gland. 

7.  V.  Ciliata,  Benth.  Low  and  diffuse,  apparently  annual,  villous-hirsute;  or  tho 
eaves  somewhat  strigose-hispid,  once  or  twice  3-parted  or  cleft,  short-petioled  ;  the 
ateral  divisions  commonly  2-lobed  and  the  middle  one  3-5-lobe.l  or  incised:  bracts 

lanceolate-subulate,  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  tube  of  the  latter  oblong ;  the  teeth 
rather  short-subulate,  nearly  equal  :  corolla  "  blue,"  or  purple  ;  the  tube  hardly 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  PI.  Hartw.  21  ;  Schauer  in  DC.  Pro.lr.  xi.  553. 

r.lpKvl'.'^.vJ"^'^'"^""  *V  Bouthem  borders  of  the  State  {Pahnrr),  a  form  with  rather  coarsely 
clett  leaves  :  extends  tlu-ough  Arizona  {Palmer,  Lieut.   U'heclrr,  d-c),  to  W.  Texas  and  Mexico. 

..^JninlTn'''''''"^'?'''  ^'x^T""''  f^'f",'^"^^'-'''''  ''fpinnnftfda,  Nutt.),  from  Colorado  to  Texas,  is 
une  ual    ^  '  *"'^  ''"^  '"""^'^  ^""^ei-  nnd  slender  bracts  and  calyx-teeth,  tho  latter  very 

2.  LIPPIA,  Liim. 
Corolla  somewhat  funnelform  or  salverform  ;  the  limb  either  bilabiate  (upper  lip 
entire  or  2-lobed,  lower  S-partnd),  or  4-cloft  and  merely  obliquo.  Stamens  4,  in- 
cluded. Stigma  capitato  or  oblique.  Ovary  2-oolled,  in  fruit  forming  2  ono-aoodml 
nutlets.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  of  various  aspect :  the  foliage  sometimes  aromatic,  as  in 
L.  cifrifldora,  the  swoi^  Verbena-shrub  of  tho  gardens,  native  of  S.  America,  to 
which  most  of  the  species  belong. 


QIQ  TLANTAGINACE.'!':.  Lippiu. 

1.  L.  lycioides,  Steudel.  tSluubby,  4  to  10  feet  liigh,  minutely  pubenilent : 
branches  lung  and  .slender  ;  brancldets  sometimes  spinescent  :  leaves  luneeolato- 
oblong,  obtuse  (a  (punter  to  a  full  inch  long),  narrowed  at  base  into  a  slight  petiole, 
1-nerved,  nc^arly  veinless,  roughish  above,  on  llowcring  stems  commonly  entire  : 
llowors  small,  vanilla-scented,  in  slcnd(3r  naked  spikes  :  calyx  very  liirsute,  4-clel't  : 
corolla  barely  2  lines  long,  while  or  bluish,  4-lobed. 

No.  548  iu  the  Caliruniiaii  collection  of  Coulter.  More  likely  collected  in  the  Mexican  prov- 
ince of  Sonora,  wheic  it  was  found  by  Dr.  Palnier,  whence  it  extends  eastward  to  Texas.  ALso 
a  native  of  IJuenos  Ayres,  kc. 

2.  L.  nodiflora,  Michx.  Perennial  ]  herb,  creeping  extensively,  minutely  cine- 
reous-pubescent or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  cuneate-spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  obscurely  veined  or  veinless,  the  tapering  base  entire,  from  the  middle 
to  the  apox  sharply  serrate  :  peduncles  erect  from  the  rooting  joints,  1  to  4  inches 
long,  much  exceeding  the  leaves  :  flowers  in  a  globular  or  at  length  cylindraceous 
liead,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick  :  bracts  closely  imbricated  :  calyx  compressed 
fore  and  aft,  2-clel't,  2-carinate,  the  lobes  contluidicate,  linear-lanceolate,  lateral  : 
corolla  purplish  or  white,  bilabiate:  fruit  corky,  not  readily  separating  into  the  2 
nutlets.  —  Zapania  itodijiora,  Lam.  Lqijtia  tanceoliUa,  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp., 
403,  not  of  Michx. 

Hanks  of  tlie  Lower  Saciamento  and  San  Joaquin  to  the  Rio  Colorado:  east  to  Texas  and 
Florida ;  and  widely  dispersed  over  the  warm  regions  of  the  world.  Includes  several  nominal 
species. 

Order  LXXV.    PLANTAGINACE-ffiS. 

Steraless  lierbs  with  flowers  in  spikes,  the  4-cleft  regular  corollas  dry  and  scarious, 
consisting  almost  wholly  of  the  genus, 

1.  PLANTAGO,  Linn.        Plantain.     Ribgrass. 

Flowers  i)erfect,  or  st)nietimos  more  or  less  dittcious,  in  a  spike  or  head,  each  sub- 
tended by  a  bract.  Calyx  of  4  persistent  imbiicated  sepals,  free  from  the  ovary. 
Corolla  hypogynous,  of  scarious  texture,  veinless,  withering-persistent,  short  salver- 
form  ;  its  limb  4-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2  to  4,  inserted  on  the 
corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes  ;  filaments  commonly  long  and  flaccid  in  anthesis  : 
anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  2-celled,  or  by  a  false  parti- 
tion in  some  3  -'4-celled,  with  one  or  more  amphitropous  ovules  in  each  cell :  stylo 
filiform,  all  the  upper  part  pubescent  or  bearded  and  stigraatic.  Fruit  a  membrana- 
ceous or  coriaceous  capsule,  circumscissile  towards  the  base,  the  upper  part  falling 
away  as  a  lid,  carrying  with  it  the  loose  partition,  which  bears  one  or  more  peltate 
seeds  on  each  face.  Seed-coat  mucilaginous  when  wet.  Embryo  straight,  about 
the  length  of  the  fleshy  albumen.  —  ]\Iostly  stemless  herbs,  with  nerved  or  ribbed 
radical  loaves,  and  naked  scapes  of  suuiU  mostly  greenish  flowers. 

A  lar^fo  Kcnns,  widely  diHtiihuted  over  the  world,  iniiinly  in  the  temperate  zones,  In  Kuropo 
ftocompnnicd  by  a  niondicious  genus,  Liltonllti,  but  otherwise  having  no  obvious  near  relation- 
sliip.     The  North  American  species  are  few. 

§  1.  Floivers  all  alike  and  'perfect,  with  the  4  stamens  and  long  style  both  much  ex- 
sei'ted,  hut  at  different  pei-iods,  i.  e.  the  latter  while  the  stamens  are  still  in  the 
unopened  corolla,  these  protruded  by  the  elongation  of  the  slender  filaments  a 
day  or  two  later,  after  the  stigma  has  begun  to  toither :  lobes  of  the  corolla  not 
closed  after  fi/)ivering. 


Plantano.  I'LANTAGINACE.K  ^l\ 

*   Leaves  3  -  1 -ribbed,  not  fleshy  :  root  perennial. 

1.  P.  major,  Linn.  Glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent :  leaves  ovate  or  broadly 
oblong,  large,  .abruptly  contracted  into  >  a  channelled  petiole,  5  -  7-ribbed  :  spike 
long  and  slender:  capsule  7-16-seedcd. 

San  Diego  to  Oregon  ;  apparently  s])aringly  naturalized  in  California.  This  Wayside  Plantain, 
probably  indigenous  only  to  the  Old  World,  is  reported  to  spring  up  in  North  America  "wherever 
the  white  man  has  set  his  foot." 

2.  P.  lanceolata,  Linn.  Mostly  hairy  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  elongated-oblong, 
3-r)-ribbo(l  :  scape  deeply  grooved  and  angled,  slender,  at  length  much  surpassing 
the  leaves  (a  foot  or  two  long),  bearing  a  head  which  commonly  lengthens  into  a 
dense  thick  sjiike  :  bracts  and  .sepals  scarious,  two  of  the  latter  commonly  united 
into  one  :  capsule  2-seeded  :  seeds  hollowed  on  the  inner  face. 

Dry  fields,  near  San  Francisco.  The  RibOTass,  Ripplegrass,  or  English  Plantain  ;  introduced 
from  Europe  ;  apparently  not  widely  establislied. 

*   *   Leaves  rihless  or  nearly  so,  fleshy  and  narrov). 

3.  P.  maritima,  Linn.  Perennial  or  biennial  :  the  thick  crown  more  or  less 
woolly  among  i\w  bases  of  the  leaves,  which  are  linear,  usually  much  fleshy-thick- 
ened, entire  or  with  a  few  scattered  sharp  teeth  :  scapes  a  span  or  le.ss  in  height, 
bearing  a  dense  many-flowered  oblong  or  cylindrical  spike  :  sepals  scarious-mem- 
branaceous  with  a  thickish  green  centre,  which  in  the  posterior  ones  is  crested  : 
capsule  often  more  or  less  3-4-cellcd,  a  single  seed  in  each  cell. 

Along  the  sea-.shore,  on  rocks,  in  sand,  or  in  salt-marshes.  Widely  dispersed  over  the  world, 
and  varying  in  form. 

§  2.  Flowers  of  two  kinds  on  different  individuals,  both  with  4  stamens,  one  sort  with 
lonf/  exserted  fllaments,  the  other  with  short  included  filaments  and  small 
anthers, 

4.  P.  Patagonica,  Jacq.  Annual,  silky-woolly,  or  sometimes  merely  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  varying  from  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  to  nearly  filiform,  entire  or 
sparingly  denticulate,  1  -  3-nerved  :  scape  slender,  2  to  6  inclies  high,  bearing  a 
dense  cylindrical  or  oblong  spike,  in  depauperate  specimens  fre(]uently  reduced  to  a 
head:  flowers  all  perfect:  sepals  very  obtuse,  scarious  except  a  thick  central  por- 
tion :  lobos  of  the  corolla  round-ovate  and  cordate,  remaining  expanded  after  an- 
thesis  :  capsulo  2-scedod  :  seeds  large,  deeply  hollowed  on  the  face  or  boat-shaped. 
—  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  312,  &  in  Pacif.  R.  Kep.  iv.  117. 

Open  grounds,  common  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  chiefly  in  a  small  form.  Extends 
southward  almost  to  the  extremity  of  the  American  continent,  and  on  the  ea.stern  side,  under  sev- 
eral forms,  from  Texas  through  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  great  plains  to  the  Sfus- 
katchawan  district. 

5.  P.  Virginica,  Linn.,  var.  maxima.  Annual  or  biennial,  pubescent  or  hir- 
sute with  many-jointed  hairs,  becoming  woolly  at  the  crown  :  leaves  from  oblanceo- 
lato  to  oblong  and  oval  or  obovate,  3  to  10  inches  long,  obtuse,  sparingly  denticulate, 
3  -  7-ribl)ed,  tapering  into  a  narrowed  base  or  wing-margined  jietiole  :  scape  n  span 
to  a  foot  or  more  long,  bearing  a  dense  spike  :  bracts  not  longer  than  the  calyx  : 
lobes  of  the  rather  small  corolla  ovate  and  slightly  cordate  ;  in  the  long-stamened 
and  sterile  form  remaining  open  or  rcflexed  ;  in  the  nnich  commoner  and  fully 
fruitful  form  with  small  or  included  stamens,  closing  permanently  over  the  ovary 
and  capsule  and  somewhat  indurating  in  the  form  of  a  slender-conical  beak,  crown- 
ing the  summit  of  the  ovate  obtuse  2  -  3-seeded  capsule  :  seeds  nearly  flat  on  the 
face.  —  7^  Kamtchatica,  Hook.  Sc  Am.  Hot.  IJeec.hey,  lf)6.  /'.  Durvilici,  var.  Cali- 
fornica,  Fischer  k  Meyer,  Ind.  Som.  Ilort.  Petrop. 

Along  the  coast,  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Monterey.  The  association  of  this  robust  plant  with 
the  tiny  P.  Virginica  of  the  Atlantif  border  will  appear  strange  ;  but.  a  Texan  form  (P.  purpuras- 
cfns,  Nutt.)  connects  them. 


612  I'LANTAGINACE.E.  J'lanluyo. 

§  3.  Flowers  perfect  (and  perhaps  of  two  kinds)  :  stamens  2. 
(J.  P.  Bigelovii,  ( ; ray.  Annual,  small  and  slender,  a  span  or  less  in  height, 
slightly  liiibiile  :  leaves  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  a  line  or  two  wiile,  the  bntader  ones 
obscurely  3-nerveil,  shorter  than  the  scape:  spike  oblong  or  linear,  densely  few - 
nuiny-llowered  :  bracts  carinate,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  lobes  of  tho  corolla 
ovate,  remaining  open  :  stamens  ami  style  a  little  exserted  :  capsule  ovoid-oblong, 
somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx,  2-celled,  4-seeded  :  seeds  oblong,  not  hollowed  on 
the  face.  — Pacif.  li.  iJup.  iv.  117, 

Salt-inarslies,  San  Palilo  Iky,  at  Beiiicia  ami  Vallejo,  Bigelow,  E.  L.  Greene.  Ro-descri»)ed 
from  good  specimens  collected  Ly  Mr.  (Iiccne.  Flowers  twice  tho  size  of  tliose  of  tlie  eastern 
P.  piisilla,  which  extends  westward  to  Utah,  and  was  mistaken  for  tins  in  tlio  Hotany  of  King's 
Expedition.  ° 

P.  Eiuoi'ODA,  Ton.,  of  tlio  Rocky  Mountains,  wliich  reaches  Northeastern  Nevada,  also 
P.  MACUOCAUI'A,  Cham,  k  Schlecht.,  of  the  northern  Pacific  coast,  are  the  only  other  Western 
species  ;  both  with  thickish  spikes  and  rather  large  flowers  and  capsules. 


ADDITIONS  AND   CORRECTIONS. 


Page  43.  17.  NASTURTIUM. 

3*.  N.  obtusum,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  much 
branched,  decumbent  or  procumbent,  a  span  long  or  less  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  or 
divided ;  the  segments  mostly  oblong,  sinuately  toothed  :  Hovvers  minute  :  pods 
ovate-  to  linear-oblong,  2  or  3  lines  long,  very  obtuse  or  acutish,  beaked  by  the 
short  style  :  pedicels  about  a  line  long.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Yl.  i.  74. 

On  the  headwaters  of  Kern  River  (Rothrnck)  ;  Nortlietn  Nevada  (IFalson)  ;  frequent  eastward 
from  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  the  Mississippi. 

Page  300.  3.   BRICKELLIA. 

2.  B.  grandiflora,  Nutt.,  var.  minor,  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  March,  18G3, 
67.  A  Ibrm  decidedly  smaller  in  all  its  parts  ;  collected  on  a  peak  near  Lake 
Tahoe,  Lemmon. 

r.vgo313.  16.  APLOPAPPUS. 

8*.  A.  Palmerl,  Gray.  Shrub  4  feet  high,  paniculatoly  much  branclicd,  some- 
what resinous  ;  branches  often  virgate,  very  leafy  :  loaves  iiliform,  about  an  inch 
long,  with  shorter  ones  fascicled  in  the  axils,  obscurely  punctate  :  heads  paniculate, 
4  lines  long  :  involucre  turbinate ;  the  scales  oblong-linear,  very  obtuse,  chartaccous, 
minutely  granulose-glandular,  the  narrow  scarious  edges  especially  at  the  tip  ciliate- 
fringed  :  rays  3  or  4,  not  longer  than  the  11  to  15  disk-flowers  :  akencs  short-linear, 
villous-pubescent.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  74. 

Tecate  Mountains,  in  Lower  California,  20  miles  or  more  below  the  State  lioundary  {Pahner) ; 
San  Bernardino  Co.,  Parry.  One  of  the  Ericamcria  section,  related  to  A.  pinifolius,  A.  cricoides, 
and  the  Now  Mexican  A.  larici/olius. 

14.  A.  gracilis,  Gray.  Rigid-herbaceous  (the  root  in  ours  seemingly  perennial), 
pubescent :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  loosely  and  simply  branching,  slender  : 
leaves  linear  or  the  lowest  somewhat  spatulate,  pinnately  5  -  7-clcft  or  incised,  the 
lobes  abort  and  tipped  with  a  rigid  bristle  ;  upper  leaves  gradually  reduced  to  linear 
and  entire  small  and  appressed  bracts  (3  to  2  lines  long),  which  pass  into  the 
appressed  closely  imbricated  scales  of  the  obovato  involucre  :  heads  small,  terminat- 
ing the  virgate  branches  :  rays  12  to  18,  short:  akencs  silky-hairy:  ])appus  dirty 
white,  of  rather  scanty  and  extremely  unequal  bristles  ;  the  innermost  rigid  and  wider 
downward,  about  the  length  of  the  disk-corolla,  the  others  successively  shorter  and 
liner  :  style-appendages  linear,  as  long  as  the  stigmatic  ]>ortion.  —  PI.  Fendl.  76. 

Southeastern  part  of  the  State  ;  San  Diego  and  Sin  Bernardino  counties  (Cooper,  Cleveland, 
Palmer)  ;  thonce  east  to  New  Mexico.  Head  a  qunrterof  nn  inch  hi"h  :  scales  of  the  invohicrc 
linear,  rigid,  mostly  bristle-tip])ed,  in  the  plant  of  Arizona  and  Calirnrnia  minutely  granulate- 
glandular.  Belongs  to  the  Blepharodon  section,  along  with  A.  nrciwrius  and  A.  s/iinu/osus, 
referred  to  on  p.  314. 

Page  314.  17.   BIGELOVIA. 

1'.  B.  spathulata,  Gray.  A  low  and  corymbosely  much-branched  shrub,  gla- 
brous, hardly  at  all  glutinous  :  branchlots  leafy  to  the  summit :  leaves  (half  an  inch 


514  ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS. 

long)  cuneatc-obovato,  entire,  mostly  rutuse,  tliick-coriiiceous,  veinloss  and  witli  raid- 
rib  indiistinct,  obscurely  if  ut  all  puiiotatu  :  heads  in  small  coiymbuse  tcrminul  clus- 
ters, 4  or  5  lines  loiii,',  al)out  lU-llovverotl :  scales  of  the  turbinate  involucre  numer- 
ous and  regularly  imbricated ;  all  of  the  inner  ones  broadly  linear,  coriaceous, 
rather  obtuse,  destitute  of  green  tips;  the  outer  shorter,  greenish,  and  gradually 
passing  into  roundish  rigid  scale-like  bractlets  :  ajipendages  of  the  style-branches 
slender-subulate,  as  long  as  the  stigmatic  portion  and  narrower  :  akenes  silky-hairy. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  74. 

Tantillas  Mountains,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Great  Cahon,  below  the  southern  boundary  of 
the  State,  Palmer.  Too  closely  resembles  Ajdopappas  caucatus,  p.  312  ;  but  not  balsamic-resin- 
ous ;  leaves  almost  ilotless  ;  head.s  .smaller,  I'ewer-tlowered,  and  rayless  ;  akene  shelter  and  with 
silky  pubescence,  and  slender  bristles  of  the  pappus  not  thickened  toward  the  tips. 

2.  B.  arborescens,  Gray.  Foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Calaveras  Co., 
Lemmuii,  1875. 

3*.  B.  brachylepis,  (iray.  liesembles  li.  Cooperi :  heads  larger  and  broader, 
4  or  5  linea  lung,  8-  12-lluwcred,  corymbose  or  thyrsoid,  or  terminating  short-leaved 
branchlcts  :  scales  of  the  campanulate  involucre  all  obtuse,  many  with  resinous- 
glandular  thickened  midrib,  the  innermost  not  exceeding  the  linear  akenes  :  style- 
appendages  slender-subulate,  obtusish. 

Ijukens'  Station,  «0  miles  east  by  north  of  San  Die-^o,  Dr.  I'ahner.  Shrub  4  to  6  feet  hi<?h, 
fastiyialcly  branched.  Al^l^)  nscmbles  Jl.  tcrdiJ'oUa  in  foliage  and  in  tiaces  of  glands  to  the  invo- 
lucre. 

8.  B.  paniculata.  Gray.  San  Bernardino  County,  Parry.  Also  Southern 
Utah,   Paimfr. 

9.  B.  graveolens,  Gray,  has  been  found  as  far  west  as  Kern  Co.,  Rothrock. 

10.  B.  Douglasii,  <!riiy.  To  the  varieties  must  be  added  a  most  distinct  and 
remarkable  un(!, 

Var.  stenophylla,  Gray.  Leaves  all  from  very  narrowly  linear  to  iiliform, 
smooth :  heads  narrower,  oftener  only  4-llowered. 

N.  W.  Nevada  C /ra^i'y/t,  Leminon,  &c.)  to  borders  of  Lower  California,  Palmer.  Terhaps  a 
distinct  species. 

Page  324.  21.    ASTER. 

10^  A.  SBStivus,  Ait.  (!)  ]\Iinutely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  nar- 
rower and  heads  more  paniculate  than  in  A.  iJout/lasii :  scales  of  the  involucre 
narrower,  the  outer  all  linear,  nuunly  green. —  A.  laxifoiias,  Nees.  A.  Doaylasii, 
DC.  in  part. 

Moist  grounds,  mountains  of  San  Diego  Co.  {Cleveland)  ;  Southern  Sierra  Nevada,  Tulare  Co., 
&c.,  Rothruck.     Not  uncommon  far  eastward  and  northward. 

IG.  A.  spinosus,  15enth.  Glabrou.s,  2  or  3  feet  high,  Avith  slender  virgate  or 
rush-like  l)ranches,  terminated  by  single  naked  heads,  bearing  also  some  sofl-spines- 
cent  branchlets  below  :  hsaves  small  and  linear,  or  reduced  to  minute  subulate  scah:s, 
at  length  deciduous  :  heads  3  lines  long  :  scales  of  the  involucre  subulate  :  rays 
rather  short,  whitish:  akenes  glabrous.  —  PI.  JIartw.  20;  Torr.  &  Gray,  I'l.  ii.  105. 

Interior  of  San  Diego  Co.,  Palmer.     Extends  through  Arizona  to  Texas  and  into  Mexico. 

Page  333.  25.    BACCHARIS. 

8.  B.  brachyphylla,  Gray.  Minutely  roughish-puberulent :  slender  and  dilfuse 
branches  2  or  3  feet  long  from  a  woody  base,  beset  with  small  linear  or  lanceolate 
subulate  leaves  (the  lower  half  an  inch  long,  the  upper  reduced  to  scale-like  bracts 
less  than  a  line  long),  bearing  loosely  paniculate  heads  :  involucre  2  lines  high  ;  the 


•ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS.  616 

scales  broadly  lanceolate,   acute,   puberulent  aiul  greenish  on  the  back,  and  with 
scarious  margins  :  pappus  short,  fulvous.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  83. 

Eastern  part  of  San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino  counties  {Palmer,  Parry)  ;  eastward  to  New 
Mexico. 

Page  343.  37'.    DICORIA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Head  hetorogamous,  discoid ;  one  or  two  marginal  (lowers  pistillate  and  fertile, 
apetalous,  consisting  of  an  ovary  and  a  2-partod  stylo;  tho  other  flowers  G  to  12, 
staminate  and  sterile,  with  obconical  5-toothcd  corolla,  completely  monadelphous 
filaments,  slightly  coherent  anthers,  and  undivided  style  destitute  of  stigma  and 
appendages.  Involucre  of  about  5  short  and  oval  herbaceous  scales,  and  of  either 
one  or  two  much  larger  and  flat  accrescent  scarious  ones,  each  of  the  latter  subtend- 
ing a  fertile  flower.  Receptacle  with  a  few  delicate  chaffy  scales  among  tlie  fertile 
flowers.  Akenes  obcomprossod,  oblong,  surrounded  by  a  toothed  border  or  wing, 
much  exceeding  tho  outer  involucre.  —  Annual  or  bicimial  herbs,  whitened  with 
approssed  liirsuto  pubescence;  with  entire  or  serrate  petioled  loaves,  tho  lowest 
opposite,  tho  upper  alternate,  and  racemosely  or  spicately  paniculate  and  scattered 
small  heads,  nodding  in  fruit;  the  flowers  greenish  yellow.  —  Emory  Rep.  143, 
&  Bot.   Mex.   Bound.   86,  t.   30;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.   76. 

1.  D.  canescens,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  to  a  yard  high  :  leaves  from 
oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate  :  internal  and  greenish-yellow  scales  of  tho  involucre  a 
pair,  orbicular,  in  fruit  3  lines  long,  longer  and  broader  than  the  broadly  and  veiny- 
winged  akenes  they  subtend. 

Desert  washes  in  San  Bernardino  Co.  {Parry),  and  eastward  in  S.  Utah  and  Arizona. 

D.  Branoeoei,  Gray,  1.  c,  of  S.  E.  Colorado,  has  narrow  leaves,  and  a  single  fertile  flower, the 
akene  of  which  has  a  callous-toothed  border  in  place  of  wing,  and  nuich  exceeds  the  relatively 
smaller  subtemling  scale. 

Page  343.  38.   IVA. 

2.  I.  HayOBiana,  Gray.  Apparently  horbacoous  from  a  woody  base,  and  from 
1  to  3  feet  high,  erect,  and  tho  larger  plants  paniculatoly  nuich  branched  :  caulino 
leaves  opposite,  epatulato-oblong  and  very  obtuse,  an  inch  or  two  long,  tho  base  nar- 
rowed into  a  distinct  petiole;  those  of  the  branches  alternate  and  gradually  i)assing 
into  linear  bracts,  the  uppermost  hardly  surpassing  the  heads  ;  these  rather  crowded 
in  panicled  spikes  :  involucre  of  about  5  rounded  and  completely  distinct  imbricated 
scales.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  78. 

San  Diego  Co.  ;  near  Warner's  Pass  {Sntinn  Haym,  ]  8r)8),  collected  in  October,  when  all  the 
flowers  had  fallen  ;  Jamuel  Valley,  south  of  San  Diego,  Dr.  Palmer,  1875. 

Page  344.  41.   FRANSERIA. 

3.  F.  pumila,  Nutt.  Common  in  the  streets  of  San  Diego,  Parry,  Cleveland. 
The  fruit  is  small,  and  much  of  it  one-celled  and  spineless,  and  therefore  that  of  an 
Amhrosia.  The  species  needs  to  bo  compared  with  A.  lenuifolia,  Spreng.,  and  A. 
fruticosa,  DC,  var.  canes^cem. 

10.  F.  ilicifolia.  Gray.  Shrubby,  much  branched  ;  branches  very  leafy,  hirsute 
and  pubescent  :  leaves  closely  sessile  by  an  auriculato  halfclasping  base,  coriaceous, 
prominently  veiny  and  reticulated,  ovate  or  oblong  (less  than  2  inches  long),  sca- 
brous and  pubescent,  coarsely  serrate ;  the  teeth  and  especially  the  acuminate  apex 
spiny-tipped:   fertile  involycre  globose,  thickly  armed  with  hook-tipped  prickles, 


0]^(J  ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS. 

wliicli  are  as  long  as  the  soiuewliat  atouter  beaks,  2-celled,   2-seeded.  —  I'ruc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  77. 

In  the  Tiiutillfts  Cafloii,  noitbein  part  of  Lower  California,  Palmer.  A  renniikable  sjiecies, 
witli  HoUy-liUe  leaves.  Slerile  involucres  unknown.  Full-grown  bur  half  au  inch  in  diameter 
incluiling  the  prickles. 

Page  310.  45.    WYETHIA. 

3".  W.  COriacea,  <iray.  (Ill  character  between  *  and  *  «.)  liarely  a  luut 
liigh,  villuus-pubescent :  stem  stout,  lew-leaved  :  leaves  long-petioled,  firm-coriaceous, 
much  reticulated,  ovale,  or  sometimes  rouiulish,  or  the  up]>er  oblong,  3  to  5  inches 
long;  tlio  base  either  truncate  or  inclining  to  cordate,  or  oblitjuo,  or  sometimes  nar- 
rowed into  the  iietioN' :  hcuda  low,  rather  narrow  :  wcalea  ol'  tho  invohicre  5  or  G, 
I'oliuceous,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  u  half  long,  equalling  or 
exceeding  tho  5  to  8  rays,  also  2  or  3  smaller  rather  cliaily  ones  within  :  akenes 
glabrous;  those  of  the  ray  oblong  and  obcompressed,  of  the  disk  4-5-angled  and 
narrower :  pajjpus  4  to  U  small  and  stout  rather  unequal  blunt  teeth,  a  little  united 
at  base,  rarely  one  of  them  lunger  and  subulate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  77. 
On  the  Mesa  Graiule,  7U  miles  northeast  of  !San  l^iego,  Dr.  Fulmcr. 

Page  352.  47.   ENCELIA. 

5.  E.  viscida,  (Jray.  Apiiarcntly  a  foot  or  two  higli  and  herbaceous,  branching, 
viscid-glandular  throughout  :  stem  and  branches  (as  well  as  S}iaringly  the  leaves) 
hirsute  with  long  and  slender  many-jointed  widely  spreading  hairs  :  leaves  alternate, 
ovate  or  oblong,  sessile,  mostly  with  auric ulate  or  cordate  half-clasping  base,  spar- 
ingly .serrate,  an  inch  or  two  long  (the  lower  not  seen)  :  heads  terminating  short 
leafy  branches  :  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear,  obtuse,  a  little  unequal,  all 
shorter  than  the  disk  ;  the  outer  greenish  and  viscid,  thin-menibranaceous ;  the 
innermost  like  the  chalf  of  the  recei)tacle  thin-scarious  :  rays  none  :  disk-corollas 
light  yellow  :  akenes  narrowly  cuiuiate,  with  cidhnis  margins  and  summit,  strongly 
white-villous,  especially  the  margins,  these  oxtonded  into  strong  pubescent  awns. — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  78. 

Southern  part  of  San  Diego  Co.,  at  Darkens'  Station,  80  miles  east  of  San  Diego,  Dr.  Puhner. 
A  renuukaltle  species,  with  the  aspect  ami  foliage  of  a  Huhca.  Heads  three  fourths  of  an  inch 
long.     Akenes  4  or  5  lines  long  ;  and  tho  subulate  awns  2  or  3  linos. 

Pago  353.  49.  HELIANTHUS. 

tK  H,  gracilentUB,  (J ray.  J'evennial  (but  base  not  seen),  ai)parcntly  3  feet  or 
more  high  :  slender  branches  nearly  smooth  and  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  rather 
short,  entire,  pale  and  minutely  hispid-scabrous  both  sides,  obscurely  triplinerved  ; 
the  lower  opposite  and  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  petiole  ;  the  upper  scattered 
and  gradually  reduced  to  an  inch  or  less  in  length  :  peduncles  few  or  solitary  and 
slender  :  involucre  shorter  than  tho  brownish-yellow  disk  ;  its  scales  regularly  im- 
bricated, acute,  destitute  of  tij)s,  densely  and  rather  hirsutely  puberulent :  rays  12 
to  IG,  an  inch  or  less  long  :  akenes  flat  and  broad,  smooth,  only  half  the  length  of 
the  slender  bayonet-shaped  scales  of  the  pappus,  which  are  fully  three  fourths  the 
length  of  the  disk-corolla.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  77. 

Mountains  45  miles  northeast  of  San  Diego,  Th:  I'afmer. 
Page  362.  57.   HEMIZONIA. 

5*.  H.  floribunda,  (Iray.  Erect,  apparently  3  feet  high,  with  very  numerous 
and  leafy  branches,  minutely  glandular-pubescent:  lower  leaves  not  seen;  the  upper 
linear,  obtuse,  entire,  a  half  to  a  (piarter  of  an  inch  long  :  heads  terminating  the 
branchlets,  3  or  {  lines  broad  and  high,   many-lloworod  :  scales  of  tho  involucre 


ADDITIONS    AND   CORRWTIONS.  f,|7 

obloiig-liinceoliito,  sliorter  tliati  the  disk,  ratlior  ()])tnso,  extremely  glandular :  rays 
20  or  more,  forming  two  series,  with  cuncate  S-lobed  deep  orange-yellow  ligides  : 
disk-llowers  about  as  many,  most  of  them  fertile  :  chalf  of  the  llattish  receptacle 
oidy  between  the  ray  and  disk  flowers,  of  linear  and  nearly  distinct  scales  :  pappus 
of  the  disk-akenes  of  5  to  8  ovate  or  roundish  blunt  and  entire  scales,  which  are 
hairy  on  the  back  and  margin.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  7'J. 

On  tlie  Fort  Yuma  road,  at  barkens,  80  miles  east  of  San  Diego,  Pnlmrr.  A  striking  species 
of  the  Harlmnnnin  section,  in  some  respects  resembling  //.  frHftsrois,  to  be  inserted  in  the  subdi- 
vision (with  some  emendation)  which  includes  //.  angustifolia  and  //.  conjmbosa. 

1 1".  H.  Wheeleri,  Gray.  Loosely  branched  from  the  base,  slender,  a  span  to  a 
foot  high,  somewhat  hirsute,  liardly  at  all  glandular  :  leaves  all  linear  and  entire, 
scattered  (the  lower  an  inch  or  two  long)  :  heads  scattered,  short-peduncled  :  scales 
of  i\w.  involucre  lanceolate,  herbaceous,  rather  short :  rays  only  5  or  G,  bright  yel- 
low :  disk-dowers  numerous  (yellow),  with  abortivfs  ovary  and  no  pappus  :  outer 
chaff  of  the  receptacle  of  distinct  thin  scales  ;  inner  UKJstly  wanting  :  fertile  akenes 
triangular. 

Tularo  Co.,  Monachay  Meadows,  &c.,  upper  ]»art  of  South  Fork  of  Kern  ]?iver,  at  8,200  to 
10,000  feet  altitiidc,  Unihrock  in  Wheeler's  K.\pe<Utioii,  187:'..  Ib'ad  )>:uely  'i  lines  higii  :  rays  2 
lines  long  and  wide.  Smooth  akenes  a  line  and  a  ipiarter  long.  A  well-marked  species  of  the  Eu- 
hemhonin  section. 

Page  391.  TJ\    HYMENOPAPPUS,  I/Her. 

Head  homogamous ;  the  rather  numerous  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubular. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  6  to  12,  more  or  less  imbricated,  obovato  or  oval,  flat,  thin, 
often  partly  scarions  or  colored  (whitish,  rarely  purplish).  Iveceptacle  small,  naked. 
( 'orolla  with  a  narrow  and  glandular  tube,  abruptly  dilated  into  a  campanulate 
throat,  and  with  5  revoluto  lobes.  Style-branches  rather  broad  and  obtuse.  Akenes 
turbinate  or  inversely  pyramidal,  with  a  short  stalk  like  base.  Pappus  of  8  or  10 
short  and  blunt  silvery-scarious  scales,  nearly  or  quite  nerveless.  —  Biennial  or 
rarely  perennial  herbs  (all  N.  American),  whitened  with  a  rather  deciduous  wool ; 
the  stems  with  a  solitary  or  corymbose  head  of  whitish  or  yellow  flowers. 

1.  H.  luteus,  Ntitl.  A  span  to  a  foot  high:  h-avca  mainly  in  a  tuff  at  the 
root,  twice  pinnately  divided  ;  the  lobes  narrowly  lin(!ar  with  revolut(!  margins  or 
nearly  filiform  :  stem  scape-like,  bearing  few  or  rarely  solitary  long-peduncled  heads 
of  light  yellow  flowers  ;  akenes  very  villous,  at  least  on  the  angles  :  pappus  nearly 
as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  373. 

Tantillas  Mountains,  nrnr  the  State  line,  in  Lower  <'nlifornia,  Jh-.  Pnlmrr.  E.vtends  ea.stward 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

ragfi399.  88.    PECTIS. 

1.  P.  papposa,  ( Jray,  var.  epapposa.  A  depauperate  short-peduncled  form, 
collected  by  J)r.  Palmer,  about  half-way  between  San  Diego  and  Fort  Yuma  (also 
in  S.  Utah  and  Arizona)  :  .some  of  the  specimens  with  the  normal  barbellate-bristly 
pappus  to  the  <lisk-flowers,  the  others  Avith  a  mere  vestige  or  none. 

I'ftK''  402.  9n.   TANACETUM. 

••.V    1:   *   Pappnx  none  :  Icavex  nn.lif  ^-r/e/l  or  entire.      {Hpluvromeria,  Nutt.) 

3.  T.  canum,  1^.  C.  Eaton.  A  span  high  or  more,  in  tufts  from  a  woody  ba.se, 
silvery-canescent :  flowering  stems  simple,  terminated  by  one  or  two  or  several  corym- 
bo.se-erowd(Kl  heads  :  leaves   half  an  inch  or  more  long,  sessile,  some  cuncate  and 


513  ADDITIONS   AND    CURKECTlUNS. 

3-cleft  into  navrow-entiie  lobes,  others  linear  or  lanceolate  and  entire  :  involucre  2 
lines  liigli,  of  about  12  ohovato  scales  :  llowers  yellowish;  a  few  of  the  outer  ones 
pistillate  ;  the  rest  peifect.  —  Uot.  King  Kxp.  180,  t.  11). 

Ohiiiclie  Moiiiitain,  Tul:in>  ("(•.,  ut  lO.OOd  k-rt,  lloilinh-k  in  Whucler'a  Expud.,  1875.  Elsowhoro 
found  only  in  llio  K.  llmnbuldl  MonnLuins,  Ncviulu,   U  atsoii. 

Page  405.  94.   ARTEMISIA. 

12.  A.  Rothrockii,  (Iray.  Shrubby,  a  foot  or  less  higli,  bushy,  cinereous  with 
a  minute  appressed  pubescence,  but  green  or  greenish,  anil  sometimes  almost  gla- 
brous, ov  slightly  viscid  :  leaves  from  cuneato  and  3-4-cleft  above  into  oblong  lobes 
to  cuneate  linear  or  spatulato  ami  (especially  on  ilowering  shoots)  entire,  or  some  of 
tiio  upj)er  linear-oblDUg  :  heads  crowiled,  si)icate-panicled,  greenish,  2^  to  3  lines 
long,  10  -  12-liowered  :  scales  of  the  campanulato  involucre  concave,  rather  iirm ; 
the  outer  ovate  and  largely  herbaceous ;  the  inner  oblong  :  llowers  all  perfect  and 
fertile. 

Sierras  of  Tulare  Co.,  Ohuiche  Mountains  and  Monachay  Meadows,  at  8,000  to  9,300  feet,  Jiuth- 
rock  in  Wheeler's  Exped.,  1875.  TLe  Sutjc-brush  of  the  region.  Heads  even  thicker  than  those 
of  A.  caaa. 

13.  A.  Palmeri,  (^ray.  Ajiiuuently  wholly  herbaceous  and  at  least  3  feet  high, 
cinereous-puberulent :  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  the  lower  3  -  5-parted  (the  divi- 
sions an  inch  or  two  long  antl  a  line  or  more  wide),  with  revolute  margins,  the 
lower  surface  minutely  white-woolly  :  heads  greenish,  very  numerous  in  an  ample 
open  panicle  :  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  thin  :  Howers  all  perfect,  most  of  theju 
subtended  by  chalf  similar  to  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre  (or  the  inueimost 
much  smaller),  —  an  anomaly  in  the  genus,  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  79. 

Jamuel  Valley,  20  miles  east  of  south  of  San  Diego,  Palmer. 

Page  412.  101.    SENECIO. 

9.  S.  Fremontii,  Torr.  &  (Jray.     A  very  well  marked  form  of  tliis  species  is 
Var.  OCCidentalis,  (uay.      Much  more   slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves 
from  ovate-orbicular  and  repand  to  ubovate  or  spatulate  and  incised,  thinner,  most 
of  them  on  rather  long  and  wing-margined  petioles  :  heads  smaller  (4  lines  high), 
fewer-ilowered,  and  slender-peduncled. 

Sierra  Nevada,  on  Mount  Whitney  at  12,000  feet,  and  S.  Fork  of  Kern  River  down  to  9,800 
feet,  Riithrock  in  Wheeler's  Exped.,  1875.  Lenimon's  plant  from  Lassen's  Peak  is  between  this 
and  Watson's  and  Parry's  spucinieiis  from  the  mountains  of  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

Page  417.  103.   RAILLARDELLA. 

A  part  of  the  generic  character  to  Ije  modified,  and  a  portion  of  it  tlirown  into 
a  §  1,  to  contrast  with  the  following  :  — 

§  2.  Scales  of  the  involucre  distinct  to  the  base,  the  margins  below  at  length  more  or 
less  involute :  central  /lowers  (alwags  ?)  sterile,  both  anthers  and  ovary  imjnr- 
fect :  stem  leafy. 

3.  R.  Muil'ii,  <'ray.  A  span  or  two  high,  slender,  hirsute,  and  with  some  stalked 
glands  al)0ve  ;  leaves  (about  an  incli  long)  linear,  with  somewhat  revolute  margins, 
acute  :  heads  terminal  and  short-peduncled,  and  also  2  or  3  lateral  ones  :  involucre 
carapanulate  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  10  to  12,  stouter,  fully  ecpialling  the  corolla  in 
length. 

In  the  Sien-a  Nevada  (the  station  unknown),  ./.  Muir.  Head  little  over  half  an  inch  long. 
Stem  slender,  very  leafy  below,  sparsely  so  above.  In  habit  unlike  the  genuine  speeies  of  llallhir- 
delta,  but  the  floral  characters  accord.  The  mature  akeues  are  tei'ete,  but  so  they  may  be  when 
ripe  in  the  original  speeies. 


ADDITIONS   AND   CORREnTlONS.  (51  () 

Pago  441.  122.   LYQODESMIA. 

2.  L.  spinosa,  var.  cladopappa,  <Ji'ay ;  a  state  with  many  of  tlie  stiff  bristles 
of  the  pappus  bearing  a  few  slemler  branches  toward  the  base. 

Cfirson  Valley,  Lemmon,  1875.  Specimens  by  other  collectors  from  the  .sarno  neighborhood  do 
not  show  tliiH  peculiarity  of  the  psippiis,  in  which,  ns  well  us  in  the  rigidity,  there  is  an  approach 
to  Clixzladclpha. 

Page  442.  123.   LACTUCA. 

Lactuca  Canadensis,  Linn.,  was  collected  in  a  grain-lield  in  Sierra  Valley,  in  tlie  summer  of 
1875.     Being  otherwise  unknown  west  of  the  Ilocky  Mountains,  it  was  probably  a  waif  or  chance- 


Page  443.  Order  LI.     LOBELIACE^. 

Ileplace  tlie  key  to  the  gcnei-a  under  the  Tribe  LOBKUJvE  by  the  following. 

•  Capsule  short,  2-celled,  2-vnlved  at  tlio  top. 

1.  Lobelia.     Corolla  with  tlie  more  or  less  elongated  tube  split  from  top  to  bottom  on  the  appar- 

ently upper  side.     Stamens  free  from  the  corolla. 

2.  Palmereila.     Corolla  with  a  long  tube,  which  is  entire  at  the  summit  ;  the  stamens  adnate 

to  its  ujiper  part. 

3.  Laurentia.     Corolla  with  a  rather  long  entire  tube  ;  the  stamens  free  from  it,  except  perhaps 

at  the  very  base. 

♦  ♦  Capsule  and  ovary  long  and  linear,  one-celled,  opening  down  the  sides. 

4.  Downingla.     Corolla  with  a  very  short  and  entire  tube. 
Prefix  no.  5  to  Nemacladus. 

1.  LOBELIA,  Linn. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  and  with  a  short  tube.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  split  down  to 
the  base  on  one  (apparently  the  upper)  side  ;  the  two  lobes  on  that  side  erect  or  more 
.sej)arated  from  the  three  more  united  ones ;  all  the  petals  sometimes  inclined  to 
8(iparato  at  tho  base.  Authors  and  all  the  upper  ]>art  of  the  (ilamonts  united  around 
the  stylo  :  these  inserted  with  the  corolla.  iStigma  2-l()b('d.  (.'apsnle  2-valvod  at 
tho  top.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  small.  —  Chiclly  herbs,  of  wide  geogra[)hicaI 
di.stribution  ;  with  racemose  or  spicato  flower.s,  produced  in  summer. 

1.  L.  splendens,  Willd.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  simple  stem  2  or  3  feet  high  : 
leaves  linear  lanceolate,  glandular-denticulate  :  raceme  naked,  many-flowered  :  tube 
of  the  calyx  hemispherical ;  its  lobes  slenderly  linear-subulate  :  corolla  intense  red, 
an  inch  long  ;  its  lobes  (in  our  plant)  oidy  half  the  length  of  the  tube  :  two  of  the 
anthers  strongly  bearded  at  the  tip.  —  llort.  iJerol.  t.  8G. 

Mountains  northeast  of  San  Diego,  Chrrhind,  Palmer.  Extends  through  Arizona  to  Texas  and 
Mexico,  probably  only  in  shaded  and  moist  or  wet  jdaccs.  Miich  lesembles  the  eastern  L.  cardi- 
imlis  or  Caixlinal-flower.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  much  smaller  than  in  the  cultivated  and  some  of 
the  wild  Mexican  specimens. 

2.    PALMERELLA,  Cray. 
Calyx  5-partcd  down  to  the  turbinate  tube,  which  is  whdlly  adnate  to  the  ovary; 
the  lobes  slenderly  linear-subulate.     Clorolla  with  its  long  and  straight  narrow-cylin- 
drical tube,  entire  (at  l(!ast  the  upper  i>art),  not  at  all  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  short 
lobes  abruptly  spreading  ;  two  smaller  distinct,  spatulate  linear  and  turned  back- 


(320  ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIOI^S. 

wanls ;  the  otlier  tliree  oblong,  united  at  the  very  base.  Filaments  (move  or  less) 
adnato  to  near  the  tiaoat  or  tlie  upper  part  of  the  tube  of  tlio  corolla,  then  free  or 
further  adnato  to  one  side,  and  monadeljthous  :  anthers  oblong,  united,  three  of 
them  naked,  two  tippnd  with  a  snuill  tuft  of  very  uno<iual  rigid  bristles.  Stigma, 
ovary,  and  ai)paiently  capsule  of  Lobelia,  of  which  the  jjlaut  has  the  habit,  except 
in  the  remarkably  long  tube  of  the  corolla. — Name  in  acknowledgment  of  the 
services  to  North  American  Botany  rendered  by  the  discoverer,  Dr.  Edward  Palmer, 
who  more  than  any  one  else  has  explored  the  botany  of  the  region  to  which  it 
belongs,  viz.  Arizona,  the  southern  frontiers  of  the  State  of  California,  and  Lower 
California.  —  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  80. 

I.  P.  debilis,  Cray.  Herb  a  foot  or  two  high,  jtrobubly  from  a  perennial  root, 
smooth  and  ylabrous  ex(;t!])t  the  inside  of  the  corolla  ;  stem  weak  and  slender,  sim- 
ple or  at  length  loosely  hnmched  :  leaves  thin  (the  lowest  not  seen)  :  the  caulinu 
ones  lineur-lauceolate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  entires  or  rarely  a  little  denticulate,  sessile, 
alternate,  above  gradually  diminished  into  slender  bracts  of  the  several-llowered 
leafy  raceme  :  limb  of  the  corolla  bright  blue  ;  the  tube  whitish,  half  or  three 
I'ourtlis  of  an  ini:h  long,  hairy  insidi'. 

Var.  serrata,  (iray.  Minutely  piiheruiont,  at  least  toward  tiie  mnnniit  and  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  :  leaves  idniost  all  acutely  serrate,  or  the  upiier  merely  denticu- 
late ;  the  lower  spatulate  or  obovate  (one  or  two  inches  long,  S(.)metin)es  an  inch 
broad)  :  llowers  rather  few  and  crowdetl. 

Great  Canon  of  the  Taiitilhis  Alountuins,  in  Lower  California,  Sept.  1875,  Dr.  E.  Palmer.  The 
variety,  on  wet  sandstone  rocks  in  the  valley  of  Ojai  Cieck,  Ventura  Co.,  July,  1875,  Dr.  Roth- 
rock  in  Wheeler's  Exped.  The  base  of  the  eoroUa-tube  inclines  to  break  up  in  age  as  it  were 
into  claws  of  the  live  conii»(inent  petals,  as  in  Loldia  splciidims,  &c.  Then  the  adnuto  lila- 
inenta  becoiuo  free  below,  remaining  coalescent  above. 

Page  47(i.  1.   ASCLEPIAS. 

7.  A.  leucophylla,  Kngelm.,  var.  obtusa,  Gray.  Wool  deciduous,  hardly 
any  on  the  outside  of  the  corolla  :  leaves  oblong,  all  the  lower  very  obtuse  or  trun- 
cate :  hoods  rather  broader  and  truncate. 

Bartlett's  Canon,  near  Santa  Barbara,  Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Exped.,  1875.  The  hoods  in  this 
species  and  in  A.  eriocurpa  have  u  lanielliform  fold  or  duplication  on  each  side  below  near  the 
interior  margin. 

Page  478.  4.  LACHNOSTOMA,  HBK. 

Calyx,  corolla,  fruit,  &c.,  nearly  as  in  Sarcostemma.  Crown  (in  the  following 
species)  consisting  of  a  hood-like  appendage  behind  each  anther,  not  uidike  that  of 
Asdepias.  Anthers  short,  and  the  pollen-masses  horizontal,  otherwise  nearly  as  in 
Asclepias. — A  tropical  and  subtropical  American  genus  of  the  Ganolob us  tiihe, 
chielly  of  twiners ;  mostly  with  opposite  cordate  and  petioled  leaves,  and  snmll 
dull-colored  flowers.  — Benth.  &  Ilook.  Gen.  ii.  7G7. 

1.  L.  hastulatum,  (iray.  A  slender  twining  i)lant,  herbaceous  or  nearly  so, 
clothcil  with  a  line  and  dense  soft  pubescence  :  leaves  hastate,  2  or  3  lines  long,  on 
a  slender  petiole  :  lloW(-rs  solitary  and  scattered,  nearly  sessile,  whitish  :  ealyx 
5-parted,  the  divisions  linear  :  eorolla  5-parted,  the  divisions  oblong-linear,  almost 
glabrous  inside  :  hoods  behind  the  anthers  oblong-obovate,  white,  acutely  3-toothed 
at  the  apex,  and  with  a  short  trianguhir-suhulate  internal  horn  :  follicles  fusiform, 
beset  with  a  few  small  antl  soft  processes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  87. 
Tantillas  Cahon,  witbin  the  borders  of  Lower  California,  Dr.  E.  I'ulmer. 


ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS.  (J21 

Pago  483.  4.  EUSTOMA,  Salisl). 

Calyx  5-G-parted;  tlio  divisions  slcrKlor-suluilale,  carinatc.  Corolla  campan- 
ulate,  not  appendagcd  or  gland-bearing ;  the  tube  shorter  than  the  5  or  0  obovate  or 
oblong  ample  lobes.  Filaments  filiform,  borne  in  the  throat.  Anthers  oblong,  not 
twisted.  Stylo  liliform,  persistent :  stigma  of  2  broad  plates.  Capsule  ovoid,  many- 
seeded.  —  Glanc.ons  annuals  or  biennials;  with  oblong  partly  clasping  leaves,  and 
showy  slonder-peduncled  flowers ;  the  corolla  generally  sky-blue  or  lavender-color. 
Of  the  two  published  species,  one,  E.  Russelianum,  very  ornamental  in  cultivation, 
belongs  to  Texas  and  adjacent  districts.  E.  gracile,  Engelm.  ined.,  of  Northern 
Mexico,  is  perhaps  a  slenrler  variety  of  it.     The  remaining  less  showy  species  is  — 

1.  E.  exaltatum,  Grisebach.  A  foot  or  two  higli  :  leaves  cordate-clasping  and 
often  connate,  1  to  3  inches  long:  corolla  about  an  inch  long;  its  lobes  nearly 
oblong  and  only  twice  the  length  of  the  tube  :  capsule  elliptical-oblong,  very  obtuse. 
—  Lisianthus  exaltatus,  Lam.     L.  glaucifoluin,  ,Tacq.  Jc.  J»'ar.  t.  33. 

Cnflon  Tfttitillns,  near  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State,  Dr.  Palmer.  Also  San  Bernardino 
Co.,  Parry. 

P'lgeSOO.  6.  LCE3SELIA. 

2.  L.  effusa,  Gray.  Resembles  L.  tenuifolia,  but  more  diffusely  much  branched 
from  an  annual  root  :  leaves  apparently  all  entire,  short-filiform,  from  half  to  a 
fourth  of  an  inch  long  (but  the  lowest  are  wanting)  :  flowers  loosely  ])aniclod :  calyx- 
tcoth  very  short,  jiointed  from  a  broad  base  :  corolla  barely  hidf  an  inch  long, 
"pink"  or  purple;  the  cuneato  and  truncate  obsctn-ely  3-toothe(l  lobes  as  long  as 
the  tube  (which  little  surpasses  the  calyx)  and  nearly  e.pialling  the  declined  incurved 
capdlary  filaments  and  style.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  8G,  where  a  section,  Giliopsis, 
is  proposed  for  this  very  Gilia-like  species  and  L.  tenuifolia. 

Tantillns  Mountnins,  within  the  borders  of  Lower  ralifornia,  Dr.  Palmer. 

yngo^V.  11.   NAM  A. 

To  the  character  of  the  genus  add  :  leaves  .sometimes  toothed. 

§  3.  Perenninh,  sometimes  woody  helow ;  the  pubescence  hispid  or  hirsute :  flowers 
densely  clustered :  leaves  ivith  U7idulaie  or  sinuate-toothed  margiiu,  sessile. 
T).  N.  Rothrockii,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high  from  a  perennial  root,  cinereous- 
pubescent  or  minutely  hirsute  and  slightly  viscid  :  the  stem,  calyx,  Arc,  hispid  with 
Jong  and  sharp  ( Wif/andia-hke)  bristles  :  leaves  lanceolate-ol)long,  obtusely  pinnati- 
hd-toothed  :  flowers  numerous  in  a  terminal  and  sessile  cnpitatc  cluster  •  seiials 
hardly  at  all  ddaled  upward,  half  an  inch  long,  nearly  equnlling  the  corolla:  seeds 
rather  fv.w,  largo  (almost  a  linn  long),  oval,  dos.-ly  r(<iieulate-]Mlt,.d. 
_  Mondowaon  S.  Kmi  IHvrr,  nt  .^000  feot.  Pothrod;  in  Whonlor's  K,x,,od.,  187.''..  Leaves  an 
inch  or  more  lonR  ;  the  rnther  prominent  iiinnato  veins  running  to  tl.e  sinnsos  hetween  the  strone 
hir  nto""  AW  :  '^1"^^,  •'"?;""  "^''T'  V  I^'"'^"^''-  ^^^'^''V  ""'•  2.eollcd  capsule  somewhat 
hai  "  liko  tl?nlT?/''-^  ^!.'"  *n  f:r  *"'■  «'0  toothing  of  the  leaves  an.l  for  the  almost  stinging 
tiaiis,  like  those  of  //  ifjandia.    Hut  the  nanow  fnnnelform  corolla  and  the  hahit  are  those  of  Navin. 

0.  N.  Parryii,  Gray.  Six  feet  high  !  from  a  woody  stotit  base  :  leaves  linear 
vilious-lmsute  throughout,  numerously  pinnatoly  veined  and  somewhat  bullate  tho 
margins  revolute  and  undulate  or  repand  :  flowers  unilateral  and  at  length  deiisely 
spicate  on  tho  few  branches  of  the  compact  scorpioid  cyme  :  sepals  nearly  filiforin 
httle  surpassing  the  oval  capsule  :  seeds  oval,  half  a  line  long,  minutely  marked  with 
narrow  transverse  reticulations. 


622 


ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS. 


On  the  lilohave  slope  of  the  San  Bernardino  Monntiins,  Pai~ry,  Dec.  1875,  in  fruit  only. 
Leaves  on  new  shoots  2  or  3  inches  long  and  only  2  or  3  lines  wide.  *  Cymes  apparently  pedun- 
culate. Capsule  and  calyx  only  2  lines  or  so  in  length.  Stem  IVUjundia-Wkn,  over  halt'  an  iuih  in 
diameter  at  base,  decidedly  woody,  but  with  a  large  pith. 

I'ngoMO.  3.  ANTIRRHINUM. 

8.  A.  Nuttallianum,  var.  efifusum,  Gray,  (limbing  over  bushes,  5  feet  high  : 
flowering  brancliea  pauiciilato  :  pedicels  all  lilitbrm  and  longer  than  the  flowers:  rib.s 
of  the  seeds  less  wing-liUe  :  caly.\.-lobes  rather  less  unequal. 

Jamucl  Valley,  southeast  of  Sun  Difgo,  Dr.  Palmer. 

Page  550.  8.  PENTSTEMON. 

14".  P.  Fremonti,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high,  pruinose-puberulent 
or  below  glabrous  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblojig-lanceolate,  and  the  lowest  spatulate 
or  oval,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  lluwers  raceniose-thyrsoid,  rather  crowded  and  numer- 
ous :  pedicels  and  mostly  the  peduncles  short  and  glandular-pubescent :  corolla  pur- 
ple or  whitish,  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  tubular-funnelform  :  anthers  nc-t 
opening  widely  :  sterile  filament  dilated  and  bearded  at  the  i\\\  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vi.  GO;  AVatson,  ]}ot.  King.  K.\p.  Iil8. 

Sierra  Nevada,  on  a  high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass  (Torrey)  ;  Utah,  Fremont.  A  smoother 
and  taller  variety  {I'urryi),  Nevada,   IValsou,   IVhcclcr,  kc. 

After  no.  17,  add  a  liftli  8\ibdivision,  a.s  follows  :  — 

-^-^  ++  ++  ++  -^-(-  Corolla  scarlet,  tubular  ;  its  upper  lij)  erect  and  2-toothed  ;  the  lower 
rejitxed  and  3-parted. 

17".  P.  barbatus,  Nutt,  vav.  labrosUB,  Chay.  Entirely  glabrous,  somewhat 
glaucous  :  stems  viigate,  2  feet  high  or  more  :  lowest  leaves  oblanceolate  j  the  ui)i)er 
narrowly  linear:  iianido  slender  and  raceme-like:  sepals  ovate,  shoit:  corolla  an 
inch  and  a  half  long;  its  lips  half  an  inch  or  more;  the  upja^r  oblong  and  concave, 
barely  2-lobed  at  the  tip  ;  tlio  lower  ;}-])arted  into  linear  divisions  ;  these  and  the 
throat  glabrous,  as  also  tlie  stamens  and  style :  anther-cells  divaricate,  never  spread- 
ing open,  the  inner  portion  of  the  line  of  dehiscence  remaining  closed. 

On  Mount  Finos,  south  of  Tejon,  at  7,000  feet,  Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Expcd.,  1875.  A  remark- 
able form,  seemingly,  of  P.  barba/.tis,  agreeing  with  the  var.  Ton-eiji  of  New  Mexico  and  Colorado 
in  the  want  of  beard  ;  but  the  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  remarkably  long  and  narrow.  The  tube  of 
the  corolla  appears  to  have  Ikh-u  yellowish,  the  lips  scarlet. 

Page  575.  17.    ORTHOCARPUS. 

Chloropyron  pahistre,  Behr  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  62,  66,  is  some  one  of  the  species  of  this 
genus,  with  reduced  anther-ccUs  ;  perhajjs  O.  fauciburbattts  or  0.  floribundus. 

Page  581.  18.   CORDYLANTHUS. 

3.  C.  filifolius,  Nutt.  The  ripe  seeds  are  ovate  or  oval ;  the  coat  close,  and  in 
the  dry  state  lineate-reticulated  under  a  lens  with  innumerable  slender  wavy  lines 
or  wrinkles  :  embryo  little  slmrter  than  the  nucleus,  the  cotyledons  orbicular.  The 
ovules  are  slender,  tapering  to  the  apex,  which  is  coiled  into  a  helix, 

Var.  brevibracteatUS,  (jray.  Tall  and  stouter,  glabrous  up  to  the  floral  leaves  ; 
these  liirsutc-ciliule  and  all  shorter  than  the  flowers,  more  dilated,  and  not  gland- 
tipped  :  cauline  leaves  not  seen. 

Near  Soda  Spring  on  Kern  River,  at  8,500  feet,  Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Exped.,  1875.  A  rather 
smooth  foim  collected  by  D.  Cleveland  near  San  Diego  approaches  this. 


INDEX. 


Names  of  Orpriih  and  Subordkrs  in  small  capitals,  of  Genera  and  Sections  in  Roman  lower 
case,  and  Synonymy  in  Italics. 


Abrotanuni,  403. 
Abutilon,  87. 
Acacia,  163. 
Acrena,  186. 
Acamptopappus,  304. 

ACANTIIACK.r,,  f)87. 

Acaiitlioniiiitha,  590. 
Acnnlhonychin.,  72. 
Acarphrea,  391. 
Acer,  107. 
Accratcs,  476,  477. 
AcFJtINK-B,   106. 
Achillea,  400. 
Achillea,  381. 
Aclilys,  15. 
AcliyracliiEna,  371. 
Acliyronycliia,  72. 
Aconia,  356. 
Aconitnm,  12. 
Acourtia,  422. 
Actiea,  12. 
Actinolla,  393. 
Actinolepis,  377. 
Adenocaulon,  335. 
Adenostegia,  580. 
Adonostoma,  184. 
Adonostyles,  300. 
Adolphia,  101. 
iTjSciilus,  100. 
Agnruiln,  355. 
Ageralum,  388.        • 
Aj:;rinionia,  185. 
Agrimony,  185. 
AlnrQonia,  349. 
Alchemilla,  185. 
Alfalfa,  132. 
Allilaria,  94. 
Algaroljja,  163. 
AUoseris,  429. 
Allotropa,  461. 
Alsine,  69. 
Alum-root,  200. 
Alyssum,  27. 
Amaiiria,  385. 
Amhlyopappus,  385. 
Amyodamc-t!,  164. 
Anibrosiii,  344. 
Ainbroxin,  345,  346. 
Amelanchicr,  189. 
American  Laurel,  456. 
Amiffa,  360. 


Animannia,  214. 
Ammohrorna,  464. 
Ammodia,  309. 
Amorpha,  140. 
Am|)hiacliyris,  302. 
/Iinphipnppti.i,  303. 
AmsincUia,  523. 

ANACAUDIACKiE,  109. 
Anagallis,  469. 
Ananthcrix,  477. 
Anaphalis,  340. 
Anathrix,  435. 
Ancistrocarphiis,  337. 
Andromrda,  453,  456. 
Aiidrosacc,  468. 
Anemone,  3. 
Angelica,  265. 
Anisocarpm,  358. 
Ani.socoma,  430. 
Anoplanthiis,  584. 
Antennaria,  338. 
AiUcnnaria,  341. 
AnI.hnmelcs,  189. 
Antirrhinastrum,  548. 
Antirrhinum,  548,  622, 
Antirrhinum,  652. 
Apartfirr,  440. 
Apargidium,  439. 
Aphanostemma,  0. 
Aphantochccta,  305. 
Aphyllon,  584. 
Apiastrum,  258. 
Apiinn,  258. 
Aplopappus,  310,  613. 
Aplnpappiis,    304,   311 

315,  321,  323. 
ArocYNAfF.^,,  472. 
.\poL'ynuni,  473. 
Apple,  188. 
Apple  of  Pei-u,  537. 
Aquilegia,  9. 
Arabis,  31. 
Aralia,  273. 

AUAt,tAOK.T,.   273. 

Arbutus,  451. 
ArbiilK!!,  453. 
Anaouiecon,  21. 
Arcldstaphylos,  452. 
Arenaria,  68. 
Argemouc,  21. 
Armeria,  465. 


Arnica,  414. 
Aronia,  190. 
Aromia,  385. 
Arrow-wood,  335. 
Artemisia,  402,  618. 
Arlcmisiit,  401,  402. 
Artichoke,  417. 
Aruncus,  170. 
Asngrccfy,  143. 
A.sci.EPiADAcr,-?;,  474. 
A.s(depia.s,  474,  620. 
Axclcpin.i,  477. 
Ash,  472. 
Aster,  321,  614. 
Askr,    303,    321,    326, 

331. 
A.strugalus,  144. 
Axtrophia,  160. 
Atamisqurea,  50. 
Atenia,  259. 
Atragene,  3. 
Aubergine,  538. 
Audibertia,  600. 
Awlwort,  43. 
Azalea,  458. 
Hacrharis,  332,  614. 
Mivria,  375. 
H;iliia,  379. 
Bnhin,  379. 
lirrhinpsi-i,  354. 
Ikileya,  373. 
Balsam,  93. 
Balsam-root,  347. 
Balsamorliiza,  347. 
Baneberry,  12. 
Barbarea,  40. 
Barberry,  14. 
Barkhausia,  438. 
Bartonia,  236. 
Bnrtsia,  575,  577. 
Batrachium,  5. 
Bearberry,  453. 
Bedstraw,  282. 
Brllnrdia,  423. 
Bollllower,  447. 
Boloperone,  588. 
BicitnicmnACF,;?:,  14. 
BorLoris,  14. 
Bcrrjrlla,  80. 
Bergia,  80. 
Berginia,  588. 


Benda,  260. 
Bidens,  357. 
Big- Root,  240. 
Bigelovia,  314,  613. 
Biijnonin,  587. 
BlCNON'IACK/E,  586. 
Bilberry,  450. 
Bindweed,  533. 
Biseutella,  48. 
Black  Nightshade,  538. 
IMackbeny,  171. 
Bladder  Nut,  108. 
Bladder-pod,  43. 
Bladderwort,  586. 
Blcnnosperma,  395. 
BIcpharipappus,  357. 
BIrphnripnppus,  368. 
Blcpliariz.onia,  366. 
Blue-curls,  608. 
Boisduvalia,  233. 
Bolandra,  196. 
Bolivaria,  471. 

BoHRAGINACEiE,   518. 

Boschniakia,  585. 
Bowlesia,  255. 
Box-Klder,  108. 
Boykinia,  195. 
Brncdiyactis,  320. 
Brnrhyris,  302. 
Brasenia,  16. 
Brassica,  39. 
Brnnrrina,  69. 
Brickellia,  299,  613. 
Brooklime,  572. 
B.rookweed,  470. 
Brunella,  604. 
Brvanthus,  456. 
BuVkhean,  485. 
Buckeye,  106. 
Buckthorn,  100. 
Buddleia,  485. 
BulhnstylU,  299,  409. 
Bnlliarda,  209. 
Biiphthnhnum,  348. 
Bur-Clover,  133. 
Bur-Marigold,  357. 
Burnet,  180. 
Biirniug-liush,  98. 
Ibnrielia,  374. 
Bnrriclvi,  375,  379. 
Butt/-roup,  5. 


624 


INIJKX. 


Butterwort,  586. 
liiitton-bush,  281. 
Button  Siiakeroot,  25.5. 
Caculia,  301. 
CACTACK.t,  212. 
Cajiiotus,  \Vi\. 

C/K.SAI.|-l.Ni;.K,   113. 

C'alaba;!illa,  2:J'J. 
Calais,  123. 
Calaininth,  596. 
Calaniiiitha,  596. 
Culaiulrinia,  74. 
Cairs-IIiail,  18. 
California  Lilac,  102. 
Ciilliuc/iyris,  370. 
(Jullicliroa,  361). 
Calliglossa,  370. 
Cullirrhoc,  83. 
Callitriclic,  215. 
C'alocalais,  42(i. 
Caltlia,  y. 
Oulycatlenia,  364. 
Calycaniuaci:,*;,  190. 
Calyeanthus,  I'Jl. 
Calycoseris,  431. 
Calyptiiiliiiin,  78. 
Calyslajut,  533. 
L'oniarostaphylis,  454. 
Canipaniila,  447. 
Campanula,  446. 
Cami'anui.acea:,  445. 
Campion,  62. 
Cainpyloccra,  446. 
Cancer-root,  584. 
Canchalngiia,  479. 
Candlewood,  79. 
Cunotia,  11)0. 
Cnntua,  41)3,  496,  498. 
(Japnorchui,  24. 
Cai'I'auidack.*;,  49. 
Capraria,  571'. 

('AITilFOLIACK.*,   277. 

Caprifoliuin,  280. 
Capsella,  44. 
Capsicum,  539. 
Cardamine,  30. 
Cardio.spermum,  106. 
Cardiius,  419,  420. 
('ari)entena,  203. 
( 'arpptweed,  252. 
Carphephorus,  301. 
Carphe.phorus,  408. 
(Jarrot,  272. 
Carroway,  259. 
Carum,  259. 
CAUYOniYI.LACEA:,  61. 
Cassia,  161. 
Cassiope,  455. 
CuHlillcia,  573. 
(  alcldly,  62. 
t'atnip,  590. 
<'aucalis,  272. 
Caulanthus,  36. 
Cayenne  Pei)per,  539. 
Ceanothus,  102. 
Celastrack/E,  98. 
Celastrus,  98. 
Celery,  258. 


Centaurea,  421. 
Centunculu.s,  4(>1). 
Cei'lialuntlius,  2bl. 
Cerastes,  lol. 
Cerastium,  66. 
Cerasii.s,  167. 
Ceralopliyllum,  215. 
I'.rcidiiim,  162. 
Cercis,  160. 
Cercoearpus,  174. 
Cereus,  246. 
Chienaetis,  388. 
Ulncrojthi/lluin,  263. 
Cha'tadeiiiha,  429. 
("liania'lHitia,  173. 
('lianiiehatiaria,  17o. 
l'liania>i)liysiilis,  iVIl. 
Cliania'saraclia,  540. 
Chamiso,  1H4. 
Cliunioniilc,  400. 
Cliarloek,  40. 
CIte.iranlkodcuilroii,  88. 
Clieiranthus,  35. 
(-'helone,  556. 
Clieiry,  166. 
Clicrry  Tomato,  538. 
Cilia,  598. 
Cjiicaiote,  21. 
Chickweed,  tjii,  67. 
Chile,  539. 
Chile  Colorado,  540. 
Chili  Cojote,  240. 
Chilopsis,  587. 
Chiniaphila,  459. 
C/iionan/lius,  472. 
Ckloroptiron,  622. 
(-'hoke  Cherry,  167. 
Cliry.santhenuim,  401. 
( 'liri/sobolri/a,  207. 
Chrysocajinos,  24. 
Chii/socoiiia,  317. 
Chrysoi)si.s,  309. 
Chnjsopsis,  329. 
Ckrysothammis,  314. 
Chylisniia,  227. 
Cice.ndia,  480. 
Cieuta,  260. 
Circiea,  234. 
Virsium,  417. 
Cl.STAOEiE,  54. 
Clarkia,  231. 
Clavigcra,  299. 
Claytonia,  75. 
Cleavers,  282. 
Clematis,  2. 
Cleonie,  51. 
Cleomella,  51. 
Clill-lJose,  175. 
Cliitloitiu,  444. 
CU)tl.ur,  346. 
Clover,  125. 
Cneoridium,  97. 
Cnicus,  417. 
Col>iua,  485. 
Coeklebur,  346. 
dohuigync,  372. 
( 'oldenia,  520. 
f'oleogyne,  174. 


Collinsia,  552. 
CuUinsiu,  556. 
<  oUumia,  4S7. 
Coliumia,  492. 
Columhiiie,  9. 
Coiiuinim,  180. 
Co.Mi'osir.t;,  288. 
Conunthus,  515. 
Cone-llower,  347. 
Coniothele,  395. 
Conium,  258. 
Convoi.vui.acka;,  532. 
Convolvulus,  533. 
Conyza,  332. 
Conlylanlhu.s,  580,  622. 
Coreocarpus,  356. 
Core()])sis,  355. 
Corethrogyne,  320. 
Corn  I'oppy,  19. 
Corn-Spurrey,  7o. 
CoiiNACK.i-;,  274. 
Cornel,  274. 
Corn  us,  274. 
Curulluphylluni,  464. 
Corjdalis,  24. 
('i>si/iant/nts,  513. 
Cotton-plant,  82. 
Cotula,  405. 
Calula,  401. 
Cotyledon,  210. 
('ourloisui,  488. 
Cow  Parsni]i,  271. 
Cowania,  175. 
CIi-ab-Apple,  188. 
Cranberry,  450. 
Cranesbill,  93. 
CliASSULACK*,  208. 
("rata'gus,  189. 
(J  rata:;/ us,  188. 
Cream  Cujjs,  20. 
t;reosote-bush,  92. 
Crcjndium,  436. 
Crepis,  435. 
Cres.sa,  534. 
Crinilaria,  317. 
Croeidium,  396,  406. 
('rossosonm,  13. 
Crossostigma,  220. 
Crowfoot,  5. 
Crucikeu^e,  25. 
CryphiaanUliUs,  588. 
Cryptopleiira,  439. 
Cryptostemma,  298. 
Cucumis,  239. 
Cncurbita,  239. 
('ucnKiiirACE.%;,  238. 
Cudweed,  341. 
Currant,  204. 
Cu.scuta,  535. 
Cy.-ladenia,  473. 
Cylindropuntia,  249. 
Cymopterus,  266. 
Cynapium,  264. 
Cynnpium,  271. 
Cynura,  417. 
Cynoglosijum,  530. 
CynoqIossHW,   528,  531 
Dactylophyllum,  489. 


Daisy,  401. 
Dalea,  141. 
Dandelion,  439. 
Daphn  idustaphylls,  453. 
Darlingtonia,  17. 
Datisca,  242. 
DATl.scAcK.t:,  212. 
Datum,  543. 
Daucus,  272. 
Daucus,  273. 
Dead -Nettle,  590. 
Delphinium,  10. 
Deudromecon,  22. 
Denturia,  29. 
Iknlarin,  31. 
Desert- Wilhtw,  587. 
Deweya,  257. 
Dicentra,  23. 
Dichietii,  376. 
Dichondra,  532. 
Dicliptera,  589. 
Dieoria,  615. 
Dictcria,  322. 
Diplacus,  565. 
Diplopnppus,  321,  322, 

329. 
DirsAcE*,  287. 
Dipsiicus,  287. 
Jnihyrceo,  48. 
Dodder,  535. 
Dodecatheon,  466. 
Dogbane,  473. 
Dogwood,  274. 
Downingia,  444. 
Dmba,  27. 
Dracunculus,  404. 
Draperia,  505. 
Drosera,  213. 
DUO.SERACE.K,  212. 
Drymaria,  62. 
Dusty  Miller,  410. 
Dutch  Clover,  129. 
I)yer'.s  Weed,  53. 
Dysmicodon,  446. 
Dy.sodia,  397. 
Eatonella,  379. 
Echeverui,  210. 
Echidocarya,  519. 
Echinais,  420. 
Echinella,  8. 
Echinoeactus,  244. 
Echinocereus,  216. 
Edihiocystis,  241. 
Echinopanax,  273. 
Eehinospermum,  529. 
Echiiws]>criiiuiii,  528. 
Echinosjdiace,  599. 
Edosmia,  259. 
Eddiia,  520. 
Kggi.lant,  538. 
Elaphocera,  495. 

ElAI  INACE;!;,   80. 

Elatine,  80. 
FAatinc,  80. 
Elder,  277. 
Ellnnia,  54. 
KUisia,  504. 
Kmnu-nantlie,  511. 


INDEX. 


625 


Eniplectoclailus,  168. 
Encelia,  851,  616. 
Encclia,  3.')4. 
Enchanter's  Night- 
shade, 234. 
Endive,  422. 
E|)ilobinm,  218. 
Epimc.dium,  15. 
Erciiiiastnun,  306. 
EiMUACE.15,  448. 
Kricnvwria,  313,  314. 
Erigeron,  326. 
Eri(jcron,  325,  332. 
Eriodictyon,  518. 
Eriogynia,  171. 
Eriopappiis,  368. 
Eviophyllum,  380. 
Eritrichiuni,  525. 
Eiodiinn,  1)4. 
Eiyngiuni,  255. 
Erysimum,  38. 
Erysiinum,  36,  41. 
Erythrma,  479. 
Eaehscholtzia,  22. 
Espeletia,  348. 
Eucalyptus,  191. 
Euchandium,  232. 
Euchroma,  576. 
Eucnidc,  237. 
Eunrypta,  506. 
Eulolms,  221. 
Euuaiius,  564. 
Eitnanuf!,  563. 
Euonymus,  98. 
Eupatorium,  299. 
Euryplera,  269. 
Eustoma,  621. 
Euthamia,  318. 
Eutoca,  508. 
Eiitoca,  513,  514,  516. 
Evax,  337. 

Evening  Primrose,  223. 
Everla-sting,  340,  341. 
Evolvulus,  632. 
Ejcncuin,  480. 
Fagonin,  92. 
Fallngia,  175. 
Fatsia,  273. 
FenzHa,  490. 
Forula,  271. 
Fi(()U)k;k,  250. 
Firlitca,  423. 
Fig-Marygold,  251. 
Figwort,  552. 
Filago,  338. 
Five-finger,  177. 
Flax,  89. 

Flax- Dodder,  535. 
Fleabane,  326. 
Fla-rkca,  95. 
Floerkm,  95. 
Forgot-nio-not,  522. 
Fonipiicra,  79. 
Fragarin,  176. 
Fran<Tula,  101. 
Frankcnia,  60. 

FRANKKNIACF.iE,   60. 

Franseria,  344,  615. 


Frasem,  483. 
Fraxinus,  472. 
Fremontia,  88. 
Fringo-pod,  49. 
Fuchsia,  216. 
Fuinaria,  24. 

FUMAKIAOK/B,    23. 

Fullers'  Teasf-l,  287. 
Gaillardia,  391. 
Gdhparina,  620. 
r.aleops'is,  690. 
Galium,  282. 
Galvesia,  551. 
Gambelia,  551. 
Ganiocha;ta,  342. 
Garrya,  275. 
Gaultlieria,  454. 
Gaura,  233. 
Gaura,  234. 
Gayophytum,  221. 
Giii/ophi/tmn,  233. 
Gentiana,  481. 
GkntianacK/K,  478. 
Gentianclla,  481. 
Gertea,  351. 
Geiianiace^e,  92. 
Geranium,  93. 
Gerardin,  556. 
Geum,  176. 
Gilia,  489. 
Gilia,  488. 
Giliop.sis,  621. 
Githopsis,  446. 
Olandularia,  609. 
Glaux,  469. 
Glossopetalon,  108. 
Glycosma,  262. 
Glycyrrhiza,  143. 
Glyptopleura,  431. 
CJnaphalium,  341. 
Gnaphaliinn,  338,  339, 

341. 
Gobornadora,  92. 
Godctia,  228. 
(joniphocarpus,  477. 
Gooseberry,  480. 
Gossypiuin,  82. 
Grape,  106. 

(!rass-of-  Parnassus,  201 . 
Gratiola,  670. 

reck  Valerian,  499. 
Grindclia,  303. 
Gromwell,  522. 
Gro.<5Sularia,  204. 
(Ground  Cherry,  640. 
Ground  Ivy,  590. 
Groundsel,  410. 
Gum-plant,  303. 
Gutierrezia,  302. 
Giimnandrn,  571. 
Gymnobythus,  513. 
ll'alenia,  478. 
llAI,r)HAi:K,l-.,  214. 
llarpiecarpus,  360. 
}f'irjiirriir/)iis,  361. 
llnrjiagonella,  531. 
Hartmannia,  36]. 
Hnrlmannia,  370. 


Hawkwecd,  440. 
Ilrdeomn,  595,  698. 
lledge-lly.ssop,  670. 
Hedge-Mustard,  40. 
Hedge-Nettle,  606. 
Hclenium.  392. 
Jldcniiim,  381. 
Helianthella,  352. 
Helianthemuin,  64. 
Helianthu.s,  352,  616. 
llelinnthm,  350,  364. 
Hdiopsis,  348. 
Heliotro))e,  621. 
Heliotropium,  521. 
Ifr.h(/i/nc,  299. 
Ilcloscindinm,  259,  260 
Hcmi])tilium,  427. 
Heniistrgia,  581. 
Hcmitomfs,  464. 
Homizonclla,  360. 
Hemizonia,  361,  616. 
Ilcviizonia,    360,    361 

367. 
Hemp-Nettle,  590. 
Heracleum,  271. 
I/crpcsii<!,  569. 
Hesperastrum,  322. 
Hesperclfca,  471. 
He^pfris,  36. 
Hcsperochiron,  616. 
Hespcrolinon,  89. 
Heterocodon,  447. 
Heterogaura,  234. 
Heteromeles,  188. 
Hetcrosnernuim,  367. 
Heterotheca,  308. 
Heuchera,  200. 
Hcuclura,  197,  199. 
Hiliiscus,  87. 
Hi.leondo,  92. 
Ilioracium,  440. 
Hirracium,  434. 
liip]niris,  216. 
H(.rmcistpria,  298. 
Iloilzia,  4!t3. 
Hologymne,  384. 
Ihmnlohm,  153. 
llmnnpappux,  312. 
Honey  Mesquit,  163. 
Honeysuckle,  280. 
Hop-tree,  97. 
Horchound,  604. 
Horkelia,  181. 
llorkdin,  183. 
HOrse-ehcstnut,  106. 
Horscrnilisb,  43. 
Hosackia,  133. 
Hoiiiid's-tonguc,  630. 
Hiigclia,  495. 
llnlsea,  38.6. 
Ifu/c/iinsia,  42. 
Hvi>iiAN(!ri',.i;,  102. 
llydrocotyle.  261. 
llvi)itni'iivi,i,A(K„t:, 

601. 
Hydrophyllnm,  602. 
IfildrnphiiUum,  610. 
Hymenoclea,  343.  I 


Hymr.noncmn,  424,  426 
ilynienopajipus,  617. 
J/i/inninpnppus,  391. 
Jfymenoxys,  378. 

IIVI'KIUCACE.*;,   80. 

Hypericum,  81. 
llypoch.neris,  430. 
Hypnpitys,  463. 
llyi>tiH,  691. 
Hyssop,  590. 
Hyssopus,  590. 
l.T- Plant,  261. 
Idria,  79. 
I/cr,  99. 
Il.LKCEnRACEiE,   72. 

llysanthes,  570. 

Inipaticns,  93. 

Indian  Hemp,  473. 

Indian  Pijie,  462. 

liifantca,  385. 

I]ioincca,  533. 

Ipomecn,  634. 

Ipomopsis,  496. 

IpomopsLi,  498. 

Iron  wood,  157. 

Isomeris,  60. 

Isopyrum,  9. 

Iva,  34.3,  615. 

Ivfsia,  182. 

Ircsin,  182. 
Jncobinia,  689. 
Jiiwrnia,  428. 
.laumea,  371. 
Jewel-weed,  93. 
Judas-tree,  160. 
Juneborry,  189. 
Jussia-.a,  217. 
K"llinctis,  347. 
Kalhlraimin,  91. 
Kalniia,  466. 
Karwiiiskia,  100. 
Kelloggia,  282. 
Krnlrophyta,  166. 
Kinnikinick,  453. 
Krameria,  59. 
Krynitzkia,  627. 
Kuhnioides,  301. 
Kymnplrurn,  439. 
I>AniAr.K,  689. 
Labrador  Tea,  458. 
Lace-pod,  49. 
Lachnostoma,  620. 
Lactuca,  442,  619. 
Lady's  Mantle,  185. 
I-ngophylln,  367. 
Lagothamnus,  407. 
Laiibamia,  396. 
Larks]tur,  10. 
Larrea,  92. 
Lu.sthcni.a,  384. 
Las/lifMia,  382. 
Liithvrus,  168. 
Laurel,  366. 
Lnureiitia,  443. 
Laurocerasus,  168. 
Lavatora,  82. 
Layia,  368. 
Ledum,  458. 


020 


INDEX. 


I.E(;ilMINOSi«,   111. 

Lena  uiiiuiilla,  15. 
Luniiua,  4l>4. 
Lknnoack.i^;,  Hii. 

LKNTlHUI.AlilE.t;,  586. 
IxonlUni,   i:i!),   HO. 
Lcoiimii.s,  r.liO. 
Ltjiidanthus,  401. 
Lupiilimn,  45. 
Lepulontiiiii,  4'23. 
Lej)i(losi)uitoii,  408. 
Lcfiulostcpluinus,  ;571. 
Lepidotlucu,  401. 
Lci.igomim,  71. 
lAjiliirrluwi,  1113. 
l.fptdiliictyluii,  4'J2. 


Ia'/j/om 


433. 


I,ei)tosii.h()ii,  491. 
i.u|(tosynu,  355. 
L,:jd(du:iuu,  271,  272. 
Lussiiigiii,  300. 
Lettuce,  422,  442. 
LeuciUillieimini,  401. 
Lcucoscris,  434. 
i-euiothoo,  455. 
1,1'wisiii,  7H. 

Lihio,  102. 
liiiiiiiaiithes,  95. 
Liiiiosella,  571. 
Linacea;,  88. 
l,iiiiuitlius,  4U0. 
Liiuuia,  548. 
Limia.'a,  278. 
Linosi/ris,  314,  408. 
Liiiuiii,  8i). 
Linuni,  54. 
Iii|i|>ia,  (iOD. 
Li(|iioii('(',  143. 
Lisiaitlhus,  021. 
Litl.oj.hragnia,  11*7. 
Lithospuniuuii,  522. 
Litho^pcrmuiii, 5'2i, 527. 
Lithnea,  111. 
Loasacka;,  235. 
liobatliuui,  110. 
1-obelia,  G19. 
Lubdia,  444. 
l,()i)i:i.iA(;i:.K,  443,  019. 
l.<illiiigia,  71. 
l.cLselia,  500,  621. 

L(l(iANIA()K/K,   485. 

Loiiioeia,  280. 
Loosestrife,  214. 
Lopliaiithiis,  002. 
/Mas,  135,  137. 
Ltiiisewort,  582. 
Lucciiic,  i;52. 
Liuhvifria,  217. 
Luina,  408. 
Lupine,  115. 
I-ui>iuelhis,  125. 
Lupiuus,  115. 
Lulkca,  171. 
Lychnis,  64. 
Lycium,  542. 
Lycopersieuin,  538. 
I.tjcifpsi'i,  522. 


Lycopu.s,  592. 
L.vj,'o.ie.siMia,  441,  619. 
Lijijiidcsiiiia,  428. 
l0....:ar,.a,  44. 
Lysiiuacliia,  466. 
1. Villi: AC i;.i:,  213. 
I,ylliiiiiii,  211. 
Mailiicraiilliera,  322. 
MdCivairjJius,  391. 
Maciuncma,  313,  314. 
Macnipudiuia,  38. 
ALiciuriiyinlias,  438. 
Madaiia,  358. 
Madaioglussa,  368. 
Ma.lia,  358. 
Mudonlla,  359. 
Ahi.lrufio,  451. 
Maliuuia,  14. 
Mulacomtris,  434. 
M<dti\  188. 
.NLilacutli.i.x,  432. 
MalucuUuU;  430. 
iMullow,  83. 
ALilva,  83. 
Miilv,),  84-87. 
^L\l.VA(  r..K,  82. 
Malvntili'iiiii,  84. 
Mil  I  last  nun,  86. 
Maiuillaria,  243. 
iMau/aiiita,  452. 
Ma])le,  107. 
M<ua/,,  241. 
Male's  Tail,  215. 
Manul)iuui,  604. 
iMarsli  I'ennywort,  254. 
Maisli  Koseiiiary,  465. 
Maityiiia,  587. 
Miirnta,  401. 
Matricaria,  401. 
Alauramlcila,  550. 
Mauraiidid,  550,  551. 
May-.\p()le,  16. 
May- Weed,  401. 
Mcadow-Sweet,  169. 
Mecoiiella,  20. 
Mecouopsi-s,  21. 
Mcdicago,  132. 
MegalastrUMi,  323. 
Megarrliii:a,  240. 
Mi:/andri/Hiii,  64. 
Melilotus,  132. 
Melutliria,  240. 
Meiiodora,  471. 
Mentha,  591. 
Mentzeliii,  235. 
Mautzdia,  237. 
Meiiyiintlies,  485. 
Mciizicsia,  457. 
Mcnziisiit,  45ii. 
Mcriiiica,  8(1. 
Merlenaia,  523. 
Mescnibryantheniuni, 

251. 
Mescjuit,  162. 
iMieroeala,  480. 
Microgenetes,  511. 
Microlotus,  137. 
Micronieria,  595. 


MiciopuH,  335. 
.Uiiiojxi.s,  336. 
Microrhainmis,  99. 
Micri)seris,  423. 
.Ui  Closer  is,  440. 
.Mignuiutte,  53. 
MilkTliisllo,  42L 
Miliiwccd,  474. 
.Miltitzia,  514. 
.Mi.MosK.t:,  113. 
Miniuliis,  562. 
Mint,  591. 
Mitel  la,  199. 
Mddla,  197. 
Mitre-WDi-t,  199. 
Mock  Orange,  202. 
]\l(.-l.ringia,  70. 
Mohavea,  551. 
MoUugo,  252. 
Monardella,  593. 
Monu.ses,  459. 
Monkey-llower,  562. 
Monksnood,  12. 
Moiiolopia,  383. 
Moiiiilopiit,  384. 
Moiiuptiliili,  306. 
MoiMilKiim,  462. 
Monlia,  77. 
MounUiiii  Ash,  189. 
Mountain      Mahogany, 

174. 
Mouse-ear    C'liickweed, 

66. 
Mouse-tail,  4. 
I  Mudwort,  571. 
Miilijcdium,  442. 
Muliein,  548. 
Mustard,  39. 
J/i/'/indu,  9!». 
Myo.sotis,  522. 
Mi/o.sdis,  525,  526,  528, 

529. 
Myosurus,  4. 
Myriophylluin,  215. 
Mi/rrhis,  262. 
MvuTACK.t:,  191. 
Naina,  517,  621. 
Xiiiiia,  506. 
A'anlufoniii,  407. 
Nasturtium,  42,  93,613, 
Navarretia,  493. 
X(tmrn:lia,  488. 
Negundo,  108. 
Nciilia,   171. 
Ncinacladus,  445. 
Neinophihi,  503. 
-N'cpfta,  590. 
Newhcrrya,  46.3. 
Nicandra,  537. 
Ni.-olletia,  398. 
Ni.ctiana,  544. 
iNighLshade,  538. 
Ninr-hark,  171. 
N.-thaphyUon,  584. 
JS'utliotioxinioii,  437. 
Nui.har,  17. 
NuttJillia,  168. 

NY.MJ-ll.tACK.t,   16. 


Oininuni,  590. 
(Knanllie,  263. 
(Kiioe,  563. 
tKiiuthcia,  222. 
(7i//<V/ur«,  228,  229,230, 

231,  233. 
Oha,  471. 
Oi.kacka;,  471. 
Oligonieiis,  53. 
Olive-tree,  471. 
Oliieya,  157. 
Onudanlhas,  402. 
Omalutts,  402. 
()NAUKAt;i..i:,  216. 
0/>.si<iul/us,  232. 
opuntia,  217. 
tJivgon-Ash,  472. 
()iegon("rab-Ai)ph,188. 
Oiegon  (liape,  15. 
Orcophila,  99. 

()U<)UA.N(IIA(  IC.K,   583. 

Urubandu,  584,  685. 
Orvbus,  160. 
Orthocarpus,  575,  622. 
Oryctes,  541. 
(tsiiKidcniii,  365. 
ONinoiTliiza,  261. 
Oso  Merry,  168. 
Uurisiu,  516. 
O.x-eye  Daisy,  401. 
Cxalis,  96. 
(/j.i//>(ipjius,  378. 
Oxystylis,  53. 
Oxyteiiia,  343. 
Oxytripoliuin,  325. 
Oxytropis,  144. 
Orijum,  370. 
I'ddtijpudinm,  37. 
I'achystiiua,  98. 
I'udus,  167. 
ramnia,  13. 
l*ainted-(Jup,  573. 
Palat'oxia,  387. 
I'aliuerella,  619. 
I'apaver,  19. 
I'ai'AVkuack;*;,  18. 
I'arabryanthus,  456. 
I'arkinsonia,  161. 
Parnassia,  201. 
I'aroitydiui,  72. 
Parsley,  258. 
IVar,  188. 
i'earlwort,  70. 
Pea  vine,  158. 
Pecti.s,  399,  617. 
Pectocarya,  531. 
Pedicularis,  582. 
Pelargonium,  93. 
Pentaciena,  72. 
IVntachieta,  305. 
Peiitstemon,  556,  622. 
Pepper-grass,  45. 
Pei>permint,  592. 
Perezia,  422. 
Perit.yle,  396. 
Petalonyx,  238. 
Petalostemon,  141. 
Petasites,  406. 


INDEX. 


G27 


Pctroi)liytnm,  170. 
Petunia,  f)46. 
Pencedamiin,  267. 
Peucephylhim,  409. 
Phaca.,   146,   148-151 

155. 
Phncelia,  506. 
rhncelia,  505,  515. 
Phmostnma,  232. 
Plialacroldiiia,  331. 
Phakciosoris,  423. 
Phr.lipim,  584,  585. 
Phdlinuli-ium,  264. 
Pliiladelplius,  202. 
Phlox,  486. 
Phlnx,  493. 
Phmnicmilis,  35. 
Pholisma,  464. 
Phntinia,  188. 
Phyllodocc,  456. 
Plii/llnpappns,  423. 
PliyHnli.s,  540. 
Pliysaria,  47. 
Pickoriiigia,  114. 
Picradenia,  394. 
Picrothammm,  404. 
Piloccrens,  247. 
I'lmpeniel,  469. 
Pimpinella,  259. 
Pin-olover,  95. 
I'iii-gm.ss,  95. 
Pine-.snp,  462. 
Pinodrops,  461. 
Piiignieula,  586. 
Pij)siHse\va,  459. 
Piptoealyx,  527. 
Pirns,  188. 
Pistacia,  109. 
Pitavia,  98. 
Plagiobotlny.s,  526. 
Plantaginacje^,  610. 
PInntnffo,  610. 
Plantain,  610. 
IMatopnntia,  248. 
Platycaipoa,  124. 
I'latyspnnnnni,  27. 
Platystenion,  19. 
Platystignin,  20. 
Plectritis,  287. 
Pleuricospora,  463. 
Pleurogync,  478. 
Pluchea",  334. 
Plum,  166. 

Pi,irMnAf:iNACK/T;,  465. 
I'nnninonantlie,  482. 
Podosciadiiiin,  263. 
Pogogync,  596. 
Poisoii  Hondock,  258. 
Poi.son  Oak,  110. 
Polanisia,  50. 

POTJOMONIACK.K,    485. 

Polpmoiunin,  499. 
I'olycnrpon,  71. 
Polyfrala,  58. 
P()l,Yr!Ar,Aci'.T;,  58. 
Pnb/prrpptis,  334. 
PoMK.f;,  166. 
Pond-Lilv,  17. 


Pofoi)hvlIn!n,  898. 
Portrrella,  444. 
Portnlaca,  73. 
I'ourULACACE^,  73. 
Potato,  558. 
Potentilla,  177. 
Polentmn,,  181,  184. 
Poteridium,  186. 
I'oteiinni,  186. 
Prcnanthea,  428. 
Piinirose,  468. 
I'riniula,  468. 
PltIMULACF,/K,   466. 
Prince's  Pine,  459. 
Prosopis,  102. 
PrunuH,  166. 
Psatiiyrotes,  409. 
Psilocarphus,  336. 
I'silociirphns,  337. 
Psilochenia,  435. 
P.soralea,  139. 
Ptolon,  97. 
Pterospora,  461. 
P/eroskp/iainis,  431 . 
Piiloculijx,  520. 
PtiloineVis,  378. 
Ptilophom,  423. 
Pnc(-oon,  522. 
Pngiopappns,  354. 
Palmmtavm,  523. 
Pulsatilla,  3. 
Pnrsliia,  173. 
Purslane,  73. 
Pycnanthemum,  592. 
Pyrola,  460. 
Purola,  459,  460. 
Pi/rrocoma,    311,    312, 

'315. 
Hadisli,  49. 
Uafinesi|uia,  429. 
Ragweed,  344. 
Paillnrd^-lla,  416,  618. 
RANirN(!UI,A('K,/K,  2. 

Hainuiculus,  5. 
Paplianns,  49. 
Raspberry,  171. 
Rattleweed,  144. 
Rcd-buil,  160. 
Red  Clover,  128. 
Redwood,  lot. 
Rtdbuninin,  283. 
Reseda,  53. 
Rkskpackj;;,  53. 
r11amnack.t:,  99. 
Rhamnns,  100. 
Rliododendron,  457. 
Rhus,  109. 
Ithynchohpix,  335. 
Ribesia,  206. 
Ribes,  204. 
Ribgrass,  610. 
Riddelin,  372. 
Itigiopappus,  387. 
Robsonia,  204. 
RoinanzofTia,  516. 
]?oinncva,  20. 
Ros.a,  187. 
RosACEiE,  164. 


Rose,  187. 
Rose  Hay,  458. 
Rosin  weed,  361. 
RiiniACK;*:,  281. 
Rubus,  171. 
Rudbeckia,  347. 
Ruellia,  588. 
RuiAcF.^;,  96. 
llntosmn,  97. 
Snrcu/ttrin,  551. 
Sage,  598. 
Sage-bush,  402. 
Sagina,  70. 
St.  .lohn's-wort,  80. 
Salal,  454. 
Salazaria,  604. 
Salmon -berry,  171. 
S'llpii/losais,  546. 
Salsify,  422. 
Salvia,  598. 
Sainbucus,  277. 
Samolus,  470. 
Sand-Spinrcy,  71. 
Samlwort,  68. 
Sdiujii.iHorhn,  186. 
Sanicle,  255. 
Sanicula,  255. 
Santoliim,  40], 
Sai'INI)ACK/K,  105. 
Sararhn,  540,  541. 
Sarcodes,  462. 
Sari'osteinnia,  477. 
Sailuaceniackm.  17. 
Saxifraga,  192. 
S'luri/nnin,  196. 
Saxifp.aijai-k.k,  192. 
Saxifrnge,  192. 
Schinus,  109. 
Srhizocarjin,  231. 
Seliizoiiotus,  477. 
Srffniriirpiis,  3(50. 
Scorpion -(!rass,  522. 
ScorzoncIIii,  424. 
Scre\v-l)can,  162. 
Screw-pod  Mesi[\iite, 

163. 
Scroj)hulana,  552. 

ScitniMHIt.ARIACE/K, 

546. 
Scutellaria,  602. 
Sca-Milkwort,  469. 
Sea- Purslane,  251. 
Scdnin,  209. 
S;rd,(m,  211,  212. 
Sclf-hcai,  004. 
Sclinuin,  264. 
Srliniim,  266. 
Scnipervivuu),  208. 
Sciiobicnt,  48. 
Scnc.io,  410,  618. 
Srnrcio,  431. 
Scnnn,  161. 
Sciicocarpus,  319. 
Srriroijvitphix,  589. 
Seriphidium,  405. 
Service-berry,  189. 
Srseli,  268.  ■ 
Sesuvium,  251. 


Rlicphrrd'a  Purse,  44. 
Shurtui,  378. 
Sibbaldia,  180. 
Sida,  86. 

,Sida,  83,  84,  87. 
Sidalcea,  83. 
Sicvcrsin,  176. 
Silcne,  62. 
Silvbuni,  421. 
Silkweed,  474. 
Sun-iia,  351. 
Shift  pis,  39. 
Siphocaly.",  207. 
Siphonella,  492. 
Sisymbrium,  40. 
Slum,  261. 
Slum,  260. 
Skullcan,  602. 
Small  Munzanita,  453. 
Snudowskia,  42. 
Smrloirskiii,  41. 
Snapdragon,  548. 
Sneczc-wecd,  392. 
Snow-Plnnt,  462. 
Snowl>erry,  279. 
Snowbush,  103. 
Sor.ANACE.*;,  537. 
Solannni,  538. 
Solanum.,  538. 
Solidago,  318. 
SnNd^ujo,  314. 
Soliva,  406. 
Sonchus,  442. 
Sm,r/n(.<;,  442. 
Sojiliora,  114. 
Sorbus,  189. 
Sow-Thistle,  442. 
Spanish  Needles,  357. 
Spearmint,  592. 
Spccularia,  446. 
Si)eedwell,  572. 
Spergula,  70. 
Spmjuln,  70. 
Sperriulnrin,  71. 
Sphacelc,  598. 
Sphccno.iciadiiim,  265. 
Spli.-Braleea,  86. 
Sph-teralcca,  87. 
Sp/un-oweria,  617. 
S|)lia!rostigma,  225. 
Spikenard,  273. 
Spilnnthes,  397. 
Spindle-tree,  98. 
SpiiTea,  169. 
Spiran,  171. 
Spiaguca,  77. 
Stachvs.  605. 
Stanleva,  38. 
Stapliylea,  108. 
Star-flower,  468. 
St.ar-Thistle,  421. 
Stat  ice,  465. 
S/ntirr,  465. 
S/nfim-itrpii.i,  520. 
Stellaria,  67. 
Stemodia,  570. 
Sfenacfis,  330,  331. 
S(enofu.i,  311. 


628 

SteiilmnoiiuM'ia,  427. 
Slcplianuincria,  •124. 

BTKUCULIACK.t;,  »8. 

Stickseed,  5'2y. 
Stoiie-cio|i,  209. 
Stoiax,  470. 
Stramoniiiiu,  543. 
Strawberry,  170. 
Strcptiiiitlius,  'i'i. 
Sticplunlkus,  3t)-;58. 
StroiiilKJciiiiKi,  1015. 
Slyloi'liiif,  3:$0. 
Stijlopappus,  438. 
SlYllACACli.t;,   470. 

Styia.x',  470. 
StyphouLa,  110. 
bubulaiia,  43. 
Sun  Jew,  213. 
SuiidovvLT,  352. 
Sweet  Alyasuiii,  27. 
Sweet  IJubil,  590. 
Sweet  Cicely,  201. 
Sweet  Clover,  132. 
Sweet  Mignonette,  53. 
Sweet-scented  Shrill', 

191. 
Swerliii,  478. 
Syniphoricaiims,  279. 
Syntliyris,  571. 
Syntrichopainnis,  394 
Syiinga,  202. 
Synnatiuni,  137. 
Tabaciuu,  545. 

Talinum,  74. 

Talinuin,  74,  75. 

TAMAiUbCiNK.t:,  79. 

Tanacetuni,  402,  017 

Tamu'Mum,  401. 

Tansy,  402. 

Taraxia,  224. 

Taraxieuni,  439. 

Tare,  157. 

Toi-weed,  358,  301. 

Teasel,  287. 

Tellima,  197. 


INDEX. 


TcsanrnnOiiain,  484. 
iV'ss.iria,  334. 
rdrailyniia,  407. 
Tclntdijiaiu,  409. 
Tlialietnun,  4. 
Tlianinosma,  97. 
Thc/uia,  400,  401. 
Thelypodiuni,  37. 
Thernujpsis,  113. 
Thistle,  417. 
Thlaspi,  45. 
Thorn,  189.  I 

Thorn- Apple,  543. 
Thrift,  405. 

Tlniiniis,  595. 
Thvsanocarpus,  48. 
Tiarella,  199. 

Tiardla,  197. 
Tidy-lii.s,  370. 

Tilhea,  208: 

Tuinitia,  520. 

Toml-lla.K.  548. 

Tol.a.;co,  544. 

Tollon,  188. 

Tolniiea,  196. 

Tomato,  538. 

Totiella,  555. 

Tornilla,  103. 

Toxicodendron,  110. 

Toyon,  188. 

Trachyphytum,  235. 

Trago[)ogon,  422. 

Tree  Mallow,  82. 

Tree  Slrainoniuni,  543 

Tril.iiliis,  91. 

Tricardia,  515. 
Trurmstfs,  242. 
TrlchophijHum,  3S1. 
Trichoptilium,  395. 
Trichostenia,  000. 
Tiientalis,  468. 
Triloliuni,  125. 
Triphysaria,  578. 
Tripolium,  325,  326. 
TropieoUun,  93. 


Tropidocarpnni,  44. 
'i'roxinion,  437. 
Tuckennanniu,  350. 
Turnip,  39. 
Turnsole,  521. 

TurrUis,  41. 

Titssilwjo,  407. 

Twin-llower,  278. 

llMliKLI-lKKll.t;,   252. 

Unicorn-plant,  587. 
Urupuppus,  427. 
Ustcria,  551. 
Utrieularia,  580. 
Uva-ursi,  453. 
Vacciniuni,  450. 
Valerian,  280. 
Valeriana,  280. 
Valkuianacica:,  286 
Vancouveria,  15. 
Venegiisia,  372. 
Verbascuni,  548. 

Verbena,  608. 

Verbena-shrub,  609. 

Vkkuknaci'-.k,  607. 

Verbesina,  350. 

Veronica,  572. 

Vervain,  008. 

Vesicaria,  43. 

Vcsicaria,  47. 

Vet.-h,  157. 

Viburnum,  278. 

Vicia,  157. 

Viguiera,  354. 

Vaiarsia,  517. 

Vine-Maple,  107. 

Viola,  55. 

Vioi.ACK.t;,  54. 
Violet,  55. 
Virgaurea,  318. 
VlTACK.ft,   105. 
Vitis,  105. 
iruhlenbercfiu,  448. 
Water-Cress,  43. 
Water  Hemlock,  260. 

I  Water  llorehound,  592 


Water  Milfoil,  215. 
Water  Parsnip,  216. 
Water-ShieUl,  16. 
Waterlcaf,  602. 
Weld,  53. 
Western  Mountain  Ash, 

189. 
Whipplea,  203. 
While  Clover,  129. 
While  Daisy,  401. 
White- weeil,  401. 
Whitlavia,  513. 
Whitneya,  374. 
Wujandia,  518. 
Wild  Mock  Cherry,  167. 
Wild  Cal>bage,  30. 
Wild  Cherry,  167. 
Wild  Plum,  167. 
Wild  Ha.li.sh,  49. 
Willow-Herb,  218. 
Winter  Cress,  40. 
Wintergreen,  454,  460. 
Wislizenia,  52. 
Wilhaniu,  540. 
Wood-Anemone,  4. 
Wood-Sorrel,  96. 
Woodbine,  280. 
Woodvillea,  331. 
Wormwood,  402. 
IVulfenia,  571. 
Wyethia,  348,  616. 
Xanthium,  346. 
Xerobotnjs,  453. 
Ximenesia,  350. 
Xylococcus,  454. 
Xylodalea,  142. 
Xylosteum,  280. 
Yarrow,  400. 
Yeara,  110. 

Yellow  Pond-Lily,  17. 
Yerba  Buena,  595. 
Zapania,  610. 
Zauschneriu,  217. 
Zizyphus,  99. 

ZVGOPlIYLLAOEiE,  91. 


END  OF  VOL.    L 


University  Press  :    John  Wilson  &  Sou,  Cambridge. 


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